advanced english 8

7/29/2019 Advanced English 8

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ADVANCED ENGLISH 8

GRAMMAR REFERENCE


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Dear student

This grammar reference is meant to help you organize the knowledge you

gain in class. Listed you will find the Topic, and between parenthesis you

will find the unit where it first appears in your book. Related topics will be

grouped together.

Topic Page

WORD ORDER

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES (unit 1) .......................................................... 3DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUESTIONS

INDIRECT QUESTIONS (unit 1).................................................................. 5

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES (unit 2)............................................................ 7DEGREE ADVERBS

DEGREE ADVERBS (unit 2)........................................................................ 10HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE

HAVE + OBJECT+ PAST PARTICIPLE ( unit 3)......................................... 13CONDITIONALS

FIRST CONDITIONAL (unit 4).................................................................... 17 SECOND CONDITIONAL (unit 4) .......................................................... 19 THIRD CONDITIONAL (unit 3) .............................................................. 15

PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT (unit 5)....................................................................... 21MODALS + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

MUST + HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE (unit 5) ..... 23 CAN'T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (unit 5) ....... 23 MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (unit 5) ..................................... 23 COULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (unit 5) .................................... 23

APPENDIX

Appendix 1 Irregular verbs.. 25 Appendix 2 Active verb tenses 28


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WORD ORDER

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

In English, it is common to use more than one adjective beforea noun - for example, "He's a silly young fool," or "she's a

smart, energetic woman." When you use more than one

adjective, you have to put them in the right order, according

to type: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material and

purpose (OSASCOMP).

Opinion - An opinion adjective explains what you think aboutsomething (other people may not agree with you). Examples: silly,beautiful, horrible, difficult

Size - A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or smallsomething is. Examples: large, tiny, enormous, little

Age - An age adjective tells you how young or old something or

someone is. Examples: ancient, new, young, old

Shape - A shape adjective describes the shape of something. Examples:square, round, flat, rectangular

Color- A color adjective, of course, describes the color of something.Examples: blue, pink, reddish, grey

Origin - An origin adjective describes where something comes from.Examples: French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek

Material - A material adjective describes what something is madefrom. Examples: wooden, metal, cotton, paper

Purpose - A purpose adjective describes what something is used for.These adjectives often end with "-ing". Examples: sleeping (as in "sleeping

bag"), roasting (as in "roasting tin")


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Down to business

Choose the correct order:

1- ( ) a small Canadian thin lady

( ) a Canadian small thin lady

( ) a small thin Canadian lady

( ) a thin small Canadian lady

2- ( ) a carving steel new knife

( ) a new steel carving knife

( ) a steel new carving knife

( ) a new carving steel knife

3- ( ) a beautiful blue sailing boat

( ) a blue beautiful sailing boat( ) a sailing beautiful blue boat

( ) a blue sailing beautiful boat

4- ( ) an old wooden square table

( ) a square wooden old table

( ) an old square wooden table

( ) a wooden old square table

5- ( ) an new French exciting band( ) a French new exciting band

( ) an exciting French new band

( ) an exciting new French band

6- ( ) a red big plastic hat

( )a big red plastic hat

( ) a plastic big red hat

( ) a bit plastic red hat7- ( ) a small Japanese serving bowl

( ) a Japanese small serving bowl

( ) a small serving Japanese bowl

( ) a serving small Japanese bowl

8- ( ) a cotton dirty old tie

( ) a dirty cotton old tie

( ) an old cotton dirty tie( ) a dirty old cotton tie


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COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

Compound Adjectives are a combination of words that

serves as a single adjective.

As a general rule, the words in a compound adjective are hyphenated when

they come before a noun (a well-known product) but not when they comeafter a verb (The product is well known).

"A well-developedsense of humor is the pole that adds balance toyour steps as you walk the tightrope of life."

(William Arthur Ward)

"In the 19th century, before the science of archaeologybecame well developed, the Ottomans laid out the brick and concrete

city that stands today."

(Scott Macleod, "Alexandria Rising," Time magazine, June 15, 1998)

"The cutting edge is quite straight and well polished, and as keenas when it was finished."

(Robert Smyth, The Aborigines of Victoria, 1878)

"Another well-polishedasset, [Gordon] Brown's reputation forsound economic stewardship, has become ever more tarnished."

(Catherine Mayer, "Gordon Brown in America," Time magazine,

April 16, 2008)


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Down to business

Match a word from column A with a word from column B to make

compound adjectives. Then use combinations to complete the sentences

below.A B

a) record- 1 moving

b) well- 2 consuming

c) slow- 3 skinned

d) good- 4 dressed

e) time- 5 spoken

f) soft- 6 breaking

g) hand- 7 lookingh) fair- 8 painted

a)His clothes were very formal. He was ____________________ in adark blue silk suit and a tie.

b)He was a very ____________________ man, and as soon as Beckysaw him, she remarked on how handsome he was.

c)I could hardly hear a word she said. She was very____________________, and I had to ask her several times to speak

up.

d)She was very ____________________. It looked like shed neverbeen in the sun in her life.

e)I nearly gave up the course. I had to go to class three times a week,and it took over an hour to get there. It was very

____________________ and left me very little spare time.

f) The traffic is very ____________________, and on some parts of thefreeway its at a standstill.

g)Once the pots were taken out of the furnace, they were____________________ by local artists.

h)It was a ____________________ performance. He finished the racefive seconds faster than the previous best time.


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DIRECT X INDIRECT QUESTIONS

INDIRECT QUESTIONS

We use indirect questions if we want to sound more polite or if

we want to ask a question that is quite sensitive. In this case try

using one of the indirect phrases below:

Can you tell meCould you tell meI'd be interested to hearI'd like to knowWould you mind telling meI wonder if...

When we use indirect questions, the word order is the same as in an

affirmative statement.

Direct question: What is he doing?

Indirect question: Do you know what he is doing?

Direct question: Where have they been?

Indirect question: I wonder where they have been?


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DO, DOES, DID

If the direct question contains do, does or did, we omit it in the indirect

question.

Direct question: What do you want?

Indirect question: Can you tell me what you want?

Direct question: When did she leave?

Indirect question: Do you know when she left?

YES/NO QUESTIONS

In yes / no questions, we use if or whether (the word order is the same as

in reported questions).

Direct question: Have you seen my dog?

Indirect question: Could you tell me if you have seen my dog?


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Down to business

1. "Where's the station?"

"Can you tell me ___________________________________________ ?"

2. "Are you coming to the party?"

"Can you let me know if______________________________________ ?"

3. "How does it work?"

"Can you explain ___________________________________________ ?"

4. "What's the the matter?"

Please tell me _____________________________________________ ."

5. "Where are you from?"

"I'd like to know ___________________________________________ ."

6. "How long does it take to get there?"

"Do you know _____________________________________________ ?"

7. "Has she reached a decision yet?"

"Has she told you whether____________________________________ ?"

8. "What time are you leaving?"

"Do you know _____________________________________________ ?"

9. "Does Annie know about computers?"

"I wonder whether___________________________________________ ."

10. "Excuse me. How do you get to the post office from here?"

"Could you tell us___________________________________________ ?"


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10

DEGREE ADVERBS

ADVERBS OF DEGREE

Adverbs of degree tell us the strength or intensity of something

that happens. Many adverbs are gradable, that is, we can

intensify them. Basically they answer the sort of question that

asks How much ...? or How little...?

Adverbs of degree include; adequately, almost, entirely, extremely, greatly,

highly, hugely, immensely, moderately, partially, perfectly, practically,

profoundly, strongly, totally, tremendously, very, virtually, etc.

For example:

The man drove badly. = The man drove really badly.

- In this sentence really shows us just how badly he drove.

They enjoyed the film. = They enjoyed the film immensely.

- In this sentence immensely shows us how much they enjoyed the film.

These intensifiers are not gradable, though: you cannot say The man drove

extremely very badly.

An excessive degree

Thats too expensive. She is way too serious.A great degree

Denise is quite busy. She is extremely dedicated. She works very hard. Denise is really busy. She works so hard. She is awfully serious.


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A moderate degree

Hes a rather accomplished musician. He is fairly hard-working. He does his job reasonably well. He works hard enough. Peters pretty dedicated. Denise is kind ofdepressed. He is sort ofeasygoing.A small degree

He gets slightly annoyed. Shes a bit competitive. Work can sometimes be a little monotonous.An insufficient degree

He doesnt work hard enough. Peter doesnt get paid nearly enough.

All intensifiers come before the adjective or adverb, except for enough,

which comes after them.

Denise works extremely hard.

Peter works steadily enough.

In noun phrases, intensifiers come between the determiner (a, the, some,

etc.) and the adjective, except for quite, which comes before a determiner.

Denise is a very dedicated worker.

She is quite a dedicated worker.


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Down to business

Use degree adverbs to make sentences that are true for you.

1.A skill you are proud of: something you do well to a moderate degree.EXAMPLE: Im a pretty good tennis player.

________________________________________________________

2.A favorite food: a kind of food you like to a great degree.EXAMPLE: Im extremely fond if popcorn.

________________________________________________________

3.Something that is not enjoyable for you, but you dont hate: an activityyou dislike to a small degree.

EXAMPLE: Doing homework can be slightly boring.

________________________________________________________

4.An ability you want to develop: a skill you have in an insufficientdegree.

EXAMPLE: I dont speak English fluently enough.

________________________________________________________

5.A bad habit: something you do to an excessive degree.EXAMPLE: I eat too much ice cream.

________________________________________________________

6.A special talent: something you do well to a great degree.EXAMPLE: Im a really good musician.

_______________________________________________________


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HAVE + OBJECT+ PAST PARTICIPLE

If you 'have something done', you get somebody elseto do something for you.

I'm going to have my hair cut. She's having her house redecorated. I'm having a copy of the report sent to you

In informal English, we can replace 'have' by 'get'.

We're getting a new telephone system installed. They will be getting the system repaired as quickly as they

can.

I got the bill sent directly to the company.

We can also use 'have/got something done' in situations wheresomething bad has happened to people or their possessions. This is not

something they wanted to happen.

John had all his money stolen from his hotel bedroom. We had our car damaged by a falling tree. I got my nose broken playing rugby.


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Down to business

Complete the sentences below:

1.Yesterday, ________________________________ (I / cut / my hair).2.Every Friday, ________________________________ (Joe / wash /

his car) .

3.Tomorrow, ________________________________ she / repair / hershower).

4.Each Saturday, ________________________________ (we / deliver/ a pizza) to our home.

5.Last year, ________________________________ Bob / clean / hishouse) by a charwoman.

6.As Phil had a broken arm, ________________________________(he / type / his texts) by his secretary.

7.(I / pick up / the goods_____________________________________tomorrow afternoon.

8.________________________________ (we / redecorate / our walls)last summer.

9.Whenever Clara is staying at this hotel, _________________________________ (she / carry / her bags) into her room.

10. (we / organize / our last party) __________________________________ by professionals.


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THIRD CONDITIONAL

IF + PAST PERFECT , WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

We can use the Third Conditional to talk about 'impossible'

conditions, impossible because they are in the past and we

cannot change what has happened.

If I had worked harder at school, I would have got bettergrades.

If I had had time, I would have gone to see him. But I didn'thave time. If we had bought that house, we would have had to rebuild

the kitchen.

If we had caught the earlier train, we would have got thereon time but we were late.

Notice that the main clause can contain 'would', 'could' or 'might.

If I had seen him at the meeting, I would have asked him.(But he wasn't there so I didn't.)

If I had seen him at the meeting, I could have asked him.(But he wasn't there so it wasn't possible.)

If I had seen him at the meeting, I might have asked him.(But I'm not sure. Perhaps if the opportunity had arisen.)

If I had paid more attention in class, I would haveunderstood the lesson.

Also notice that sometimes the 'if clause' is implied rather than

spoken.

I'd have done it. ("if you had asked me but you didn't.") I wouldn't have said that. ("if I'd been there.") I wouldn't have let him get away with that. ("if he had tried

that with me.")


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Down to business

Complete the sentences using the third conditional.

1. I wouldn't be angry if you ________________________ my chocolate

mousse. (to eat)

2. If he had known you were in hospital, he _______________________

you. (to visit)

3. We wouldn't have come by taxi if we ____________________ the right

bus. (to find)

4. We would have visited the Prado gallery if we ____________________

time. (to have)

5. If you hadn't been asking me questions all the time, I _______________

the film.(to enjoy)

6. If I _________________ your number, I would have phoned.(to know)

7. If just one person had remembered my birthday, I__________________

sad. (to be)

8. I would have understood the film if it _________________ in German.

(to be)

9. They ________________ to see you if they hadn't been away. (to come)

10. If she _____________________ on a double yellow line, shewouldn't have got a fine. (to park)


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FIRST CONDITIONAL

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL + INFINITIVE

We use the First Conditional to talk about future events

that are likely to happen.

If we take John, he'll be really pleased. If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow. If they tell us they want it, we'll have to give it to them. If Mary comes, she'll want to drive.

The 'if' clause can be used with different present forms.

If I go to New York again, I'll buy you a souvenir from the EmpireState Building.

If he's feeling better, he'll come. If she hasn't heard the bad news yet, I'll tell her.

The "future clause" can contain 'going to' or the future perfect as well as

'will'.

If I see him, I'm going to tell him exactly how angry I am. If we don't get the contract, we'll have wasted a lot of time and

money.

The "future clause" can also contain other modal verbs such as 'can'

and 'must'.

If you go to New York, you must have the cheesecake in Lindy's. If he comes, you can get a lift home with him.


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Down to business

Complete the sentences using the first conditional:

1. If you_____________ (not study), you______________ (fail) thetest.

2. We_____________ (die) if we ____________(not get) help soon!

3. If you_____________ (look) in the fridge, you_____________

(find) some cold drinks.

4. If there___________ (be) no oil in the engine, the

car_________(break) down.

5. I_____________ (lend) you my umbrella if you ___________

(need) it.

6. The sea level_____________ (rise) if the planet_____________

(get) hotter.

7. If you_____________ (eat) your sandwiches now, you (not have)

anything for lunch!

8. You_____________ (be) safe in an accident if you_____________

(wear) your seatbelt.

9. If he_____________ (save) all his money, he_____________ (be

able to go) on holiday to Canada.

10. I_____________ (not come) with you if you_____________ (not

bring) John!


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SECOND CONDITIONAL

IF+ PAST, WOULD + INFINITIVE

The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible'

situations.

If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concertin Hyde Park.

If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity. If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much

better place.

If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot lessdisease.

After I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'.

(Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other peoplethink 'was' is equally 'correct' .)

If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for anotherone.

If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day. If they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems.

The form 'If I were you' is often used to give advice. If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live. If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications.

The 'If clause' can contain the past simple or the past continuous.

If I was still working in Brighton, I would commute by train. If she were coming, she would be here by now. If they were thinking of selling, I would want to buy.


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PRESENT PERFECT

Present Perfect Simple

The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still

going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence

on the present, or it is used for past actions/events when

the time is not specified. It puts emphasis on the result.

Form

Has/Have + Verb in the past participle

Examples:

I have seen that movie. Have you seen that movie? I have not (or haven't) seen that movie.

Use of Present Perfect

emphasis on the resultExample: She has written five letters.

action that is still going onExample: School has not startedyet.

action that stopped recentlyExample: She has cookeddinner.

finished action that has an influence on the presentExample: I have lostmy key.


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MODALS+ HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE

MODALS + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

In general, Perfect Modals are used to express unfulfilled or

unrealized actions or events. It is formed using a Modal Verb

(could, may, might, and must) + have + Past Participle.

MODAL FUNCTION EXAMPLE

COULD HAVE Possibility

Impossibility

Disbelief

I could have lost theopportunity to get to

know her better.

I couldnt have marriedher anyway because

neither of us wanted to

move to another country.

You couldnt havethought that I would

accept such a foolish

excuse!

How could you havethought that I would

accept such a foolish

excuse?

MAY/ MIGHT

HAVE

Possibility (May or

Might)

Suggestion

Your advisor may havebeen able to help you

with that application.

She might have tried tobe more levelheaded

about the whole issue.

MUST HAVE Conclusion She must have believedme because wevebecome very close.


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Down to business

Complete the sentences below:

1.Gloria has won every game she's played today.She _______________ (practice) a lot.

2. I don't have anything to wear today. I _______________ (do) thelaundry.

3.Jack lost his wallet on the way to work. He _______________ (lose)it on the bus.

4.You did very well on the exam. You _______________ (study) a lot.5.The Smiths _______________ (build) their house anywhere. Why

did he choose here?

6. It's hot in here today. I _______________ (wear) a heavy sweatertoday.

7.You _______________ (feed) your dog. He has been hungry all day.8.Lucy shouldn't have stood on the broken chair. She __________

(fall).

9. I _______________ (buy) more milk. I am almost out.10. I didn't do very well on the test. I _______________ (spend)

more time studying.


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Appendix I - IRREGULAR VERBS

Present Past Past Participle

be was, were been

become became become

begin began begun

blow blew blown

break broke broken

bring brought brought

build built built

burst burst burst

buy bought boughtburst burst burst

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

do did donedrink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought foughtfind found found

fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freeze froze frozen

get got gotten


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give gave given

go went gone

grow grew grown

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

know knew known

lay laid laid

lead led led

leave left left

let let let

lie lay lain

lose lost lost

make made made

meet met metpay paid paid

quit quit quit

read read read

ride rode ridden

run ran run

say said said

see saw seenseek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

shake shook shaken

shine shone shone

sing sang sung

sit sat sat


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(time clue)* e.g. He had beencooking for a long time

before he took lessons.

e.g. He has beencooking for over an

hour.

e.g. He will have beencooking all day by the

time she gets home.


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B) Time Clues and Verb Tense

Time clues are words that give some information about when an action occurs. There

are many words that are time clues, and some can be used to indicate a number of

tenses. Note that this table is not a complete listing of all the time clues that can be

used with all of the tenses.

Past Present Future

Simple Simple Past Simple Present Simple Future

yesterday

last year/ month/ etc.

before

for five

weeks/days/etc.

one year/ month ago

every morning / day /

etc.

always

usually

frequently

sometimes

tomorrow

tonight

next week/month/etc.

soon

in the future

Progressive Past Progressive Present Progressive Future progressive

while

when

now

right now

this week/minute/etc.

when

after

as soon as

before

Perfect Past Perfect Present Perfect Future Perfect

beforealready

by the time

until then/last

week/etc.

after

until nowsince

ever

never

many times/

weeks/years/etc.

for three hours/minutes/etc/

by the time you go(somewhere)

by the time you do

(something)

already

Perfect

Progressive

Past Perfect

progressive

Present Perfect

Progressive

Future Perfect

Progressivebefore

for one

week/hour/etc.

since

for the past year/ month/

etc.

for the last 2 months/

weeks/etc.

up to now

for 6 weeks/hours/etc.

since

by the time

for ten days/weeks/etc.

by

advanced english 8

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