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    Table of contents

    Subject Page #

    Anatomy and

    physiology

    Body organization & tissues 1

    Circulatory systems 5Digestive systems 14

    Cell signalling 24

    Excretory systems 28

    Immune systems 39

    Integumentary systems 45

    Muscular systems 48

    Nervous systems 56

    Respiratory systems 67

    Sensory systems 76Skeletal systems 78

    Cell and molecular

    biology

    Carbohydrates 82

    Cell cycle 85

    Cell signalling 89

    Molecular biology lab

    techniques

    95

    Diffusion and osmosis 97

    Substance transport 99

    Glycolysis 102Mitosis and meiosis 106

    Nucleic acids 112

    Organelles 117

    Origins of life 124

    Oxidative phosphorylation 129

    Photosynthesis 136

    Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes 140

    Amino acids 145

    TCA, citric acid cycle 154Viruses 159

    Water 162

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    Developmental

    biology

    Animal reproduction 165

    Embryonic development 175

    Diversity oflife

    Archaea and bacteria 184Eukarya 185

    Evolution and

    ecology

    Behavior 212

    Biogeochemical cycles 214

    Community ecology 215

    Ecosystems 217

    Evolution 219

    Population ecology 223

    Genetics 225

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    " 9+)"00.)"*"00((#$$%#&, )0" &"#$%& *"// 3%,."( .& )0" 8+&8/.+5

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    @%& 4#54( +&, *6+&&"0( "()+10.(6 $"().&- 4%)"&).+0

    ! U%$1+).%& %- $"().&8 ;%)"&).+/

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    " H+& 3" + 04;"$;%/+$.C+).%& %$ + ,";%/+$.C+).%&5

    ! :& +*).%&4%)"&).+0%**#$( 20"& + ,";%/+$.C+).%& *+#("( )0" 1"13$+&" ;%)"&).+/ )% $"+*0)0" )0$"(0%/,5

    " :*).%& ;%)"&).+/( +$" +00E%$E&%)6.&-9 1"+&.&8 )0+) .- )0" 1"13$+&" ;%)"&).+/ 0.)( )0")0$"(0%/,9 +& +*).%& ;%)"&).+/ 2.// %**#$5

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    " R&*" + *"$)+.& 1"13$+&" ;%)"&).+/ .( "%/)+8"J8+)", .%& *0+&&"/( 2.//%;"&9 *+#(.&8 -#$)0"$ ,";%/+$.C+).%&5

    " =0.( ;%(.).>"J-"",3+*T 1"*0+&.(1 "

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    ! 8+3.5+0().5#0#(.( )0" +1%#&) %- >%/)+8" &"*"((+$4 )% "/.*.) + 1+"J-"",3+*T *4*/" %- )0" >%/)+8"J8+)", .%& *0+&&"/($+;.,/4 3$.&8( )0" 1"13$+&" ;%)"&).+/ */%(" )% A!+5 =0.( .( *+//", )0" $.(.&- 46+("

    " A!+.( )0" "M#./.3$.#1 >+/#" %- (%,.#15 =0" (%,.#1J;%)+((.#1 ;#1; 8"&"$+)"( +&"/"*)$%*0"1.*+/ 8$+,."&) 3")2""& .&(.," )0" &"#$%& +&, )0" ".++*).>" )$+&(;%$)5 `.80"$ *%&*"&)$+).%& %- !+[ %#)(.," )0+& .&(.,"5

    " S0"& )0" >%/)+8"J8+)", .%& *0+&&"/( %;"&9 !+[ +$" +//%2", )% ;+((.>"/4 ,.--#(" )%".)0"$ (.,"5 N.&*" +& "/"*)$%*0"1.*+/ 8$+,."&) .( 8"&"$+)", +) )0" $"().&8 ;%)"&).+/9 )0"$".( + &") 1%>"1"&) %- !+[ .%&( .&)% )0" &"#$%&5 =0.( *+#("( )0" &"#$%& )% 3"*%1"

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    ! H%&,#*).%& %- +*).%& ;%)"&).+/ +*$%(( +

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    " c"0.&, )0" C%&" %- ,";%/+$.C+).%& .( )0" /%&"%;$"4%0+$./+).%&*+#(", 34 ][ %#)-/%25D& )0.( C%&"9 (%,.#1 *0+&&"/( $"1+.& +*).>+)",5 =0"$"-%$"9 +& +*).%& ;%)"&).+/ *+&&%) 3"8"&"$+)", 0"$"5

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    ! =0" $+)" +) 20.*0 +*).%& ;%)"&).+/( +$" ;$%,#*", *%&>"4( .&-%$1+).%& +3%#) )0" ()$"&8)0 %-)0" .&;#) (.8&+/5

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    " =0" +$$.>+/ %- +& +*).%& ;%)"&).+/ +) )0" ;$"(4&+;).* )"$1.&+/ ,";%/+$.C"( )0" ;/+(1+1"13$+&"9 %;"&.&8 >%/)+8"J8+)", *0+&&"/( )0+) +//%2 H+\[ .%&( )% ,.--#(" .&)% )0")"$1.&+/5

    " =0" $"(#/).&8 $.(" .& H+\[ *%&*"&)$+).%& .& )0" )"$1.&+/ *+#("( )0" &"#$%)$+&(1.))"$ )%3" $"/"+(",5

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    ! O"&"$+).%& %- ;%()(4&+);.* ;%)"&).+/(

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    " c.&,.&8 %- )0" &"#$%)$+&(1.))"$ )% + ;+$).*#/+$ ;+$) %- )0" $"*";)%$ %;"&( )0" *0+&&"/ +&,+//%2( (;"*.-.* .%&( )% ,.--#(" +*$%(( )0" ;%()(4&+;).* 1"13$+&"5

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    %;"&(9 )0" 1"13$+&" ;%)"&).+/ ,";%/+$.C"( )% + >+/#" 1.,2+4 3")2""& A]+&, A!+5

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    " R&" .( + /.8+&,J8+)", .%& *0+&&"/9 20.*0 -#&*).%&( +) )0" >"$)"3$+)" &"#$%5#(*#0+$J#&*).%&9 )0" (.)" 20"$" + 1%)%$ &"#$%& -%$1( + (4&+;(" 2.)0 + (T"/")+/ 1#(*/" *"//5S0"& +*")4/*0%/.&" .( $"/"+(", 34 + 1%)%$ &"#$%& 3.&,( )% )0.( $"*";)%$9 )0" .%& *0+&&"/%;"&( -%$1.&8 +& AINI5 =0.( .( ""$)"3$+)"H!N +&, 0"+$)5 :*")4/*0%/.&" $"/"+(", 34 &"#$%&( +*).>+)" + O ;$%)".& (.8&+/)$+&(#,*).%& ;+)02+4 )0+) /"+,( )% %;"& ;%)+((.#1 *0+&&"/(5 =0.( .( +& DINI9 %$ +&.&0.3.)%$4 "--"*)5

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    !"$=%#( (2()"5(

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    ! Y"$)"3$+)" *"&)$+/ &"$>%#( (4()"1

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    ! =0" (4.&+0*%$,$#&( /"&8)02.(" .&(.," )0" >"$)"3$+/ *%/#1&9 T&%2& +( )0" (4.&"5 D)*%&>"4( .&-%$1+).%& )% +&, -$%1 )0" 3$+.& +&, 8"&"$+)"( 3+(.* ;+))"$&( %- /%*%1%).%&(5

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