Advanced Accelerator ConceptsAndrea.Mostacci@uniroma1.it

(special thanks to Massimo Ferrario)

Constantia– 22 September 2018

Fermi’s Globatron: ~5000 TeV Proton beam

1954 the ultimate synchrotron

Bmax 2 Tesla

r 8000 km

fixed target

3 TeV cm

170 G$

1994

212 mEECM »

EECM 2»

Touschek’s Anello Di Accumulazione (ADA)

1961 the first e+e- Collider

GeV

Fixed Target equivalent accelerator energy versus year

“The Universe in a Nutshell”, by Stephen William Hawking, Bantam, 2001

Without further novel technology, we will eventually need an

accelerator as large as Hawking expected.

Hawking: the SolartronTowards the Planck scale

16 T

Big science machines …

… or accelerator on a Chip?

SLAC Now and Tomorrow?

 

Bn »2I

en2

 

L =N e+N e- fr

4ps xs y

Modern accelerators require high quality beams: ==> High Luminosity & High Brightness

==> High Energy & Low Energy Spread

–Small spot size => low emittance

–N of particles per pulse => 109

–High rep. rate fr=> bunch trains

–Little spread in transverse momentum and angle => low emittance

–Short pulse (ps to fs)

① Miniaturization of the accelerating

structures (~resonant)

② Wake Field Acceleration (~transient)(LWFA,

PWFA, DWFA)

HIGH GRADIENT AAC ROAD MAP

• Power sources

• Accelerating structures

• High quality beams

The simplest solution: particle interacting with a

plane wave in free space (e.g. laser)

F̂ @eEx

2g 2cos

wt

2g 2

æ

èç

ö

ø÷

 

Ez x,z, t( ) = E+ sinq( )eiwt- ik z cosq -x sinq( )

- E+ sinq( )eiwt- ik z cosq +x sinq( )

= 2iE+ sinq sin kx sinq( )eiwt- ikz cosq

x-SW

pattern

z-TW

pattern

x

Taking into account the boundary conditions the accelerating component of

the field becomes:

 

vfz =w

kz=

w

k cosq=

c

cosq> c

vj º c

Conventional RF accelerating structures

High field ->Short wavelength->ultra-short bunches-> low charge

① Miniaturization of the accelerating

structures (~resonant)

② Wake Field Acceleration (~transient)(LWFA,

PWFA, DWFA)

Accelerating structures routinely used

Accelerating structures and EM spectrum

22800MHz

110GHz8.56MHz

1.3GHz

3GHz450GHz

future dielectric

THz-driven linear acceleration

Direct Laser Acceleration

DLA

Laser based dielectric accelerator

Dielectric Photonic Structure

Why photonic structures (periodic optical nanostructures) ?

Natural in dielectric

Advantages of burgeoning field

design possibilities

Fabrication

Dynamics concerns

External coupling schemes

Biharmonic ~2D structure

e-beam

Laser pulses

180 degrees

out of phase

Schematic of GALAXIE

monolithic photonic DLA

Laser-Structure Coupling: TWGALAXIE Dual laser drive structure, large reservoir of power recycles

e-beam

Laser pulses

(180 degrees

out of phase)

Limitations of Direct Laser Acceleration

Low emittance

Low charge

Longitudinal dynamics

Timing issue

Alignment issues

Inverse Free Electron Laser

Accelerator on chip option

Rasmus Ischebeck for the ACHIP Collaboration, EAAC 2017

① Miniaturization of the accelerating

structures (~resonant)

② Wake Field Acceleration (~transient)(LWFA,

PWFA, DWFA)

What about wakefields?Courtesy of Cho Ng, SLAC

the EM fields of the accelerating wave are created inside of the structure itself by

an intense, relativistic particle beam. This drive beam may be of lower quality and

energy than a trailing, accelerating beam. Further, the drive beam may be specially

shaped (in, e.g. a rising triangular current profile) to give much larger acceleration in

the trailing beam than deceleration in the driver.

(Particle Driven) Wakefield Acceleration paradigm

Wakefield feeding RF structures

Courtesy of Cho Ng, SLAC

Dielectric Wakefield Acceleration

DWA

Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator

Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator

Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator

Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator

Plasma Acceleration

Surface charge density Surface electric field

Restoring force

Plasma frequency

Plasma oscillations

Breakdown limit?

From linear regime …

… to quasi linear and non linear regime

positrons

What about externally injected electrons or positrons?

Wake Field Acceleration 1

Laser Driven

LWFA

Laser beam

Electron beam

1 mm

Direct production of e-beam

Diffraction - Self injection - Dephasing – Depletion

Capillary Discharge

Capillary in the beam line

Active Plasma lens

The use plasma wakefields for creating lenses with extreme focusing

strength was proposed for a linear collider final focus (5 orders stronger

than conventional magnets).

An example of active Plasma lens

Wake Field Acceleration 2

Beam Driven

PWFA

Blumenfeld, I. et al. Energy doubling of 42 GeVelectrons in a metre-scale plasma wakefieldaccelerator. Nature 445, 741–744 (2007).

Litos, M. et al. High-efficiency acceleration of anelectron beam in a plasma wakefield accelerator.Nature 515, 92–95 (2014).

ILC – International Linear Collider

Protons and Ions

① High Gradient – Low e- Beam Quality

② High e+e- Beam Quality – Low Gradient

③ High e+e- Beam Quality - High Gradient

3 Steps towards a reliable PWA

EUROPEAN

PLASMA RESEARCH

ACCELERATOR WITH

EXCELLENCE IN

APPLICATIONS

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 653782.

Horizon 2020EuPRAXIA Research Infrastructure

PLASMA ACCELERATOR HEP & OTHER USER

AREA

FEL / RADIATION SOURCE

USER AREA

Horizon 2020Participating Institutions

4 567

DESYStiftung Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Germany

INFNInstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy

2

1

3

CNRConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy

4

CNRSCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France

USTRATHUniversity of Strathclyde, UK

5

6

7

STFCScience & Technology Facilities Council, UK

8

9

UNIMANUniversity of Manchester, UK

10

ULIVUniversity of Liverpool, UK

11

ENEAAgenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Italy

13 12

1415 16

1

2

389

10

11 12

13

1415

16

Associated Partners (as of August 2016)

IST-IDAssociacao do instituto superior tecnico para a investigacao e desenvolvimento, Portugal

UHHUniversität Hansestadt Hamburg, Germany

UOXFUniversity of Oxford, UK

SOLEILSynchrotron SOLEIL - French National Synchrotron, France

CEACommissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, France

UROMSapienza Universita di Roma, Italy

ICLImperial College London, UK

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10

8

9

11

12

13

14

15

16

JUS Jiao Tong-University Shanghai

TUB Tsingua University Beijing

ELI-B Extreme Light Infrastructure-Beams

PHLAM Lille University

HIJ Helmholtz Institute Jena

HZDR Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

LMU Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research

OU Osaka University

RSC RIKEN SPring-8 Center

LU Lund University

LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

UCLA University of California, Los Angeles

WIGNER Wigner Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Science

KPSI/JAEA Kansai Photon Science Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency

CASE Center for Accelerator Science and Education at Stony Brook U & BNL

Future of Accelerators

R. Assmann, EAAC 2015, 9/2015

ILC Technical Design exists

Waiting funding decision

FCC

Conceptual

Design started

ESS

E-XFEL

LHeC ERLSuperKEKb

FAIR

LHC HiLumi

Hadron acc. project

Hadron acc. proposal

Lepton acc. project

Lepton acc. proposal

SwissFEL

LBNL LWFA 2014

muons

Conclusions (I)

• RF accelerating structures, from X-bandto K-band => 100 MV/m < Eacc< 1 GV/m

• Dielectric structures, laser or particledriven => 1 GV/m < Eacc < 5 GV/m

• Plasma accelerator, laser or particledriven => 1 GV/m < Eacc < 100 GV/m

There are several options for high gradientstructures:

Conclusions (II)

The R&D is pursued in a modern way

- Collaborative effort (networking, both in Europe and US)

- Building a demonstrator facility

- Strong use of simulation (start-to-end, multidisciplinary)

Application driven accelerators (HEP, radiation sources, materialscience, radio-biology, …)

Accelerator physics is opening to different fields (laser science, plasmaphysics, computer science, advanced technology…) …very interesting!

Compact machine to spread the use of particle accelerators

The R&D now concentrates on beam quality, stability, staging andcontinuous operation.

CAS on High Gradient Wakefield Accelerator

Thank you