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Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design, Management and Expedited Resolution Stephen Koenigsberg ENVIRON - Irvine, CA [email protected]

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Page 1: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design, Management

and Expedited Resolution

Stephen Koenigsberg

ENVIRON - Irvine, CA

[email protected]

Page 2: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Presentation Overview

�Shifts in the Regulatory Landscape and Remediation Technologies

�Descriptions of Diagnostic Tools

�Applications of Diagnostic Tools in Site Design,Management & Closure Strategies

Page 3: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Elements of Expedited Closure Practice

� Some Drivers of a Paradigm Shift

– Many problems have no realistic solution – Asymptotes are a form or purgatory (or worse) – Not enough money in the U.S. to clean it up – Recognition that resources have limits – need to practice “triage” – Remediation should be “sustainable” - what is collateral damage?

� Objective

Continue to evolve more sensible management paradigms with provisional emphasis on MNA to reduce active costs Note: Progress being made; the advent of RBCA as an inspiration

Page 4: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Evidence for Regulatory Change?

Source: National Academy of Sciences Report –

Contaminants in the Subsurface: Source Zone Assessment and Remediation

Proposed New Metrics to Judge Success

Physical objectives include mass removal, concentration reduction, mass flux reduction, reduction of source migration potential, plume size reduction, and changes in toxicity of residuals.

Other objectives relate to risk reduction and cost minimization.

Page 5: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Shifts in Remediation Technology What is the next evolutionary step?

� Phase I. Mechanical and energy intensive operations such as pump and treat, DPE, SVE, and air sparging. OK to a point.

� Phase II. Rise of the in-situ technologies, such as bioremediation, in-situ chemical oxidation and chemical reduction (ISCO/ISCR)

Chemical Oxidation

(ISCO)

Chemical Reduction

(ISCR)

Biological Oxidation

(Aerobic Bio)

Biological Reduction

(Anaerobic Bio)

Page 6: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Visualizing In Situ Technology

INJECT / EMPLACE

Electron Acceptors

Electron Donors

Chemical Oxidants

Chemical Reductants

Microbes

Courtesy of Regenesis

Page 7: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Shifts in Remediation Technology

Phase III

The “next wave” overlays advanced diagnostic technologies from biotechnology, chemistry and geophysics to optimize remedial design and management.

Ultimately we seek to integrate the “new lines of evidence” from these diagnostic tools in concert with risk assessment to get more reasonable regulatory responses such as MNA

What are some of the tools in an advanced site resolution program?

Page 8: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Advanced Advanced Sustainable Financia l

Clo

sure

M

gmt.

Des

ign

Eval

.

Biotechnology Chemistry Geotechnical Risk Analysis F & T Models Remediation Instruments

Expedited Site Resolution Matrix

Tools & Processes

App

licat

ions

Physical Lab/Field Applications "Virtual" Applications Frameworks

Page 9: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

New Approaches in Site Management

� Advanced Diagnostics

– Molecular Biological Tools (MBTs) �DNA probes to ID key organisms and their catabolic functions �Other gene products, e.g., lipid analysis for general community profile

– Specialized Chemical Analysis �SIP/CSIA (proof/rates of attenuation, plume dynamics) �Field based analytical measurements – “better, faster, cheaper”

– Advanced Geophysical and Modeling Tools �Real time data collection and imaging; also new models (i.e., BioBalance) �Remote sensing and signaling

Page 10: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

••••• ENVIRON From DOE: Genomes to Life

Page 11: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

0.5 µm

Taxonomic and Functional ID

PCE TCE cis-DCE VC ETH

Desulfuromonas spp. Sulfurospirillum spp.

Dehalococcoides spp.Dehalobacter spp. Desulfitobacterium spp. Geobacter spp. etc.

195 FL2 BAV1

Courtesy of Frank Loeffler – GA Tech

Page 12: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization

FISH Assay MP1b

DAPI BET42a GAM42a

©Copyright 2005, Geovation Consultants, Inc.

Page 13: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

High Density Microarray Analysis

Low High

1 2

3

4

Hierarchical clustering and heatmap plot of 16S GeneChip analysis of microbial community sub-families detected during chromate bioremediation. PCA groups are indicated by brackets.

Bacteria and Archaea Detected

Grouped according to response to HRC during chromate remediation

Group1 organisms decline Pseudomonas, Burkholderia (Denitrifiers) Acidithiobacillus, Thiothrix (Sulfur oxidizers) Leptothrix (Iron oxidizer)

Group2 organisms increase then decline Acidovorax, Thauera (denitrifiers) Flavobacteria (aerobes, use glycerol)

Group3 organisms decline then return Mainly oligotrophic bacteria

Group 4 organisms increase in late stages Legionella, Chlamydophila, Flectobacillus.

Courtesy of Terry Hazen – LBNL

Page 14: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

   

    

  

Other Molecular Biological Tools

Membrane Lipid Biomarkers DNA

•Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Membrane

Quantitative Quantitative Taxonomic & Functional ID

Courtesy of Microbial Insights

Page 15: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Advanced Advanced Sustainable Financial Biotechnology Chemistry Geotechnical Risk Analysis F & T Models Remediation Instruments

Expedited Site Resolution Matrix

Tools & Processes

App

licat

ions

Clo

sure

M

gmt.

Des

ign

Eval

.

Physical Lab/Field Applications "Virtual" Applications Frameworks

Page 16: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Baited Bio-Traps Bio-sep Beads enriched with amendments

~ negative 60 mbar

Vapor Phase Loading

Vacuum Pump

Courtesy of Microbial Insights

Interior of Bio-Sep Bead

Amendments Include:

• Electron Donors

• Organic Acids

• Whey

• HRC

• EOS

• Molasses

• Other

• Electron Acceptors

• Nutrients

Page 17: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

   

Typical ISCO Project

Removed leaking tank Stainless steel application well

Offset (PVC)wells

Inject Pressure and oxidant into Temp monitors

contaminant plume Unsaturated zone

Water supply

Groundwater Saturated zone well flow

Plume of dissolved contaminants

Page 18: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

ISCO Impacts on Microbial Ecology

Biomass in MW-3 before and 130 days after RegenOx injection

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02 1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06 1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

Before After

cells

/mL

Community structure in MW-3 before and 130 days after RegenOx injection

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Before After %

tota

l PLF

A

Eukarotes (polyenoics)

General (Nsats)

SRBs/Actinomycetes (MidBrSats)

Anaerobic metal reducers (BrMonos)

Proteobacteria (Monos)

Firmicutes (TerBrSats)

Courtesy of Regenesis

Page 19: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Showing Proper Microbial Transitions

MNA Here?

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Baseline Day 30 Day 90 Day 180 Day 300

ORC® Injection

BTE

X p

pm

Aerobic Degraders

Denitrifiers

SRB/IRBs

Methanogens

Courtesy of Microbial Insights

Page 20: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Showing Abundance of Hydrocarbon Degrading Enzymes

*P

MW-7 MW-4 MW-14

MW-12 MW-15

MW-7 MW-4 MW-14

MW-12 MW-15

Baseline 180 Days Post Oxygen

Cells/bead:

ND 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108

Quantification of catabolic functional genes (TOD, TOL, RDEG, RMO, & HE)

Courtesy of Microbial Insights

Page 21: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Bio-Trap Sampler: SIP Design Annular space loaded with 13C enriched Bio-Sep Beads

~ negative 60 mbar

Vacuum Pump

Vapor Phase Loading

13C Compound

CORE Core area is used for the slow diffusion of amendments into the annular space

Amendments Include:

• E Donors

• E Acceptors

• Nutrients

• Other

13C incorporated into membrane

13C

as proof of natural attenuation

Courtesy of Microbial Insights

Page 22: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Compound Specific Isotope Analysis

CSIA

A very powerful new tool in remediation science (but not science in general)

Looks at ratios of naturally occurring isotopes suchas 13C/12C for carbon

Results of isotopic shifts in time are indicative ofbiological and chemical action

Page 23: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

CSIA for MNA at a Site in Michigan Objective: Avoid Multi-Million Dollar Pump and Treat Plume Control to Protect a Cemetery!

MW-3

250 ppb

δ = - 25 ‰ MW-2

100 ppb

δ = - 9 ‰ MW-1

190 ppb

δ = + 15 ‰

Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) of TCE

More positive values = greater TCE degradation

Values are in ‘Del C” in ppth: a measure of an isotopic shiftthat is indicative of bond breaking degradation processes

Page 24: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Wave Guide Sensing

Analytes in Solution Analytes in Air

Sensing Film

Wg

Sensing Film

Wg

Bioconjugate Reactions

Wg Antibodies

Probing at the waveguide surface allows the sensor to work either in air or water.The coating can be tailored to respond broadly to a class of analytes or can be made very chemically specific, as in an antibody-antigen interaction.

Courtesy of David Gottfried – GTRI

Page 25: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

13 Sensing Interferometers on a Chip

Sensing andReference strips/

Channels

Beamsplitter/Combiner

Several of these interferometers can be assembled on a single waveguide to allow multiple analyte sensing. Recent detector improvement will allow for up to 50

.interferometers on the same size chip less than 1 cm wide.

Courtesy of David Gottfried – GTRI

Page 26: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

F L O

W

Spreeta Detection Device (Texas Instruments) DNA/Protein Complex on Gold Surface

ReflectingMirror Biosensor

Surface

DNA

Protein

Diode ArrayLED & Polarizer

The angle/intensity of incident light detected is dependent on amount of material bound to the biosensor surface.

Page 27: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Advances in Geophysical Testing & Modeling

Advances include: – Use of membrane interface probes (MIPs) to

direct investigation and treatment – Tomographic remote sensing capabilities – Multi-level sampling and imaging – “Better – Faster – Cheaper” field testing – New Fate and Transport Models

Generates superior understanding of contaminant concentrations and distribution: “If you don’t know where you are going you will get there”

Page 28: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Visualizing Initial Conditions Courtesy of

Page 29: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Hypothesis: Lactic acid

Lower Ksat

Post-HRC Injection “Tomography”

42’ HRC Injection Zone

45’

High Ksat

42’

45’

42’

Hypothesis: Reaction halo due to 45’ formation of precipitates

Pump

2 Days after HRC injection

3 DAYS

30 DAYS

Groundwater Flow

Courtesy of Terry Hazen - LBNL

Page 30: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

⎞⎟⎟⎠

Aggressive Source Courtesy of Charles Newell - GSI Depletion

No Source Depletion (MNA)

with Source Depletion

Scenario #2: Reduction in Source Mass and Source Flux � What is the RTF if 70% of the mass and flux is removed and

the remaining source decays at a first order rate?

⎛ MO ⎞⎛ RFM ⎞⎛ ⎛ Wg ⎞RTFSD =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜−⎟ Ln⎜ ⎟W R ⎜

⎝ O ⎠⎝ W ⎠⎝ F ⎝ O FW W ⎠R

s s

� If MO=80 kg, WO=2 kg/yr, Wg=0.02, RFM=RFW=0.3

RTFMNA = 184 year RTFSD = 136 year

RTFSD=Remediation Timeframe, MO=Initial Source Mass, WO=Initial Mass Discharge Rate, Wg=Goal Mass Discharge Rate, WSD=Mass Discharge Rate following source depletion,

ks=source decay coefficient, RFM=remaining fraction of mass, RFW=remaining fraction of mass discharge rate

Page 31: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

MNA via MBTs Cost Differential in $K for Treatment options vs. MNA only and Actual Remedy

Options Capital O & M Total Δ MNA

Δ Actual

MNA 29 1001 1030

MNA + Source Treatment 252 1070 1322 -292

MNA + ST + Barriers with Substrate 1

838 1188 2026 996

704

MNA + ST + Barriers with Substrate 2

747 1279 2026 996

704

MNA + ST + Array Treatment with Substrate 2

2199 861 3060 2030

1738

From WSP Presentations - Consoil 2008 and AEHS SD 2007

Page 32: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

CONCLUSIONS

The industry is moving/has moved away from capital and energy intensive methods in favor of in-situ remediation.

Treatments utilizing in-situ methods are being increasingly supported by advanced diagnostic tools that employ biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling.

The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be used to optimize site design and management. Also, “new lines of evidence” generated by these tools can be used to petition for a more cost effective site resolution.

Page 33: Advanced Diagnostic Tools: Applications To Site Design ......biotechnology, advanced chemistry, novel geophysics and creative modeling. The suite of advanced diagnostic tools can be

Courtesy of Microbial Insights