-

woLvEnlt itFToil

Yashar Khatib Shahidi

0509705

Semester I

Yeer2007t}00t

Advanced CAD Applications @T 3005)

Mr. MEason

Assignment 2

b" - _ "..-::T"':

WOLVERHAM PTONkh@l ot Engineering ond the Built Envircnnqt

ASSIGNMENT RECEIPT/REPORT FORM

Section A: To be completed by student submitting work (Please print cl€arl

Section B: A83ignment Fe€dback Comment3 (to be <omplated by Module Leader/Team )

u*oorir-.a g.a., .......8/.3.#:

I'lI

,I

lDalel r.?.el).fi:

I

Contents

{. Plsdc InJ€cdon mouldlng Indu.try

1.1 CAD In pl.ldc lnl.cdon mouldlng

1.2 CAD lpptlcrtom md loftr|rr ln tool de.lgnlnd In ectlon moldhg d.ltgn

2. Tcbphon Br.o Unlt

3. IouH lool D..lgn

4, Uould llow slmunbn

t, DFX brturg ot tllc phone b... ln bn||r ot

hjcctlon mouldlng

L BlHlogrrphy e R.6errnc.

Plge 1-2

Pagp 3{

Plge 6-1a

Prge 15-16

Plge 17-'18

Pag.1g-A

Page 25-28

Prgc 29

1. plastic injection moulding industry

Injection moulding is a manufac{uring tedtnique for making parts ftom both

themoplaslic and thermos€tting plastic malerials in production. Molten plastic is

injected at high pressure into a mould, whidt is the inverse of the oroduct,s

shaoe r -

Aier a Foduct is designad by an Industriat Designer or an Engineer, molds are

made by a mouldmaker (or toolmaker) ftom metal, usually either steel or

aluminium, and precision-machined to brm the features of the desir€d oart.

- Injection molding is widoly used for manufac-turing a variely of parts, from tha

- small$t component to 6ntir€ body panals of ca|s. Inj€ction molding is the most

common method of produc-tion, with som€ commonly made items including botfle- caps and outdoor fumiture the procsss of inj€c-tjon moulding is displayed in

follo\dng figures (i.1, 1.2, 1.3).

- Inieclion moulding can also be uged to manuEc*ura parts from aluminium or

brass. The melting points of thesa metats sr€ much higher than those of plastics,

this mak6s fur substanlially shorier mould lifetimes despito the use of spscialised

steels . Noneth€lsss, lh€ cosis compare quite favorably to s€nd casling,

partiqjlarly br smaller parts.

t. q*l.r.|ourcc -h!F1'q.!dtr!qd-|{qr4rqti449ct!!,-!osld!n!

t-

H€I]}

FINISHFlgur 1.!2

2

flAsr|c POuiDfn

STARTFhu}! t.t

PtASt|C P(},VO[ fl, f ' l - l t

Flgurr 1.2

PlASlX.' POr,tOf n

ftt8t

2. ffi. rrcrb - tt[bz\dir t ctnotdvdxhd.corveduiot/hi€.fl .nm

1.1 CAD in ptastic inj*tion moulding- Plastic manufacturing is one of the rargest industliar areas in the unired states. tt

_ accounts for approimately $304 billion in annual shipments and 1.5 million jobs

(Sociely of ptastic Industry, tnc., 2OOO).- Today's business environment is driving manufactureF to bring better products

_ to market faster, with higher quality and lower cost. Thie is true in the plastics

moulding ard manufacturing industries, as stressed in a .1999 industry trend- report prepared by the plastics Molders & Manufaciuring Association of the

_ . Society of Manuiacturing Engineers.

This trsnd brce6 original equipment manufacturers, moluders, toolmakers,-

machino manufacturers, and materiel supplior€ to work togefhor and be involvod

_ at the earlie3t stage of prcduct devolopment in today,s int6ns6ly time conscious,

competitive environment.'

In d€veloping a new produc-t, the design stage will typically cost S% of the total

- coet br€akdor.vn (Figure 1.4). However, studies by various companGs nsva

shown lhet design decisions made during new produc{ development direc y

afisc{ 70% to 80% of the final manufacturing cost (Figure .l .S) 3 .

f l .srgrr :! i l&r':- 'rn 1:r%

(^\ e.hearj:t i)!r

5 !_q,:

FigurE l.4a

3. Onh. |l' orrc. - hftor//schora..rib vr edu/eioumateJors/Suqu 9r:Edl2g9a!!g!!jtzrs pd:1. On'r. r.roEcc - httor/s-clotar lib vl edL/eiout43tglel96uloe!f,qL!2lO?lpdXli4ltsldl

DesignTAVc

7Q1c Overhead Labor5% 50.6

:igurc 1.5

Therefore, the u/orkfurc€ naeds to be attuned to designing with manufacturabilily

in mind to avoid difficult and cosly situations in later stages.

Today, technology tools such as Computer-Aided Design/Manufacturing

(CAD/CAM), Computor.Aided Engineering (CAE), Computer Numerical Conhol

(CNC) macfiining, sotid modeting, and stereo tithography (SLA) are avaitabte to

help manufac-turers achieve the goat of an ayer-decreaaing life clcle of a

pnrduct ftom concept to marlot. CAD/CAE has b€€n widely used by the plas c

Injec{on indGtry to ven'fy the manufacturability of a design 5 .

Traditionally, exp€denced moulding porsonnol have relied on th€ir knowledg6

and intuition acquired thiough long-term exp€riencs, rathor lhan the theorotical

and analytical approach to dotermining the procoss parameteB that is u$d

today. The length of tha time in fnding th€ right conditions to manufacture quality

parts was dependent on the experienc€ ot moulding personnel.

ol|flt r@r'ce - h_lprl clrqr.r.lDrtdlterqq@b4p]lsrrrrr|!!!]|:Erlr?0!?hlllhnlsldi

Furthsmorg, the development of new produc{a and parl and mould designs as

'- wefl as serection of materiars and machines arso remained a matter of personal

_ judSmer . lt is considered normal that a mould is ,etumed to the mould maker br

modificalion at leest once or twice before it could produce parts meeting the- useds sp€cifications. About 20yo of the ost of a mould commonly go€s into

_ red€8ign and rsmaking 6.

Th6 devolopment of computor_aided engineering simulation in the injection- rnoulding industry has eliminalEd various trial and error praclicos and greafly

_ strermlined tho prcduc{ development cyde.

CAD/CAE can be us€d to

. Eneble lhe global outsourcing of uort

. Reduce producl failure

. Sp€ed up produc{ dovelopment

. To gein quick Godback

. To lor\rsr costs

. A.fiieve d€sign intogrity

. Check process basibility

. Eyaluate runner systsms

. D€termino optimal procoss conditiong

. Estimate the cost of processing a part

Its applicatlon can provido the indwtry with b€nefits such as rBource saving,

reducod Snre to markst, and improved qurfity and productivity.

6- Oo[n! rc.ouc. - itlp/sathet4lb it ed.r/ejo!rnalrJoqs-!!!ae!:Eq!t:?qq2 b$lsb4nsqlf

|.2 CAD arylicetions and soflwarc in tool design and

injection moulding design

The nature of the materiats places a premium on good design and proc€ssrng.

Once the proper material has been selecled for an application, CAD/CAM ptays a

vital role throughout the produc{ and mould design phase of production in

matcfiing the mould's cavities and mechanics lo the material,s characteristics

which it8 prccedure is desc.ibed as follo$,ing.

When Gceiving a design, drawing, or sample parl from a customer, the CAD

Department creates a t\ryo dimension (2D) drawing and three dimensional (30)

data base for review and modification by the customar. Once the drawing ano

data ba8e ar€ approvod, the information is fed through a CAM program, ro creare

a virtual mold ior the producl. The CAM program incorporates information into

the mould design bas€d on the specific plastic matorial to be used for the

finished good: for e)€mple, the program r€commonds th6 type of steel for th6

mould depending on estimatod volumes, it makgs dimonsion adjustmsnts to the

caviti$ according to th6 shrinkage factor of a specjfic resin, it intogrates the

mechanization of the mould adding hot runner systems, cooling channels,

eiec{ion methods etcT -

The CAD/CAM program can €ven simulato the mould's operation lo assist in

anticipating potenlial prcblems.

7. Onh. r..o('c. - !&/w{!! qbr@a'a} qaolcr\eqAu lnili

A CAD/CAIi sysism can savs money (6.9. by reducing cyde times, minimrztng

material wastage, etiminating false starts to p.oduction, improving finished goods

quality etc.) bebre a fnished part ev6r drops orrt of the injection moulding

machin€. The system can also accelerate future product development as I

Etorca a weallh of infu,rmation regarding lhe producl, mould and processing of aparlicular part, which can s6rv6 as a stading point if drating a new virtuat part as

tho pIocess goe6 through lirturo iterations.

Figun 1.8!: lnfnite Rebr€nco points

Th6 cornpftst€ 3D CAD/CAM Oeiabaso is thon bd to a Machining C6nt6r, wtrich

cuts lhe mold. The Datsbas€ has infnite refer€nce points allowing e)€ct

rsn(bring of the most sophistjceted cavities: captudng complex radius ano

l. oth. rrrourt - hdor//$w.chhaarav com/cADcAi,t.htht

8. o|t|!r!r.|f!. - hdp/we.chimanav.@dtcADoAM.fdml

FiguE l.7s: 3D Databags

inlri€cies of d6ign, as $/ell as the mechanics d the tinished moutd. Once the

mould F compl€ied, mould testing may lum up some necessary lweaks that

need lo be made.

Tho CAD/CAM data, which is stored electronically, sp€€ds the process along byproviding poesible solutions for these minor tweaks. And, of courss, all

CAD/CAM data is stoEd for use on future produc* development as the product

evolve6 ove.tim6. Th€ only thing is need to be don6 is transferring of CAD

draryings br a producl to tho design section. The files will then be put through the

System and the mould produced direc{ly from the informationlo .

FlguB 1.711: CAM Rendered Virtuat Mold

10. odh...rorrc6 - hh, arw.chinaa(a!.con/cADcA&t ht|E!

11. o!|ir. r..ouc. - hiipr&w.hrna.trav com/CADCA[4.hnnl

rCANCAII used in Quttity Contol:

Virtual Tssting: Modern computer aided design and manufacturing sottware

systems (CAD/CAM) have voluminous data on material specitications ano

behaviors (such as plastic shrinkage rates or the heal tolerance of various

grades of molding ste€l), which can be us€d to simulate tha moulding processes

and "virtually test'a produc{ to identify pot€ntial problems in design, construction

and/or materials before ths first cut is made ficr the actual mould.

Pr€cbion Maa!udng: To implement quality contrcl, three mosl orominent

precbion measuring systems are usually us€d: CMM (coordinate measunng

machino), optical and laser As a mould is machined and polished, tirst by the

CNC machining center and laler with more pEcision by lhe EDM machintng

cent6r, il will be rep6atedly measursd to insure complets accuracy.

Sempling: When a mould is complete, a test run yields preliminary samples for

evaluation, which wilt provide inbrmation as to any possible modifications to the

mould. As important as the dimensionat integrity of the part, which can be

determined through precision measuring, the ptoduct wi be tested in labs to

determine if thare are any signs of stress or weaknesses in the part due to thg

injection molding process or ihe producl's design thal may need to be changed to

eliminate stress points. lf such processing problems are found the mould may oe

altered (increased gate size, additional cooting channsls etc.) or the process

altered (temperature, cyde time etc.)rr.

12. on{n. reouce - rrtrp rl!4rJ cttrlt4Jri} tr,n c^olAin htiir

After this evaluation and adjustments to lhe mould and/or thg pro@ss, another

batdt of samples will be run and senl to lhe qtstomgr for apDroval.

Pte & Po6t moutding Sampling: prior to moutding, resin samples will be set

aside, dated and labeled to track materials with the appropriate production run.

First and last samples offinished goods produced wilt also be invenlorieo.

Fleld monitoring: Once products are in lhe field, the eC func-tion will shin to the

apdic€tions engineors, who will monitor the pertormance of a prcduct over time

and make recommendations br future improvements. The exhauslive quatity

control process ouflined abov€ combined with customer fesdback at each steo

maximizes on tima deliveries of deGci fe€ Ooduc-ts.

Flgure l.g: FinEhod product

CAD sydems: Pto/Engineering CAD softlvare, considered one d the best in the

industry, and Mastacam g, also is a recognizsd industry teader. A collaborauve

wsb confer€ncing softi|are that allort/s engineer8 at diffarsnt sitgs to work

simultaneously on CAD/CAM files- In order to communicats product

development, mould construction and inFc:tion moulding processing issu6s

between parti€s it utilizes digital video and photographyl3 .

13. ffblr..orrc. " t11!]1laa!-ai44qsLcsqlcjqQAtd]tljt!

l0

Figur€ 1.9 shofls Prototyp€ Molds: Fully functional, dimensionally accurate,

mechanically simple moulds made from low cost steel. produce up to 1O,OOO

Prolotype parts.

Figu]€ 1.9

P rolEn g tn 4r P I a sU c AM ao | :

Problems bund afrer tooling d€velopm€nt ar€ always expensive and frustrating.

For plastic part design and manuEcture, there is a better way. By simulating tho

plastic-flling process tor injec{ion-mold€d parts, pro/Englneer pl!3tic Advisor

onebles 6ngin€6rs to d€sign for manufacturability, uncover problems, and

propose rBmedies, aeducing devolopment time and exp€nsor..

Benefltl

Animateg plastic injection fll proc€ss and automaticalty creates Web

reports within P'o/ENGINEER bro ser

Accsss library of common plastic materials and automatically sslect from

typical injec-tion-moulding machine parameters

ld€nliry o imal injedion tocations to reduce cycle time and improve

product appearanc€

l l

14. O|t). r,lrorrcc - hlp]/$w/ orc comrao.*rvert!t0l1hrolr4!s/Lo!qjsp?l:!?!

. ldentify potential mould-tilling probtems such as short shols, air traos. and

weld lines

. lmprove design quatity and reduces manufac.turing cycle times and rework

of moulds

Sotifforts Uoutd d€s,ign

'' rt is the premier 3D sorid-based mord design apprication that derivers innovative,

intuitive intelligenl d$ign toots for the injection motding industry.

Benefitg

. Incorporates process-sp€cifc knourledge ot mold making in CAMO

(Computer Aided Mold Design) sofiware.

. D6liv6rs levels of ptoductivity ihat dramatically outperform tradilionat motd

making Sofirirare. . .at an afiordable Oricst

. Prcvidas tim+to-market g€ins of 2-1 or b6tt6rl

\/uith its uniquo dynamic pr€vie / of the initial mold base and related components,-

this pow€rful functional significanlly roduces th€ design time for tho onset. Then

_. through it8 complete parametric functionality, Mouldworkstm has th6 ability to

k6ep track of alt plates, components, etc. us€d within the design. When an

engineering change comes atong, lhis is where Moldworkstm roally excels; it can

_- easily make changas to a give plate, component or the entire mold base

efiorflessly and propagated ths change throughout what ever comoonent is

aftucted by this request.

t2

This functionality alone saves ussrs hours of design time, lhus, lsaving other

ptoducis far begin15 .

Flgurc l.i0'6

Moldllov Ptaalics A&i8ers11 :

Moldflowl,\rorks is an easy-to-leam, 3D solids-based plastics flow simulahon

producl that allows plastiG part designors lo dotormine the manufacturability of

thair parF during the preliminary dssign stages and avoid potential do\nnstream

probl€ms which c€n l€ad to d€lays and cost overruns.

Ben€fits:

Optimizo th6 part w€ll thickness to achievo uniform filling pattorns,

minimum cyde time and lo est part cost ldsntify and eliminate cosmetic

issues such as sink marks, weld lines and air traos.

Determine lhe best injeG-tion locations tor a given part design

15. Onli|. r..qr!e - l![//!S!vr !Lcad!4o !! !!k t!,ojitjr!9rli:p!n4l]19Lty-ol!i !]!!ll

16. otan r.eac. - h!r!t!!{! .3i:sr!!]!rq!r!.!9_!!!t!!!!!,t!u!4qlq!r.!!oldt?pg!El!/l!LCgtqc!ttLte.-kte! pd!

I7- fih. r.€otro. - htrpt&!tr{,rlsidq4!_cq uvs/.a!ud:[l!ldX.9 _rt!I!

13

t1

nt - . ' I

F igure 1.11'*

2. TdqhoneBasellnit

FlguD 2.t

l5

:-*%:

Flgu't 2.2

l6

3. ltouldtool design

Flgul! 3.1: Telephon€-Bae€ Cd€

17

Flguie 3.2: Telephon€-Bes€ Cavity

18

4. Mould Flow Simulation

Mould llorv simulation i6 canied out through lloldfro^rxpress in Solidworks. tt is a

wizard -Sased design validalion tool unique to Sotidworks. Moldfiow)Oress can

b€ used as a first st6p to quickly and easily te3t the manufaclurability of plastic

injoctio.Fmoldod parts. Maldflor,/Xpross r€ducss dsvelopment cost and time_to_

matket by analyzing ho , to:

Minimiz6 parl well thicknosg

Detemine th€ best injection point location

Optimizo plastica parl d€signs br menubcturabitity

Sh.ting Moldf,oryXpr3ss:

Welcome Tab

Flgurr 4.1

l9

Spectrylng an Injecdon Locdlon

FtguF a.2

A.rlgnlng ! Plattlc Urlerlrl

On th€ material lab, PC - Potycartonate b s€l€ded.

Flgutr ll3

20

Speclrylng Analy.b Proce.. Condl[ons

The thid and fnal st6p to Eatting up a de3ign \€lidation analylis within

Moldiofl)Qr€ss is to 8p€o? th6 procssE oondiffons,mell and mold tsmDsrarur€

and inFdion tim€.

Ftgul! t,a

Runnlng I Xoldflouxpna. D..lgn Vlll(h0on Anrl!'tL

Fburu +5

2l

Flgure 4.6

t qqq x04ela '+{}rr) l

d

a't

IJ

!

Figure 4.7

22

Upon analysis completion:

A Fill Time plot is shown in the graphics area. The scale indicates the

time required for the plastic melt to flow from the injection point through

the mold.

. A result summary appears in the dialog box. For this analysis, lhe part

may be difficult to fill and part quality may be unacceptable.

By clicking Advice on the Results tab for results-specific advice. In this case,

suggestions include increasing part thickness, moving the injection location, and

so on, Other suggestions include the addition of mold features such as sprues,

runneIs, and gates. These mold featureg are available by upgrading to N4oldtlow

Plastics Advisers for Solidworks products.

Final results and advlce summary:

Message: The part may be difficult to fill and part quality may be unacceplable

(amber light shown in figure 4.7).

Resolution: To improve filling, you can try to increase part wall thickness, move

the injection location, select a different material or change process conditions.

Also, it is strongly recommended that the analysis be run with grade-specilic

material data to determine actual injeclion pressure requirements and the

resulting pressure and temperature distributions.

Additionally, mold fealures such as sprues, runners and gates should be

analyzed to determine their effect on the manufaclurability and quality of the part.

Solution:

To solve the problem the thickness of the wall has been increased.

This time the result is satisfactory. The amber light turns into green light which

says "The part can be easily filled with acceptable qualily using the current

injection location".

qq "o

s ! i C.$

Ys F e b..* ' !

d G4.r 44 !4h

Mhdhrir ftE fir:Flb Edl

r16>. r € . '

dla

f-b-l| ,'d Iql

n.tl

|cb lTx+1

Flgure 4.8

5. DFII faturcs of the phone base in terms of Injecfion

mouldlng

Through deeigning or mainly rEdesigning partE or prcducts the aim is to reouce

th6 manufaduring co6ts and lime and incr€ase tte produc,tivity, without lowenng

the quality. In this proiect 6y application of motd batu|€s and Motd{lovyxpr€ss in

SolirJworlG the process fom design concapt to producs the producl end testing

whidr F call€d menufacluring lead-time ie aEduc€d. DFM lbatures of lhe pnone

basa ar€ based on 3 steos:

5.1 Dslgn

The phon€ bas€ is de3igned and producod thrcugh application of CAD program

whidt is Solldworl(!.

Tran3brmation of concepts and idees into us€fu| machin€ry

D€fine part gsmetry

Consldering pfoduct platfurm and ardtitecture and a$€ssing rcw

tsdrnologi6s

D€vdop induetdal design concepb

25

5.2 Uanufactu ring

|n step the cavity and cor€ molds of phone bas€ afis prcducsd and manufacturing

simuhtion of the producl is canied out through Motdf,owxpr€ss. Figure S.1 to S.3

disdays the proc€ss.

. Act of crcating designed pads

. Siabl€ solutions

. Dgfine final assembly schome

. Oafne pigce.part producrtion process€g

. D,esign tooling

Flguro 5.'t

Flgurc 5.2

26

Figure 5.3

5.3 Te8tlng

In final step the phone base was manufaclured and tested and the part was

difficult to be filled and part quality may be unacceptable.

To solve the problem the part was modified and lested and simulated this time

the parl can be easily filled with acceptable quality using the curront injection

location. As can be se€n all the process has been carried out through CAD/CAM

system wiihout manufacturing the actual part which consequently has impact on

time and cosl of manufacturing. One of ihe most important features of the DFM in

this project was application of CAD/CAM system.

Building and testing the part

Choose materials

Reliability testing

Evaluate early production output

27

Flgurs 5.4: Finaltest and solution

D€sign for lvlanufacturing (DFM) is design based on minimizing the cost of

production and/or time to market for a product, while maintaining an appropriate

level of quality. A primary sirategy in DFM involves minimizing the number of

parls in a productr', This methodology (DFM) ensures that the unit (phone base)

can be manufactured easily and cost effectively, The elements of

manufaclurability must be included in the design from the concept stages'0 .

5.4 DFM features of telephone bas6 In torms of iniection mouldlng:

. By incorporating multiple functions into single part, parl count is minimized

. Adequate draft angle for easier mold removal is created by Draft

command in Solidworks after carrying out Draft Analysls

. Sharp corners are avoided and all of them are round, they produces high

stress and obstruct material flow

19. Ohline €sou@ - hitoJlrw.me berkelov.adL/ME11o/or*enlalions/DesionForManufs.rurindAndAssembtu odf

20. Online resource - ww.ooe16.co.uUsearch?hl-en&defl=en&o=defino:DFM&.6=X&ol-dlo$6rv delinition&cFrirte

46rx ,Da g:€3!--l

28

Bibliography & Refercnce

Webeiteg:

. http://en.wikipedia.oro^viki/lniection moldino

. http://\rnw.technolopvstudent.com/souiol/iniectl.htm

. http://scholarlib.vt.adu/eioumals/JOTSi/Summ6r-Fall-2Oozpdf/chano.pdf

. htlo:/www.chinaanav.cofir/CADCAM.html

. htto:/ w/w.otc.con/aoos€rver/mkvorcducts/homo.isp?k=926

. htto://V^ wntcadcam.co.uusotidworts-omd-moldworte.htm

. htto://w\rl^,v.Sdouicktools.com/commonyo2Odonrnload/3DeuickMoldBrochur

e8L6tter. odf

. htto://u,viw.r cadcam.co.uusw-omd-motdllo.htm

. htto:/l\r Mtv.me.b3rkslev.6du/MEl lOlor€s€ntations/DosionForManufacturin

oAndAssemblv.pdf

. u,u w.ooool6.co.uUs€arch?hl=en&d6fl :en&o=d€fi ns:DFM&sa=X&oi=oloss

arv defi nition&ct=titl€

29

Student Name: Yashar Khatib Shahidi

Student No: 0509705

Module Code: ET 3005

Advanced CAD Applications

Module Tutor: Mr Martin Eason

E::C 'rr r 6 ll&6ii ;;- o*d, ed* |

_:!s_.1 T,i;;-l

a@dI.06 Gi@-t\{e6

I j ,&$ !zs:r

{ 4io!|@it\tro ,,6

l!1rl9,J

l*L

i.io!{E1t*o rll

Telephone base cavity

g|'I{ |

D .-1

ql-il

(Fr. T6r6phon. oaso-calqlnc

(oionraroi x€0 000 Y 0.00020 000

{Biloi Sizo X,107,{66 Y 319 667 2160.906

(Modol Dintf.o tom lof x 99 100

!:C. 3 s, &gs1g-l U*q,.!q!rt.W6qa:CNC mill ing eode

E::C !llr& lmEffiffi-Telephone

rlel L-!!::I

t. r?G lodirtl:i;fl

ldr*O{Ertr0o Dr

'*?ry)Wrl:nrs!iD-fr

(frr. to 6phon. 3a5.-cor. lncf""_'Oulcl(cAN Cohrlguill on -"""(oronlillon x"s0 000 Y 0 000 z 0 000

(aitot siz. x,t0r 166 Y 3r9 5672r60 005

(vodolDi,rrtmd lrom krtt 39 109

.i.*O+Eav{ro bFg*C;1, d e s(lado Imill ing code