advances in paper recycling
TRANSCRIPT
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Contents
Chapter Title Page
1. Introduction 2-51.1 Why Recycle Paper 5-62. Advances in Paper Recycling 72.1 Recycling 72.2 Paper recycling 8
2.2.1 Paper recycling process 82.3 The Development of the utilization of Recovered waste paper in
Germany and in the International Contact
8-9
2.4 Electricity generation and treatment of paper recycling wastewaterusing a microbial fuel cell
9-11
2.5 Facilitating Paper Recycling 11-12
2.6 Wastepaper recovery and reuse- global picture 12-132.7 Minimizing Paper Consumption 13-14
2.8 Maximizing Recycled Paper Content 14-152.9 Cleaner Production of Paper 15-173. Reducing Paper Consumption 18-20
4. Maximizing Recycled Paper Content 21-265. Responsible Virgin Fiber Sourcing 275.1 Marketplace-driven achievements towards conservation of
Endangered Forests
27-29
5.2 Marketplace Leadership by Large Paper Purchasers 30-366. Cleaner Production 37-396.1 Emissions 40
6.2 Influence of recycling and temperature on the swelling ability of
paper
41
7. Conclusion 42-458. References 46-49
9. Appendix
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Paper has a long history of use with its invention credited to TsaiLun in China in 105. Since
then it has been produced from a wide variety of raw materials, including cotton, linen, bark,
hemp, jute, straw and wood. For many countries, the most important raw materials were rags
so that there is a long tradition of Paper production from secondary materials, such as rags
and old Paper. Many publications which today would be considered priceless have been lost
because of recycling. The use of virgin resources, based on wood in this historical context, is
thus relatively new, with no more than a century since its widespread adoption .Its use came
about due to the explosion in demand for, as education became widespread in Europe and
North America, with the resultant expansion in demand for printed products, which was also
made possible by developing printing industry. As literacy increased, so did the demand for
printed products.
Secondary raw material could not supply sufficient fibers to meet this demand for printed
products such as newspaper, books, journals etc. The introduction of wood as a raw material
for paper allowed these demands to be met in the industrial. This was following by the use of
paper in packaging since its use had many advantages over more traditional packaging
materials, including wood.
Based upon wood, a natural renewable resource, paper is both biodegradable and recyclable.
It is made up of many fibers that are interlaced and compacted in a web-like fashion.
Millions of tons of paper are produced each year. This is used for a wide variety of products
and applications such as office paper, newspapers, envelopes, agricultural sacks, plasterboardand the packaging of all types of consumer, commercial and industrial goods.
During the first and second world war paper was a strategic products the transmittal of
information was essential and most useful medium was paper. In many countries waste paper
was collected and reused, following the historical tradition of recycling. However, paper
quality was poor. After the Second World War ended, the pulp industry developed, in order
to improve pulping and to meet the continuing expansion in demand.
The superior quality which resultant virgin based products meant that the high recycling rates
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achieved during the war years fell sharply. However, in countries with limited wood
resources, the only way a domestic industry could develop was to import basic virgin raw
material and to recycle the products produced from these after they had been used. Hence,
waste paper became an important raw material in Western Europe and Japan and recovery
and collection system developed to meet this demand.
As the paper industry was developing, fundamental changes were taking place in society.
Life style changed especially as the woman`s traditional role in the home altered to reflect
increased employment opportunities outside the home, which limited time available for food
preparation, cooking etc. Semi processed foods became important fuelling the retail
revolution, thus leading to increased demands for protective packaging during transport.
As the Urban sprawl developed, waste disposal became an urgent issue, which was satisfied
by the sprawl, such as clay, sand and gravel pits, quarries etc. as the consumer society
matured dissatisfaction with materialistic lifestyle grew and in inevitably attention centered
on resource consumption, with paper products being the groups that were specifically
criticized.
Although recycling was practiced for some boards grades, a highest recycling rate was
promoted as a desirable environment policy in the 1970`s[1] criticism of consumerism
increased through the 1970`s and 1980`s , with the strong condemnation of the paper industry
from environment pressure groups gaining widespread media coverage from the mid 1980`s
onwards. As information became available on the quantity of the paper in solid waste more
emphasis was given to recycling to help reduce these volumes there are many examples of
resource conservation attempted through legislation in the late 1980`s and early 1990`s[2-4],
and so the motivating force for the use of waste paper ceased to be a economic , but instead
has become an illustration (some would say illusion) of a socially progressive society.
Increased demand for waste paper had profound effects on many parts of paper cycle
including methods of waste paper collection, the structure of waste paper industry and waste
paper used by paper and board industries-especially in countries which were and virgin fiber
rich. In the USA for example waste paper recovery was less than 27% of consumption in
1985, but had increased to more than 38% in 1992 an increases of almost 12 million tones.
For the past two decades, there have been great technology developments in the U.S. paper
industry, which have accelerated in recent years. The mills have been continuously
modernized, and sophisticated new technology has been applied to reduce environmentalpollution and improve product quality. But with the recent solid waste issue, the greatest
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challenge facing industry towards the end of century will be to increase recycling of all
papers products.
The solid waste disposal in the united state is a relatively new but very important issue. An
estimated 180 million metric tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated each year
well over one-half metric ton capitaand the number is steadily rising. In 1988, only about
13% of all MSW in the U.S. was recycled and 14% was incinerated, while about 73% was
sent to the landfills (EPA [12]). Paper recycling is crucial in solving the landfills crisis, as
paper and paper board and the largest component and account for up to 38% of all MSW (by
weight) in 1990 (table 1).As estimated by the U.S. EPA (EPA [11]), one thirds will no
longer exist by the year 2000.In addition to the landfill problem, It is believed that paper
recycling
Paper & Paperboard 38%
Yard Wastes 18%
Metals 8%
Wood 6%
Plastics 8%
Food Wastes 7%
Glass 7%
Other 8%
Total Weight = 178 million metric tons
Table1. Estimated proportions of materials generated in MSW, U.S. EPA [12].
Can save trees and result in a larger forest inventory. Motivated largely by these concerns,
government agencies and environmental groups have strongly supported paper recycling
programs. Government has shown their willingness to work with private industry to increase
collection of waste paper, to break down barriers to recycling and to promote development of
markets for recovered paper. By the end of 1992, five states had passed laws to prohibit paper
from being disposed in landfills. Eighteen states now offer tax incentives, usually in the form
of tax credits, to firms and industries that invest in some aspect of recycling. As of December
1993, thirteen states had passed mandatory news print recycling legislation, while fifteen
state have launched voluntary paper recycling programs (Alig[7]). However, the biggest
boost for recycling in 1993 came from president Clinton`s Executive Order establishing
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recycled content levels for Federal purchases of printing and writing paper.
Within the industry, there has been much improvement in the economics of using recycled
fiber. Young [10] points out that for some paper & paperboard grades, it is now cheaper or at
least competitive to produce with recycled fiber rather than with virgin fiber, which has not
been the case historically.
In response to these developments, more and more recycled fiber has been used in recent
years, and this trend will continue over the next decade. The U.S. paper industry has set the
goals of 40% recovery for recycling by the year 1995 and 50% by the year 2000 (American
Paper Institute [9] and American Forest & Paper Association [8]). To achieve these goals and
to meet the increasing demand for recycled paper products, the industry will have to expand
considerably the capacity of recycling processes technologies to maintain quality standards
and machine run ability with recycled fiber in the furnish, and to constantly improve the
profitability with recycling.
To address these economic and social issues along with others, the USDA Forest Services,
the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Forestry Canada have jointly developed and are
still improving the North America Pulp and Paper (NAPAP) model. This paper explains the
methodology employed in the NAPAP model and investigates the likely impacts of
accelerated use of recovered paper on the U.S. pulp and paper sector, towards the year 2012.
The next section consists of an overview of the North American pulp and paper sector to help
better understand the industry structure. A mathematical formulation is the theme of the third
section. The fourth section describes the model structure, including the regions, commodities
and manufacturing processes. The data used n the model is also briefly explained in this
section. The projection results of the NAPAP model are discussed in the fifth section. The
final section presents the summary and conclusions.
1.1Why recycle paper?Paper and packaging make up huge proportions of most municipal and commercial waste
streams and therefore the paper industry is the UK's largest recycler.
However, almost 5 million tons of waste paper is still sent to landfill or incineration each
year. This means that the industry has to import fiber to meet its needs, which does not make
environmental or economic sense.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, approximately 33 percent of the
municipal solid waste stream (MSW) is made up of paper and paperboard products. Paper
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makes up the largest portion of the municipal waste stream and is also one of the most
recovered materials. Recycling produces numerous direct and indirect benefits:
Conserves resources
Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants
Saves energy
Supplies valuable raw materials to industry
Creates jobs
Stimulates the growth of greener technologies
Reduces the need for new landfills and incinerators
According to a 2007 AF&PA Community Survey, 268 million people (87 percent of the
U.S.) have access to some form of community paper/paperboard recycling, either through
curbside collection or drop-off programs.
If measured by weight, more paper is recovered for recycling than all glass, plastic and
aluminum combined. Not yet satisfied, the American Forest & Paper Association has set a
goal of 60 percent recovery by the year 2012. It will take your help to get there.[14]
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CHAPTER 2
ADVANCES IN PAPER RECYCLINGTo remain a sustainability leader, the industry has set a goal to further increase recovery for
recycling to exceed 70 percent by 2020.
Industry-led efforts to increase paper recovery for recycling are among the best examples of
how we are protecting our environment and meeting our economic and social commitments.
The paper industry has led the way by setting and achieving incremental paper
recovery goals since 1990. In the 20 years since, the recovery rate has nearly doubled.
In 2011, 66.8 percent of the U.S. paper consumed was recovered.
In 2010, 87 percent of the population had access to curbside and/or drop-off paper
recycling
To help educate students and their families about the importance of paper recycling,
AF&PA carried out programs in conjunction with Kaleidoscope and Keep America Beautiful
to deliver curricula straight to the classroom. Further, the annual AF&PA Recycling Awards
recognize outstanding business, community and school paper recycling programs.[15]
2.1 Recycling
Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of
potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy
usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by
reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as
compared to virgin production.[1][2] Recycling is a key component of modern waste
reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.
There are some ISO standards relating to recycling such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste
and ISO 14001:2004 for environmental management control of recycling practice.
Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and
electronics. Although similar in effect, the composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste
such as food or garden waste is not typically considered recycling.[2] Materials to be
recycled are either brought to a collection center or picked up from the curbside, then sorted,
cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials bound for manufacturing.
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2.2 Paper recycling
Paper recycling is the process of turning waste paper into new paper products. There are three
categories of paper that can be used as feed stocks for making recycled paper: mill broke,
pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste.[1] Mill broke is paper trimmings and other
paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in a paper mill. Pre-
consumer waste is material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was ready
for consumer use. Post-consumer waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old
corrugated containers (OCC), old magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office paper, old
telephone directories, and residential mixed paper (RMP).[2] Paper suitable for recycling is
called "scrap paper", often used to produce molded pulp packaging. The industrial process of
removing printing ink from paperfibers of recycled paper to make deinked pulp is called
deinking, an invention of the German jurist Justus Claproth.[17]
2.2.1 Paper recycling process
The process of paper recycling involves mixing used paper with water and chemicals to break
it down. It is then chopped up and heated, which breaks it down further into strands of
cellulose, a type of organic plant material; this resulting mixture is called pulp, or slurry. It is
strained through screens, which remove any glue or plastic that may still be in the mixture
then cleaned, de-inked, bleached, and mixed with water. Then it can be made into new
paper.[3] The same fibers can be recycled about seven times, but they get shorter every time
and eventually are strained out.[4]
2.3 The Development of the utilization of Recovered waste paper inGermany and in the International Contact
The utilization of used, post consumption material for the production of paper looks back on
a long tradition. In a historical perspective the production of paper was based on rags and
other used textile materials before fiber generated from wood first mechanically then by
thermo chemical processes- became the dominant source for paper production. Since then the
re-use of paper and board as a source for secondary is an old practice with paper industry. To
produce certain grades of paper and board from secondary fiber is economically attractive asit avoids first of all the high energy costs for the production of certain primary fiber types.
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The big consumers play a pre-eminent role in the production of secondary fiber not least
because of the high potential supply of used paper material.
The re-use of fiber is especially advantages in those consumer countries which either have
high energy prices and/or have small supply of primary fiber.
A long term comparison of the relation between the supplies of waste paper and the
production of new paper and board shows that Germany and Japan had a higher ratio than the
US and average of fall countries. This was already true in the 1960`s and in the early 1970`s
when no environmental regulation existed yet so that the use of secondary fiber in waste
paper at that time was predominantly ruled by its cost advantages.
At the beginning of the 1960`s Japan had the high ratio between the supply of domestic
waste paper and the production of paper and board, followed by a period in which both
Germany and Japan were the leading countries. Since the mid 1980`s Germany lone is in the
lead, showing a doubling in the ratio from 30% to 60% over a period of 40 years (1961-2001)
while in Japan the increase amounts to 20% points from 40% to 60%, over the same period.
A comparable increase starting from a lower level can be observed in the US (which did pick
up considerably in the last years), and in the rest of the world.
The increase in the relation between the supply of waste paper and the production of paper
and board can therefore be characterized as a worldwide phenomenon. The countries Japan
and foremost Germany could sustain their leading position in this development, while the US
picked up in recent years without closing the gap completely.
A different indicator which measures the relation between supplies and usage of waste paper
on the other hand are used depending on the special interest question. For an evaluation of the
effectiveness of (national) collection systems it makes sense to define the recovery rate,
which measures the relation between the amount of recovered waste paper and the total
consumption of paper. The utilization rate is defined as the relation between utilization of
waste paper and the production of new paper and board. It indicates to what extent secondary
fiber is used for the paper production in country.
2.4 Electricity generation and treatment of paper recycling wastewater
using a microbial fuel cell
With the continued increased consumption of paper products and other natural fiber
products, the recycling and use of recovered paper is growing worldwide. The average
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0
amount of recycling content in paper production was increased by 22% from 1990 to 1998. In
2005, 78% of paper and paperboard mills in America used some recovered paper, and 149
mills used only recovered paper. By 2012, it is projected that the paper industry will
recover55% of all the paper Americans consume (Lens et al. 2002).The strength of
wastewater in a paper recycling plant generally increases with the percent of recycled
content. Thus, an increase in the relative proportion of recovered paper and an increase in the
amount of paper produced will lead to increased energy demands for wastewater treatment
using conventional treatment processes. In addition, this wastewater contains soluble organics
and particulate matter such as cellulose which are not effectively degraded by traditional
wastewater treatment technologies (Lens et al.2002). Many paper recycling industries
therefore have an interest in reducing water use, finding more effective methods to treat their
wastewater as well as decreasing costs for wastewater treatment. One new promising method
for wastewater treatment is the use of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Bacteria in an MFC grow
under anoxic conditions, which can benefit cellulose fermentation and degradation, with the
added benefits of electricity generation rather than power consumption (Huang et al. 2008;
Logan and Regan 2006). Several types of wastewaters have been successfully treated with
simultaneous electricity generation, including municipal, food processing, brewery, and
animal wastewaters which havebeen found to be biocatalysts for directly power generation
and waste treatment in MFCs (Feng et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2004; Min et al. 2005; Min and
Logan 2004; Oh and Logan 2005).
Cellulose and chitin have been shown to be suitable substrates for electricity generation in
laboratory MFCs under ideal conditions (Niessen et al. 2005; Ren et al. 2007; Rezaei et al.
2007; Rismani-Yazdi et al. 2007), but so far, actual cellulosic wastewaters from pulp or
paper-processing plants have not been previously investigated. Of particular concern is the
efficiency of an MFC to remove cellulose in the presence of other organic matter in the
wastewater and the potential adverse effect of low conductivity of the wastewater. While the
effect of solution conductivity on electricity generation is now well known in laboratory
MFCs, it was recently demonstrated that low conductivity can have a detrimental effect on
power production using a brewery wastewaters (Feng et al. 2008). We therefore wanted to
determine to what extent it might be possible to treat a paper recycling wastewater (PRW)
under more optimal conditions compared to those for the actual (un amended) wastewater.
In this study, we examined electricity generation using an unamended PRW and the samesystem with solution conductivity increased with a phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Power
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output was also examined as a function of wastewater strength, with treatment efficiency
expressed in terms of removal of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), soluble chemical
oxygen demand (SCOD), and cellulose.[16]
2.5 Facilitating Paper Recycling
Ecological imbalance from the accumulation of waste materials has grown slowly and
undesirable consequences remain remote for most people (Pirages, 1973). Even simple
programs for handling environmental problems rarely get widespread support. For example,
voluntary recycling programs have been set up in many communities, but even the most
effective projects reduce solid waste by less than 1% (Hall and Ackoff, 1972). In 1973, 130
million tons of refuse were collected in the United States ("U. S.Finds A Rich Resource: The
Nation's Trash Pile", 1974). Although much of this materialcould have been reused, recycling
requires a "reverse-distribution process", whereby the consumer becomes the first rather than
the last link in the distribution process (Margulies, 1970). The present study was designed to
study applications of behavior technology to initiate a paper recycling process. Since paper
makes up about 50% of environmental litter (Finnie, 1973), paper-recycling programs both
reuse waste paper and reduce litter.
In an earlier application of reinforcement contingencies to promote paper recycling, residents
of university dormitories were given a lottery coupon for delivering at least one sheet of
paper to a collection room during a raffle contingency (Geller, Chaffee, and Ingram, 1975).
For a contest condition, two dormitories were paired and the dormitory residents who
collected the most paper in a week won $15 for their treasury. The amount of paper collected
during the raffle and contest contingencies was equivalent and markedly greater than that
collected during baseline conditions.
Given apparent widespread concern for ecology among college students, prompting alone
might significantly increase paper recycling. Geller et al. (1975) announced each contingency
by means of posters displayed on the bulletin boards of each dorm floor. Thus, results of low
participation in that study may have been due to ineffective prompting; perhaps few residents
attended to bulletin-board announcements and, therefore, most were not aware of the
recycling program. Hence, the low participation was possibly due to a lack of contingency
awareness, rather than a lack of contingency effectiveness.
A more comprehensive prompting procedure was implemented in the present study by
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delivering written announcements of the recycling program to every dormitory room.
In addition to comparing paper-recycling behaviors following prompting with those due to a
procedure combining both prompting and reinforcement techniques, the present research also
compared the behavior effects of two reinforcement methods: an individual contingency that
provided a raffle coupon for each pound of paper delivered and a group contingency that
provided $15 for the treasury of one of two dorms whose residents collected the most paper
in a week. In the raffle condition of the Geller et al. study, a raffle ticket was given for each
paper delivery, regardless of the amount of paper delivered.
This resulted in individuals making numerous, repeated deliveries each day with small
amounts of paper. The raffle contingency of the present study emphasized the quantity of
paper delivered by offering the dorm resident one raffle coupon per pound of paper delivered.
Thus, greater amounts of delivered paper but fewer deliveries were expected in the present
study than were observed in the prior program. The present research examined proximity
effects by recording the room numbers of residents making paper deliveries and comparing
distances to the collection site.
2.6 Wastepaper recovery and reuse- global picture
In 1992, The total world apparent consumption of paper and board was 245.6 million tons,
although pulp production was only 164 million tons, or 67% of the total production[6]. Much
of the other third of the raw material was provided by waste paper; in 1992, the total world
consumption was about 96 million tons. Pulp and waste paper inputs do not add up to total
paper and board production, due to losses during production, from both pulp and waste paper,
although the losses from waste paper are much highe. Table 1.1 illustrate how waste paper
use has increased over the period from 1986 to 1992.
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Table 1.1 Global waste paper use [6]
Year Pulp and paper
production(m tons)
Wastepaper
consumption (mtons)
Apparent utilization
rate (%)
1986 202 63 31
1990 237 85 36
1991 239 91 38
1992 246 96 39
2000 307 138 45
2.7 Minimizing Paper Consumption
The first pillar of the Common Vision advocates for the responsible use of paper products
and the elimination of excessive and wasteful consumption to reduce the many environmental
and social impacts associated with paper production and disposal.
Consumption of paper and paperboard products has experienced significant decline in North
America since 2007. This is attributable primarily to the aftermath of the financial crisis in
the United States at the end of the decade. The poor economy motivated many companies to
perform a close analysis of their paper use and inspired the adoption of innovative and more
efficient systems. These new systems will remain in place into the economic recovery and
likely have a lasting impact on printing and writing paper consumption. In addition, the shift
in the patterns of consumption of news and other media from print to digital formats is also
apparently having an irreversible effect in some paper sectors such as newsprint.
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Total global consumption of paper is still rising, reaching 371 million tonnes in 2009.
However, total paper consumption in North America has declined 24% between 2006 and
2009. Per capita consumption of paper in North America dropped from more than 652
lbs/year in 2005 to 504 lbs/year in 2009.1 North Americans still, however, consume almost
30 times more paper per capita than the average person in Africa and 6 times more than the
average person in Asia. In 2009, total paper consumption in China eclipsed total North
American consumption for the first time.[1]
2.8 Maximizing Recycled Paper Content
According to industry figures, recovery of paper for recycling continues to grow in North
America, diverting it from the high environmental cost of its disposal in landfills. The United
States paper recovery rate rose from 46% in 2000 to a record high 63.4% in 2009.[2] In
Canada the reported paper recovery rate in 2009 was 66%.[3]
Paper is the most commonly recycled product, and yet is still one of the largest single
components of landfills in the United States, comprising over 16% of landfill deposits
equaling 26 million tons annually.[4]This is down from 42 million tons in 2005 which
represented 25% of the waste stream after recycling that year.[5]
Indicator 2
The percentage of total pulp produced in the United States from recycled paper fiber has
stayed nearly flat over the decade, at about 36-37% of total pulp production. According toindependent research for this report, the operating rates and mill capacity to turn recovered
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paper into deinked pulp for printing and writing grade papers were stressed by the economic
downturn. However, these mills report they have recovered more quickly than virgin mills
from the economic crisis; in 2010 they were operating at more than 90% of their capacity and
producing about 1.7 million tons of deinked recycled pulp available for printing and writing
paper (roughly equivalent to capacity and production in 2006). It is estimated that 35% of that
output, or about 370,000 tons, goes to tissue and other sources.[6]
Exports of recovered fiber from the United States to Asia have grown rapidly representing a
nearly three-fold increase since 2002. These exports are primarily destined for China. In
2009, approximately 36% of fiber recovered in the United States was exported to Asia.7
If current trends hold, paper consumption will continue to decline in North America, demand
for recycled paper will grow, and global competition for recovered fiber will intensify.
If paper recovery rates do not increase, these dynamics will result in a stress on the supply of
recovered fiber available in North America.
2.9 Cleaner Production of Paper
According to industry data, fossil fuel greenhouse gas emissions for the manufacture of pulp
and paper in the United States and Canada decreased approximately 33% from 2000 to
2008.12 The paper industry attributes this apparent reduction to a rising proportion of energy
from wood fuel and black liquor. Black liquor is a sludge of chemicals and lignin that is a
byproduct of the pulping process. Emissions from these sources are currently excluded from
measurements of greenhouse gases. However, this practice is extremely controversial and is
currently being reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and others.
The American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) reports that from 2002 to 2008 wood
fuel and black liquor rose from 56% to 63% of the total energy consumed for manufacturing
pulp and paper. 12, 13 The industry claims that all biomass fuel sources are
100%renewable and carbon-neutral.
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Indicator 3
However, a growing volume of recent scientific studies demonstrates that this assumption is
incorrect, and is in fact a dangerous oversimplification. Ignoring the serious air pollution
impacts from the combustion of these fuels hinders comprehensive progress towards
sustainability.
An important environmental indicator for gauging progress in energy efficiency in the
industry is Total Energy Use Per Ton ofProduct. According to aggregated data reported by
AF&PA member companies, there was no improvement on this measure over the last decade.In 2008, producing a ton of paper required on average approximately 24.[5] Million BTUs
per Ton.[14] Not all pulp and paper mills are equal, however. Manufacturing recycled paper
uses significantly less total energy per ton. Virgin fiber mills which use enhanced bleaching
technologies that are totally chlorine free (TCF) or that substitute ozone or hydrogen peroxide
for chlorine or chlorine dioxide as a brightening agent in the initial stages of the bleaching
process (EECF), use comparatively less energy as well.
There has been essentially no improvement in average paper industry water pollution
between 2000 and 2008. Indicator 21 shows that for three critical indicators of water
pollutiontotal suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and wastewater
discharge per ton of product producedthe discharge levels were virtually unchanged in this
time period.[12]
Air emissions in the form of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide have been reduced
significantly since the mid 1970s. During the scope of this reports monitoring, AF&PA
member companies report that since 2000, average sulfur dioxide emissions per ton of
product have continued to decline but at a much slower pace.
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Average emissions of nitrogen dioxide per ton of product have also been reduced slightly
over this period.12
Despite some significant challenges, there are encouraging signs of transformation and
opportunities for further progress in the paper industry in the immediate future, including:
Many more environmentally responsible printing and writing papers are available than there
were even a few years ago;
A significant and growing number of large end users are committed to responsible paper
procurement;
Marketplace driven campaign efforts have led to government action to secure legal
protections for millions of acres in Canadas Great Bear Rainforest, Inland Temperate
Rainforest and Canadas Northern Boreal Forest;
Several major, unprecedented agreements have recently been reached between NGOs and
the paper industry for working together on increased protection for forests in North America;
Rapid growth in the market demand for Forest Stewardship Council certified products
continues and millions of additional acres have been certified under this standard;
There is increasing innovation and investment in agricultural residue papers; and,
There is strong demand for recycled content paper and continuing growth in waste paper
recovery.
However, further progress is essential, including:
Reducing paper consumption in North America by ending wasteful practices and
inefficiency;
Increasing the utilization of recycled fiber in printing and writing papers, where the greatest
demand on the environment occurs;
Halting the conversion and loss of natural forests to monoculture plantations;
Preventing illegal and controversial fiber from controversial sources outside North America
from entering the supply chain;
Accurately measuring and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from using forests for
bio-energy;
Accurately measuring and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from loss of above
ground and soil based carbon stocks entailed in harvesting natural forests and converting
natural forests to plantations;
Eliminating all discharges of dioxin from the paper industry to the environment.
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CHAPTER 3
Reducing Paper Consumption
The first pillar of the Common Vision advocates for the responsible use of paper products
and the elimination of excessive and wasteful paper consumption to reduce the many
environmental impacts associated with paper production and disposal. The information
presented in this section of the report provides some insight into paper consumption trends
within North America in comparison to other regions of the world.
From 2006 to 2009, total North American consumption of paper and paperboard declined by
24%. In 2009, total paper consumption in China eclipsed total North American consumption
for the first time.[17]
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In 2009 the average North American consumed almost 5 times as much paper as the world
average, 30 times as much paper as a person living in Africa, and almost 6 times as much as a
person living in Asia. [17,19,20,21] Annual Paper Consumption Per Capita And in 2009, the
United States and Canada together comprised about 5% of the global population and
consumed 17% of the worlds paper.[ 17,19,20,21]
In 2009 newsprint consumption in the United States and Canada was approximately half the
amount that was consumed in 2004, yet newsprint remains one of the largest paper grades by
volume in North America.
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In 2009, containerboard comprised the largest share of all paper grades consumed in North
America, followed by uncoated free sheet, followed by tissue.[21]
In the printing and writing sector, commercial printing applications consumed the most paper
by volume, followed by office copy/ reprographic paper and paper for mailers and
inserts.[21]
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CHAPTER 4
Maximizing Recycled Paper Content
The second pillar of the Common Vision is to maximize recycled content in pulp and paper
products. The information presented in this section of the report reveals that despite a
challenging economic environment, recycled paper production has performed strongly and
demand is projected to increase for recycled content.
According to industry figures, recovery of paper continues to grow in North America, helping
to reduce the high environmental costs of disposing of paper in landfills. The U.S. paper
recovery rate rose from 46% in 2000 to a record high 63.4% in 2009.7 In Canada, thereported paper recovery rate in 2009 was 66%.[24] In 2009, Europe recovered 72.2% of its
paper.[30]
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Paper is the most commonly recycled product, and yet is still one of the largest single
components of landfills in the US, comprising over 16% of landfill deposits equaling 26
million tons in 2009.[25] This is down from 42 million tons in 2005 which represented 25%
of the waste stream after recycling in that year.
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The percentage of total pulp produced in the United States from recycled paper fiber has
stayed nearly flat over the decade, at about 36-37% of total pulp production.
Indicator 8
Percent of Pulp Produced from Recovered Fiber United States
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In 2010, Conservatries completed an update to its periodic review of deinked pulp capacity in
North America by surveying suppliers to determine the volume of available deinked pulp to
producers of printing and writing paper grades. Their findings are summarized below.
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Indicator 9
North American Recovered Fiber Deinking Capacity Suitable for Printing and Writing Papers
Deinked pulp for production of recycled content printing and writing papers is currentlyrunning at nearly full capacity in North America at approximately the same level that was
established in 2006. While the overall paper market has suffered during the recent economic
downturn, there has been consistent demand for deinked pulp. Overall North American
production of fine paper has dropped however there is a continued steady production of
deinked pulp in North America. Consequently, there is a rising trend in the percentage of
recycled pulp incorporated in printing and writing paper production.[23] 2010 production of
deinked pulp suitable for fine paper production in North America was about 1.7 million short
tons per year with most deinked pulp mills reported to be running at better than 90%
capacity. This is the same level of output as reported in a capacity survey in 2006.11 It is
estimated that 35% of that output, or about 370,000 tons, goes to tissue and other sources.
However, as with the all sectors of the North American pulp and paper industry, with the
exception of the tissue sector, no new construction of deinking capacity is expected. Although the market for deinked pulp continues to be robust, without new investment in
deinking infrastructure it appears the capacity to produce deinked pulp for fine paper in North
America is near its limit.
Exports of recovered fiber from the United States to Asia, primarily destined for China, have
grown nearly three-fold since 2002. In 2009, approximately 36% of fiber recovered in the
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United States was exported to Asia.[28]
Indicator 10
Destination of Paper Recovered in the United States
[Fact]
Using 100% recycled copy paper in lieu of copy paper made from virgin tree fiber, onaverage, reduces net energy consumption by 31.3%, reduces net greenhouse gas emissions by
43.6%, reduces wastewater by 53.3%, reduces solid waste by 39.1% and reduces wood use
by 100%.[29]
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CHAPTER 5
Responsible Virgin Fiber Sourcing
The third pillar of the Common Vision is the responsible sourcing of all virgin fiber. The
paper industry supply chain has impacts on forests in every corner of the world, including
some of the most threatened and endangered. In North America, the paper industry has
maintained a major presence and influence on the health of forests; the U.S. South produces
more paper than any other region in the world. However, significant change has occurred in
the industry in the patterns of ownership of large tracts of forests in the United States.
Vertically integrated paper companies have shed their vast forest landholdings, primarily to
large timber investment management organizations.
5.1 Marketplace-driven achievements towards conservation of Endangered
Forests
Transformation in the marketplace has been a driving force behind meaningful progress
towards forest conservation goals in North America. In British Columbias Great Bear
Rainforest, 5 million acres have been protected and transition to FSC certification in the
region has begun. Several new collaboration agreements between the forest and paper
industry and environmentalNGOs, including the worlds largest conservation initiative the
Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement, are laying the foundation for unprecedented conservation
achievements across North America.
Even with the progress that has been achieved, today the conversion of diverse, natural
forests to plantations, the logging of old-growth temperate rainforests and the harvesting of
intact carbon rich Boreal Forest remain immediate threats to forests and their biodiversity and
carbon-storage capacity.
There are high-stakes for North Americas forests and the paperindustry in the coming years.
These historic agreements must be implemented successfully to achieve their full potential.
Meanwhile, ongoing challenges remain from major companies that continue to practice
business-as-usual and have not matched leadership commitments.
This report focuses primarily on the forests and the paper product marketplace of the United
States and Canada, referred to in the report collectively as North America. However,
industrial-scale paper production in the 21st century is multinational, and the supply chain is
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interconnected around the globe. Areas such as Indonesia, South America, southern Africa,
and the Russian Far East are experiencing adverse social and environmental impacts from
paper industry fiber sourcing expansion, and fiber sourcing in these areas directly influences
the stability of the earths climate. In China, production and consumption are expanding,
leading to sourcing of controversial fiber from controversial sources from the aforementioned
regions. In addition, pulp and paper from these controversial sources is still coming directly
into North American markets as well as being imported from China and other third party
producers. This demand is helping drive deforestation and biodiversity loss, social conflict
and climate pollution as well as undermining efforts to establish parallel environmental and
social standards and a level playing field that enables industry improvement and reform.
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5.2 Marketplace Leadership by Large Paper Purchasers
According to a January 2011 survey of members of the Environmental Paper Network there
were at least 645 large paper purchasers, including 24 Fortune 500 companies based in North
America, with paper procurement policies or other environmental paper commitments that
include one or more of the following important elements: protecting High Conservation
Value Forests or Endangered Forests, maximizing high percentage postconsumer recycled
content, giving preference to FSC-certified wood fiber, incorporating agricultural residues, or
eliminating controversial sources or fiber from natural forest conversion in their supply chain.
Many other large end users are also moving to more responsible paper, taking recognized
steps without formal policies. For example, EPN member organization the Natural Resources
Defense Council reports that it has been successful in helping to increase procurement of
post-consumer recycled content paper products for organizations and events such as the
Academy Awards, the GRAMMY Awards, the U.S Open (United States Tennis Association),
Major League Baseball and its All-Star game, the National Basketball Association, and
numerous franchises within each sport.
In addition, leadership companies have begun to support specific on the ground conservation
efforts in collaboration with environmental NGOs and their wood fiber suppliers that leads
directly to improved sourcing in their supply chains. For example, Staples is a co-founder of
a conservation project called Carbon Canopy along with EPN member organizations
Dogwood Alliance and Green Press Initiative. The project is working with landowners and
forest products companies to develop high quality forest carbon offsets based on conservation
and improved forest management with FSC certification in the heart of their fiber basket in
the Southern Appalachian region of the United States. Likewise, Office Depot is working
with NGOs to improve forest management and increase FSC certification of private
landowners supplying a mill in Tennessee which produces Office Depots high-volume FSC-
certified office paper.
Companies working with EPN member organization Canopy have helped drive an increase of
53.7 million acres (21.7 million hectares) in Canadian FSC tenures, a 127% increase, from
2007 to 2011. Notably, Transcontinental, North Americas 4th largest printer and the largest
printer in Canada used their purchasing power to encourage 21 forest companies to sign on to
the Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement.
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There has been rapid growth in the area of land certified by the Forest Stewardship Council
(FSC). The number of acres certified by FSC in North America has grown by 66 million
(26.7 million hectares) between January 2007 and January 2011. This represents a doubling
of forests certified as well-managed by
FSC for a total of 131 million acres (53 million hectares) certified in North America.
Globally, FSC has certified almost 328 million acres (132.7 million hectares) as of
January 1, 2011. [32]
Indicator 12
Total Area under FSC Certification
The number of paper-related FSC Chain of Custody certificates has grown rapidly as well,
reaching 3,369 certificates in January, 2011.16 An FSC Chain of Custody certificate is an
important indicator of marketplace trends and a critical first step for mills to be able to sell
FSC-certified products.[40]
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As of early 2011, there were more than 770 FSC-certified papers available in North America.
[34] For a complete list see: http://www.fsccanada.org/docs/fscpaperlist.pdf.
Indicator 13
Total FSC Paper Related Chain of Custody Certificates in the United States caution
[Caution]
Purchasers can become confused that this chain of custody certificate means they will be
assured to receive FSC certified products. A chain-of-custody certificate only means a facility
has a third-party verified ability to track the origin of all fiber in any FSC certified products.
By itself, it does not mean that all fiber in all products, or any fiber in any particular products,
is certified FSC fiber. Purchasers must ask their vendor for FSC-certified paper and ask that
products bear the FSC label in order to ensure the products are FSC-certified.
The EPN/Canopy Eco-Paper Database shows that as of January 2011 there were 121 papers
available in North America rated Environmentally Superior by the Paper Steps, a rating
system that designates leading environmental papers across multiple features.
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This represents approximately twice the number of similar products in 2007.[33]
Indicator 14
Printing & Writing and Newsprint Papers Available in North America and Designated
Superiorby the EPNs hierarchy of environmental papers, The Paper Steps, or equivalent.
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[Note]: [To be designated Superior, 100% of a papers fiber must have environmental
attributes, which include pre-consumer recycled content post consumer recycled content,
FSC-certified pure virgin fiber free of controversy, and/or agricultural residues.
A minimum of 50% of that fiber must be postconsumer recycled content, and the paper must
be bleached Processed Chlorine Free or Totally Chlorine Free.]
The choice and quality in agricultural residue papers available in North America is trending
upward as well. Agricultural residues are non-wood fibers derived from waste left over after
harvest from an existing agricultural land use. When a crop is purposely grown for the
material otherwise defined as residue (e.g., if hemp is grown for the fiber), it is considered
an intentional or on-purpose crop and does not qualify as an agricultural residue.
Agricultural residues include: cereal straws like wheat straw, rice straw, seed flax straw, corn
stalks, sorghum stalks, sugar cane bagasse, and rye seed grass straw.
Indicator 15
Agricultural Residue Papers Available in North America*
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Since 2007, imports of illegally harvested wood products to the United States, including
paper, are estimated by Chatham House to have decreased by 24%.[35] This reversal of a
trend towards increasing imports or illegally harvested wood products is in part due to the
United States Lacey Act which was amended in 2008 and prohibits the importation of
illegally harvested forest products. While the trend is encouraging, the challenge globally to
curtail illegal logging and its devastating consequences for forests, communities and wildlife
remains enormous. In many regions with poor governance and weak rule of law, declarations
of legality and certifications are difficult to verify and subject to deep uncertainty.
Additionally, in many regions even pulp and papers that may be considered legal are highly
controversial and driving adverse environmental and social impacts. They constitute a
significant reputational risk for investors, manufacturers and customers. [41]
Indicator 16
Estimated Illegally Harvested Timber Entering the United States
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Genetically engineered trees are a fast growing threat to native forests and biodiversity. The
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has approved test plots at 28 secret sites
across seven southern U.S states for 260,000 eucalyptus trees that have been genetically
engineered to be more tolerant of cold temperatures in order to survive the local winters.[36]
this experiment is currently delayed by legal challenges from conservation organizations.
Indicator 17
Number of North American field trials allowing flowering of genetically engineered trees for
forest products or bio energy
260,000 cold tolerant
Eucalyptus trees at
28secret sites across sevensouthern U.S. states have beenapproved by USDA but facelegal challenges.
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CHAPTER 6
Cleaner Production
The fourth pillar of the Common Vision is cleaner production in the paper industry. Pulp and
paper manufacturing is chemically intensive and the paper industry is one of the largest
industrial consumers of energy and freshwater in North America.
According to industry data,
Fossil fuel greenhouse gas emissions for the manufacture of pulp and paper in the United
States and Canada decreased approximately 33% from 2000 to 2008.The paper industry attributes this apparent reduction to a rising proportion of energy from
wood fuel and black liquor, a sludge of chemicals and lignin that is a byproduct of the
pulping process. Emissions from the combustion of wood fuel and black liquor are excluded
in these figures.
This is not because there are no emissions, but rather because the industry calculates these
emissions as carbon neutral. This assumption is misleading and inaccurate. However because
a scientifically accurate methodology for accounting for these emissions has yet to be agreed,
the industry has been able to maintain its assertions.[36]
Indicator 18
North American Pulp and Paper Industry Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Use of Fossil
Fuels
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The American Forest & Paper Association reports that from 2002 to 2008, wood fuel and
black liquor rose from 56% to 63% of the total energy consumed for manufacturing pulp and
paper.
The industry claims that all biomass fuel sources are 100% renewable and carbon-
neutral. [41]
Indicator 19
U.S. Pulp and Paper Mill Energy Sources
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However, a growing volume of recent scientific studies demonstrates that this assumption is
incorrect, and is in fact a dangerous oversimplification. Ignoring the serious air pollution
impacts from the combustion of these fuels hinders comprehensive progress towards
sustainability by stakeholders. A landmark study published in the journal Science warns that
failing to correct this false assumption in national carbon accounting systems would likely
lead to massive deforestation and accelerated climate change.[37] This accounting error is
similarly replicated in the industries failure to include loss of carbon stocks from soil and
above ground carbon resulting from timber harvesting in their emissions calculations.
Until this accounting error is rectified, a good environmental indicator for gauging progress
in energy efficiency in the industry is Total Energy Use Per Ton of Product.
According to aggregated data reported by AF&PA member companies, there was no
improvement on this measure over the last decade. In 2008, producing a ton of paper required
on average approximately 24.5 million BTUs per Ton.[41] The data shown combines virgin
tree fiber and recycled production data, and does not reflect that recycled paper production
utilizes significantly less total energy than virgin fiber production per ton of product. [29]
The paper industry is the third largest industrial consumer of energy in the United States
according to the U.S. Department of Energy.
Indicator 21
United States Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater, BOD, and TSS Discharges
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6.1 Emissions
Emissions of sulfur dioxide & nitrogen oxide to the air have been reduced significantly since
the mid 1970s. Aggregated data reported by AF&PA member companies shows that since
2000, sulfur dioxide emissions per ton of product have continued to decline but more slowly.
Between 2006 and 2008, these releases decreased by 14.6%. [39] Emissions of nitrogen oxide
per ton of product have also been reduced slightly over this period. [36]
In the course of writing this section, it became clear that it is very difficult to assess pollution
trends in the paper industry. AF&PA combines data in ways that make it difficult to interpret,
such as combining pollution discharge statistics from mechanical pulp mills, Kraft pulp mills,
and deinking mills. These types of facilities produce very different quantities of waste per ton
of product, so combining statistics for them makes it difficult to determine what
improvements have or have not occurred. When asked to provide data on individual mills or
by mill type, or how many mills had adopted new clean production technology, such as
oxygen delignification, AF&PA refuses. Greater transparency from the industry in North
America is critical to advancing cleaner production technologies and reducing climate, air
and water pollution.
Indicator 22
Pulp and Paper Mill Air Emissions
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6.2 Influence of recycling and temperature on the swelling ability of paper
The effect of recycling on the pulp properties depends on the unit operations in each cycle.
Recycled fibers have inferior papermaking properties in relation to the corresponding virgin
fibers. With increasing number of cycles, the fibers are damaged and change their properties.
One of the declared changes in chemical pulps after recycling is the loss in fiber swelling
(Jayme, 1944; Seth, 2001). Swelling is one of the mechanisms occurring during waterfiber
interaction.
Swelling mechanism for the delignified cell wall is based on the idea of cellulose lamellae
displacement (Stone & Scallan, 1968). It has been found that most of the inaccessible water
(gel water) is located in pores of the diameter between ten and a few hundred. Whenimmersed in water, fibers become wet and subsequently water penetrates into the inter fiber
space, lumens, cell wall capillaries, and the free spaces of amorphous regions of cell walls.
Simultaneously, hydrogen bonds between cellulose surfaces are broken (Blaej & Krkoka,
1989). This allows an increase in the inter-molecular distance of the cellulose chains causing
swelling. Fibers do not swell in their width but swelling causes an increase in the fiber wall
thickness in the direction towards the fiber lumen (Lindstrom, 1980). The term
hornification is a technical term used in wood pulp and paper research literature. It is usedto describe all physical and chemical changes that reduce swelling and thus the ability of
fibers to hold water and also the strength of papers made from these fibers (upon drying or
water removal). Hornification has been recognized with fiber shrinkage and formation of
internal hydrogen bonds. A significant portion of these effects is irreversible (Smook, 2001).
Temperature plays an important role in hornification. A change from elastic to plastic
deformation in the cellulose pore structure is encouraged by higher temperatures (Stone &
Scallan, 1965). The rate and temperature of drying can influence the overall extent of
hornification (Iyer et al., 1991; Young, 1986). Characteristic temperatures involving
hornification range from 80C to 120C (Matsuda et al., 1994); however, it was observed also
at lower temperatures. The intensity of drying influences the extent of the water retention
value (WRV) loss (DeRuvo & Htun, 1983;Bawden & Kibblewhite, 1995). It was
demonstrated that rapid drying results in a higher degree of hornification than slow drying in
moderate environment (Iyer et al., 1991; Stone & Scallan, 1965).
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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS
The primary objective of this study has been to investigate the impacts of increased paper
recycling on the U.S. pulp and paper sector. For this purpose, a dynamic linear programming
model of the North American pulp and paper sector, NAPAP, was developed and used in
forecasting the developments of the U.S. pulp and paper sector under alternative policy
scenarios. The results from 1986 to 2012 indicated that
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(1) The minimum recycled content standards that is under consideration by EPA would have
limited impacts on the U.S. pulp and paper sector; (2) a waste reduction policy leading to a
reduction of the U.S. domestic paper and board consumption by 1% per year would have
moderate impacts on the sector, although it would stabilize its consumption of pulpwood and
reduce the tonnage of wastepaper disposed to landfills; and (3) the U.S. paper industry's goal
of reusing and recycling 50% of all paper consumed by the year 2000 would likely be
achieved even without government regulations.
The results also suggest that it is critical to assess carefully the international trade equations
employed in the model. The U.S. paper industry faces a worldwide, very competitive market.
To represent the rest of the world in the same detail as North America is impractical and
perhaps not necessary, but better econometric estimates of Pacific and Atlantic import
demand and export supply should be sought. Still, the structure of the NAPAP model is
already well suited to predict the impacts of international trade agreements, including the
North American Free Trade Agreement and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
The results of the NAPAP model depend on the assumptions made regarding to GNP growth
in the United States, Canada, and rest of the world, and the technical coefficients and costs of
various manufacturing processes. GNP is the basic economic parameter used to forecast
paper and board demand. Greater growth in GNP in Asian and Pacific countries will likely
result in greater U.S. exports, which, in turn, will result in more production and stimulate
capacity expansion in the U.S. In addition, higher manufacturing costs or lower output-input
ratio for an old process relative to those of new processes would cause more capacity addition
in new processes and faster depreciation of old processes. Therefore, the forecasts in this
study must be viewed just as an example of possible market developments under different
recycling policies.
The usefulness of the NAPAP model lies in part in its capability to simulate in some detail
technological developments in the pulp and paper industry, and to provide forecasts for a
wide range of assumptions. In this paper, the model was used to study the impacts of paper
recycling, but, it can also be used to investigate other important environmental issues in the
pulp and paper sector, such as process-specific water effluents and air emissions.
The Environmental Paper Networks 2011 State of the Industry Report has highlighted
noteworthy progress that has been achieved and the significant remaining challenges in the
mission to advance more sustainable and ethical patterns of production and consumption inthe North American pulp and paper industry.
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The organizations of the Environmental Paper Network are continuing to work in a
coordinated manner to advance the goals of the Common Vision, drive leadership in the
marketplace and seek further progress in these indicators of transformation. Their hard-
earned individual achievements have led collectively to a remarkable wave of change for one
of the worlds largest industries.
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CHAPTER 8
References
[1]. Thomas, C. (1997) the Paper Chain, Earth Resources Research Ltd, London.
[2]. Clinton, W. (1993) Executive Order on Federal Acquisition, Recycling and Waste
Prevention, Federal Registrar, 20th October 1993.
[3]. Anon (1990) Verordnung uber die Verordnung der Bundesregierung. Bundesrat,
Drucksache 817/90 vom 14.11.1990, verlag Hans Heger, Bonn.
[4]. Japanese Resources Recovery and Recycling Act, 1992.
[5]. Anon (1992) Recovered Paper Statistical Highlights, 1992. American Forest and PaperAssociation, Washinngton.
[6]. Anon (1993) Pulp and Paper international-Annual Review, July 1993.
[7] J.T. Alig, 1993 Overview of the States: State legislators focus on market development,
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[8] American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA), News Release, American Forest &
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[9] American Paper Institute, News Release, American Paper Institute, New York, Feb. 13,1990.
[10] American Paper Institute, Paper, Paperboard & Wood Pulp Capacity, American Paper
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[11] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, The solid waste dilemma: An agenda for action,
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[12] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Characterization of municipal solid waste in the
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[14] http://earth911.com/recycling/paper/why-is-it-important-to-recycle-paper/.
[15] http://www.paperrecycles.org/paper_environment/index.html.
[16] Liping Huang & Bruce E. Logan Published online: 10 June 2008
[Indicator 11] Marketplace-driven achievements towards conservation of Endangered
Forests [Indicator 1] - Global Consumption by Region 2000-2009
[17] www.wikipedia.org/paperrecycling/
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[18]. RISI. Annual Historical Data - World Pulp. 2010.
[Indicator 2] - 2009 Per Capita Paper and Paperboard Consumption
RISI. Annual Historical Data - World Pulp. (2010)
[19]. United Nations. United Nations Population Information Network. Retrieved
December 2010. http://www.un.org/popin/
[20]. U.S. Census Bureau. State and Country Quickfacts. Retrieved December 2010
http://quickfacts.census.gov/
[21]. Statistics Canada. Canada Yearbook Historical Collection. Retrieved
December 2010. http://www65.statcan.gc.ca/acyb_r000-eng.htm
[Indicator 3] - North American Paper Consumption By Grade 2000-2009
[22]. RISI. Annual Historical Data - North American Graphic Paper. 2010.
[Indicator 4]North American Paper Consumption By Grade, 2009
RISI. Annual Historical Data - North American Graphic Paper. 2010.
[Indicator 5]United States Printing and Writing Paper Consumption, by End Use (2009)
[23]. American Forest & Paper Association. 2009 Statistics. June 2010.
[Indicator 6] - Canadian and U.S. Paper Recovery Rates
[24]. American Forest & Paper Association. 2010. http://www.paperrecycles.org
[25]. Paper Recycling Association. Overview of the Recycling Industry. Retrieved
December 2010. http://www.pppc.org/en/2_0/2_4.html The State of the Paper Industry: 2011
[Indicator 7]Paper Recovery and the Landfill
[26]. Environmental Protection Agency. Municipal Solid Waste in the United States Facts
and Figures 2009. http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/ pubs/msw2009rpt.pdf
[27]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Municipal solid waste in the United
States: 2005 facts and figures. 2005. http://www.epa.gov/msw/msw99.htm
[Indicator 8] Percent of Pulp Produced from Recovered Fiber - United States American
Forest & Paper Association. 2009 Statistics. June 2010. [Indicator 9] North American High
Grade Recovered Fiber Deinking Capacity Suitable for Fine Papers
[28]. Conservatree. Deinking Capacity Study, 2001, 2006, 2010.
[29]. RISI. Annual Historical Data - World Recovered Paper. 2010. RISI. Annual Historical
Data - World Recovered Paper. 2010. [Indicator 10] Destination of Paper Recovered in the
United States RISI. Annual Historical Data - World Recovered Paper. 2010.
[30]. Environmental Defense Fund et al. PaperCalculator.org. Accessed October 30, 2012.[31]. Confederation of European Paper Industries. Key Statistics 2009 European Pulp and
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PaperIndustry.Rep.2009.(http://www.cepi.org/docshare/docs/2/EBAKDHEBDIAKDBBGDL
CKAPFHPDBG4CHB4AV9V66OQL6C/CEPI/docs/DLS/2009_Key_Statistics_FINAL2010
0624-00015-01-E.pdf)
[31]. Environmental Paper Network. Survey of EPN Members. Completed
January 2011. [Indicator 12] - Total Area under FSC Certification
[32]. Forest Stewardship Council - United States. 2010.
[Indicator 13] - Total FSC CoC Certificates in the U.S. Forest Stewardship Council - United
States. 2010. [Indicator 14] - Number of Environmentally Superior Papers Available in
North America
[33]. Canopy. 2010. http://www.canopyplanet.org/EPD/index.php
[34]. Forest Stewardship CouncilCanada. Accessed January23, 2011.
http://www.fscus.org/images/documents/FSC%20certified%20papers.pdf
[Indicator 15] - Number of Agricultural Residue Papers Available in North
America [excluding cotton] Canopy. 2010. http://www.canopyplanet.org/EPD/index.php
[Indicator 16] - U.S. Imports of Illegal Wood Products
[35]. Chatham House, Illegal Logging and Related Trade: Indicators of the Global Response.
July 2010. http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/ publications/x/view/-/id/911/
[Indicator 17] - Use of Genetically Engineered Trees in North America
[36]. Center for Biological Diversity. Press Release: Lawsuit Filed to Halt
Release of Genetically Engineered Eucalyptus Trees across the American South. July 1, 2010
http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2010/ eucalyptus-07-01-2010.html
[37]. Searchinger, Timother D. et al. Fixing a Critical Climate Accounting Error.
Science 23 October 2009: 326 (5952), 527-528. [DOI:10.1126/science.1178797]
[Indicator 18] - Pulp and Paper Industry Fossil Fuel GHG Emissions North
America
[38]. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Annex I Greenhouse Gas
Inventories. 2010.http://unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_inventories/items/2715.php
[39]. American Forest & Paper Association. 2010 AF&PA Sustainability Report.
http://www.afandpa.org/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=1402
[Exact figures were requested but not made available, charts in this report are reproduced
based on charts in AF&PA report and presentations] [Indicator 19] - U.S. Pulp and Paper
Mill Energy Sources, 2002, 2008 American Forest & Paper Association. 2010 AF&PAsustainabilityReport.
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9
http://www.afandpa.org/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=1402
[40]. American Forest & Paper Association. 2002 Statistics, Estimated Fuel and Energy
Used, year 2000r, page 55 via http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/
forest/pdfs/doe_bandwidth.pdf [Indicator 20] - Total Energy Use Per Ton of Product
[41]. American Forest & Paper Association. Presentation. Washington, D.C. December 8,
2010. [Indicator 21] - United States Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater Discharge and BOD
Intensity American Forest & Paper Association.2010 AF&PA Sustainability Report.
http://www.afandpa.org/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=1402
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