advanced placement biology curriculum framework · campbell biology 11th edition, ap edition ©2018...

A Correlation of

Campbell Biology 11th Edition, AP Edition

©2018

To the

Advanced Placement Biology Curriculum Framework

AP® is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

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Campbell Biology AP® Edition 11th Edition Correlation for AP® Biology CurriculumChapters/Sections

Page Numbers Big Idea

Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives

Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one

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Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.

Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.

Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.

Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.

1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.

1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.

1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.

1.D: The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes.

2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.

2.B: Growth, reproduc-tion, and dynamic ho-meostasis require that cells create and main-tain internal environ-ments that are different from their external environments.

3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.

3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.

4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.

4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological sys-tems affects interactions with the environment.

1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.

1.A.2: Natural selection acts on pheno-typic variations in populations.

1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes.

1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.

1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.

1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.

1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.

1.D.1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence.

2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy.

2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.

2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.

2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively per-meable due to their structure.

3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.

LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]

LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]

LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]

LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]

LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]

LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]

LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]

LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]

LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]

LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]

LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]

LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4]

LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]

LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]

LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies ina population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566

• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490–493, 495–498

• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Natural selection on population color 14• DDT resistance in insects 1274• Artificial selection 472–474, 834, 837• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species

1259–1268• Overuse of antibiotics 476• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a

population 280, 486, 563• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562,

593–596, 606, 608–609• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478,

529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729

• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 729

• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054

• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533

• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310

• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128

• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926

• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals

477, 480• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance

to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865

• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412

URRY3691_11_COMP_PR3.indd 1 3/8/17 9:57 PM

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3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheri-tance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring.

3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.

3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype.

4.A.2: The structure and function of sub-cellular components, and their interac-tions, provide essential cellular processes.

4.A.3: Interactions between external stim-uli and regulated gene expression result in specialization of cells, tissues, and organs.

4.A.5: Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways.

4.C.3: The level of variation in a popula-tion affects population dynamics.

4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem.

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]

LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 3.15 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]

LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]

LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]

LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2]

LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4]

LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]

LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]

LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]

• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504

• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061

• Krebs cycle 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183

• Glycolysis 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183

• Calvin cycle 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208–209

• Fermentation 181• Endothermy (the use of thermal energy

generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 160, 879, 880, 883, 884, 886, 887, 889, 891, 998

• Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature) 878, 881, 882, 883, 885, 998

• Elevated floral temperatures in some plant species 206

• Seasonal reproduction in animals and plants 506, 1018, 1019, 1020

• Life-history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapaus) 1198–1202

• Change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels. 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1195, 1195, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1245

• Change in energy resources levels such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels. 187, 1237, 1238, 1240, 1241

• NADP+ in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211

• Oxygen in cellular respiration 40–41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208–209

• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50,

52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,

793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908


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• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161,

349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,

130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,

337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,

417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,

420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419,

420, 422, 423• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427,

434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431, 441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or

factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521, 601,

602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes

(X in humans). 298• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is

very small and carries few genes. 298–299• In mammals and flies, females are XX and

males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males. 298, 299, 300

• Some traits are sex limited, and expression depends on the sex of the individual, such as milk production in female mammals and pattern baldness in males. 298, 299, 300

• Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579• Pesticide resistance mutations 488• Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote

advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502• Prairie chickens 493–494, 1265• Potato blight causing the potato famine 865• Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 449, 667• Not all animals in a population stampede 1138,

1145• Not all individuals in a population in a disease

outbreak are equally affected; some may not show symptoms, some may have mild symptoms, or some may be naturally immune and resistant to the disease. 1201–1203


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UNIT 1 The Chemistry of Life, pg. 27

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4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule.


LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1]

LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3]

LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4]

LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2]

LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4]

• Carbohydrates 68–71• Lipids 72–74• Proteins 75–83• Nucleic acids 84–86, 315–319, 320–329,

338–341, 342–344, 347–355• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160,

161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,

130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,

337, 347–350, 400• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural

proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054



• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310

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Big Idea 1: The pro-cess of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.






1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many dif-ferent disciplines supports models of the origin of life.



4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy.

LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]

LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1]

LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3]

LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4]

LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]

LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]



793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693


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4.B: Competition and cooperation are impor-tant aspects of biologi-cal systems.






4.B.1: Interactions between molecules af-fect their structure and function.

LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]

LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]

LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]

LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1]

LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3]

LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4]

LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2]

LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4]

LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1]

• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 280, 486, 563

• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562, 593–596, 606, 608–609

• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478, 529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729




• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50, 52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,


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2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.





2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis.



LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]

LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]

LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]

LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]

LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]

LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566




• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865





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LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1]

LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3]

LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4]

LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2]

LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4]

LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1]

• Cohesion 46, 789• Adhesion 46, 789• High specific heat capacity 44, 47, 48,

49, 50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 48, 49,

52• Heat of vaporization 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50• Heat of fusion 44, 47, 48, 49, 50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 753, 754, 755, 761, 762, 763, 787,

789, 801, 809, 811• Cells of the alveoli 937• Cells of the villi 204, 904, 905• Microvilli 100, 116, 689• Invertebrate immune systems have

nonspecific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses. 948

• Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects. 864, 866

• Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific and nonheritable defense mechanisms against pathogens. 121, 946, 948–952, 953–955, 956–965

• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161,


130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,





434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431,

441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or

factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275


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UNIT 2 The Cell, pg. 92

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2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.


3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.








2.B.3: Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions.

2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mecha-nisms to maintain their internal environ-ments and respond to external environ-mental changes.


3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling.

4.C.1: Variation in molecular units pro-vides cells with a wider range of functions.

LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]

LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]

LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]

LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]

LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]

LO 2.13 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.14 [See SP 1.4]

LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]

LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]

LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]

LO 4.22 [See SP 6.2]




• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310

• Krebs cycle 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183

• Glycolysis 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183

• Calvin cycle 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208–209






• Life-history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapause) 1198–1202


• Change in energy resources levels such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels. 1237, 1238, 1240, 1241




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• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50, 52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,

793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Endoplasmic reticulum 100, 101, 103, 104–

105, 109, 124• Mitochondria 94, 100, 101, 107, 109, 110, 125, 533• Chloroplasts 100, 101, 108, 110, 111, 112, 125• Golgi 100, 101, 105–107, 124• Nuclear envelope 100, 101, 102, 103, 105,

109–110, 124• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,

879–881, 882–887• Plant responses to water limitations 783–789,

792–794, 795–796, 797–799• Lactation in mammals 1006• Onset of labor in childbirth 1032, 1033,

1034, 1035• Ripening of fruit 643• Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased

insulin 914, 915• Dehydration in response to decreased

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 67–75, 77, 78, 202, 992, 993, 994, 1002, 1006

• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008• Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934, 935, 998• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161,


130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,





434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431, 441


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• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275

• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T cells, and killer T cells. [See also 2.D.4] 220, 221, 956–959, 962–965

• Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell 101, 118, 119, 120, 215, 800

• Neurotransmitters 998, 999, 1066, 1075–1080

• Plant immune response 854–867• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Morphogens in embryonic development

379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054

• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002

• Human growth hormone 1006, 1007, 1008• Thyroid hormones 1007, 1008• Testosterone 62, 218, 1012, 1009, 1025,

1028–1029• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030• Different types of phospholipids in cell

membranes 74–75, 98, 110, 127, 128• Different types of hemoglobin 76, 81, 82,

357, 451, 594, 933, 946• MHC proteins 957–958, 961–962• Chlorophylls 189, 193–201• Molecular diversity of antibodies in response

to an antigen 956, 958–962• The antifreeze gene in fish 126, 882

7

Mem

bra

ne

Stru

ctu

re a

nd

Fu

nct

ion

124–140










2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant move-ment of molecules across membranes.

LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]

LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]

LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]

LO 2.12 [See SP 1.4]



population 276, 280, 281, 486, 563• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562,


529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729




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124–140




• Glucose transport 9, 132, 138, 914• Na+/K+ transport 137

8

An

Intr

odu

ctio

n t

o M

etab

olis

m

141–161







LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1]

• Krebs cycle 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183

• Glycolysis 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183

• Calvin cycle 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208–209









9

Cel

lula

r R

esp

irat

ion

an

d F

erm

enta

tion

162–184




LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]




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Ph

otos

ynth

esis

185–209




LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]



11

C

ell C

omm

un

icat

ion

210–231









3.D.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history.


3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response.

3.D.4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.

LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]

LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]

LO 2.12 [See SP 1.4]

LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]

LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.36 [See SP 1.5]

LO 3.37 [See SP 6.1]

LO 3.38 [See SP 1.5]

LO 3.39 [See SP 6.2]



793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Glucose transport 9, 132, 138, 914• Na+/K+ transport 137• Use of chemical messengers by microbes to

communicate with other nearby cells and to regulate specific pathways in response to population density (quorum sensing) 213, 215

• Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction and developmental pathways 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141

• Response to external signals by bacteria that influences cell movement 991

• Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals 210, 216–217, 227, 1001, 1010–1011

• DNA repair mechanisms 327–328• Neurotransmitters 998, 999, 1066,

1075–1080• Plant immune response 854–867• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Morphogens in embryonic development

379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054

• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002


1028–1029• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030• G protein-linked receptors 218, 224, 225, 227• Receptor tyrosine kinases 219• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076


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ell C

omm

un

icat

ion

(co

nti

nu

ed)

210–231



• Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP calcium ions (Ca2+), and inositol triphosphate (IP3) 223–225, 367, 842, 1001, 1078

• Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera 224, 386–392, 416, 914–915, 935–937, 969, 1100–1102

• Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides 1079, 1216, 1274

• Drugs (Hypertensives, Anesthetics, Antihistamines, and Birth Control Drugs) 937, 969, 1036

12

Th

e C

ell C

ycle

232–250








3.A.2: In eukaryotes, heritable informa-tion is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization.


LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]

LO 3.7 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3]

LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]

LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]









• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 245–246• Action of platelet-derived growth factor

(PDGF) 247


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12

Th

e C

ell C

ycle

(co

nti

nu

ed)

232–250

• Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control. 248–250, 387–391

• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501

• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521,

601, 602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025

UNIT 3 Genetics, pg. 251

13

M

eios

is a

nd

Sex

ual

Lif

e C

ycle

s

252–266












3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.

LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]

LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]

LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]

LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]

LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]

LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.7 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3]

LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]

LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]

LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]

• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566


• Sickle cell anemia 500–501• Natural selection on population color 14• DDT resistance in insects 1274• Artificial selection 472–474, 834, 837• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species

1259–1268• Overuse of antibiotics 476• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 245–246• Action of platelet-derived growth factor

(PDGF) 247• Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle

control. 248–250, 387–391• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357,

500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521,

601, 602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025

• Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579

• Pesticide resistance mutations 488• Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote

advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502


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14

M

end

el a

nd

th

e G

ene

Idea

267–291








LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]

LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 3.15 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]

LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]

LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]

• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959

• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160,

161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,

130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,





422, 423• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434,

834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420,

428–431, 441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin

or factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275

• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521,

601, 602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025

• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes (X in humans). 298

• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is very small and carries few genes. 298–299

• In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males. 298, 299, 300


• Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579

• Pesticide resistance mutations 488• Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote

advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502


Page COM-15 of 63

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15

Th

e C

hro

mos

omal

Bas

is o

f In

her

itan

ce

292–311



3.B: Expression of genetic information in-volves cellular and mo-lecular mechanisms.




3.B.2: A variety of intercellular and intra-cellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression.



LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]

LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 3.22 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.23 [See SP 1.4]

LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]

LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]

• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,

130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,

337, 347–350, 400• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,







602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025• Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow

for cell replication and division. 244–248• Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating

gene expression. 656• Levels of cAMP regulate metabolic gene

expression in bacteria. 223–224, 367• Ethylene levels cause changes in the

production of different enzymes, allowing fruits to ripen. 844, 846, 850–852

• Seed germination and gibberellin 636–639, 643–644, 647, 649–650, 824–829, 848–849, 855

• Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating genes expression and sexual reproduction. 656

• Morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development. 379–380, 383, 384, 385

• Changes in p53 activity can result in cancer. 387–388

• HOX genes and their role in development 420 461–462, 543, 673, 671, 677, 684, 720, 723–724


advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502


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16

Th

e M

olec

ula

r B

asis

of I

nh

erit

ance

312–332







3.B.1: Gene regulation results in differ-ential gene expression, leading to cell specialization.

3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.

LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]

LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4]

LO 3.29 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.30 [See SP 1.4]


130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,







602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025• Promoters 342–344, 365–367, 371–372, 806• Terminators 342, 367• Enhancers 371–372• Transduction in bacteria 211, 213, 395, 396,

397, 577–579• Transposons present in incoming DNA 375,

413, 415, 416, 418, 419, 449–450, 457

17

G

ene

Exp

ress

ion

: Fro

m G

ene

to

Prot

ein

333–359



Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to in-formation essential to life processes.



2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.




2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal devel-opment of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms.




LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]

LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]

LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]






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17

G

ene

Exp

ress

ion

: Fro

m G

ene

to P

rote

in (

con

tin

ued

)

333–359


LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.15 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]

LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]





• Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 229, 523, 668, 728, 729, 1060–1061

• Immune function 951–958• C. elegans development 230, 446, 1056, 1057• Flower development 642, 644–648, 778,

779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,

130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,







factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes

(X in humans). 298• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is





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Chapters/Sections




18

R

egu

lati

on o

f Gen

e Ex

pre

ssio

n

360–391











2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.







4.C.2: Environmental factors influence the expression of the genotype in an organism.

LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]

LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.7 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3]

LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4]

LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]

LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1]

LO 4.23 [See SP 6.2]

LO 4.24 [See SP 6.4]

• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants 853–855, 857–858

• Hibernation and migration in animals 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266

• Taxis and kinesis in animals 112–116, 574, 1123–1129, 1130–1134

• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction in fungi 258, 574, 655–657

• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140

• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887• Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 229, 523,

668, 728, 729, 1060–1061• Immune function 951–958• C. elegans development 230, 446, 1056, 1057• Flower development 642, 644–648, 778,

779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,

130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,






factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 245–246• Action of platelet-derived growth factor


control. 248–250, 387–391• Promoters 342–344, 365–367, 371–372, 806• Terminators 342, 367• Enhancers 371–372• Height and weight in humans 281, 748–750,

915, 1002, 1007–1008• Flower color based on soil pH 282• Sex determination in reptiles 1019–1022• Density of plant hairs as a function of

herbivory 866–867• Effect of adding lactose to a Lac + bacterial

culture 366–367• Presence of the opposite mating type on

pheromones production in yeast and other fungi 656, 658–664


Page COM-19 of 63

Chapters/Sections




19

V

iru

ses

392–407










3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.

LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]

LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]

LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]

LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.15 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]

LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]

LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.29 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.30 [See SP 1.4]



• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959

• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161,


130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,





434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434,

834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431,

441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin

or factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275

• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes (X in humans). 298

• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is very small and carries few genes. 298–299

• In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males. 298, 299, 300



advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502• Transduction in bacteria 211, 213, 395, 396,


413, 415, 416, 418, 419, 449–450, 457


Page COM-20 of 63

Chapters/Sections




20

D

NA

Too

ls a

nd

Bio

tech

nol

ogy

408–435










3.B.2: A variety of intercellular and intra-cellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression.




LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]

LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4]

LO 3.22 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.23 [See SP 1.4]

LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]

LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]

LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]


130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,







602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025• Promoters 342–344, 365–367, 371–372, 806• Terminators 342, 367• Enhancers 371–372• Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow

for cell replication and division. 244–248• Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating

gene expression. 656• Levels of cAMP regulate metabolic gene

expression in bacteria. 223–224, 367• Ethylene levels cause changes in the

production of different enzymes, allowing fruits to ripen. 844, 846, 850–852

• Seed germination and gibberellin 636–639, 643–644, 647, 649–650, 824–829, 848–849, 855

• Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating genes expression and sexual reproduction. 656

• Morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development. 379–380, 383, 384, 385

• Changes in p53 activity can result in cancer. 387–388

• HOX genes and their role in development 420 461–462, 543, 673, 671, 677, 684, 720, 723–724


advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502


Page COM-21 of 63

Chapters/Sections




21

G

enom

es a

nd

Th

eir

Evol

uti

on

436–460











LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]

LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]

LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]

LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]

LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]

LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]

LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]




• Immune function 951–958• C. elegans development 230, 446, 1056,

1057• Flower development 642, 644–648, 778,

779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858

UNIT 4 Mechanisms of Evolution, pg. 461

22

D

esce

nt

wit

h M

odif

icat

ion

: A D

arw

inia

n V

iew

of L

ife

462–479














LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]

LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]

LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]

LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]

LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]

LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]

LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]

LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]





population 280, 486, 563• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562,


529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729





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esce

nt

wit

h M

odif

icat

ion

: A D

arw

inia

n

Vie

w o

f Lif

e (c

onti

nu

ed)

462–479

LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]

LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]

LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]

LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4]

LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]




• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477,

480• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance





23

Th

e Ev

olu

tion

of P

opu

lati

ons

480–499














LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]

LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]

LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]

LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]

LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]

LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]

LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]

LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]

LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]

LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]



• Natural selection on population color 14• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• DDT resistance in insects 1274• Artificial selection 472–474, 834, 837• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species


population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566





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e Ev

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of P

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(con

tin

ued

)

480–499









24

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e O

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in o

f Sp

ecie

s

500–518








1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth’s history.

1.C.2: Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively isolated from each other.


LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]

LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]

LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]

LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]

LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]

LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]

LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.22 [See SP 6.4]

LO 1.23 [See SP 4.1]

LO 1.24 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]







480• Five major extinctions 538–540• Human impact on ecosystems and species

extinction rates 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280


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24

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e O

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in o

f Sp

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s (c

onti

nu

ed)

500–518





25

Th

e H

isto

ry o

f Lif

e on

Ear

th

519–545














1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have oc-curred throughout the Earth’s history.

1.C.2: Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively iso-lated from each other.



LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]

LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]

LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]

LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]

LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]

LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]

LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]

LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.22 [See SP 6.4]

LO 1.23 [See SP 4.1]

LO 1.24 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]



• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 280, 486, 563










477, 480


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th (

con

tin

ued

)

519–545


2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communi-ties, and ecosystems are affected by com-plex biotic and abiotic interactions involv-ing exchange of matter and free energy.


LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]

LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]

LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]

LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4]

LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]

LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]

LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]

LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]

LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]

• Five major extinctions 538–540• Human impact on ecosystems and species






• Cell density 247–248• Biofilms 215, 580• Temperature 1165, 1167, 1169, 1171–1174,

1177–1180• Water availability 784, 981, 1183, 1230–1231,

1248• Sunlight 9, 10, 165, 189, 191–198, 206–207,

783, 845, 853–858, 1164–1165, 1183–1184, 1237–1239

• Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) 586–587, 612, 665–668, 694, 810–818, 822, 840, 910–912, 1218–1219

• Predator–prey relationships 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217

• Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, pH 133–134, 213, 584–585, 860–863, 1171–1174, 1177–1180, 1183, 1230, 1246–1249

• Water and nutrient availability 860–863, 1246–1249

• Availability of nesting materials and sites 1267–1268

• Food chains and food webs 613, 1222–1224, 1254–1255

• Species diversity 1220–1221, 1226, 1230,• Population density 1189–1190, 1194–1195,

1201–1202, 1205–1206, 1254–1255• Algal blooms 1225, 1273• Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579• Pesticide resistance mutations 488• Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote

advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502


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UNIT 5 The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity, pg. 546

26

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ylog

eny

and

th

e Tr

ee o

f Lif

e

547–566










LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]

LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]

LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]



population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562,


529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729







• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477, 480• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance






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27

B

acte

ria

and

Arc

hae

a

567–586














2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physi-ological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.


3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.

LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]

LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]

LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]

LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]

LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4]

LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]

LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.29 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.30 [See SP 1.4]







480• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological

cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140

• Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140

• Seasonal responses, such as hibernation, estivation, and migration 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266

• Release and reaction to pheromones 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141

• Visual displays in the reproductive cycle 737, 1019, 1023–1024, 1137

• Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664

• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,

130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,



420, 422


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27

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ria

and

Arc

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onti

nu

ed)

567–586



LO 3.36 [See SP 1.5]

LO 3.37 [See SP 6.1]

LO 3.38 [See SP 1.5]

LO 3.39 [See SP 6.2]

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419, 420, 422, 423

• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427, 434, 835–836

• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431, 441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or

factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Transduction in bacteria 211, 213, 395, 396,


413, 415, 416, 418, 419, 449–450, 457• G protein-linked receptors 218, 224, 225, 227• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076• Receptor tyrosine kinases 219• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076• Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP,

cyclic AMP calcium ions (Ca2+), and inositol triphosphate (IP3) 223–225, 367, 842, 1001, 1078




28

Pr

otis

ts

587–611





1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry.













LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]

LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]

LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]

LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4]

LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]

LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]

LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]






• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477, 480• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance



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28

Pr

otis

ts (

con

tin

ued

)

587–611






LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]

LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]




• Krebs cycle 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183

• Glycolysis 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183

• Calvin cycle 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208–209









• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants 853–855, 857–858

• Hibernation and migration in animals 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266




• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887


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otis

ts (

con

tin

ued

)

587–611



1248• Sunlight 9, 10, 165, 189, 191–198, 206–207,

783, 845, 853–858, 1164–1165, 1183–1184, 1237–1239







• Species diversity 1220–1221, 1226, 1230• Population density 1189–1190, 1194–1195,

1201–1202, 1205–1206, 1254–1255• Algal blooms 1225, 1273• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356,

370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161,


130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,







factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275


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29

Pl

ant

Div

ersi

ty I:

How

Pla

nts

Col

oniz

ed L

and

612–629









LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]

LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]

LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]







480• Five major extinctions 538–540• Human impact on ecosystems and species


30

Pl

ant

Div

ersi

ty II

: Th

e Ev

olu

tion

of S

eed

Pla

nts

630–647















LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]

LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]

LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]

LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]

LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]

LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]

LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]







480• Five major extinctions 538–540


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30

Pl

ant

Div

ersi

ty II

: Th

e Ev

olu

tion

of S

eed

Pla

nts

(co

nti

nu

ed)

630–647

• Human impact on ecosystems and species extinction rates 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280





• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,






• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008• Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934,

935, 998• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants

853–855, 857–858• Hibernation and migration in animals 891,

1138–1139, 1154, 1266• Taxis and kinesis in animals 112–116, 574,

1123–1129, 1130–1134• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction

in fungi 258, 574, 655–657• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian

rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140



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31

Fu

ng

i

648–666















LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]

LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]

LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]

LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]

LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]

LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]


• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566







480• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants





rhythms 258, 574, 655–657• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological

cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140






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31

Fu

ng

i (co

nti

nu

ed)

648–666


• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact,

antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T cells, and killer T cells. [See also 2.D.4] 220, 221, 956–959, 962–965




379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054

• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002


1028–1029• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030

32

A

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of A

nim

al D

iver

sity

667–679













LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]

LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]

LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]

LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]

LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]

LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]

LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]










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32

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n O

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of A

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al D

iver

sity

(co

nti

nu

ed)

667–679













379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054

• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002


1028–1029• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030


Page COM-36 of 63

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33

A

n In

trod

uct

ion

to

Inve

rteb

rate

s

680–711






LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]

LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]

LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]








34

Th

e O

rig

in a

nd

Evo

luti

on o

f Ver

teb

rate

s

712–750





LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]



• Linear chromosomes 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533




477, 480


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UNIT 6 Plant Form and Function, pg. 751

35

Pl

ant

Stru

ctu

re, G

row

th, a

nd

D

evel

opm

ent

752–777







LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]





36

R

esou

rce

Acq

uis

itio

n a

nd

Tra

nsp

ort

in

Vas

cula

r Pl

ants

778–798






2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes.


2.D.3: Biological systems are affected by disruptions to their dynamic homeostasis.


LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]

LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]

LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.28 [See SP 1.4]

LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]

LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]







• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008• Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934, 935, 998• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants





rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140


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36

R

esou

rce

Acq

uis

itio

n a

nd

Tra

nsp

ort

in

Vas

cula

r Pl

ants

(co

nti

nu

ed)

778–798


• Physiological responses to toxic substances 1274–1275

• Dehydration 203–206, 978–980• Immunological responses to pathogens,

toxins, and allergens 954, 956• Invasive and/or eruptive species

410, 1225• Human impact 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–

1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280

• Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, fires 1170, 1226–1227

• Water limitation 782–793, 795–796• Salination 134, 436, 571, 584, 863, 979,

1175, 1178–1179, 1183–1184• Invertebrate immune systems have

nonspecific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses. 951–952

• Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects. 865–867

• Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific and nonheritable defense mechanisms against pathogens. 121, 953–955, 957–963

37

So

il an

d P

lan

t N

utr

itio

n

799–814









LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]

LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]

LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]

LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]

LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]

• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49,

50, 52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,

793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 229, 523,

668, 728, 729, 1060–1061• Immune function 951–958• C. elegans development 230, 446, 1056,

1057• Flower development 642, 644–648,

778, 779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858


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38

A

ng

iosp

erm

Rep

rod

uct

ion

an

d B

iote

chn

olog

y

815–835










LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]

LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]

LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]

LO 3.7 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3]

LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]

LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 3.15 [See SP 6.5]

LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]

LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]



1057• Flower development 642, 644–648, 778,

779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161,


130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,







factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 245–246• Action of platelet-derived growth factor


control. 248–250, 387–391• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521, 601,

602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes

(X in humans) 298• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is





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LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]

LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]

LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]

LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]

LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]

LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]

LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]

LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.36 [See SP 1.5]

LO 3.37 [See SP 6.1]

LO 3.38 [See SP 1.5]

LO 3.39 [See SP 6.2]







793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,











rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140



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• Invertebrate immune systems have nonspecific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses. 951–952



• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140





• Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria 737, 1019, 1023–1024, 1137

• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact,





379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054

• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002


1028–1029• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030• G protein-linked receptors 218, 224, 225, 227• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076


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• Receptor tyrosine kinases 219• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076• Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP,





UNIT 7 Animal Form and Function, pg. 866

40

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2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and diver-gence due to adaptation in different environments.


LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]

LO 2.12 [See SP 1.4]

LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]

LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.25 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.26 [See SP 5.1]

LO 2.27 [See SP 7.1]

LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]

LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]





793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Glucose transport 9, 132, 138, 914• Na+/K+ transport 137• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,

879–881, 882–887


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867–891


2.E.3: Timing and coordination of behav-ior are regulated by various mechanisms and are important in natural selection.


LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]

LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.38 [See SP 5.1]

LO 2.39 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.40 [See SP 7.2]

LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]

• Plant responses to water limitations 783–789, 792–794, 795–796, 797–799

• Lactation in mammals 1006• Onset of labor in childbirth 1032, 1033,









rhythms 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 876, 887, 1088, 1126

• Shivering and sweating in humans 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140

• Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants 189, 769, 794–796, 893, 1255

• Digestive mechanisms in animals such as food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems 107–108, 140, 901–913

• Respiratory systems of aquatic and terrestrial animals 937–941, 942–944, 945–947

• Nitrogenous waste production and elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals 980–981, 982–985, 986–990

• Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms, and vertebrates 692–694, 702, 980–981, 982–985, 986–990

• Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish, and protists 938–939, 975–980

• Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants 786–789, 793, 795, 991

• Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians, and mammals 920–923, 924–931

• Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange mechanisms) 879–881, 882–887



1057


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867–891

• Flower development 642, 644–648, 778, 779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858







• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Hibernation 891• Estivation 891• Migration 1138–1139, 1267• Courtship 497, 506–507, 1019, 1139–1140,

1147–1152• Availability of resources leading to fruiting

body formation in fungi and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664

• Niche and resource partitioning 1213–1215• Mutualistic relationships (lichens; bacteria in

digestive tracts of animals; mycorrhizae) 535, 586, 654–655, 665–667, 758, 810–811, 840, 910–912, 1218

• Biology of pollination 270–275, 512, 520, 636, 642, 644, 646–647, 820–823, 825, 832, 1260

41

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892–914



4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter.

LO 4.18 [See SP 1.4]

• Exchange of gases 189, 769, 794–796, 893, 937–941, 942–947

• Circulation of fluids 920–923, 924–931• Digestion of food 900–909, 910–915• Excretion of wastes 872–873, 980–981,

982–985, 986–990• Bacterial community in the rumen of animals

912• Bacterial community in and around deep sea

vents 524, 584


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915–945









4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter.

LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]

LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]

LO 4.18 [See SP 1.4]







• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Use of chemical messengers by microbes to





• DNA repair mechanisms 327–328• Exchange of gases 189, 769, 794–796, 893,

937–941, 942–947• Circulation of fluids 920–923, 924–931• Digestion of food 900–909, 910–915• Excretion of wastes 872–873, 980–981,

982–985, 986–990• Bacterial community in the rumen of animals

912• Bacterial community in and around deep sea

vents 524, 584

43

Th

e Im

mu

ne

Syst

em

946–970










LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]

LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]

LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]

LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]

LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]

LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]

LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]

LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]







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• Use of chemical messengers by microbes to communicate with other nearby cells and to regulate specific pathways in response to population density (quorum sensing) 213, 215




• DNA repair mechanisms 327–328• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact,





379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054

• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002


1028–1029• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030

44

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Ex

cret

ion

971–992








LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]

LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]

LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]

LO 2.12 [See SP 1.4]

LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]



793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Glucose transport 9, 132, 138, 914


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971–992






LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.25 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.26 [See SP 5.1]

LO 2.27 [See SP 7.1]

LO 2.28 [See SP 1.4]

• Na+/K+ transport 137• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,











rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140

• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887• Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants

189, 769, 794–796, 893, 1255• Digestive mechanisms in animals such

as food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems 107–108, 140, 901–913









• Dehydration 203–206, 978–980


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971–992

• Immunological responses to pathogens, toxins, and allergens 954, 956

• Invasive and/or eruptive species 410, 1225• Human impact 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–

1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280

• Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, fires 1170, 1226–1227

• Water limitation 782–793, 795–796• Salination 134, 436, 571, 584, 863, 979,

1175, 1178–1179, 1183–1184

45

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Syst

em

993–1012





3.E: Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems.








3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.

LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]

LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]

LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]

LO 2.25 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.26 [See SP 5.1]

LO 2.27 [See SP 7.1]

LO 2.28 [See SP 1.4]

LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]

LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.36 [See SP 1.5]

LO 3.37 [See SP 6.1]

LO 3.38 [See SP 1.5]

LO 3.39 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]

LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]



1248• Sunlight 9, 10, 165, 189, 191–198, 206–207,

783, 845, 853–858, 1164–1165, 1183–1184, 1237–1239








1201–1202, 1205–1206, 1254–1255• Algal blooms 1225, 1273• Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants

189, 769, 794–796, 893, 1255• Digestive mechanisms in animals such

as food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems 107–108, 140, 901–913






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993–1012





• Dehydration 203–206, 978–980• Immunological responses to pathogens,

toxins, and allergens 954, 956• Invasive and/or eruptive species 410, 1225• Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes,

fires 1170, 1226–1227• Water limitation 782–793, 795–796• Salination 134, 436, 571, 584, 863, 979,

1175, 1178–1179, 1183–1184• Use of chemical messengers by microbes to





• DNA repair mechanisms 327–328• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact,



• Human impact 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280



379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054

• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002


1028–1029


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993–1012

• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030• G protein-linked receptors 218, 224, 225, 227• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076• Receptor tyrosine kinases 219• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076• Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP,





• Acetylcholine 1078–1079, 1126–1127• Epinephrine 210, 216–217, 223–224, 227,

1000–1001, 1010–1011• Norepinephrine 1079• Dopamine 1079• Serotonin 1079• GABA 1079• Vision 8, 545–546, 1115–1120• Hearing 1110–1114• Muscle movement 76, 1123–1130• Abstract thought and emotions 1091–1094,

1098–1099• Neuro-hormone production 1005–1007• Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem),

and hindbrain (cerebellum) 1089–1090, 1095, 1097

• Right and left cerebral hemispheres in humans 1091, 1095

46

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du

ctio

n

1013–1036











LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]

LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.38 [See SP 5.1]

LO 2.39 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.40 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]

LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]









1138–1139, 1154, 1266


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1013–1036

3.B: Expression of genetic information involves cellular and molecular mechanisms.

LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]

LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4]




• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887• Hibernation 891• Estivation 891• Migration 1138–1139, 1267• Courtship 497, 506–507, 1019, 1139–1140,






• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521, 601,

602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025• Promoters 342–344, 365–367, 371–372, 806• Terminators 342, 367• Enhancers 371–372

47

A

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evel

opm

ent

1037–1060











LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]

LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]

LO 3.36 [See SP 1.5]

LO 3.37 [See SP 6.1]

LO 3.38 [See SP 1.5]

LO 3.39 [See SP 6.2]






• Immune function 951–958• C. elegans development 230, 446, 1056, 1057• Flower development 642, 644–648, 778,

779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858


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1037–1060

• G protein-linked receptors 218, 224, 225, 227• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076• Receptor tyrosine kinases 219• Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease,

autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera 224, 386–392, 416, 914–915, 935–937, 969, 1100–1102



48

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1061–1078





2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tempo-ral regulation, and coordination.







LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]

LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]

LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]

LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]

LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]

LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]

LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]


1259–1268• Overuse of antibiotics 476• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological

cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 476






• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Use of chemical messengers by microbes to





• DNA repair mechanisms 327–328• Acetylcholine 1078–1079, 1126–1127• Epinephrine 210, 216–217, 223–224, 227,

1000–1001, 1010–1011• Norepinephrine 1079• Dopamine 1079• Serotonin 1079


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1061–1078

• GABA 1079• Vision 8, 545–546, 1115–1120• Hearing 1110–1114• Muscle movement 76, 1123–1130• Abstract thought and emotions 1091–1094,




49

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1079–1100













LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]

LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]

LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.25 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.26 [See SP 5.1]

LO 2.27 [See SP 7.1]

LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]

LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]

LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]







• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008• Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934,

935, 998• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants





rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140


• Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants 189, 769, 794–796, 893, 1255

• Digestive mechanisms in animals such as food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems 107–108, 140, 901–913




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)

1079–1100












• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Acetylcholine 1078–1079, 1126–1127• Epinephrine 210, 216–217, 223–224, 227,






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1101–1132



2.D: Growth and dynamic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.







LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]

LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]

LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]

LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.38 [See SP 5.1]

LO 2.39 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.40 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]

LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]

















1000–1001, 1010–1011• Norepinephrine 1079• Dopamine 1079• Serotonin 1079• GABA 1079• Vision 8, 545–546, 1115–1120• Hearing 1110–1114


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1101–1132

• Muscle movement 76, 1123–1130• Abstract thought and emotions 1091–1094,




51

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ior

1133–1156











LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]

LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]

LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]

LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]

LO 2.38 [See SP 5.1]

LO 2.39 [See SP 6.1]

LO 2.40 [See SP 7.2]

LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]

LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]

LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]














• Niche and resource partitioning 1213–1215


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ior

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tin

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)

1133–1156

• Mutualistic relationships (lichens; bacteria in digestive tracts of animals; mycorrhizae) 535, 586, 654–655, 665–667, 758, 810–811, 840, 910–912, 1218







UNIT 8 ECOLOGY, pg. 1157

52

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Ecol

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and

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1158–1183



2.D: Growth and dynamic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.






4.B.3: Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance.

4.B.4: Distribution of local and global eco-systems changes over time.




LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]

LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]

LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]

LO 4.11 [See SP 1.4, 4.1]

LO 4.12 [See SP 2.2]

LO 4.13 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.19 [See SP 5.2]

LO 4.20 [See SP 6.3]

LO 4.21 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.23 [See SP 6.2]

LO 4.24 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]

LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]



1248• Sunlight 9, 10, 165, 189, 191–198, 206–207,

783, 845, 853–858, 1164–1165, 1183–1184, 1237–1239








1201–1202, 1205–1206, 1254–1255


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• Algal blooms 1225, 1273• Predator/prey relationships spreadsheet

model 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217

• Symbiotic relationship 586–587, 612, 665–668, 694, 810–818, 822, 840, 910–912, 1218–1219

• Introduction of species 1262• Global climate change models 1208,

1270–1280• Loss of keystone species 1224• Kudzu 1262–1263• Dutch elm disease 667• Logging, slash and burn agriculture,

urbanization, monocropping, infrastructure development (dams, transmission lines, roads), and global climate change threaten ecosystems and life on Earth. 649, 1258–1260, 1261–1264, 1266–1270

• An introduced species can exploit a new niche free of predators or competitors, thus exploiting new resources. 1262

• Small pox (historic example for Native Americans) 407, 966

• Continental drift 537• Meteor impact on dinosaurs 539• Height and weight in humans 53, 700,

1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280

• Flower color based on soil pH 282• Sex determination in reptiles 1019–1022,

1015• Density of plant hairs as a function of




• Prairie chickens 493–494, 1265• Potato blight causing the potato famine 865• Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 449,

667• Not all animals in a population stampede

1138, 1145• Not all individuals in a population in a

disease outbreak are equally affected; some may not show symptoms, some may have mild symptoms, or some may be naturally immune and resistant to the disease. 1201–1203


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2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, com-munities, and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy







LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]

LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]

LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]

LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]

LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]

LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]

LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]

LO 4.11 [See SP 1.4, 4.1]

LO 4.12 [See SP 2.2]

LO 4.13 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.19 [See SP 5.2]

LO 4.23 [See SP 6.2]

LO 4.24 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]

LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]





1248• Sunlight 9, 10, 165, 189, 191–198, 206–207,

783, 845, 853–858, 1164–1165, 1183–1184, 1237–1239








1201–1202, 1205–1206, 1254–1255• Algal blooms 1225, 1273• Invertebrate immune systems have

nonspecific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses. 951–952



• Predator/prey relationships spreadsheet model 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217



1270–1280


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• Loss of keystone species 1224• Kudzu 1262–1263• Dutch elm disease 667• Height and weight in humans 53, 700,

1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280

• Flower color based on soil pH 282• Sex determination in reptiles 1019–1022• Density of plant hairs as a function of




• Prairie chickens 493–494, 1265• Potato blight causing the potato famine 865• Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 449,




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2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities, and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.

3.E.1: Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others.

4.A.4: Organisms exhibit complex prop-erties due to interactions between their constituent parts.




4.B.4: Distribution of local and global eco-systems changes over time.

LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]

LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]

LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]

LO 3.40 [See SP 5.1]

LO 3.41 [See SP 1.1]

LO 3.42 [See SP 7.1]

LO 4.8 [See SP 3.3]

LO 4.9 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.10 [See SP 1.3]

LO 4.11 [See SP 1.4, 4.1]

LO 4.12 [See SP 2.2]

LO 4.13 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]

LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.19 [See SP 5.2]

LO 4.20 [See SP 6.3]

LO 4.21 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]

LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]



1248• Sunlight 9, 10, 165, 189, 191–198, 206–207,

783, 845, 853–858, 1164–1165, 1183–1184, 1237–1239








1201–1202, 1205–1206, 1254–1255


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• Algal blooms 1225, 1273• Fight or flight response 212, 1001, 1010• Predator warnings 1146, 1215–1216• Protection of young 1148–1150• Plant-plant interactions due to herbivory 1217• Avoidance responses 1146, 1215–1216• Herbivory responses 865–867, 1217• Territorial marking in mammals 1190, 1203• Coloration in flowers 270–275, 279, 282• Bee dances 1139–1140• Birds songs 1145• Territorial marking in mammals 1190, 1203• Pack behavior in animals 1190• Herd, flock, and schooling behavior in

animals 1138–1146, 1154• Predator warning 1146, 1215–1216• Colony and swarming behavior in insects

885, 1139–1140, 1154• Coloration 20, 1013–1014, 1216–1217• Parent and offspring interactions 1021,

1148–1149, 1199–1200• Migration patterns 1138–1139, 1268–1270• Courtship and mating behaviors 497,

506–507, 1019, 1139–1140, 1147–1152• Foraging in bees and other animals 999,

1105–1106, 1139–1140, 1143, 1147–1148• Avoidance behavior to electric fences,

poisons, or traps 1216–1217, 1252• Pack behavior in animals 1190• Herd, flock, and schooling behavior in

animals 1138–1146, 1154• Predator warning 1146, 1215–1216• Colony and swarming behavior in insects

885, 1139–1140, 1154• Stomach and small intestines 693, 905–908• Kidney and bladder 984–989, 1006• Root, stem, and leaf 629, 756–763, 766–769,

782–786, 810–811• Respiratory and circulatory 920–923,

924–926, 927–931, 937–942, 943–947• Nervous and muscular 876–878, 998,

1066–1067, 1068–1070, 1071–1075, 1076–1080, 1084–1088, 1089–1094, 1095–1097, 1098–1100, 1106–1109, 1123–1130

• Plant vascular and leaf 616–621, 623–624, 626–632, 640–641



• Global climate change models 1208, 1270–1280

• Loss of keystone species 1224


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• Kudzu 1262–1263• Dutch elm disease 667• Logging, slash and burn agriculture,

urbanization, monocropping, infrastructure development (dams, transmission lines, roads), and global climate change threaten ecosystems and life on Earth. 649, 1258–1260, 1261–1264, 1266–1270

• An introduced species can exploit a new niche free of predators or competitors, thus exploiting new resources. 1262

• Small pox (historic example for Native Americans) 407, 966

• Continental drift 537• Meteor impact on dinosaurs 539• Prairie chickens 493–494, 1265• Potato blight causing the potato famine 865• Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 449,




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Big Idea 2: Biological sys-tems utilize free energy and mo-lecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to main-tain dynamic homeostasis.






LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]

LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]

LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]

LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]

LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]

LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]





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LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]

LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]

LO 4.11 [See SP 1.4, 4.1]

LO 4.12 [See SP 2.2]

LO 4.13 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]

LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]

LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.19 [See SP 5.2]

LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]

LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]

LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]

• Five major extinctions 538–540• Human impact on ecosystems and species





1270–1280• Loss of keystone species 1224• Kudzu 1262–1263• Dutch elm disease 667• Prairie chickens 493–494, 1265• Potato blight causing the potato famine 865• Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 449,





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