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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCES IN BUILDING ADVANCES IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION

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INTRODUCTION TOINTRODUCTION TO

ADVANCES IN BUILDING ADVANCES IN BUILDING

CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

A.A. Several Technological advances occurred in the Several Technological advances occurred in the late 19late 19thth Century that combined to make Century that combined to make Sky Sky Scraper DesignScraper Design and construction possible. and construction possible.

1.1. Ability to mass produce steel and high grade Ability to mass produce steel and high grade concrete.concrete.

2.2. Safe and efficient elevators Safe and efficient elevators

3.3. Development of improved techniques for analysing Development of improved techniques for analysing the structural loads and stresses. the structural loads and stresses.

However; Post 1990 , the scenario has begun to However; Post 1990 , the scenario has begun to change. Building codes are being revised to cater change. Building codes are being revised to cater for high rise building for high rise building

B. B. Construction Methods :Construction Methods :

1.1. The execution of high rise project is governed by the judicious use of The execution of high rise project is governed by the judicious use of the various methods, which is turn dependent on the correct selection the various methods, which is turn dependent on the correct selection of construction equipment.of construction equipment.

2.2. Commonly used equipment in high rise building construction site, areCommonly used equipment in high rise building construction site, are 1. Tower Cranes1. Tower Cranes

2. Hydraulic Placing boom and hoists.2. Hydraulic Placing boom and hoists.3. Excavator 3. Excavator

4. Wheel loader 4. Wheel loader 5. Mobile Cranes 5. Mobile Cranes 6. Piling rug6. Piling rug

3. 3. Design co-ordinationDesign co-ordination

4. 4. Constriction co-ordination . Constriction co-ordination . 5.5. Co ordination with local authorities.Co ordination with local authorities.6.6. Monitoring and controlling. Monitoring and controlling.

C. C. Smart Buildings :Smart Buildings :

Sustainable, comfortable and Sustainable, comfortable and environmentally intelligent building environmentally intelligent building that can have free form and use that can have free form and use innovative hybrid materials.innovative hybrid materials.

D.D. Strength of Dept. of Building Strength of Dept. of Building Technology rests in its combination Technology rests in its combination of of creativity exploration, product creativity exploration, product development and integrative designdevelopment and integrative design with technical and scientific depth. with technical and scientific depth.

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIESADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES

RCC Frame, RCC Frame,

Cast in Situ WallsCast in Situ Walls

Pre-cast, Pre-Fab ConstructionPre-cast, Pre-Fab Construction

RCC Frame Structures :RCC Frame Structures :

Generally buildings are constructed in two categories.Generally buildings are constructed in two categories.

Framed Structure usually built with column and beam Framed Structure usually built with column and beam and in filled brick walls.and in filled brick walls.

Load bearing structure is usually built with 1 ½ brick Load bearing structure is usually built with 1 ½ brick thick both for external and internal walls.thick both for external and internal walls.

The Design of a structure presents two told problems :The Design of a structure presents two told problems :

If has to be so constructed that it serves the need If has to be so constructed that it serves the need efficiently for which it was intended (Functional design)efficiently for which it was intended (Functional design)

It has to be strong enough to resist the loads and forces It has to be strong enough to resist the loads and forces to which it is subjected during its service (Structure to which it is subjected during its service (Structure design)design)

The important aspects in the structural design are The important aspects in the structural design are

1.1. To determine the loads / forces which the frame work will be To determine the loads / forces which the frame work will be required to support.required to support.

2.2. Selection of a suitable structural arrangement and materials of Selection of a suitable structural arrangement and materials of construction.construction.

3.3. Analyzing the internal stresses in the frame work. Analyzing the internal stresses in the frame work.

4.4. Proportioning the members of the frame work.Proportioning the members of the frame work.

General Design Consideration :General Design Consideration :

1. 1. Aim Design : Aim Design : To provide a safe and economic structure complying to To provide a safe and economic structure complying to the users requirement.the users requirement.

2.2. Method of Design : Method of Design :Structure and structural elements shall normally be Structure and structural elements shall normally be designed by limit state method. designed by limit state method.

Mix design with suitable materials, quality control, Mix design with suitable materials, quality control, adequate detailing and good super vision are equally adequate detailing and good super vision are equally important.important.

3. 3. Durability, Workmanship and Materials :Durability, Workmanship and Materials :

Quality of concrete, steel, other materials, Quality of concrete, steel, other materials, workmanship, should be adequate for safety, workmanship, should be adequate for safety, serviceability and durability.serviceability and durability.

Type of construction Type of construction

1.1. Load bearing (up to 1 or 2 floor)Load bearing (up to 1 or 2 floor)2.2. Reinforced frame (RCC)Reinforced frame (RCC)3.3. Composite construction For High rise structuresComposite construction For High rise structures4.4. Steel framed constructionSteel framed construction5.5. Concrete walls (shear walls) structures. Concrete walls (shear walls) structures.

Code of good practice for low rise simple Code of good practice for low rise simple load bearing masonry structures.load bearing masonry structures.

1.1. In order to counter horizontal acceleration of In order to counter horizontal acceleration of earthquake ties have to be introduced at sill, earthquake ties have to be introduced at sill, lintel and roof level.lintel and roof level.

2.2. Roofs of such masonry buildings shall be kept Roofs of such masonry buildings shall be kept as light as possible.as light as possible.

3.3. Roofing of such buildings shall be designed and Roofing of such buildings shall be designed and constructed as single diaphragmconstructed as single diaphragm

4.4. In Earthquake prone areas 50% of the walls In Earthquake prone areas 50% of the walls shall be designed as shear walls minimizing shall be designed as shear walls minimizing openings.openings.

Framed StructuresFramed Structures : :

1.1. In the case of framed structures the members of the In the case of framed structures the members of the structural system shall be designed so as to form a structural system shall be designed so as to form a unitary moment resisting frame to counter earthquake unitary moment resisting frame to counter earthquake load and to suitably accommodate deflections.load and to suitably accommodate deflections.

2.2. In the case of stilt floor with free standing columns which In the case of stilt floor with free standing columns which do not have any other structural members such as shear do not have any other structural members such as shear walls etc., they shall be designed according to loads and walls etc., they shall be designed according to loads and moments.moments.

The structural system should be simple and shall The structural system should be simple and shall have symmetry as far as possible with the have symmetry as far as possible with the followingfollowing . .

a)a) Design of corner members of the building to resist the Design of corner members of the building to resist the concentration of seismic forces.concentration of seismic forces.

b)b) The joints between various structural members shall be The joints between various structural members shall be suitably strengthened.suitably strengthened.

c)c) The structure shall offer balanced resistance. This should The structure shall offer balanced resistance. This should be achieved by keeping the center of resistance close to be achieved by keeping the center of resistance close to the center of mass of the building as far as possible.the center of mass of the building as far as possible.

d)d) In the case of unsymmetry where the centers do not coincide, In the case of unsymmetry where the centers do not coincide, the members shall be suitably designed for the torsion the members shall be suitably designed for the torsion generated by earthquake forces.generated by earthquake forces.

e)e) In the case of certain class of buildings having higher safety In the case of certain class of buildings having higher safety requirement suitable measures like the frames shall be suitably requirement suitable measures like the frames shall be suitably braced on the periphery and shear wall shall be introduced.braced on the periphery and shear wall shall be introduced.

f)f) Symmetry of the structural system may be maintained as far as Symmetry of the structural system may be maintained as far as possible even in the case of buildings where geometric possible even in the case of buildings where geometric symmetry is not there. symmetry is not there.

g)g) All non structural members like plumbing, false ceiling, air All non structural members like plumbing, false ceiling, air conditioning ducts etc of the building shall be suitably anchored conditioning ducts etc of the building shall be suitably anchored in the position so as to resist earthquake forces.in the position so as to resist earthquake forces.

h)h) Structural glazing / curtain wall shall be designed and Structural glazing / curtain wall shall be designed and constructed on the façade of the building so as to accommodate constructed on the façade of the building so as to accommodate deflection in the structural members safely. Suitable glass like deflection in the structural members safely. Suitable glass like tempered glass laminated glass shall only be used in the tempered glass laminated glass shall only be used in the panels.panels.

i)i) In the case of piped gas supply, the pipes shall be embedded In the case of piped gas supply, the pipes shall be embedded and passed through walls with adequate sleeves to avoid any and passed through walls with adequate sleeves to avoid any ruptures.ruptures.

j)j) External cladding on the walls with heavy material like granite, External cladding on the walls with heavy material like granite, marble etc shall be suitably anchored with pins etc and their marble etc shall be suitably anchored with pins etc and their load shall be accommodated for. load shall be accommodated for.

Sub Soil Exploration and SamplingSub Soil Exploration and Sampling

Adequate knowledge of the sub soil Adequate knowledge of the sub soil characteristics for safe and efficient characteristics for safe and efficient design of foundation.design of foundation.The basic aim of a sub soil The basic aim of a sub soil exploration is to obtain the strata exploration is to obtain the strata grapy and physical properties of the grapy and physical properties of the soils underlying the site. soils underlying the site. Location of ground water level.Location of ground water level.

Methods of Tests :Methods of Tests :

1.1. Open Test : Suitable for shallow depth.Open Test : Suitable for shallow depth.2.2. Boring Boring : Suitable for deep exploration : Suitable for deep exploration

(like tube, Augur borings) (like tube, Augur borings) 3.3. Sub surface sounding.Sub surface sounding.

Geophysical Methods.Geophysical Methods.

1)1) The samples collected should represent the nature of subsoil.The samples collected should represent the nature of subsoil.

2)2) S.B.C. of soils shall be arrived based on shear parameters as per S.B.C. of soils shall be arrived based on shear parameters as per the relevant IS Code – 6403 – 1981.the relevant IS Code – 6403 – 1981.Also necessary to conduct standard penetration test (or) plate Also necessary to conduct standard penetration test (or) plate bearing test to assess the safe pressure with regard to bearing test to assess the safe pressure with regard to settlement.settlement.

3)3) The settlement aspect is to be examined carefully in the case of The settlement aspect is to be examined carefully in the case of clayey soils. clayey soils.

Foundations :Foundations :Depth of foundation is to be decided Depth of foundation is to be decided based on the soil strata from the trial based on the soil strata from the trial pits / explorations conducted.pits / explorations conducted.

Foundation are normally placed below the Foundation are normally placed below the ground surface.ground surface.

The purpose of providing a foundation is The purpose of providing a foundation is to distribute the load over a layer area at to distribute the load over a layer area at a uniform rate so that the pressure a uniform rate so that the pressure does not exceed the allowable bearing does not exceed the allowable bearing capacity of soil below :capacity of soil below :

Objects of Foundations :Objects of Foundations :

Foundations are provided for the following Foundations are provided for the following purposespurposes..

i.i. To distribute the total load coming on the To distribute the total load coming on the structure on a large area so as to bring down structure on a large area so as to bring down the intensity of load at its base below the safe the intensity of load at its base below the safe bearing capacity of the sub – soil.bearing capacity of the sub – soil.

ii.ii. To support the structure.To support the structure.

iii.iii. To give enough lateral stability to the To give enough lateral stability to the structures against wind, rain, earthquake, etc.structures against wind, rain, earthquake, etc.

iv.iv. To prepare a level and hard surface for To prepare a level and hard surface for concreting and masonry work.concreting and masonry work.

V.V. To transmit the superimposed loads through side To transmit the superimposed loads through side friction and end bearing in case of deep foundation friction and end bearing in case of deep foundation

ViVi To distribute the non-uniform load of the To distribute the non-uniform load of the superstructure evenly to the sub-soil.superstructure evenly to the sub-soil.

ViiVii To provide structural safety against undermining or To provide structural safety against undermining or scouring due to animals, flood water etc.,scouring due to animals, flood water etc.,

ViiiViii To prevent or minimize cracks due to movement of To prevent or minimize cracks due to movement of moisture in case of weak or poor soils. moisture in case of weak or poor soils.

Foundation :Foundation :

1.1. Engineers need to know the character and Engineers need to know the character and magnitude of forces in order to design and magnitude of forces in order to design and contact structures.contact structures.

2.2. One has to One has to study the system of soil below the study the system of soil below the earth surface at various levels under ground earth surface at various levels under ground depending upon the past experience.depending upon the past experience.

3.3. Repairs to foundations are expensive. Structures Repairs to foundations are expensive. Structures should be founded an stable soils.should be founded an stable soils.

4.4. Certain Certain soil deposits wherein wetting of the soil soil deposits wherein wetting of the soil beyond a stress level causes steep reduction in beyond a stress level causes steep reduction in stiffness resulting from disruption of soilstiffness resulting from disruption of soil structure. structure.

55 Subject to rate of loading, Subject to rate of loading, disruption in soil disruption in soil structure takes place at a faster pacestructure takes place at a faster pace than the than the development of new structural bonds development of new structural bonds which which Leeds to vertical deformation at locations of Leeds to vertical deformation at locations of high stress due to disturbance of soil high stress due to disturbance of soil structures.structures.

66 Problems associated with foundation in clay Problems associated with foundation in clay soils are well known. soils are well known.

7.7. Swelling clays create large uplift forces on the Swelling clays create large uplift forces on the peripheral walls during rainy season. A reverse peripheral walls during rainy season. A reverse situation may arise at region of moderate situation may arise at region of moderate rainfall when the central region of a building rainfall when the central region of a building founded on clay soil is prone to swelling during founded on clay soil is prone to swelling during dry spellsdry spells. .

1.1. Differential settlement due to Differential settlement due to unconsolidated fill.unconsolidated fill.

2.2. Differential settlement due to uplift of Differential settlement due to uplift of shrinkage soil, shrink and expand with shrinkage soil, shrink and expand with changes in moisture content.changes in moisture content.

3.3. Vertical and diagonal cracker are noticed Vertical and diagonal cracker are noticed on external walls.on external walls.

8.8. The problem of The problem of dampness in buildings requires a dampness in buildings requires a systematic approach to determine the causes of systematic approach to determine the causes of leakageleakage, the source from which the moisture is derived , the source from which the moisture is derived and measured which are likely to prove effect ion. and measured which are likely to prove effect ion.

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONSTYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

Settlement of Structures :Settlement of Structures :

Principal causes of occurrence of cracks :Principal causes of occurrence of cracks :

Moisture changesMoisture changes Thermal variations Thermal variations Elastic deformation Elastic deformation CreepCreep Chemical reactionsChemical reactions Foundation movement and settlement of soilFoundation movement and settlement of soil VegetationVegetation

B. B. Principal causes of settlement :Principal causes of settlement :

To design the foundation to minimum To design the foundation to minimum settlement and as uniform as possible.settlement and as uniform as possible.

C.C. By Static LoadsBy Static Loads

1. Elastic deformation. 1. Elastic deformation.

2. Plastic flow.2. Plastic flow.3. Consolidation of saturated clay beds.3. Consolidation of saturated clay beds.

b) b) By Dynamic Loads :By Dynamic Loads :

Settlement from this cause can occur in all kinds Settlement from this cause can occur in all kinds of soilsof soilsSettlements are due to action of stress waves Settlements are due to action of stress waves from inertia forces.from inertia forces.

c)c) By Lowering ground waterBy Lowering ground water..

1.1. In some cases, the settlements due to this In some cases, the settlements due to this cause are brought about by changes in the cause are brought about by changes in the stress conditions in stress conditions in underlying soil.underlying soil.

2.2. In other cases the lowering of the ground water In other cases the lowering of the ground water –table –table brings about settlement due to soil brings about settlement due to soil shrinkage. shrinkage.

Composite Construction :Composite Construction :

A composite column consists of steel or cast Iron care with A composite column consists of steel or cast Iron care with reinforcement placed around it and put together in concrete.reinforcement placed around it and put together in concrete.

Maximum area of core must be limited to 20% of gross area Maximum area of core must be limited to 20% of gross area of the construction.of the construction.

Minimum of 75 mm clearances between core and helical Minimum of 75 mm clearances between core and helical reinforcement (or) 50 mm clearance between core and ties reinforcement (or) 50 mm clearance between core and ties to be maintained.to be maintained.

Composite columns are normally provided in case of long Composite columns are normally provided in case of long loads and where the size restriction is severe. loads and where the size restriction is severe.

IS 456 has the recommendations :IS 456 has the recommendations :

The allowable axial load P on a Composite column consisting The allowable axial load P on a Composite column consisting of structural steel or a cast Iron column increase in concrete of structural steel or a cast Iron column increase in concrete with both longitudinal and spiral reinforcementwith both longitudinal and spiral reinforcement..

Introduction :Introduction :

1.1. Over the last five years there has been a massive world Over the last five years there has been a massive world wide tall building construction boom.wide tall building construction boom.

2.2. Many innovations in design and construction and the Many innovations in design and construction and the tallest building in the world has became 50% taller than tallest building in the world has became 50% taller than previous record.previous record.

3.3. Man is a gregarious being It has always been a human Man is a gregarious being It has always been a human aspiration to create taller and taller structure.aspiration to create taller and taller structure.

Improvements in concrete mixes have made high Improvements in concrete mixes have made high rise construction more attractiverise construction more attractive, pre-cast concrete , pre-cast concrete member are also used.member are also used.

HIGH RISE STRUCTURES

44 Several technological advances occurred in the Several technological advances occurred in the late 19late 19thth century that combined to make sky century that combined to make sky scraper design and construction possible.scraper design and construction possible.

5.5. Mainly ability to mass produce steel , the safe Mainly ability to mass produce steel , the safe and efficient elevators, development of and efficient elevators, development of improved techniques, for measuring and improved techniques, for measuring and analyzing structural loads and stress.analyzing structural loads and stress.

The following recommendations may be treated The following recommendations may be treated as code of god practice as regards seismic as code of god practice as regards seismic design of the structural system of the building.design of the structural system of the building.

Innovative Designs.Innovative Designs.

1.1. Post Tensioned Slab.Post Tensioned Slab.

a. In this case, a. In this case, the pre stressing steel is the pre stressing steel is stressed after the concrete is caststressed after the concrete is cast. In . In practical buildings, constructions, post practical buildings, constructions, post tensioned slab systems are used.tensioned slab systems are used.

b. b. Post tensioned system can be either Post tensioned system can be either bonded or un bonded. The choice of bonded bonded or un bonded. The choice of bonded or un bonded post tensioning system or un bonded post tensioning system involves the technical characteristics and involves the technical characteristics and differences inherent in each type of tendon differences inherent in each type of tendon and the economics related to those and the economics related to those differences. differences. The important technical The important technical considerations are strength and considerations are strength and corrosion protectioncorrosion protection. .

c.c. The main advantages of P.T. slabs over The main advantages of P.T. slabs over conventional R.C. in situ floors are due to conventional R.C. in situ floors are due to increased clear spans thinner slabs, lighter increased clear spans thinner slabs, lighter structures, reduced cracking reduced storage structures, reduced cracking reduced storage height, rapid construction etc.height, rapid construction etc.

22 Tall concrete Apartment Tall concrete Apartment Buildings and composite office Buildings and composite office BuildingsBuildings..

a.a. Tall residential towers have given rise to the Tall residential towers have given rise to the need for new structural systems.need for new structural systems.

b.b. Many tall office towers around the world use Many tall office towers around the world use composite steel/concrete system.composite steel/concrete system.

c.c. Structural SystemsStructural Systems..The advantages of concrete of lower cost, The advantages of concrete of lower cost, speed of construction, ease of finishing, fire speed of construction, ease of finishing, fire proof characteristics and structural stiffness are proof characteristics and structural stiffness are well known. well known.

d.d. Composite structural system. Composite structural system.

1.1. Using both steel and concrete for columns.Using both steel and concrete for columns.2.2. Steel structure could be built at its normal Steel structure could be built at its normal

speed .speed .3.3. Concrete encasement of the exterior column Concrete encasement of the exterior column

provided structural rigidity and fire proofing.provided structural rigidity and fire proofing.4.4. Composite structure was economical Composite structure was economical 5.5. 75 storey; 300 meters tall chase plaza in 75 storey; 300 meters tall chase plaza in

Houston (N.A.)Houston (N.A.)6.6. Steel has the beneficial material property like Steel has the beneficial material property like

durability, flexibility and high strength to weight durability, flexibility and high strength to weight ratio.ratio.

7.7. Steel is reusable, recyclable and consumes less Steel is reusable, recyclable and consumes less energy. energy.

High Rise Building Boom in INDIA.High Rise Building Boom in INDIA.

1.1. ““Wind Engineering” is emerging in Wind Engineering” is emerging in India ever since the need for taller India ever since the need for taller and slender buildings came into and slender buildings came into picture.picture.

2.2. Wind Loads on the structural Wind Loads on the structural frames are required for the design frames are required for the design of beams; columns lateral bracing of beams; columns lateral bracing and foundations.and foundations.

Earth Quake :Earth Quake :

3.3. Earth Quake loads are another type of lateral Earth Quake loads are another type of lateral load which is considered for design as well.load which is considered for design as well.

4.4. However, considering the rare chance of simul However, considering the rare chance of simul tanuous occurrence of both earth quake and tanuous occurrence of both earth quake and high wind, both won’t be combined together in high wind, both won’t be combined together in any structural design.any structural design.

Conclusion :Conclusion :

Construction of high rise buildings involves a Construction of high rise buildings involves a number of disciplines besides civil Engg. number of disciplines besides civil Engg. Structural engineering, Plumbing, fire protection Structural engineering, Plumbing, fire protection etc., close and continuous coordination between etc., close and continuous coordination between all the concerned. all the concerned.

Advanced Construction TechniquesAdvanced Construction Techniquesin High rise structures.in High rise structures.

Seismic Design :Seismic Design :

1.1. Seismic design and their application in Seismic design and their application in construction practice have contributed a positive construction practice have contributed a positive sense of confidence with which to face the sense of confidence with which to face the problem. problem.

2.2. A structure is designed to resist the vertical A structure is designed to resist the vertical acceleration 1g by virtue of its weight only.acceleration 1g by virtue of its weight only.

3.3. As such most of the seismic designs take into As such most of the seismic designs take into consideration only the Horizontal component of consideration only the Horizontal component of ground acceleration due to an earth quake.ground acceleration due to an earth quake.

4.4. Codes use the lateral stress formula for arriving Codes use the lateral stress formula for arriving addl. Stresses, that are likely to disturbs the addl. Stresses, that are likely to disturbs the structure during a shock.structure during a shock.

5. 5. Magnitude of lateral stresses would be a Magnitude of lateral stresses would be a function of a number of factors.function of a number of factors.

a.a. The ground acceleration due to an expected The ground acceleration due to an expected shock during the design life of the project.shock during the design life of the project.

b.b. The weight of the structure.The weight of the structure.

c.c. Type of construction.Type of construction.

6. 6. During an Earth quake, when the ground During an Earth quake, when the ground tends to move in one direction, the lateral tends to move in one direction, the lateral force exerts a shearing effect on the building force exerts a shearing effect on the building above and hence referred as above and hence referred as “base“base shear”shear”

Base Shear face = F = a/g WBase Shear face = F = a/g W

Where a = (ground acceleration) Where a = (ground acceleration) Values (0.15&0.02)Values (0.15&0.02)

g = acceleration due to g = acceleration due to gravity gravity

w = Weight of the structure.w = Weight of the structure.

General guidelines to minimize the General guidelines to minimize the risk of building. risk of building.

Foundation :Foundation :

1.1. Structures built on loose soil/weak rocks Structures built on loose soil/weak rocks will have to withstand greater risk will have to withstand greater risk compared to founded on solid bed rock.compared to founded on solid bed rock.

This is due to that soil particles undergo This is due to that soil particles undergo a lot of compaction during seismic shocks a lot of compaction during seismic shocks there by causing settlement.there by causing settlement.

2. 2. Foundation should be excavated Foundation should be excavated to same level as far as possible of to same level as far as possible of continuous type.continuous type.

3.3. Super structure should be Super structure should be thoroughly tied up with the thoroughly tied up with the foundation by introducing keys/or foundation by introducing keys/or reinforcement to offer max. reinforcement to offer max. resistance against sliding at that resistance against sliding at that level.level.

Roof :Roof :

1.1. Minimize the lateral shapes.Minimize the lateral shapes.2.2. Projection beyond the roof level should Projection beyond the roof level should

be altogether avoided or kept minimum. be altogether avoided or kept minimum.

General :General :

1.1. All the parts of same building – the All the parts of same building – the foundation superstructure and the roof, foundation superstructure and the roof, should be firmly find together so that should be firmly find together so that entire structure act as a unit during a entire structure act as a unit during a shock. shock.

2.2. Uniform height should be given to Uniform height should be given to structure. structure.

3.3. Architectural fancies like parapets, Architectural fancies like parapets, cantilevers, arches and domes etc., cantilevers, arches and domes etc., should be avoided. should be avoided.

Behavior of concrete structures :Behavior of concrete structures :

1.1. Ability of the structure to sustain large Ability of the structure to sustain large deformation.deformation.

2.2. Rigid structure attracts higher loads Rigid structure attracts higher loads than a flexible structure under seismic than a flexible structure under seismic condition.condition.

3.3. Concrete being brittle is in capable of Concrete being brittle is in capable of sustaining large deformation without sustaining large deformation without correctly detailed steel reinforcements correctly detailed steel reinforcements

4. Basic principle of earth quake resistant 4. Basic principle of earth quake resistant design in to ensure ductility (ability to design in to ensure ductility (ability to deform without rupture) of structure to deform without rupture) of structure to absorb large deformation without absorb large deformation without damage.damage.

5.5. Ductility of concrete structures can be Ductility of concrete structures can be ensured by proper detailing the ensured by proper detailing the reinforcement as per the relevant cods, reinforcement as per the relevant cods, IS 4326 – 1993 and 13920.IS 4326 – 1993 and 13920.

6.6. Structure should be constructed to the Structure should be constructed to the standard specification.standard specification.

7.7. Trained persons to be preferred for Trained persons to be preferred for construction. construction.

Strong column and weak beam Strong column and weak beam conceptsconcepts

When a structure a subjected to When a structure a subjected to Lateral roads as in case of wind or Lateral roads as in case of wind or earth quake forces its behavior is earth quake forces its behavior is governed not only by strength of governed not only by strength of beam & column, but also by capacity beam & column, but also by capacity of beam column joints to sustain of beam column joints to sustain large lateral deformation. large lateral deformation.

Foundation :Foundation :

1.1. Shallow footings weaken their seismic Shallow footings weaken their seismic resistance.resistance.

2.2. Un even settlement of footings due to ground Un even settlement of footings due to ground movement, especially at shallow depth, may movement, especially at shallow depth, may lead to premature structural failure.lead to premature structural failure.

3.3. Multi storages – structure with cellars (Under Multi storages – structure with cellars (Under Ground) may survive Earth quake better than Ground) may survive Earth quake better than those on shallow isolated footings.those on shallow isolated footings.

4.4. Best way of building earth quake resistant Best way of building earth quake resistant structure is proper supervising at every stage of structure is proper supervising at every stage of planning, design and construction. planning, design and construction.

1.1. Foundation (Isolated footing, Rafts)Foundation (Isolated footing, Rafts)

2. 2. Detailing (Beam column Joints, Stress Detailing (Beam column Joints, Stress Reversal, ductility)Reversal, ductility)

3. 3. Planning (Floating and staggered Planning (Floating and staggered column, location of lift walls & Cellar)column, location of lift walls & Cellar)

4. 4. Restrictions on structural Heights.Restrictions on structural Heights.5. Spaces around structures to avoid 5. Spaces around structures to avoid

sequential collapses.sequential collapses.6. 6. Building MaterialsBuilding Materials

Certain Aspects to be appraised for Certain Aspects to be appraised for construction practicesconstruction practices. .

7. Stilt floors 7. Stilt floors 8. Water Tanks on roof top.8. Water Tanks on roof top.9. Masonry structures (Load bearing 9. Masonry structures (Load bearing

walls / infield)walls / infield)

Structural System under lateral Structural System under lateral Loads for high rise structures.Loads for high rise structures.

1.1. Lateral LoadsLateral Loads 1. Wind Loads1. Wind Loads2. Earth Quake Loading.2. Earth Quake Loading.

2. 2. Serviceability :Serviceability :

1.1. Lateral deflection of structure is lateral drift. Lateral deflection of structure is lateral drift. Which is the relative magnitude of lateral Which is the relative magnitude of lateral displacement at the top of building with respect displacement at the top of building with respect to the height.to the height.

2.2. Relative Vertical defection :Relative Vertical defection :

In tall buildings relative vertical movement In tall buildings relative vertical movement between exterior and interior columns or between exterior and interior columns or between column and shear or core walls which between column and shear or core walls which may occur due to may occur due to

a.a. Thermal expansion/contraction of exterior Thermal expansion/contraction of exterior columns columns

b.b. Different axial load stresses in Different axial load stresses in column and shear cores leading to column and shear cores leading to creep deformation of members. creep deformation of members.

c. Differential settlement of foundation c. Differential settlement of foundation for shear core and adjacent column.for shear core and adjacent column.

Structural SystemsStructural Systems 1.1. Frame Buildings.Frame Buildings.2.2. Shear Wall buildingsShear Wall buildings3.3. Staggered wall – Beam SystemStaggered wall – Beam System

4. Shear wall acting with frames.4. Shear wall acting with frames.5. Single framed tube.5. Single framed tube.6. Tube – in – tube.6. Tube – in – tube.

Frame Frame In a framed type structure the lateral In a framed type structure the lateral displacements (Drift) may be true parts.displacements (Drift) may be true parts.

1.1. Due to Bending in the column and Due to Bending in the column and beams.beams.

2.2. Due to axial deformation of columns.Due to axial deformation of columns.

Shear WallsShear Walls

Shear walls are plane elements made up of Shear walls are plane elements made up of reinforced concrete thin walls having length reinforced concrete thin walls having length and thickness providing lateral stiffness.and thickness providing lateral stiffness.

Concrete shear walls may be cast in situ or Concrete shear walls may be cast in situ or pre-cast.pre-cast.

pre-cast panel walls are also used within a pre-cast panel walls are also used within a concrete or steel frame to provide lateral concrete or steel frame to provide lateral resistances.resistances.

The ductile shear walls used in Earth quake The ductile shear walls used in Earth quake resistant design have to be detailed carefully.resistant design have to be detailed carefully.

Coupling beams should have diagonal Coupling beams should have diagonal reinforcement to develop shear resistance. reinforcement to develop shear resistance.

To design shear walls for the lateral load To design shear walls for the lateral load resistance and also satisfy the ductility resistance and also satisfy the ductility demand during cyclic loading.demand during cyclic loading.

Since the Bending Since the Bending moments are not large the moments are not large the steel may be evenly steel may be evenly distributed across the distributed across the length with marginal length with marginal increase near the edges, increase near the edges, to such walls the steel to such walls the steel requirement for flexure requirement for flexure may be satisfied by may be satisfied by providing the minimum providing the minimum steel moreover, in such steel moreover, in such walls the elastic walls the elastic deformation can be made deformation can be made to absorb major portion of to absorb major portion of seismic energy. seismic energy.

Behavior of Low Rise Shear WallBehavior of Low Rise Shear Wall..

Shear Walls with OpeningsShear Walls with OpeningsWindows, doors and service ducts require openings to be provided in shear walls. Irrational shear walls Windows, doors and service ducts require openings to be provided in shear walls. Irrational shear walls warrant finite element studies for evaluating internal forces. An example of irrational shear wall is shown warrant finite element studies for evaluating internal forces. An example of irrational shear wall is shown in Fig (a). in Fig (a). The staggered arrangement of openings may seriously limit the shear transfer The staggered arrangement of openings may seriously limit the shear transfer between the openings Fig (b) shows a shear wall supported on sloping legs.between the openings Fig (b) shows a shear wall supported on sloping legs. Such irregularity Such irregularity may lead to deflection opposite to the direction of motion. Such structures -------- disaster. may lead to deflection opposite to the direction of motion. Such structures -------- disaster.

Coupled Shear WallsCoupled Shear WallsMany shear walls contain one or more rows of openings. Many shear walls contain one or more rows of openings. Examples are shear cores, lift wells, stair wells etc. The Examples are shear cores, lift wells, stair wells etc. The walls are connected by beams which are short and deep. walls are connected by beams which are short and deep. An An realized shear wall structure and its deformations realized shear wall structure and its deformations due to lateral loading is shown.due to lateral loading is shown.

The overturning moment Mo, is resisted byThe overturning moment Mo, is resisted by

a)a) a moment induced in wall1a moment induced in wall1b)b) A moment induced in wall 2 andA moment induced in wall 2 andc)c) Equal and opposite axial forces T generated in both walls Equal and opposite axial forces T generated in both walls (One in compression and the other in tension). (One in compression and the other in tension). The corresponding equilibrium equation is The corresponding equilibrium equation is

Over view of Foundation for TALL BuildingsOver view of Foundation for TALL Buildings..

A structural Engineer has a variety of choices for the A structural Engineer has a variety of choices for the material to build on top;material to build on top;

The geotechnical engineer has to deal with the material The geotechnical engineer has to deal with the material that lies below the structure.that lies below the structure.

Generally Generally structures built on soft ground soil suffered structures built on soft ground soil suffered damage many times more than similar structures on damage many times more than similar structures on hard rocky foundation. Structures standing on hard rocky foundation. Structures standing on alluvial soil received greater shaking due to lower alluvial soil received greater shaking due to lower elastic modulus of soil than rock. Also structures elastic modulus of soil than rock. Also structures standing on soft soil has dynamic interaction with standing on soft soil has dynamic interaction with soilsoil..

It is a fact that short buildings on rock, tall buildings on It is a fact that short buildings on rock, tall buildings on deep alluvial soil may exhibit a very large amplification of deep alluvial soil may exhibit a very large amplification of the ground motion in the structure causing it’s damage or the ground motion in the structure causing it’s damage or even collapse.even collapse.

Types of Foundation.Types of Foundation.

Choice for the type of foundation to be adopted depends on Choice for the type of foundation to be adopted depends on both the structure and the ground. both the structure and the ground.

Choice of Foundation TypeChoice of Foundation Type

TYPES OF RAFT FOUNDATIONSTYPES OF RAFT FOUNDATIONS

Raft verses pile raftRaft verses pile raft Provision of deep foundation is no guaranty for tall Provision of deep foundation is no guaranty for tall

structures founded in seismic areas.structures founded in seismic areas. The soil beneath may get liquefied resulting in lateral The soil beneath may get liquefied resulting in lateral

instability by shearing of the piles in the liquefied zone or instability by shearing of the piles in the liquefied zone or by overhearing at the pile cap structure interface. by overhearing at the pile cap structure interface.

Pre-Cast ConstructionPre-Cast Construction Wide spread utilization of new materials, construction Wide spread utilization of new materials, construction

methods and equipment.methods and equipment. Flat slab / Hallow concrete core slab construction enhanced Flat slab / Hallow concrete core slab construction enhanced

the speed and economy.the speed and economy. Modern elevators with latest facility.Modern elevators with latest facility. Panel to panel connection of framing members shall be Panel to panel connection of framing members shall be

ensured so as to enable the structure to resist earthquake ensured so as to enable the structure to resist earthquake load as a single unit.load as a single unit.

Suitable jointing procedure and workmanship shall be Suitable jointing procedure and workmanship shall be adopted between various interlocking prefab panels to adopted between various interlocking prefab panels to avoid weak connections.avoid weak connections.

Suitable anchoring systems like dowel bars, hooks etc shall Suitable anchoring systems like dowel bars, hooks etc shall be used to prevent dislocation of panels under the action of be used to prevent dislocation of panels under the action of seismic loads in the quake prone areas.seismic loads in the quake prone areas.

Isolation of the structure from its foundation may be Isolation of the structure from its foundation may be achieved by using suitable rubber bearings so as to cut achieved by using suitable rubber bearings so as to cut transmission of seismic forces to the structure from the transmission of seismic forces to the structure from the ground. This method shall be employed for buildings of 3 to ground. This method shall be employed for buildings of 3 to 15 storeyes to dampen earthquake loads. In such systems 15 storeyes to dampen earthquake loads. In such systems the frames shall be suitable braced.the frames shall be suitable braced.

Structural SystemsStructural Systems Steel is now giving way to composite steel – concrete mega Steel is now giving way to composite steel – concrete mega

column.column. The mass and the rigidity of concrete provides twice the The mass and the rigidity of concrete provides twice the

dampening effects compared to steel, reducing forces due dampening effects compared to steel, reducing forces due to wind and the cost of construction.to wind and the cost of construction.

Improvement in concrete mixes have made high rise Improvement in concrete mixes have made high rise construction more attractive.construction more attractive.

Self compacting concrete is increasingly used.Self compacting concrete is increasingly used. Structural concrete has better resistances to fire.Structural concrete has better resistances to fire. Flat Slab construction reduces the distance between floors, Flat Slab construction reduces the distance between floors,

increase the number of floors for a particular height.increase the number of floors for a particular height. Modern forming system greatly increase construction Modern forming system greatly increase construction

productivity.productivity. Advances in concrete pumping, self climbing placer booms Advances in concrete pumping, self climbing placer booms

help in fast delivery of concrete. help in fast delivery of concrete.

Pre-cast concretePre-cast concrete The use of pre-cast concrete results in significant cost The use of pre-cast concrete results in significant cost

savings along with speed of construction, durability, savings along with speed of construction, durability, versatility and ease of maintenance.versatility and ease of maintenance.

Comparative Costs – In situ and Pre-castComparative Costs – In situ and Pre-cast

Pre-cast hollow core slabs Pre-cast hollow core slabs

Reinforced / Prestressed Hallow core slabs are the most Reinforced / Prestressed Hallow core slabs are the most widely use pre-cast flooring in the develop world.widely use pre-cast flooring in the develop world.

Manufactured in a factory by long line slip-forming.Manufactured in a factory by long line slip-forming. The depth of hollow core slabs range between 150 mm to The depth of hollow core slabs range between 150 mm to

500mm, used for spans ranging from 3mm to 20 meters. 500mm, used for spans ranging from 3mm to 20 meters.

They are primarily used as a floor or roof deck systems, They are primarily used as a floor or roof deck systems, economical and efficient. economical and efficient.

The top surface can be prepared for the required floor The top surface can be prepared for the required floor finish.finish.

The under side can be used as a finished ceiling as The under side can be used as a finished ceiling as installed, by painting or by applying acoustical installed, by painting or by applying acoustical spray.spray.

For a given loading and fire endurance rating, span length For a given loading and fire endurance rating, span length and slab thickness may be optimized.and slab thickness may be optimized.

Span-depth ratio of 45 is common for floor & 4 roofs. Span-depth ratio of 45 is common for floor & 4 roofs. Hollow cores are also used as air heating ducts or for air Hollow cores are also used as air heating ducts or for air

conditioning system.conditioning system. Hollow core slabs have been used in the advanced Hollow core slabs have been used in the advanced

countries.countries. Hollow core units have been used in only one project in Hollow core units have been used in only one project in

India – IT Park building at Bangalore. Where the units are India – IT Park building at Bangalore. Where the units are prefabricated at the siteprefabricated at the site

The weight of the Hollow core slabs is reduced as compared The weight of the Hollow core slabs is reduced as compared to solid slabs, reducing size of columns and foundation, to solid slabs, reducing size of columns and foundation, making more economical.making more economical.

Double Tee Sections :Double Tee Sections :

Pre-cast double tee Sections are used for simply supported Pre-cast double tee Sections are used for simply supported spans up to 25mtrs as floor / roof element.spans up to 25mtrs as floor / roof element.

The slabs consisting of this section are manufactured in The slabs consisting of this section are manufactured in steel moulds with high degree of dimensional stability and steel moulds with high degree of dimensional stability and surface finish.surface finish.

Double tees are also used as wall panels.Double tees are also used as wall panels.

These are extensively used in the U.S for parking garages.These are extensively used in the U.S for parking garages.

Pre-cast concrete panel 50mm thick with integrated Pre-cast concrete panel 50mm thick with integrated structural reinforcement and special lattice girders structural reinforcement and special lattice girders are used as permanent formwork. Double pre-cast concrete are used as permanent formwork. Double pre-cast concrete panels for walls.panels for walls.

After erection of Pre cast plank , slab top reinforcement is After erection of Pre cast plank , slab top reinforcement is placed and concreted in situ. Plank and the in situ concrete placed and concreted in situ. Plank and the in situ concrete jointly act as monolithic slab. jointly act as monolithic slab.

Pre-cast stair cases :Pre-cast stair cases : Pre-cast stair cases are viable for high rise buildings.Pre-cast stair cases are viable for high rise buildings. Fixing may be in corporate but may also be drilled and Fixing may be in corporate but may also be drilled and

fixed on site.fixed on site. Typically, the two halves of the concrete stair are jointed Typically, the two halves of the concrete stair are jointed

with a proprietary high strength mortar material in corpora with a proprietary high strength mortar material in corpora ting a large percentage of steel fibers . ting a large percentage of steel fibers .

The monolith unit formed with the in-situ joint has no inter The monolith unit formed with the in-situ joint has no inter mediate support between floor levels, results in very mediate support between floor levels, results in very elegant method of constructions. elegant method of constructions.

Pre-CastPre-Cast1.1. Construction with pre-cast Joists and filler blocks should Construction with pre-cast Joists and filler blocks should

confirm to IS 6061 Part I and II.confirm to IS 6061 Part I and II.2.2. Cast is situ construction as per IS 456 – 1978 in Cast is situ construction as per IS 456 – 1978 in

composite construction with steel Joists, R.C. slabs and composite construction with steel Joists, R.C. slabs and shear connectors.shear connectors.

3.3. Ribbed slabs spanning in two directions at right angler Ribbed slabs spanning in two directions at right angler may also be treated as solid slabs provided that spacing may also be treated as solid slabs provided that spacing of Ribs is not more than 12 times Flange thickness.of Ribs is not more than 12 times Flange thickness.

4.4. Size and Position of Ribs.Size and Position of Ribs.In situ ribs should not be less than 6.5cm wide. Spacing In situ ribs should not be less than 6.5cm wide. Spacing at centre not greater than 1.5 meters apart, depth at centre not greater than 1.5 meters apart, depth excluding topping should not be more than four times excluding topping should not be more than four times their width.their width.

5.5. Hollow Blocks :Hollow Blocks :Can be of any suitable material as per IS code 3951-Can be of any suitable material as per IS code 3951-1975. 1975.

High Performance Concrete (HPC)High Performance Concrete (HPC)

Strength of concrete 40 MP a to 85 MP aStrength of concrete 40 MP a to 85 MP a

Advantages :Advantages :

Long term economy, durability and service life.Long term economy, durability and service life. Low maintenance and repair cost.Low maintenance and repair cost. Small cross section, reduction in number, size of element.Small cross section, reduction in number, size of element. Reduced formwork area, cost.Reduced formwork area, cost. Reduced cover to reinforcement.Reduced cover to reinforcement. Slender members, ease in construction and transport.Slender members, ease in construction and transport. HPC is denser than that of a standard concrete thus HPC is denser than that of a standard concrete thus

increasing the corrosion resistance and durability.increasing the corrosion resistance and durability.

Mix Proportioning for HPC :Mix Proportioning for HPC :

Optimum cement and admixture quantities Optimum cement and admixture quantities involving more trial batches.involving more trial batches.

Admixture cement compatibility to be Admixture cement compatibility to be scrutinized for high strength and durability.scrutinized for high strength and durability.

Water cement Ratio is usually limited to 0.35.Water cement Ratio is usually limited to 0.35.

Cement quantity ranging 300 to 400 kg / cumCement quantity ranging 300 to 400 kg / cum

HPC must be cured as soon as possible on HPC must be cured as soon as possible on initial setting of concrete. initial setting of concrete.

Self Compacting Concrete (SCC)Self Compacting Concrete (SCC)

1.1. Self Compacting concrete is a mix that can be Self Compacting concrete is a mix that can be compacted into every corner of a formwork, compacted into every corner of a formwork, purely by means of its own weight and without purely by means of its own weight and without vibration.vibration.

2.2. SCC is produced from normal concreting SCC is produced from normal concreting materials and complies with the strength grades materials and complies with the strength grades in the Code.in the Code.

3.3. The mix may incorporate steel and/or The mix may incorporate steel and/or polypropylene fibers. polypropylene fibers.

4.4. Coarse aggregate may be up to 40 mm. Sand Coarse aggregate may be up to 40 mm. Sand can be finer than normal as the material less can be finer than normal as the material less than 150 microns may help increase cohesion, than 150 microns may help increase cohesion, thereby resisting segregation.thereby resisting segregation.

5. Cement and fillers (GGBS of Fly ash) are required 5. Cement and fillers (GGBS of Fly ash) are required

for cohesion and stability in larger proportionsfor cohesion and stability in larger proportions..6.6. Super plasticizers are essential to ensure flow Super plasticizers are essential to ensure flow

characteristics and workability retention.characteristics and workability retention.7.7. Properties of SCC (flowability, workability etc) Properties of SCC (flowability, workability etc)

are determined by special test methods.are determined by special test methods.8.8. SCC can be effectively used in heavily SCC can be effectively used in heavily

reinforced elements, underwater structures etc.reinforced elements, underwater structures etc.9.9. SCC is now being used in many high rise SCC is now being used in many high rise

buildings particularly for the components with buildings particularly for the components with high density reinforcement such as raft high density reinforcement such as raft foundations columns etc.,foundations columns etc.,

PRE FAB STRUCTURESPRE FAB STRUCTURESIntroduction :Introduction :

Prefabricated construction being a new technique some of Prefabricated construction being a new technique some of the essential requirement of prefabricated components and the essential requirement of prefabricated components and elements are discussed.elements are discussed.Since the aim of prefabrication is to effect economy Since the aim of prefabrication is to effect economy improvement in quality and speed in construction, the improvement in quality and speed in construction, the selection of proper materials for prefabrication is an selection of proper materials for prefabrication is an important factor. important factor. Prefab structures like Project House, Farm Tanks, Resorts, Prefab structures like Project House, Farm Tanks, Resorts, School Buildings, Store Shed, Industrial Shed, Ware School Buildings, Store Shed, Industrial Shed, Ware Houses, and many more are under construction using Houses, and many more are under construction using prefab system. prefab system.

Prefab shelters are constructed in track and panel system Prefab shelters are constructed in track and panel system with advantages of simplicity in construction.with advantages of simplicity in construction.

Requires very light foundation.Requires very light foundation. Durable, comfortable and affordable.Durable, comfortable and affordable. Light weight, High strength, Earth quake safe.Light weight, High strength, Earth quake safe. Easy to transport; easy to eruct.Easy to transport; easy to eruct. Can be dismantled and reassembled at any other location.Can be dismantled and reassembled at any other location. Basic Materials used for the wall panels and roof are 10, Basic Materials used for the wall panels and roof are 10,

12, and 16 mm panel (Cement Bonded partial board)12, and 16 mm panel (Cement Bonded partial board) The particle boards are weather fire and termite resistant. The particle boards are weather fire and termite resistant. Best suited for exterior application due to their strength Best suited for exterior application due to their strength

and durability.and durability. Assembly of panel walls and the roofs are done with cold Assembly of panel walls and the roofs are done with cold

roll formed anticorrosive G.I. profiles specially designed to roll formed anticorrosive G.I. profiles specially designed to give adequate strength to the structures. give adequate strength to the structures.

Design Criteria :Design Criteria :

Structure with wind condition of 55m/sec, seismic zone V Structure with wind condition of 55m/sec, seismic zone V and temperature 0 to 50and temperature 0 to 5000 C. C.

Material of double skin insulated wall panels and single skin Material of double skin insulated wall panels and single skin insulated false ceiling.insulated false ceiling.

Corrugated GI sheets have a minimum galvanizing loading Corrugated GI sheets have a minimum galvanizing loading of 220gsmof 220gsm

All other GI profiles shall have minimum galvanizing of 120 All other GI profiles shall have minimum galvanizing of 120 gsm conforming. IS 277 – 2003.gsm conforming. IS 277 – 2003.

Wall shall be made in sandwich panel system using 2 nos. Wall shall be made in sandwich panel system using 2 nos. 10 mm thick cement Flat sheets / boards (As-best-as free) 10 mm thick cement Flat sheets / boards (As-best-as free) conforming to IS 14276 – 1995 & 14862.conforming to IS 14276 – 1995 & 14862.

RoofRoof shall be with galvanized corrugated sheet of 0.63mm shall be with galvanized corrugated sheet of 0.63mm thick conforming to IS 277 – 2003, having minimum thick conforming to IS 277 – 2003, having minimum 220gsm galvanizing laid over a frame work of trusses, 220gsm galvanizing laid over a frame work of trusses, columns, and purlins (rectangular Hallow steel section) columns, and purlins (rectangular Hallow steel section) fixed using suitable fasteners like J hooks.fixed using suitable fasteners like J hooks.

1.1. Trusses made of Rectangular Hollow section 66 x 33 x Trusses made of Rectangular Hollow section 66 x 33 x 2.9 mm2.9 mm

2.2. Trusses supported on column – using section 96 x 48 x Trusses supported on column – using section 96 x 48 x 3.2 mm conforming to IS 4923 – 1977.3.2 mm conforming to IS 4923 – 1977.

3.3. Purlins made of sections – 66 x 33 x 2.9 mmPurlins made of sections – 66 x 33 x 2.9 mm

Doors :Doors :a.a. Frame shall be made from pressed steel fore sided frame Frame shall be made from pressed steel fore sided frame

using CR steel of size 75 x 45 x 1.5 mm thick conforming using CR steel of size 75 x 45 x 1.5 mm thick conforming to IS 513 – 1994.to IS 513 – 1994.

b.b. Shutter made out of 32 mm thick flush door as for IS Shutter made out of 32 mm thick flush door as for IS 2202 – 1999 and steel rectangular hallow box profile of 2202 – 1999 and steel rectangular hallow box profile of 1.25 mm thick as per IS 1.25 mm thick as per IS

Windows and VentilatorsWindows and VentilatorsShall be made from pressed steel using CR Steel of 1.5 Shall be made from pressed steel using CR Steel of 1.5 mm thickness of size 75 x 45 mm profile conforming to mm thickness of size 75 x 45 mm profile conforming to IS 513 – 1004.IS 513 – 1004.

Partial Prefab & Cast in situ Partial Prefab & Cast in situ

R.C Walls StructuresR.C Walls Structures Where RC Walls are intended to carry vertical Where RC Walls are intended to carry vertical

loads, they should be generally designed in loads, they should be generally designed in accordance with columns.accordance with columns.

The minimum thickness of wall should not be less The minimum thickness of wall should not be less than 100mm.than 100mm.

The load carrying capacity of the walls should be The load carrying capacity of the walls should be calculated as for columns.calculated as for columns.

When the effective height of wall exceeds 12 When the effective height of wall exceeds 12 times wall thickness slenderness effects should be times wall thickness slenderness effects should be considered as in columns.considered as in columns.

The minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement to The minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement to gross concrete area should be 0.0012 for Hysd gross concrete area should be 0.0012 for Hysd barsbars

Spacing should be three times walls thickness Spacing should be three times walls thickness nor 450 mm for both vertical and horizontal. nor 450 mm for both vertical and horizontal.

Minimum ratio of Horizontal reinforcement to Minimum ratio of Horizontal reinforcement to gross concreted area should be 0.0020 for Hysd gross concreted area should be 0.0020 for Hysd bass. Buildings shall be designed and constructed bass. Buildings shall be designed and constructed to resist the effects of design lateral forces.to resist the effects of design lateral forces.

The design lateral force shall be disturbed to the The design lateral force shall be disturbed to the various floor levels.various floor levels.

The design base shear VB as computed shall be The design base shear VB as computed shall be distributed along the height of the building distributed along the height of the building

SCS SYSTEMSCS SYSTEM

The Evolution of Building Technology

Unique pre-engineered custom-made lost-in-place formwork system consisting of Modular Wall Formwork Panels.

Components of SCS System

Fiber Cement Board

Light Gauge Galvanized Steel Studs

Reinforced Concrete

Expanded Polystyrene

Target market segments – advantages for specific applications

Apartments

Villas

Hotels

Commercial Buildings

Malls

High rise building

APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS

USP

What are our USP’s…..?

PROVEN SYSTEM :

Tried and tested, established in several countries

SPEED : Walls erected in at least 1/3 rd less the time compared to conventional construction

QUALITY : Plumb, line and level, proper edges, no cracks or defects

DURABILITY : Earthquake resistant

NO BRICKWORK : No worry about brickwork quality, soaking in water, mortar, shortage of good masons

NO PLASTERING : No messy mixing at site, workmanship issues, curing, repairing cracks

TECHNICAL SUPPORT : Full back-up engineering and structural design support

A proven system – Tried & Tested in several countries

PRECAST SLABS

Faster construction with pre-fab wall panels

Elevation features incorporated during panel manufacturing

SCS – From Villas to Commercial Buildings, Apartments and High Rises

SCS MODULAR Systems – Cost Effective, Relocatable, Flat-Pack System

Manufacturing Facility in IndiaManufacturing Facility in India

Advantages & Benefits:Advantages & Benefits:

1.1. Speedier “Design Speedier “Design Execution” phase in Execution” phase in project executionproject execution

2.2. Elimination of tedious, Elimination of tedious, time-consuming time-consuming manpower intensive manpower intensive processesprocesses

3.3. High quality James High quality James Hardie fibre cement Hardie fibre cement boards guarantee long boards guarantee long life of the structurelife of the structure

A.A. Faster return on capital Faster return on capital investedinvested

B.B. Lower dependency on Lower dependency on unorganized labor & unorganized labor & increased reliability on increased reliability on completion schedulescompletion schedules

C.C. Reduced maintenance / Reduced maintenance / repairsrepairs

Advantages & Benefits:Advantages & Benefits:

4.4. Inlaid plumbing & Inlaid plumbing & electrical lines, superior electrical lines, superior quality finish surface quality finish surface eliminates plasteringeliminates plastering

5.5. Bill of quantities defined Bill of quantities defined before start of workbefore start of work

6.6. Thinner walls but as Thinner walls but as strong as those made strong as those made from conventional from conventional methodsmethods

D.D. Faster availability of Faster availability of super structure for super structure for finishing & other value finishing & other value addition works addition works

E.E. Better predictability of Better predictability of costs & hence better costs & hence better control control

F.F. Increased floor areaIncreased floor area