ADVANCEDLDDEBATE:CLASHSessionwilldiscussonhowtorefuteargumentsmoreeffectively.

TimCookSaladoHighSchool

WHATISCLASH?

Opposingargumentsonkeyissues,refutation,heartofdebate

Debateswithoutclashareagreements

OVERVIEW

Tobeabletorespondtoyouropponent’sargumentyoumust:

• Understandtheargument

• Flow

• Readtheliterature

• Writeblocks

SAMPLEBLOCKS

SAMPLEBLOCKS

SAMPLEBLOCKS

LINKSINACHAIN

• Resolution

• Value

• CriteriaJustbecauseyourvalueismoreimportant,youdonotwin

• Contention/Offense

PARTSOFRESOLUTION

• EvaluativeTerm• ObjectofEvaluation

Startingpointofthedebate

Resolved:Thedeathpenalty isjust.

Resolved:TheUnitedStatesfederalgovernmenthasamoralobligationtoprovideuniversalhealthcare foritscitizens.

PARTSOFANARGUMENT

• Claim– Conclusion,TruthStatement

• Warrant– Premise,WhyAnalytical,Empirical,Evidentiary

• Impact– Implication,ImportanceImpactsshouldlinktoastandard/criteria

BREADTHANDDEPTH

• Breadth:Havemultiplewarrants• Depth:Havingwarrantsforyourwarrants

Warrantsareinfinitelyregressive

Claim:ObamaisgoodWarrant:B/Che’ssocialist

=Controversial.Noteveryonethinkssocialismisgood.Shouldtaketheargumentalittlefurther.Warrant:B/che’ssocialist.

Warrant:socialismisgoodbecauseittreatsallpeopleequally.Thisargumentislesscontroversial.Notasmanypeoplethinkequalityisbad.

CUEWORDS

Warrants:• “Thisistruebecause…”“Thewarrantis…”• Wordslikebecause,since,insofar,giventhat,etc.

Impacts:• “Thismeans…”“Theimpactis…”“Theimplicationis…“Thisisbadbecause…”• Wordsliketherefore,thus,theresultis,hence,consequently,etc.

FUNCTIONOFARGUMENTS

• TopicalityInterpretationoftheResolution

• FrameworkValue/Criteria=Resolution

• ContentionsOE=XX=Criteria

OFFENSE DEFENSE

WhyIwin Youcan’twinifyoudon’tscore! WhyIdon’tlose

~CaseImpact ~Nolink~CaseTurn ~NoWarrant

~Biasedsource

FRAMEWORK

Thelensthejudgelooksthroughtoevaluateadebateroundanddetermineawinner

• Thevalueandcriteria• Your“world”• V/C=terminalimpacts• Philosophy• Generally,youwillnotbediscussingtheobjectofevaluation

TOPICALITY

Non-Resolutional

SMU- “deathpenalty”Lastyear– “valueabove”FallTopic– Loaded

USFGmoralobligationprovideuniversalhealthcarecitizens

Parts• Interpretation• Violations• Standards/ReasonstopreferyourInterp• Voters

AT:VALUE

• NoLinktoResolution

• NotJustified

• ValueObjection- harmfuleffectofthevalue

• Evenifyouareacceptingthevalue,Iachieveitbetter…

AT:VALUE

• Vague/Ambiguous• Myvalueismoreimportant• Myvalueispre-requisite,comesfirst• Myvalueincludesit,succumbstheirvalue• Notavalue,onlyamechanismtogainsomegood- i.e.democracy• Agent’sobligation

AT:CRITERIA

• Nolinktovalue,doesnotachieveit

• Notjustified

• CriterionObjection- aharmfuleffectofthecriterion

• Evenifyouareacceptingthecriterion,Iachieveitbetter…

AT:CRITERIA

• Begs• NoBrightline,cantweighimpacts• CirculartotheValue• Insufficient• Ambiguous,Vague• NotaCriterion- i.e.CostBenefitAnalysis

AT:CONTENTIONS

1. Nolinktocriteria2. Mycaseanswerstheargument3. Nottrue

~EmpiricallyDeny4.Turn– Provetheoppositeistrue

AT:CONTENTIONS

1. Badauthor/outofdate2. Nowarrant.Why?3. Sowhat!Noimpactgiven/Numbers4. Alternatecausality5. Notconclusive(may/could)6. Brink/Threshold7. Non-unique8. Link/Internallink9. Alternative/CP10. K11. DA12. Eveniftrue,Ioutweigh

ObservationAffnottopical

Interpretation

Violation

ReasonstopreferInterp

Voter

Value

1. NoLinktoResolution

2. NotJustified

3. ValueObjection- harmfuleffectofthevalue

4. Evenifyouareacceptingthevalue,Iachieveitbetter…

Criteria

1. Nolinktovalue,doesnotachieveit

2. Notjustified

3. CriterionObjection- aharmfuleffectofthecriterion

4. Evenifyouareacceptingthecriterion,Iachieveitbetter…

Contention1

1. Nolinktocriteria

2. Mycaseanswerstheargument

3. Nottrue

~EmpiricallyDeny

4. Turn– Provetheoppositeistrue

Contention2

1. Nolinktocriteria

2. Mycaseanswerstheargument

3. Nottrue

~EmpiricallyDeny

4.Turn– Provetheoppositeistrue

IMPACTCALCULUS

• Probability• Magnitude• Timeframe

• Duration• Reversibility

FALLACIES

• Adhominem- attackingthearguerinsteadoftheargument• Glitteringgenerality- emotionallyappealingphrasesocloselyassociatedwithhighlyvaluedconceptsandbeliefsthatitcarriesconvictionwithoutsupportinginformationorreason.• Slipperyslope- assertingthatarelativelysmallfirststepinevitablyleadstoachainofrelatedeventsculminatinginsomesignificantimpact/eventthatshouldnothappen• Is-oughtfallacy- assumptionismadethatbecausethingsareacertainway,theyshouldbethatway.• Either-or – AKAall-or-nothing fallacy,falsedichotomy.Presentafalsedilemma.

FALLACIES

• Appealtoauthority– usinganexpertofdubiouscredentialsorusingonlyoneopiniontosellaproductoridea.• Appealtopopularity– AKAadpopulum (Latinfor"argumenttothepeople")argumentthatconcludesthatapropositionistruebecausemanyormostpeoplebelieveit• Correlation,notcausation– AKAposthocergopropterhoc– afaultyassumptionthatbecausethereisacorrelationbetweentwovariablesthatonecausedtheother• Redherring-argumentgiveninresponsetoanotherargument,whichisirrelevantanddrawsattentionawayfromthesubjectofargument.• Strawman- anargumentbasedonmisrepresentationofanopponent'sposition

STEPSTOREFUTATION

Step1:Understandtheargument

Step2:Findtheweakness

Step3:Buildarguments againsttheargument.

Step4:Executetherefutation

REFUTATIONEXECUTION

• Name SignpostGoto… Theysay….

• Explain ClaimIdisagree… Ihave3responses…

• Support WarrantThistruebecause… Because… Theretwowarrants…

• Conclude ImpactTheimplicationis… Therefore…Theimpactistwofold…

QUESTIONS