kippelen@gatech.edu; 404 385-5163

Advancing Consumer Packaging Through Printable Electronics

IPST Executive Conference, Atlanta, GA March 9-10, 2011

Bernard Kippelen

Professor, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Director, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics

Georgia Institute of Technology

1

EFRC

Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics

2

Established in 2003 at the Georgia Institute of Technology

Interdisciplinary approach to research and training

25 faculty from six different schools

Shared facilities in computing, synthesis, material characterization and device fabrication

Industrial resource Center for technological innovation

http://www.cope.gatech.edu

The Future of Consumer Packaging

3

A convergence of emerging technologies: digital printing, flexible and printed electronics, and smart packaging.

Modernize the supply chain by retaining and monitoring product quality by active sensing and monitoring of physical properties.

-Time, temperature, light, humidity, UV, oxygen, pathogens, bacteria…

Interactive features can revolutionize the consumer/packaging interface which has remained unchanged for decades .

Crime prevention and security: Brand protection Counterfeiting Fight terrorism through explosive detectors

Modernizing and securing the supply chain

Communications Optoelectronics Displays

Energy conversion

Organic circuits/ Sensors

Solid-state lighting

Smart Organic Materials

A Paradigm Shift: Printed Electronics

5

Mobile/Wireless

Light weight

Wearable

Puncture resistant

Energy efficient

Flexible intelligence everywhere

Konarka

PolyIC

Source: IDTechEx

$55 B by 2020

Printed Electronics: Market Forecast

Organics vs. InorganicsLattice driven properties

Highly delocalizedelectronic excitations

Periodic lattice leads to well defined band structures

Molecular properties

Highly localized electronic excitations

Morphology and structure difficult to define, disordered structures

Tolerant to defects

7

Requires nearly perfect crystalline structure

Technology Areas

8

• Flexible photovoltaics• Flexible batteriesEnergy supply

• AMOLED• E-readers, electrochromicDisplays

• Environmental monitoring• Physiological sensingSensing

• IR, visible UV imaging devices• SurveillanceImaging

• Flexible antennas• RFID/memoryCommunication

• Real time location of assets• Monitoring and inspection of assetsLogistics

Heterogeneous integration on plastic , low cost

Material synthesis and modeling

Processing and patterning

Device physics and engineering

A System Approach

Progress in Organic Semiconductors

Dimitrakopoulos, Adv. Mater. 14, 99, (2002).

Complementary designs with n-channel and p-channel transistors with comparable performance

10

Progress in Organic Photovoltaics41.6 %

Solarmer

C.W. Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett, 48, 183 (1986) 1% Konarka: 8.3% (polymer) Dec. 2010

HeliaTek: 8.3% (small molecules) Oct. 201011

Printed and Flexible Electronics at Georgia Tech

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Developed photo-patternable polymers that can be processed like a photoresist; provides easy patterning for color displays and high thermal stability.

RGB active high luminance at low voltage, processing at low temperature on flexible substrates

Chem. Mater. 15, 1491 (2003)

Flexible Display Technology

Low-temperature processing of organic semiconductors, metals and dielectrics on flexible substrates: low cost and performance superior to a:Si.

Macroelectronics

RF identification tags

Electronic paper

Active matrix drivers

Printed electronics

OFETs with bi-layer dielectricsACHIEVEMENTS: A new device architecture has been developed for organic field-effect transistors that allows for unprecedented operational and environmental stability. The device uses a new bi-layer geometry for the gate dielectric layer that allows for different degradation mechanisms to be compensated. Solution-processed OFETs with field effect mobility values of 0.5 cm2/Vs and stability over a year were demonstrated.

Impact: This breakthrough in demonstrating air stable OFETs with high performance, and high operational and environmental stability brings organic printed electronics one step closer to commercialization.

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TIPS-pentacene + PTAAAu Au

CYTOP (40 nm)Al2O3 (50 nm)

Al

GlassPVP

0 20 100 200 3000.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

Exposure time in air (Days)

V Th (V

)

µ (c

m2 /V

s)

D.K. Hwang et al., Advanced Materials, published online Jan. (2011).

Environmental and operational stability

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0 20 10012014016018020010-3

10-2

10-1

100

Al2O3 CYTOP CYTOP /Al2O3

Time (Days)

µ (cm

2 /Vs)

-8-6-4-20

10-11

10-10

10-9

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

-8-6-4-2010-1110-1010-910-810-710-610-5

Plot every 100th interval

VGS (V)I DS

(A)

Plot every 2000th interval

W/L = 2550 µm/180 µmVDS = - 8 V

20,000 cyclesEnvironmental stability Operational stability

At 31 days: O2 plasma treatment for 5 min

Do Kyung Hwang

Jungbae Kim

Canek Fuentes

Hernandez

Technology Parameters

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Performance

• Charge mobility• Circuit operating frequency

Resolution

• TFT channel length• Registration

Encapsulation

• Barrier properties• Bending radius

Process parameters

• Printing parameters• Integration

Manufacturing

• Yield• Cost

10 – 100 x improvements

possible

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Technology Drivers

Organic transistors with comparable n-channel and p-channel mobility: today 1 cm2/Vs, possible 10 cm2/Vs

Amorphous metal oxide n-channel transistors: today 10 cm2/Vs, possible 300 cm2/Vs (transparent)

Dielectrics with high capacitance and energy density: today 10 J/cm3, possible 500 J/cm3.

Printing resolution: today 100 µm, possible < 1 µm.

Potential for disruptive breakthroughs

Organic PV Research at COPE

• Synthesis of new molecules and polymers with tailored optical and electrical properties

• Quantum chemical modeling of material properties and interfaces

• Optical and electrical characterization of thin films and discrete PV devices

• Physical models based on engineering level descriptors

• Monolithic integration of cells into modules

• New flexible transparent electrodes (beyond ITO)

• Flexible packaging technology with barrier coatings

Materials Processing PV cell Packaging PV module

Semitransparent Solar Cells: Metal-free and ITO-free OPVs

P3HT:PCBM

GlassPH1000

ZnO

PH1000CPP-PEDOT

Zhou Y. et.al. Applied Physics Letters 97(15), 153304 Oct. (2010)

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8-10

-5

0

5

10

15

Curre

nt D

ensit

y (m

A/cm

2 )

Voltage (V)

Dark Light

PCEAM1.5G = 1.8 %Voc = 0.55 VJscAM1.5G = 7.2 mA/cm2

FF = 0.45

20Jaewon Shim

Seungkeun Choi

Yinhua Zhou

Hyeunseok Cheun

Summary

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Printed electronics is emerging and competes with well established electronic material platform like a:Si.

Potential of 10 to 100 x improvements in technology parameters can generate real disruptive technologies.

Printable, light weight, rugged, flexible, and integrated electronic platforms can revolutionize the consumer/packaging interface.

Printed Electronics, a strategic technology for the packaging industry.

Integrated team and infrastructure in place at Georgia Tech to engage into scaled up R&D effort in Printed Electronics.

COPE Faculty

Thank you for your attention

Glossary

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AMOLED: Active matrix organic light-emitting diodesN-channel transistor: a transistor that conducts electrons P-channel transistor: a transistor that conducts holes a:Si: amorphous siliconOFET: organic field-effect transistorTFT: thin-film transistorITO: indium tin oxideOPV: Organic photovoltaics

Supporting information

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0 5 10 15 20 25 300

5

10

15

20

25

VGS=VDS

N-type

VGS= 0, 30 V, 2.5 V

I DS (µ

A)

VDS (V)

N-type

-30-25-20-15-10-50

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

VGS=VDS

VGS = 0, -30 V, 2.5V

VDS (V)

I DS (µ

A)

P-type

P-channel pentaceneTFT

N-channel InGaZnOTFT

Mobility: 0.15 cm2/Vs Mobility: 3.8 cm2/Vs

Supporting information

25

TIPS-pentacene + PTAAAu Au

CYTOP (40 nm)Al2O3 (50 nm)

Al

GlassPVP

Glass

TIPS-pentacene + PTAAAu Au

CYTOP (780 nm)

Al

PVP

TIPS-pentacene + PTAAAu Au

Al2O3 (100 nm)

Al

GlassPVP

PFBT

-50-40-30-20-1001010-11

10-10

10-9

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5VDS = - 50 V

I DS

1/2 (µ

A)1/

2

I DS (A

)

VGS (V)

-8-6-4-2010-11

10-10

10-9

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5VDS = - 8 V

I DS

1/2 (µ

A)1/

2

I DS (A

)VGS (V)

-8-6-4-2010-11

10-10

10-9

10-8

10-7

0.0

0.2

0.4

VDS = - 8 V

I DS

1/2 (µ

A)1/

2

I DS (A

)

VGS (V)

Al2O3 (100 nm) CYTOP (780 nm) CYTOP (40 nm)/Al2O3 (50 nm)

Supporting InformationACHIEVEMENTS: Hybrid inverters were fabricated on flexible substrates. The n-channel transistor was formed from an amorphous InGaZnO metal oxide semiconductor and yielded mobility values of 3.8 cm2/Vs. Since p-channel transistors are more difficult to fabricate with metal oxides, pentacene was selected for the p-channel transistor. Inverters with balanced noise margins and gain values of 150 were demonstrated.

Impact: Researchers demonstrated state-of-the-art printable hybrid inverters on flexible substrates. All processing temperature steps were lower than 180 °C.

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Bottom gate, top contact geometry

n-channel : InGaZnO p-channel : Pentacene

LP= LN=180µm

WP=4000µm

WN=400µm

-180

-150

-120

-90

-60

-30

00 5 10 15 20 25 30

VD=30VVD=25V

VD=20V

VIN (V)

dVO

UT/d

V IN (V

/V)

J.B. Kim et al. Organic Electronics 11, 1074 (2010)