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||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||Abstract

This report from the Agency for HealthcareResearch and Quality presents descriptive data on healthcare spending in the United States. Estimates are basedon data from the 2000 Medical Expenditure PanelSurvey (MEPS) and cover the civiliannoninstitutionalized U.S. population. Estimates of totalhealth care expenses and expenses for hospital inpatientservices, ambulatory services (including office-based,hospital outpatient, and emergency room visits),prescription medicines, dental services, home healthservices, and other medical equipment and supplies areprovided. The proportion of people with expenses; meanand median expenses; and the proportion of expensespaid by various sources, including out of pocket,Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance, are shown foreach type of service. In addition, distributions ofexpenses and sources of payment across the population

are examined by selected demographic, geographic, andsocioeconomic characteristics and by health insuranceand health status.

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Suggested citation

Ezzati-Rice TM, Kashihara D, Machlin SR. Health care expenses inthe United States, 2000. Rockville (MD):Agency for HealthcareResearch and Quality; 2004. MEPS Research Findings No. 21.AHRQ Pub. No. 04-0022.

The estimates in this report are based on themost recent data available at the time the report waswritten. However, selected elements of MEPS datamay be revised on the basis of additional analyses,which could result in slightly different estimates fromthose shown here. Please check the MEPS Web sitefor the most current file releases.

Research FindingsResearch Findings

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

AHRQ Pub. No. 04-0022April 2004

Health Care Expenses in the United States, 2000

#21

Advancing Excellence in Health Care

The Medical Expenditure PanelSurvey (MEPS)

BackgroundThe Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) is

conducted to provide nationally representative estimatesof health care use, expenditures, sources of payment,and insurance coverage for the U.S. civiliannoninstitutionalized population. MEPS is cosponsoredby the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality(AHRQ), formerly the Agency for Health Care Policyand Research, and the National Center for HealthStatistics (NCHS).

MEPS comprises three component surveys: theHousehold Component (HC), the Medical ProviderComponent (MPC), and the Insurance Component (IC).The HC is the core survey, and it forms the basis for theMPC sample and part of the IC sample. Together thesesurveys yield comprehensive data that provide nationalestimates of the level and distribution of health care useand expenditures, support health services research, andcan be used to assess health care policy implications.

MEPS is the third in a series of national probabilitysurveys conducted by AHRQ on the financing and useof medical care in the United States. The NationalMedical Care Expenditure Survey (NMCES) wasconducted in 1977, the National Medical ExpenditureSurvey (NMES) in 1987. Beginning in 1996, MEPScontinues this series with design enhancements andefficiencies that provide a more current data resource tocapture the changing dynamics of the health caredelivery and insurance system.

The design efficiencies incorporated into MEPS arein accordance with the Department of Health andHuman Services (DHHS) Survey Integration Plan ofJune 1995, which focused on consolidating DHHSsurveys, achieving cost efficiencies, reducing respondentburden, and enhancing analytical capacities. Toaccommodate these goals, new MEPS design featuresinclude linkage with the National Health InterviewSurvey (NHIS), from which the sample for the MEPSHC is drawn, and enhanced longitudinal data collectionfor core survey components. The MEPS HC augmentsNHIS by selecting a sample of NHIS respondents,collecting additional data on their health care

expenditures, and linking these data with additionalinformation collected from the respondents’ medicalproviders, employers, and insurance providers.

Household ComponentThe MEPS HC, a nationally representative survey

of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population,collects medical expenditure data at both the person andhousehold levels. The HC collects detailed data ondemographic characteristics, health conditions, healthstatus, use of medical care services, charges andpayments, access to care, satisfaction with care, healthinsurance coverage, income, and employment.

The HC uses an overlapping panel design in whichdata are collected through a preliminary contactfollowed by a series of five rounds of interviews over a21/2-year period. Using computer-assisted personalinterviewing (CAPI) technology, data on medicalexpenditures and use for 2 calendar years are collectedfrom each household. This series of data collectionrounds is launched each subsequent year on a newsample of households to provide overlapping panels ofsurvey data and, when combined with other ongoingpanels, will provide continuous and current estimates ofhealth care expenditures.

The sampling frame for the MEPS HC is drawnfrom respondents to NHIS, conducted by NCHS. NHISprovides a nationally representative sample of the U.S.civilian noninstitutionalized population, withoversampling of Hispanics and blacks.

Medical Provider ComponentThe MEPS MPC supplements and validates

information on medical care events reported in theMEPS HC by contacting medical providers andpharmacies identified by household respondents. TheMPC sample includes all hospitals, hospital physicians,home health agencies, and pharmacies reported in theHC. Also included in the MPC are all office-basedphysicians: • Providing care for HC respondents receiving

Medicaid.

• Associated with a 75-percent sample of householdsreceiving care through an HMO (health maintenanceorganization) or managed care plan.

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• Associated with a 25-percent sample of theremaining households.Data are collected on medical and financial

characteristics of medical and pharmacy events reportedby HC respondents, including:

• Diagnoses coded according to ICD-9 (9th Revision,International Classification of Diseases) and DSM-IV (Fourth Edition, Diagnostic and StatisticalManual of Mental Disorders).

• Physician procedure codes classified by CPT-4(Current Procedural Terminology, Version 4).

• Inpatient stay codes classified by DRG (diagnosis-related group).

• Prescriptions coded by national drug code (NDC),medication names, strength, and quantity dispensed.

• Charges, payments, and the reasons for anydifference between charges and payments.

The MPC is conducted through telephoneinterviews and mailed survey materials.

Insurance ComponentThe MEPS IC collects data on health insurance

plans obtained through private and public-sectoremployers. Data obtained in the IC include the numberand types of private insurance plans offered, benefitsassociated with these plans, premiums, contributions byemployers and employees, and employer characteristics.

Establishments participating in the MEPS IC areselected through three sampling frames:

• A list of employers or other insurance providersidentified by MEPS HC respondents who reporthaving private health insurance at the Round 1interview.

• A Bureau of the Census list frame of private-sectorbusiness establishments.

• The Census of Governments from the Bureau of theCensus.

To provide an integrated picture of health insurance,data collected from the first sampling frame (employersand other insurance providers) are linked back to dataprovided by the MEPS HC respondents. Data from theother three sampling frames are collected to provideannual national and State estimates of the supply ofprivate health insurance available to American workers

and to evaluate policy issues pertaining to healthinsurance. Since 2000, the Bureau of EconomicAnalysis has used national estimates of employercontributions to group health insurance from the MEPSIC in the computation of Gross Domestic Product(GDP).

The MEPS IC is an annual panel survey. Data arecollected from the selected organizations through aprescreening telephone interview, a mailedquestionnaire, and a telephone followup fornonrespondents.

Survey ManagementMEPS data are collected under the authority of the

Public Health Service Act. They are edited andpublished in accordance with the confidentialityprovisions of this act and the Privacy Act. NCHSprovides consultation and technical assistance.

As soon as data collection and editing arecompleted, the MEPS survey data are released to thepublic in staged releases of summary reports andmicrodata files. Summary reports are released as printeddocuments and electronic files. Microdata files arereleased on CD-ROM and/or as electronic files.

Printed documents and CD-ROMs are availablethrough the AHRQ Publications Clearinghouse. Write orcall:

AHRQ Publications ClearinghouseAttn: (publication number)P.O. Box 8547Silver Spring, MD 20907800-358-9295703-437-2078 (callers outside the United Statesonly)

888-586-6340 (toll-free TDD service; hearing impaired only)To order online, send an e-mail to: [email protected].

Be sure to specify the AHRQ number of thedocument or CD-ROM you are requesting. Selectedelectronic files are available through the Internet on theMEPS Web site:

http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/

For more information, visit the MEPS Web site or e-mail [email protected].

III

V

Table of ContentsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Total Health Care Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Hospital Inpatient Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Office-Based Medical Provider Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Hospital Outpatient Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Emergency Room Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Prescription Medicines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Dental Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Home Health Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Other Medical Equipment and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Tables showing expenses:1. By event type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112. For total health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123. For hospital inpatient services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144. For office-based medical provider services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165. For hospital outpatient services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186. For emergency room services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207. For prescription medicines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228. For dental services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249. For home health services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2610. For other medical equipment and services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Technical AppendixDefinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Sample Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Accuracy of Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34MEPS Expenditures Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Standard Error Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

IntroductionThe Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)

collects detailed information on health care use,expenses, sources of payment, and insurance coveragefrom a nationally representative sample of the U.S.civilian noninstitutionalized (community) population.The health care system in the United States iscontinually changing in keeping with technologicaladvancements in medical care and other factors. As aresult, aggregate spending on health care, sources ofpayment for services and care, and specific expensessuch as prescription medicines also change.

This report primarily provides estimates ofexpenses for health care based on data from the 2000MEPS, but it also includes selected comparisons with1996 MEPS estimates. The expense estimates for 2000and 1996 presented and/or cited in this report wereobtained from the compendia of tables available on theMEPS Web site at <http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/data_public.htm>. Expenses are defined as directpayments for health services and care received duringthe year. Expenses include out-of-pocket paymentsmade by individuals and payments made by privateinsurance, Medicare, Medicaid, and other sources.Payments for over-the-counter drugs and somealternative care services are not included. Indirectpayments not related to specific medical events, such asMedicaid Disproportionate Share and Medicare DirectMedical Education subsidies, are also not included.

The report provides aggregate estimates of healthcare expenses, as well as estimates for hospital inpatientservices, hospital outpatient services, emergency roomservices, office-based medical provider services,prescription medicines, dental services, home healthservices, and other medical equipment and services. Italso shows the proportion of people whose expenseswere paid by various sources, including out of pocket,private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, and othersources, for each type of service. In addition,

distributions of expenses and sources of payment acrossthe population are examined by selected demographic,socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics and byhealth status and health insurance status.

All differences between estimates discussed in thetext are statistically significant at the 0.05 level.Detailed information on data sources and methods ofestimation, along with definitions of the variables andcategories used in this report, are included in theTechnical Appendix.

Total Health Care Expenses

Type of ServiceIn 2000, the approximately 278.4 million people in

the U.S. community population had health careexpenses of about $627.9 billion. Table 1 shows thathospital inpatient care accounted for the largest share oftotal expenses (36.7percent). The next largestshare was for ambulatoryservices (31.9 percent),almost two-thirds of whichwere office-based medicalservices. Prescriptionmedicines accounted forabout 16.4 percent of totalexpenses. The remainingexpenses were for dentalcare (8.8 percent), homehealth services (4.1 percent), and other medicalequipment and services (2.1 percent).

Data on health expenses for 1996, shown on theMEPS Web site at <http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/data_public.htm>, reveal some interesting changes overthe period 1996-2000. The percent of total health careexpenses accounted for by prescription medicines rosefrom 11.9 percent in 1996 to 16.4 percent in 2000. Onthe other hand, the percent of total expenses going forhome health services decreased from 6.2 percent in1996 to 4.1 percent in 2000.

1

Health Care Expenses in the United States, 2000by Trena M. Ezzati-Rice, M.S., David Kashihara, M.S., and Steven R. Machlin, M.S.,Agency for Healthcare Research andQuality

The mean expensefor people who hada medical expensewas $2,700, but the

median expensewas substantially

lower ($721).

Note: The authors wish to thank Kelly Carper for her invaluableassistance in reviewing the draft for statistical accuracy.

Source of PaymentIn 2000, 83.5 percent of the U.S. community

population had medical expenses (Table 2). The meanexpense among those with expenses was $2,700. Themedian expense was much lower, $721. The largedifference between the mean and median expensesresults from a very small proportion of the populationthat accounts for a disproportionate share of the overallhealth care expenses. For example, in 2000, the 1percent of the population with the highest health careexpenses accounted for about one-quarter of the totalhealth care expenses for the community population, andthis level of skewed concentration of health careexpenses has been fairly stable over time (Berk andMonheit, 2001). Because of the large differencebetween mean and median expenses, this reportemphasizes medians rather than means when comparingsubgroups.

Nearly one-fifth (19.4 percent) of total expenseswere paid out of pocket, while the remainder was paidby third parties. Private health insurance was the largestthird-party payer of medical expenses (40.5 percent),followed by Medicare (20.9 percent) and Medicaid (9.8percent).

Demographic, Geographic, andHealth Status Characteristics

In 2000, an estimated 95.5 percent of thepopulation 65 and over had medical expenses. Thiscompares to 81.8 percent of the population under 65years old (Table 2). In addition to being more likely tohave medical expenses, the older population also hadmuch higher mean expenses than the youngerpopulation group ($6,140 versus $2,127). The largestsingle payer of medical expenses among the population65 and over was Medicare (54.7 percent), while privatehealth insurance was the largest source of payment(52.8 percent) for the under-65 population.

The median expense among those with an expensewas lower for children under 6 ($267) than for children6-17 years ($335). The proportion of expenses paid outof pocket was lower for children under 6 (10.3 percent)than for children 6-17 (27.7 percent).

A higher proportion of females than males hadmedical expenses (88.4 percent versus 78.4 percent).The median expense per person among females with anexpense was $871, as opposed to $580 for males.

The proportion of people with medical expenseswas lower for Hispanics (70.3 percent) and blacks (73.2percent) than for whites/others (87.4 percent). (About95 percent of the white/other category is white.) Themedian expense for people with an expense was lowerfor Hispanics ($386) and blacks ($411) than forwhites/others ($833).

A higher percentage of out-of-pocket expenses werepaid by whites/others (20.3 percent) and Hispanics(18.9 percent) than by blacks (12.2 percent). Thepercent of expenses paid by Medicaid was lower forwhites (7.8 percent) than for blacks (18.9 percent) andHispanics (19.3 percent).

While the percent of people with medical expensesdid not differ between people residing in metropolitanstatistical areas (MSAs) and those living in non-MSAs,the median medical expense was lower for people livingin MSAs ($702, compared to $816 for people living innon-MSAs). The percent of people with medicalexpenses was lower in the South (81.6) and West (81.3)than in the Northeast (86.5) or Midwest (86.2).

People with better perceived health status were lesslikely to have an expense and had generally lowerexpenses. For example, 79.3 percent of people withexcellent perceived health status had medical expensesin 2000, and the median expense for those who hadexpenses was $416. In contrast, 97.0 percent of peoplewith poor perceived health status had medical expenses,with a median expense of $5,129. In the aggregate,higher proportions of expenses were paid out of pocketor by private insurance for those with better healthstatus, whereas Medicare and Medicaid paid for largerproportions of expenses incurred by those in poorerhealth.

Insurance and IncomeAmong people under 65 years of age, 57.3 percent

of the uninsured, 83.3 percent of those with only publicinsurance, and 85.9 percent of those with any privateinsurance had medical expenses. The median totalexpense for uninsured people was $305, lower than thefigure for people with public insurance ($465) or anyprivate insurance ($638). While out-of-pocket paymentsconstituted a substantially higher proportion of expensesfor the uninsured (40.4 percent) than for people withprivate insurance (21.0 percent) or public insurance (9.7percent), other sources such as the Department ofVeterans Affairs, public clinics, and other miscellaneous

2

public and private sources paid for a substantial portion(59.6 percent) of medical expenses for the uninsured.

There was no statistically significant differencebetween the percent of elderly people with medicalexpenses by type of insurance coverage (ranging from94.7 percent to 96.4 percent). The proportion of out-of-pocket spending was about two times higher for thosewith Medicare only (22.2 percent) than for those withMedicare and other public coverage (10.4 percent).

In general, people with lower income were lesslikely than people with higher income to incur medicalexpenses and had lower median expenses. For example,77.3 percent of poor people (those with incomes belowthe Federal poverty level) had medical expenses, with amedian expense of $524, while 88.2 percent of high-income people (those with incomes over 400 percent ofthe Federal poverty level) had medical expenses andtheir median expense was $815. (The positiverelationship for median expenses did not hold for meanexpenses, however.) People with lower income paid asmaller percentage of their health care expenses out ofpocket and more of their expenses were paid byMedicaid. For example, poor people paid only 13.9percent of their medical expenses out of pocket, whileMedicaid paid 34.3 percent. In contrast, 22.3 percent ofexpenses for high-income people were paid out ofpocket and 55.6 percent by private insurance.

Hospital Inpatient ServicesThe expenditure estimates for hospital inpatient

services shown in Table 3 include room and board andall hospital diagnostic and laboratory expenses

associated with the basicfacility charge, paymentsfor separately billedphysician inpatientservices, and emergencyroom expenses incurredimmediately prior toinpatient stays.

In 2000, 7.6 percentof the U.S. communitypopulation incurredhospital inpatient expensestotaling approximately$230 billion. Like total

health care expenses, inpatient expenses are highlyskewed, as evidenced by the approximately twofold

difference between the mean expense per person with anexpense ($10,917) and the median ($5,195).

Slightly more than three-quarters of hospitalinpatient expenses were paid by private insurance andMedicare (40.7 and 35.9 percent, respectively), whileout-of-pocket payments accounted for only 2.2 percent.


People 65 years of age and over were 3.2 times aslikely to incur hospital inpatient expenses as peopleunder 65 (19.0 percent versus 5.9 percent). Also, themedian expense per person with an expense was higherfor the elderly than the non-elderly ($9,160 versus$4,372).

The largest source of payment for the elderly wasMedicare, which accounted for 75.7 percent of thepayments for inpatient services for this age group. Thelargest source of payment for the non-elderly was privateinsurance, which accounted for 59.4 percent of theirexpenses.

Females were more likely than males to have hadhospital inpatient expenses (9.2 percent and 5.9 percent,respectively). However, the median expense per personwith an expense was higher for males ($6,695) than forfemales ($4,556).

The proportion of the population with a hospitalinpatient expense was higher for blacks (7.7 percent)and whites/others (7.9 percent) than for Hispanics (5.3percent). There were no statistically significantdifferences by race/ethnicity in the proportion ofinpatient expenses paid by Medicare or privateinsurance. However, the share of expenses paid out ofpocket was higher for Hispanics (4.5 percent) than forwhites/others (2.1 percent) or blacks (1.7 percent; note:relative standard error equal to or greater than 30percent). Further, the percent of expenses paid byMedicaid was higher for blacks (16.4 percent) andHispanics (18.4 percent) than for whites/others (7.9percent).

The percent of people with hospital inpatientexpenses was higher in non-MSA areas (9.1 percent)than in MSAs (7.2 percent). A higher percentage ofpeople in the South and Midwest Regions had hospitalinpatient expenses (8.3 and 8.1 percent, respectively)compared to people in the West Region (6.2 percent).

The more negative people’s perceived health statuswas, the more likely they were to incur inpatientexpenses, and their mean and median expenses also

3

Compared toother types of

services, mean andmedian annual

expenses (for thosewith an expense)were by far the

highest forinpatient services.

increased. For example, 3.7 percent of people withexcellent perceived health had hospital inpatientexpenses and the median total expense for those whohad an expense was $4,185. In contrast, 36.4 percent ofpeople with poor perceived health had hospital inpatientexpenses and their median expense of $8,876 was abouttwo times that of people with excellent health status.

Insurance and IncomeAmong people under 65 years of age, hospital

inpatient expenses were incurred by 3.5 percent ofuninsured people, 12.4 percent of those with publicinsurance only, and 5.4 percent of those with any privateinsurance. The median expense for people with anyprivate insurance ($4,925) was higher than the mediansfor public only insurance ($3,761) and uninsured($3,426).

Among the elderly, people with Medicare and otherpublic insurance were more likely to have hospitalinpatient expenses (25.9 percent) than those withMedicare only (17.4 percent) or Medicare and privateinsurance (18.8 percent).

In general, people with lower incomes were morelikely to have hospital inpatient expenses and lowermedian expenses. For example, among poor people,11.3 percent had hospital inpatient expenses and themedian expense for those with an expense was $4,377.In contrast, among people with high income, 5.7 percenthad hospital inpatient expenses and the median expensewas $6,477.

Office-Based Medical ProviderServices

Expenses for visits to medical providers seen inoffice-based settings are shown in Table 4. In 2000,slightly more than two-thirds (68.8 percent) of the U.S.community population had office-based medicalprovider services and the expenses for these servicestotaled about $126 billion (Table 4). The mean expensefor those with an expense was $657 and the medianexpense was $243. Private insurance was the singlelargest payer, accounting for 48.5 percent of totalexpenses for office-based medical care. The next twolargest payer sources were out-of-pocket payments (17.8percent) and payments by Medicare (16.8 percent).


The proportion of people with office-based medicalprovider expenses was higher among the elderly (87.6percent) than the non-elderly (66.1 percent). There was agenerally positive relationship between age and medianexpenses per person. For example, the median expenseper person with an expense was $490 for the elderly and$212 for the non-elderly. Among the elderly, the largestsingle source of payment was Medicare, whichaccounted for 59.0 percent of the payments for office-based care. Private insurance paid for another 18.6percent and out-of-pocket spending was 11.4 percent. Inthis age group, Medicaid paid for only 3.3 percent ofoffice-based care. In comparison, for the non-elderly,private insurance accounted for 58.1 percent of expensesfor office-based care, out-of-pocket spending 19.9percent, and Medicaid 6.6 percent.

More than three-quarters (78.5 percent) of childrenunder 6 had expenses for office-based medical providerservices, compared to 60.9 percent of children 6-17. Themedian expense per child was higher for children under6 ($160) than for children 6-17 ($127).

Females were more likely than males to haveexpenses for office-based medical care (75.4 percentversus 61.9 percent). Females also had a higher mediantotal expense per person than males ($278 versus $207).The proportion of expenses paid out of pocket washigher for females (19.0 percent) than males (16.1percent).

Whites/others were more likely than blacks orHispanics to have had expenses for office-based medicalcare (73.2 percent versus 56.0 and 55.0 percent,respectively), and they had higher median expenses($268 versus $150 and $165, respectively). Theproportion of expenses paid out of pocket was higher forHispanics (19.4 percent) and whites/others (18.2percent) than for blacks (12.0 percent). With respect topublic coverage, Medicaid covered a higher proportionof expenses for blacks (13.5 percent) and Hispanics(12.4 percent) than for whites/others (4.6 percent), whileMedicare covered a higher proportion of expenses forblacks (18.6 percent) and whites/others (17.1 percent)than for Hispanics (9.9 percent).

There were no statistically significant differences byMSA status in the percent with office-based expenses,

4

the median expense, or the distribution of sources ofpayment. With respect to Census region, people in theSouth and West (66.8 and 65.2 percent) were less likelyto have expenses for office-based medical care thanpeople in the Northeast and Midwest (73.2 and 71.8percent).

People with better perceived health status were lesslikely to have expenses for office-based care, and annualexpenses for those receiving care tended to be lower.For example, 61.1 percent of people with excellentperceived health status had expenses for office-basedmedical care and the median expense for those who hadan expense was $174. In contrast, 87.1 percent of peoplewith poor perceived health status had expenses foroffice-based medical care, with a median expense of$676.

Insurance and IncomeAmong the non-elderly population, the proportion

with expenses for office-based medical care was muchlower for the uninsured (38.8 percent) than for thosewho had public insurance only (68.0 percent) or anyprivate insurance (70.7 percent). The median expenseof $137 for uninsured people was lower than the medianexpense for those with public only insurance ($163) orany private insurance ($226).

Among the elderly, the proportion with expenses foroffice-based care was higher for those with Medicareand private insurance (89.0 percent) than those withMedicare only (85.6 percent). The median expense forthose with an expense was also higher for people withMedicare and private insurance ($548) than theMedicare-only group ($393).

People with lower income were less likely thanthose with higher income to incur expenses for office-based medical provider services, and the medianexpense was also lower. For example, 61.2 percent ofpoor people had expenses for office-based care and theirmedian expense was $182. However, 73.9 percent ofhigh-income people had these expenses and theirmedian expense was $270. As income increased, theproportion of expenses paid out of pocket or by privateinsurance increased. For example, 10.5 percent ofexpenses among the poor were paid out of pocket and18.9 percent were paid by private insurance. Incomparison, 21.7 percent of the expenses for the high-income group were paid out of pocket and 60.6 percentby private insurance. About one-third (33.9 percent) ofexpenses for poor people were paid by Medicaid.

Hospital Outpatient ServicesThe expenses for hospital outpatient services shown

in Table 5 comprise expenses for visits to bothphysicians and other medical providers seen in hospitaloutpatient departments, including payments for servicescovered under the basic facility charge and those forseparately billed physician services. In 2000, 13.1percent of the U.S. community population incurredabout $55 billion in expenses for hospital outpatientservices. The mean expense per person among thosewith an expense was $1,501 and the median expensewas $555.

Approximately one-half of hospital outpatientservices were paid for by private insurance (52.9percent). Medicare was the second largest payer forhospital outpatient expenses (22.2 percent), while out-of-pocket payments and payments by Medicaidaccounted for lower proportions—7.5 and 5.0 percent,respectively.


Elderly people were 2.6 times as likely as non-elderly people to incur hospital outpatient expenses(28.3 percent versus 11.0 percent). The largest source ofpayment for the elderly was Medicare, which accountedfor 56.5 percent of their expenses for hospital outpatientservices. The largest source of payment for the non-elderly was private insurance, which accounted for 68.0percent of their expenses.

Females were more likely than males to havehospital outpatient expenses (15.9 percent versus 10.2percent). However, the median expense per person withan expense was higher for males ($683) than for females($462).

The proportion of the population with any hospitaloutpatient expenses was lower for blacks (8.9 percent)and Hispanics (7.4 percent) than for whites/others (14.8percent). The median expense was also lower for blacks($383) than whites/others ($577).

A lower proportion of people incurred hospitaloutpatient expenses in the South (11.5 percent) and West(10.0 percent) than in the Northeast (16.4 percent) andMidwest (16.0 percent).

People with better perceived health status were lesslikely to incur expenses for hospital outpatient servicesand tended to have lower expenses. For example, 7.4percent of people with excellent perceived health had

5

hospital outpatient service expenses, and the medianexpense for those who had expenses was $362. Incontrast, 30.8 percent of people with poor perceivedhealth had these expenses, and their median expensewas $1,098.

Insurance and IncomeAmong the non-elderly population, hospital

outpatient expenses were incurred by a smallerproportion of the uninsured (5.0 percent) than by peoplewith any private insurance (12.0 percent) or publicinsurance only (11.1 percent). Among the elderly, thosewith Medicare and private insurance were more likely toincur hospital outpatient expenses (32.5 percent) thaneither those with Medicare only (22.5 percent) or thosewith Medicare and other public insurance (24.5 percent).

In general, people with lower income were lesslikely to incur hospital outpatient expenses and hadlower median expenses. For example, 10.0 percent ofpoor people had hospital outpatient expenses, with amedian expense for those who had expenses of $377.However, 14.5 percent of people in the high-incomecategory had these expenses, with a median expense of$581.

Emergency Room ServicesIn 2000, 11.6 percent of the U.S. community

population incurred expenses of $19.2 billion forhospital emergency room services (Table 6). Theseexpenses include payments for services covered underthe basic facility charge and those for separately billedphysician services, but exclude expenses for emergencyroom services followed by a hospital admission. Themean expense per person with an expense was $594 andthe median was $315.

Private insurance paid for almost one-half ofemergency room expenses (46.1 percent). Medicare wasthe second largest payer of emergency room expenses(17.9 percent), with lower shares for out-of-pocket (12.2percent) and Medicaid payments (8.4 percent).


The elderly were more likely to incur emergencyroom expenses than the non-elderly (16.8 percent versus10.9 percent). The largest source of payment foremergency room expenses for the elderly was Medicare,

which paid for 67.3 percent of their expenses. Thelargest source of payment for the non-elderly was privateinsurance, which paid for 55.1 percent of their expenses.

A slightly higher proportion of females (12.3percent) than males (10.9 percent) had emergency roomexpenses.

The proportion of the population with emergencyroom expenses was lower for Hispanics (9.7 percent)than for blacks (13.0 percent) or whites/others (11.7percent). Hispanics had a lower median expense perperson with an expense ($260) than whites/others($333).

The proportion of people with emergency roomexpenses was lower in the West Region (9.7 percent)than in the Northeast (12.2 percent), South (11.9percent), or Midwest (12.7 percent).

In general, the better people’s perceived health statuswas, the less likely they were to incur emergency roomexpenses. For example, 8.9 percent of people withexcellent perceived health, compared to 34.4 percent ofpeople with poor perceived health, had emergency roomexpenses.

Insurance and IncomeAmong the non-elderly, the uninsured were the least

likely to have emergency room expenses: only 7.4percent of this group had expenses, compared to 17.7percent of those with only public insurance and 10.4percent of those with any private insurance.

In general, people with lower income were morelikely to incur emergency room expenses. For example,14.8 percent of poor people, but only 9.3 percent ofpeople with high incomes, had emergency roomexpenses.

Prescription MedicinesThe expenditure estimates for prescription

medicines shown in Table 7 include expenses for allprescribed medicines initially purchased or otherwiseobtained during 2000, including any refills.

In 2000, the U.S. community population incurredabout $103.0 billion in expenses for prescriptionmedicines. This figure represents an increase over the$65.3 billion (MEPS Web site) spent in 1996 ($71.7billion when inflated to 2000 dollars using the overallConsumer Price Index). Despite this increase in totaldollars spent, the proportion of the population with

6

prescription medicine expenses decreased from 64.9percent in 1996 to 62.3 percent in 2000.

The mean expense per person with an expense was$594 and the median was $186. Nearly half (46.1percent) of prescription medicine expenses were paidout of pocket and about one-third (33.9 percent) ofexpenses were paid by private insurance. The next twolargest sources of payment were Medicaid (11.2 percent)and Medicare (4.6 percent).


The elderly were 1.5 times more likely than youngerpeople to incur prescription medicine expenses (88.3percent versus 58.5 percent). The median expense perperson with an expense was $695 for the elderly, butonly $136 for the non-elderly. For elderly people, thelargest source of payment was out of pocket, which

accounted for 56.6percent of their expensesfor prescribed medicines.For the non-elderly, thelargest payment sourceswere private insurance(42.4 percent) and out ofpocket (41.0 percent).

Females were morelikely to incurprescription medicineexpenses than males (69.2percent compared to 54.9percent). The medianexpense per person withan expense was $219 for

females and $146 for males.Blacks (50.8 percent) and Hispanics (47.2 percent)

were less likely to incur prescription medicine expensesthan whites/others (66.6 percent). The medianprescription medicine expense per person with anexpense was lower for blacks ($125) and Hispanics($92) than for whites/others ($214).

The median prescription medicine expense perperson with an expense was $174 for people living in anMSA and $239 for people not living in an MSA. Peoplein the West Region were the least likely to haveprescription medicine expenses: 58.1 percent versus62.6 percent in the South, 64.1 percent in the Midwest,and 64.3 percent in the Northeast. People in the West

Region also had the lowest median prescriptionmedicine expenses: $135 versus $172 in the Northeast,$204 in the Midwest, and $223 in the South.

People with better perceived health status were lesslikely than people in poor health to incur prescriptionmedicine expenses and their total expenses were alsolower. For example, 49.0 percent of people withexcellent perceived health had prescription medicineexpenses and their median expense per person with anexpense was $80. In contrast, 92.2 percent of peoplewith poor perceived health had prescription medicineexpenses, with a median expense of $1,230.

Insurance and IncomeAmong the non-elderly, the percent of people with

prescription medicine expenses was smallest for theuninsured: 37.6 percent, compared to 62.1 percent forthose with public only insurance and 61.7 percent forthose with any private insurance. The median expensefor those with an expense was also lowest for uninsuredpeople: $89, compared to $119 for those with publiconly insurance and $144 for those with any privateinsurance.

Among the elderly, those with Medicare and otherpublic insurance had higher median expenses ($934)than those with either Medicare only ($627) or Medicareand private insurance ($708).

Poor people had a lower likelihood of havingprescription medicine expenses (58.6 percent) than high-income people (64.8 percent), and the median expensewas less among poor people ($139) than for people withhigh income ($205). (This positive relationship did nothold for mean expenses.)

Dental ServicesThe expenditure estimates for dental services shown

in Table 8 include expenses for any type of dental careprovider. In 2000, 40.1 percent of the U.S. communitypopulation incurred a total of about $55.6 billion inexpenses for dental services, an increase over the $43.1billion (MEPS Web site) spent in 1996 ($47.4 billionwhen inflated to 2000 dollars using the overallConsumer Price Index).

The mean expense per person with an expenseincreased from $384 in 1996 ($421 when inflated to2000 dollars using the overall Consumer Price Index) to$498 in 2000. The median expense per person with an

7

Elderly people weremuch more likelythan people under

age 65 to haveprescription

medicine expenses,and their median

prescriptionmedicine expenseswere about 5 times

as high.

expense increased from $137 in 1996 ($150 wheninflated to 2000 dollars using the overall ConsumerPrice Index) to $168 in 2000. About half (49.3 percent)of the payments for dental expenses were out of pocketand another 42.2 percent of dental expense paymentscame from private insurance.


The median total expense per person with a dentalexpense was $196 for the elderly and $164 for the non-elderly. For the elderly, the largest source of paymentfor dental expenses (76.7 percent) was out of pocket.For the non-elderly, the largest source of payment wasprivate insurance (46.3 percent), followed closely byout-of-pocket payments (45.2 percent).

Females were more likely than males to have dentalexpenses (43.2 percent versus 36.9 percent).Whites/others (45.0 percent) were much more likelythan blacks (26.0 percent) or Hispanics (24.4 percent) tohave dental expenses. Blacks ($107) and Hispanics($128) also had lower median dental expenses thanwhites/others ($178).

The proportion of people using dental services wasgreater in the Northeast (45.7 percent) and Midwest(45.0 percent) than in the South (35.4 percent) and West(37.8 percent). The median total dental expense perperson with an expense also varied by region: lower inthe South ($154) and Midwest ($149) and higher in theNortheast ($185) and West ($200). The median totaldental expense was $170 for people living in MSAs and$151 for people not living in MSAs.

The proportion of people with dental expenses washigher for people with excellent (42.6 percent) or verygood (42.8 percent) perceived health than those in poorhealth (26.4 percent). However, there was no statisticallysignificant difference between the groups in the medianexpense for those who had an expense.

Insurance and IncomeAmong the non-elderly, 17.5 percent of those who

were uninsured, 27.9 percent of those with only publicinsurance, and 46.1 percent of those who had anyprivate insurance had dental expenses. The medianexpense among those who had an expense was $151 forpeople who were uninsured. In comparison, the medianexpense was $87 for those with public only insuranceand $174 for those with any private insurance. Among

the elderly, 32.6 percent of those with Medicare only,47.9 percent of those with Medicare and privateinsurance, and only 16.4 percent of those with Medicareand other public insurance had dental expenses.

In general, people with lower income were lesslikely than higher income people to incur dentalexpenses, and their median expenses were lower. Forexample, 24.8 percent of poor people had dentalexpenses, and the median expense was $105. However,51.6 percent of people with high income had dentalexpenses, and their median expense was $185.

Home Health ServicesThe expenditure estimates for home health services

shown in Table 9 include expenses for care provided byhome health agencies and paid independent home healthproviders. Even though a relatively small percentage ofthe community population had home health expenses(1.8 percent), expenses for home health ranked secondin terms of mean and median expenses per person withan expense, with a mean expense of $5,136 and amedian of $1,710. Only hospital inpatient services(Table 3) had higher per-user expenses.

Medicaid paid for the highest proportion of homehealth service expenses (48.2 percent), followed byMedicare (25.6 percent) and out of pocket (12.4percent). The share of home health expenses covered byMedicaid tripled from 1996 (16.2 percent) to 2000 (48.2percent). The share covered by Medicare decreased from52.6 percent in 1996 (MEPS Web site) to 25.6 percent in2000, while the proportion paid out of pocket wassimilar in 2000 and 1996, about 12 percent.


The elderly were more likely to have home healthexpenses than the non-elderly (8.7 percent versus 0.8percent). A lower proportion of the elderly had expensesin 2000 (8.7 percent) than in 1996 (13.2 percent). Theshare of home health expenses among the elderly paidby Medicare, the primary source of payment for homehealth services, decreased significantly, from 58.9percent in 1996 to 38.4 percent in 2000. In addition,Medicaid payments for home health expenses for theelderly rose from 11.2 percent in 1996 to 28.1 percent in2000. Another 21.2 percent of home health expenses forthe elderly were paid out of pocket.

8

Females (2.1 percent) were more likely than males(1.5 percent) to have home health expenses; however,the median expense per person did not differ for femalesand males. Hispanics (1.0 percent) were less likely thanwhites/others (1.9 percent) to incur home healthexpenses; there were no statistically significantdifferences between blacks and the whites/others groupor blacks and Hispanics.

There was no statistically significant difference inthe proportion of people with home health expenses interms of place of residence—either MSA status orregion.

Insurance and IncomeNon-elderly people with public only insurance were

about seven times as likely as those with privateinsurance to incur expenses for home health services—3.7 percent versus 0.5 percent. Among elderly people,those with Medicare and other public coverage wereabout three times as likely as those with Medicare andprivate coverage to have expenses for home healthservices—22.2 percent versus 6.9 percent.

The proportion with home health expenses waslower among high-income people (1.0 percent) thanamong the poor (3.1 percent) or near-poor (3.7 percent).

Other Medical Equipment andServices

The expenditure estimates for other medicalequipment and services shown in Table 10 includeexpenses for eyeglasses, contact lenses, ambulanceservices, orthopedic items, hearing devices, prostheses,bathroom aids, medical equipment, disposable supplies,alterations/modifications, and other miscellaneous itemsor services that were obtained, purchased, or rentedduring the year. About two-thirds of the expenses in thiscategory were for vision-related items. In 2000, about19 percent of the community population had expensesfor other medical equipment and services, totaling about$13.4 billion. As with other health care expenses, themedian expense ($180) was less than the mean expense($260). Approximately 71 percent of the total expenseswere paid out of pocket, by far the most common sourceof payment.


Elderly people were more likely than non-elderlypeople to have other medical expenses (26.7 percentversus 17.4 percent), and they had higher medianexpenses for those with an expense ($200 versus $178).Other medical expenses were more common forwhites/others (20.6 percent) than either blacks (12.9percent) or Hispanics (11.8 percent). They were alsomore common for people in fair health (24.1 percent) orpoor health (31.9 percent) than for those in good, verygood, or excellent health (19.4, 19.0, and 15.1 percent,respectively).

Insurance and IncomeAmong the non-elderly, the percent with other

medical expenses was higher for people with any privateinsurance (19.2 percent) than those with public only(14.7 percent) or the uninsured (9.8 percent). High-income people were more likely than poor people tohave other medical expenses (22.9 percent versus 14.0percent), and they paid a higher percentage out ofpocket (75.6 percent versus 52.4 percent).

Summary In 2000, about 84 percent of the approximately

278.4 million people living in the U.S. civiliannoninstitutionalized population at any time during theyear had at least one health care expense. Aggregatehealth care spending by this population wasapproximately $627.9 billion. The mean expense perperson with an expense was $2,700. The medianexpense was much lower at $721, a differential primarilycaused by the highly skewed distribution of medicalexpenses resulting from a small proportion of thepopulation that accounts for a disproportionate share ofhigh health care expenses.

Hospital inpatient care accounted for the largestshare of total health care expenses (36.7 percent), andanother 20.1 percent of the total was for office-basedmedical provider services. The nearly $103 billion spenton prescription medicines was the third largest share oftotal expenses (16.4 percent).

Hospital inpatient services ranked first in terms ofmean and median expenses per person with an expense($10,917 and $5,195, respectively). Even though home

9

health services accounted for only 4.1 percent of totalexpenses, this category of health care ranked the secondhighest in terms of mean and median expenses perperson with an expense, with a mean expense of about$5,100 and a median of about $1,700.

The largest source of payment for health careexpenses was third-party payers. Specifically, privatehealth insurance accounted for 40.5 percent of totalpayments, followed by two public sources of payment:Medicare (20.9 percent) and Medicaid (9.8 percent).Another 19.4 percent of health care expenses were paidout of pocket by individuals and/or family members.

The proportion of expenses paid by differentsources varied by type of service provided. For example,49.3 percent of dental expenses and 46.1 percent ofprescription medicine expenses were paid out of pocket,while private insurance and Medicare were the largestsources of payment for hospital inpatient services (40.7and 35.9 percent, respectively) and hospital outpatientservices (52.9 and 22.2 percent, respectively).

The percent of people with an expense, as well asthe mean and median level of spending, varied bydemographic characteristics, income, health status, andgeographic residence. Regardless of age, the majority ofpeople had at least one health care expense during 2000.Specifically, 95.5 percent of the population age 65 andover had medical expenses and 81.8 percent of theunder-65 population had expenses. The mean expensefor the elderly was $6,140, compared to $2,127 for thenon-elderly. With respect to race/ethnicity, theproportion of people with medical expenses was lowerfor Hispanics (70.3 percent) and blacks (73.2 percent)than for whites/others (87.4 percent). Further, amongthose with expenses, the median expenses of $386 forHispanics and $411 for blacks were lower than the $833for whites/others. In the aggregate, people with betterperceived health status were less likely to have healthcare expenses and they had generally lower expenses.For example, the median expense for those withexcellent perceived health status was $416, compared to$5,129 for people with poor perceived health status.People with lower incomes were less likely to incurmedical expenses and their median expenses were alsolower than those of high-income people. For example,77.3 percent of poor people had medical expenses(median of $524), while 88.2 percent of high-incomepeople had expenses (median of $815). Variations inthese patterns were observed across the various servicetypes.

In summary, the health expenditure data from the2000 MEPS indicate that the levels of expenses,proportions of people with expenses, and sources ofpayment vary by type of service and bysociodemographic, geographic, health insurance, andhealth status characteristics. These estimates, along withestimates from past and future MEPS surveys, provideresearchers and health policymakers with critical data tostudy trends in health care expenses and the distributionof expenses and sources of payment in the U.S.population.

ReferencesBerk M, Monheit A. The concentration of health careexpenditures revisited. Health Affairs 2001; 20(2):9-18.

Cohen J. Design and methods of the MedicalExpenditure Panel Survey Household Component.Rockville (MD):Agency for Health Care Policy andResearch; 1997. MEPS Methodology Report No. 1.AHCPR Pub. No. 97-0026.

Cohen SB. Sample design of the 1997 MedicalExpenditure Panel Survey Household Component.Rockville (MD):Agency for Healthcare Research andQuality; 2000. MEPS Methodology Report No. 11.AHRQ Pub. No. 01-0001.

Cohen SB. Design strategies and innovations in theMedical Expenditure Panel Survey. Medical Care 2003;41(7):5-12.

Machlin SR, Taylor AK. Design, methods, and fieldresults of the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel SurveyMedical Provider Component. Rockville (MD):Agencyfor Healthcare Research and Quality; 2000. MEPSMethodology Report No. 9. AHRQ Pub. No. 00-0028.

Moeller JF, Stagnitti MN, Horan E, et al. Outpatientprescription drugs: data collection and editing in the1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (HC-010A).Rockville (MD):Agency for Healthcare Research andQuality; 2001. MEPS Methodology Report No. 12.AHRQ Pub. No. 01-0002.

Selden TM, Levit KR, Cohen JW, et al. Reconcilingmedical expenditure estimates from the MedicalExpenditure Panel Survey and the NHA, 1996. HealthCare Financing Review 2001 Fall; 23(1):161-78.

Zuvekas SH, Cohen JW. A guide to comparing healthcare expenditures in the 1996 MEPS to the 1987NMES. Inquiry 2002 Spring; 39(1):76-86.

10

Totala $627.9 NA 100.0 NAHospital inpatientb 230.2 NA 36.7 NAAmbulatoryc 200.1 NA 31.9 100.0

Office-based visits NA $125.9 NA 62.9Hospital outpatient visits NA 54.9 NA 27.4Emergency room visits NA 19.2 NA 9.6

Prescription medicinesd 103.0 NA 16.4 NA

Dentale 55.6 NA 8.8 NA

Home healthf 25.6 NA 4.1 NA

Other medicalg 13.4 NA 2.1 NA

ExpensesPayments (in billions) Percent distribution

All Ambulatory All AmbulatoryEvent type expenses expenses expenses expenses

11

Table 1. Expenses by event type: United States, 2000

aTotal includes inpatient hospital and physician services, ambulatory physician and nonphysician services, prescribed medicines, home healthservices, dental services, and various other medical equipment, supplies, and services that were purchased or rented during the year. Over-the-counter medications, alternative care services, and telephone contacts are excluded.bHospital admissions that did not involve an overnight stay are included. Expenses include room and board and all hospital diagnosticand laboratory expenses associated with the basic facility charge, payments for separately billed physician inpatient services, and emergencyroom expenses incurred immediately prior to inpatient stays. Events for newborns who left the hospital on the same day as the mother aretreated as separate events, but associated expenses are included in expense estimates.cEvents and expenses for both physician and nonphysician medical providers seen in office-based settings or clinics, hospital outpatientdepartments, emergency rooms (except visits resulting in an overnight hospital stay), and clinics owned and operated by hospitals areincluded.dAll prescribed medicines initially purchased or otherwise obtained during 2000, as well as refills and free samples, are included.eServices provided by general dentists, dental hygienists, dental technicians, dental surgeons, orthodontists, endodontists, and periodontists areincluded.fExpenses for care provided by home health agencies and independent home health providers are included. Most home health expenses (87.5percent) were for agency providers.gExpenses for eyeglasses, ambulance services, orthopedic items, hearing devices, prostheses, bathroom aids, medical equipment, disposablesupplies, alterations/modifications, and other miscellaneous items or services that were obtained, purchased, or rented during the year areincluded.

NA—Not applicable.

Note: These estimates are for a target population of approximately 278.4 million persons who were in the civilian noninstitutionalizedpopulation for all or part of 2000. Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.

Source: Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,2000.

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ured

32,3

4457

.3

305

1,50

027

,793

40.4

*0

.0

*0.0

*0

.059

.6A

ge 6

5 an

d ov

er:

Med

icar

e on

ly11

,515

94.7

2,

033

5,20

656

,798

22.2

*0

.062

.5*0

.015

.3M

edic

are

and

priv

ate

19,5

7095

.9

2,36

26,

276

117,

811

17.0

25.9

51.7

*0.5

4.8

Med

icar

e an

d ot

her

publ

ic3,

568

96.4

3,09

48,

324

28,6

2410

.4

*0.0

53.1

29

.8

6.7

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

32,0

5377

.352

43,

173

78,6

4113

.9

13.2

26

.0

34.3

12

.6N

ear-

poor

12,1

9678

.172

92,

967

28,2

6317

.3

11.3

35

.2

27.2

9.

0Lo

w in

com

e37

,059

79.1

69

03,

134

91,8

3817

.725

.4

32.1

14

.7

10.1

Mid

dle

inco

me

90,3

4382

.766

42,

555

190,

908

19.0

44

.5

20.5

4.

411

.6

Hig

h in

com

e10

6,75

488

.2

815

2,52

923

8,24

722

.3

55.6

13

.5*2

.16.

5

13

Tabl

e 2.

Tota

l hea

lth

serv

ices

a —M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

h ex

pens

e an

d di

stri

buti

on o

fex

pens

es b

y so

urce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

(con

tinue

d)

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

226,

861

83.3

$702

$2,6

41$4

98,9

1519

.240

.6

20.4

9.8

9.9

Non

-MSA

51,5

4584

.6

816

2,95

812

8,98

219

.940

.022

.99.

57.

8C

ensu

s re

gion

Nor

thea

st52

,636

86.5

802

2,71

6 12

3,62

219

.040

.922

.110

.77.

2M

idw

est

64,5

3686

.273

72,

900

161,

354

18.5

39

.3

22.2

8.6

11.4

Sout

h97

,373

81.6

72

72,

747

218,

206

20.3

39

.7

21.2

9.

09.

7W

est

63,8

6181

.364

62,

402

124,

715

19.2

43.0

17.4

11.8

8.7

Perc

eive

d he

alth

sta

tus

Exce

llent

87,8

9079

.341

61,

281

89,3

4126

.352

.97.

56.

76.

6Ve

ry g

ood

93,4

9983

.665

0 1,

901

148,

573

24.4

48.5

12.2

6.2

8.7

Goo

d67

,922

84.5

994

2,85

616

3,83

519

.7

44.7

16

.9

9.4

9.4

Fair

20,6

6693

.3

2,43

26,

689

128,

956

14.8

29

.5

33.6

14

.08.

1Po

or7,

720

97.0

5,

129

12,0

5190

,204

11.5

23

.3

36.4

13

.8

*14.

9

a Inp

atie

nt h

ospi

tal a

nd p

hysi

cian

ser

vice

s, a

mbu

lato

ry p

hysi

cian

and

non

phys

icia

n se

rvic

es, p

resc

ribe

d m

edic

ines

, hom

e he

alth

ser

vice

s, d

enta

l ser

vice

s, a

nd v

ario

us o

ther

med

ical

equ

ipm

ent a

nd s

ervi

ces

that

wer

e pu

rcha

sed

or r

ente

d du

ring

the

year

are

incl

uded

. Ove

r-th

e-co

unte

r m

edic

atio

ns, a

ltern

ativ

e ca

re s

ervi

ces,

and

tele

phon

e co

ntac

ts a

reex

clud

ed.

b Pri

vate

insu

ranc

e in

clud

es T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge).

c O

ther

incl

udes

pay

men

ts f

rom

the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Vet

eran

s A

ffai

rs (

exce

pt T

RIC

AR

E);

oth

er F

eder

al s

ourc

es (

Indi

an H

ealth

Ser

vice

, mili

tary

trea

tmen

t fac

ilitie

s, a

nd o

ther

car

epr

ovid

ed b

y th

e Fe

dera

l Gov

ernm

ent)

; var

ious

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal s

ourc

es (

com

mun

ity a

nd n

eigh

borh

ood

clin

ics,

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal h

ealth

dep

artm

ents

, and

Sta

te p

rogr

ams

othe

r th

anM

edic

aid)

; Wor

kers

’Com

pens

atio

n; v

ario

us u

ncla

ssif

ied

sour

ces

(e.g

., au

tom

obile

, hom

eow

ner’s

, or

othe

r lia

bilit

y in

sura

nce,

and

oth

er m

isce

llane

ous

or u

nkno

wn

sour

ces)

;M

edic

aid

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

r pe

rson

s w

ho w

ere

not r

epor

ted

as e

nrol

led

in th

e M

edic

aid

prog

ram

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e ye

ar; a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

rpe

rson

s w

ithou

t any

rep

orte

d pr

ivat

e he

alth

insu

ranc

e co

vera

ge d

urin

g th

e ye

ar.

d Uni

nsur

ed r

efer

s to

per

sons

uni

nsur

ed d

urin

g th

e en

tire

year

. Pub

lic a

nd p

riva

te h

ealth

insu

ranc

e ca

tego

ries

ref

er to

indi

vidu

als

with

pub

lic o

r pr

ivat

e in

sura

nce

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e pe

riod

; ind

ivid

uals

with

bot

h pu

blic

and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e an

d th

ose

with

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

) ar

e cl

assi

fied

as

havi

ng p

riva

te in

sura

nce.

e P

oor—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e le

ss th

an 1

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e, in

clud

ing

thos

e w

hose

loss

es e

xcee

ded

thei

r ea

rnin

gs, r

esul

ting

in n

egat

ive

inco

me;

nea

r-po

or—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

125

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

low

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

25 p

erce

nt to

less

than

200

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

mid

dle

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 2

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

hig

h in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

at o

r ov

er 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e.

*Rel

ativ

e st

anda

rd e

rror

equ

al to

or

grea

ter

than

30

perc

ent.

Not

e:R

estr

icte

d to

civ

ilian

non

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

opul

atio

n. P

erce

nts

may

not

add

to 1

00 b

ecau

se o

f ro

undi

ng.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

14

Tabl

e 3.

Hos

pita

l inp

atie

nt s

ervi

cesa

—M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

h ex

pens

e an

ddi

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Tota

l27

8,40

67.

6$5

,195

$10,

917

$230

,229

2.2

40.7

35.9

9.8

11.4

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

524

3,62

45.

94,

372

9,43

713

6,60

92.

959

.48.

615

.7

13.4

Und

er 6

24,1

265.

23,

367

7,51

79,

494

*3.7

62.9

*0.1

*26.

0*7

.36-

1748

,405

2.0

—

—

—

—

——

—

—

18-4

410

9,02

16.

84,

128

7,08

052

,452

4.0

55.0

*7

.620

.413

.045

-64

62,0

727.

86,

491

14,1

7568

,577

1.8

62.6

11.2

9.0

*15.

465

and

ove

r34

,782

19.0

9,

160

14,1

5793

,620

1.2

13.3

75.7

1.3

8.5

Sex

Mal

e13

5,88

25.

96,

695

14,6

7611

6,83

11.

940

.933

.89.

314

.1Fe

mal

e14

2,52

49.

24,

556

8,63

811

3,39

82.

540

.538

.010

.48.

6R

ace/

ethn

icit

yW

hite

and

oth

er20

9,40

17.

95,

249

10,9

2818

1,30

52.

141

.337

.77.

911

.0Bl

ack

35,0

497.

75,

339

12,3

8633

,238

*1.7

36

.4

29.8

16.4

15

.7H

ispan

ic33

,955

5.3

4,32

08,

644

15,6

864.

542

.6

27.4

18

.4

7.1

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te18

2,65

85.

44,

925

9,67

594

,781

2.7

85.7

2.

9*2

.6*6

.1Pu

blic

onl

y28

,622

12.4

3,

761

8,72

931

,068

*1.6

*0

.0

28.8

61.1

8.

4U

nins

ured

32,3

443.

53,

426

*9,6

03*1

0,76

0*8

.0

*0.0

*0

.0*0

.092

.0A

ge 6

5 an

d ov

er:

Med

icar

e on

ly11

,515

17.4

7,

263

12,9

6225

,926

*1.8

*0

.0

85.2

*0.0

13

.0M

edic

are

and

priv

ate

19,5

7018

.810

,370

15,0

1855

,122

1.1

22.7

70

.7*0

.0

*5.5

Med

icar

e an

d ot

her

publ

ic3,

568

25.9

—

——

——

——

—

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

32,0

5311

.34,

377

10,9

5639

,565

2.4

*12.

934

.834

.5

15.4

Nea

r-po

or12

,196

9.8

4,37

08,

631

10,3

11*1

.99.

254

.7*2

3.1

*11.

1Lo

w in

com

e37

,059

10.1

4,59

09,

820

36,7

202.

728

.2

50.1

9.3

*9.7

Mid

dle

inco

me

90,3

437.

25,

630

10,8

2170

,036

2.2

48.4

34

.43.

411

.6H

igh

inco

me

106,

754

5.7

6,47

712

,120

73,5

971.

958

.9

28.1

*1.2

*10.

0

15

Tabl

e 3.

Hos

pita

l inp

atie

nt s

ervi

cesa

—M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

h ex

pens

e an

ddi

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

(con

tinue

d)

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

226,

861

7.2

$5,3

49$1

1,23

4$1

84,0

372.

239

.7

35.4

10.5

12

.3

Non

-MSA

51,5

459.

14,

678

9,81

446

,192

2.4

44.5

37

.6

7.4

8.0

Cen

sus

regi

onN

orth

east

52,6

367.

35,

430

11,1

4742

,993

2.4

39.9

38

.8

12.5

*6

.4M

idw

est

64,5

368.

15,

548

11,7

5761

,606

1.3

35.3

37

.3

*11.

0*1

5.1

Sout

h97

,373

8.3

5,03

911

,000

88,4

872.

541

.1

36.2

8.

012

.2W

est

63,8

616.

24,

680

9,40

737

,143

2.6

49.7

29

.1

9.4

9.3

Perc

eive

d he

alth

sta

tus

Exce

llent

87,8

903.

74,

185

6,66

721

,726

6.4

59.3

17

.3

9.8

*7.3

Very

goo

d93

,499

5.3

4,68

07,

818

38,5

593.

355

.0

26.2

8.8

*6.7

Goo

d67

,922

8.2

4,56

19,

554

53,3

931.

851

.3

25.9

9.

211

.8Fa

ir20

,666

20.2

6,

158

14,2

3959

,554

1.3

30.2

51

.1*9

.4

*8.1

Poor

7,72

036

.4

8,87

618

,067

50,7

241.

123

.7

43.5

12

.4

*19.

4

a Roo

m a

nd b

oard

and

all

hosp

ital d

iagn

ostic

and

labo

rato

ry e

xpen

ses

asso

ciat

ed w

ith th

e ba

sic

faci

lity

char

ge, p

aym

ents

for

sep

arat

ely

bille

d ph

ysic

ian

inpa

tient

ser

vice

s, a

ndem

erge

ncy

room

exp

ense

s in

curr

ed im

med

iate

ly p

rior

to in

patie

nt s

tays

are

incl

uded

. Exp

ense

s fo

r ne

wbo

rns

who

left

the

hosp

ital o

n th

e sa

me

day

as th

e m

othe

r ar

e in

clud

ed in

the

mot

her’s

rec

ord.

b Pri

vate

insu

ranc

e in

clud

es T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge).

c O

ther

incl

udes

pay

men

ts f

rom

the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Vet

eran

s A

ffai

rs (

exce

pt T

RIC

AR

E);

oth

er F

eder

al s

ourc

es (

Indi

an H

ealth

Ser

vice

, mili

tary

trea

tmen

t fac

ilitie

s, a

nd o

ther

car

epr

ovid

ed b

y th

e Fe

dera

l Gov

ernm

ent)

; var

ious

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal s

ourc

es (

com

mun

ity a

nd n

eigh

borh

ood

clin

ics,

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal h

ealth

dep

artm

ents

, and

Sta

te p

rogr

ams

othe

r th

anM

edic

aid)

; Wor

kers

’Com

pens

atio

n; v

ario

us u

ncla

ssif

ied

sour

ces

(e.g

., au

tom

obile

, hom

eow

ner’s

, or

othe

r lia

bilit

y in

sura

nce,

and

oth

er m

isce

llane

ous

or u

nkno

wn

sour

ces)

;M

edic

aid

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

r pe

rson

s w

ho w

ere

not r

epor

ted

as e

nrol

led

in th

e M

edic

aid

prog

ram

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e ye

ar; a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

rpe

rson

s w

ithou

t any

rep

orte

d pr

ivat

e he

alth

insu

ranc

e co

vera

ge d

urin

g th

e ye

ar.

d Uni

nsur

ed r

efer

s to

per

sons

uni

nsur

ed d

urin

g th

e en

tire

year

. Pub

lic a

nd p

riva

te h

ealth

insu

ranc

e ca

tego

ries

ref

er to

indi

vidu

als

with

pub

lic o

r pr

ivat

e in

sura

nce

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e pe

riod

; ind

ivid

uals

with

bot

h pu

blic

and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e an

d th

ose

with

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

) ar

e cl

assi

fied

as

havi

ng p

riva

te in

sura

nce.

e P

oor—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e le

ss th

an 1

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e, in

clud

ing

thos

e w

hose

loss

es e

xcee

ded

thei

r ea

rnin

gs, r

esul

ting

in n

egat

ive

inco

me;

nea

r-po

or—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

125

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

low

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

25 p

erce

nt to

less

than

200

perc

ent o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; m

iddl

e in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

200

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; h

igh

inco

me—

pers

ons

infa

mili

es w

ith in

com

e at

or

over

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line.

—L

ess

than

100

sam

ple

case

s.

*Rel

ativ

e st

anda

rd e

rror

equ

al to

or

grea

ter

than

30

perc

ent.

Not

e: R

estr

icte

d to

civ

ilian

non

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

opul

atio

n. P

erce

nts

may

not

add

to 1

00 b

ecau

se o

f ro

undi

ng.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

16

Tabl

e 4.

Offi

ce-b

ased

med

ical

pro

vide

r se

rvic

esa —

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

n w

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Tota

l27

8,40

668

.8

$243

$657

$125

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48

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in y

ears

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er 6

524

3,62

466

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592

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612

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818

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109,

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60.6

22

260

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20.9

56.9

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590

442

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53.

912

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ove

r34

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87.6

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30,5

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mal

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2,52

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lth

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icar

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ly11

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dle

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me

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4368

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215

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igh

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me

106,

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270

719

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6721

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10.0

0.7

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17

Tabl

e 4.

Offi

ce-b

ased

med

ical

pro

vide

r se

rvic

esa —

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

n w

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00 (c

ontin

ued)

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

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ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

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edic

aid

Oth

erc

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

226,

861

68.4

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42$6

50$1

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611

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on-M

SA51

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70.5

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668

825

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Cen

sus

regi

onN

orth

east

52,6

3673

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364

724

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17.1

50.7

16

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idw

est

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130

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th s

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celle

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goo

d93

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20,6

6684

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500

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519

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37.9

27.4

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13

.0Po

or7,

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87.1

676

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110

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27

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8.8

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a Exp

ense

s fo

r vi

sits

to m

edic

al p

rovi

ders

see

n in

off

ice-

base

d se

tting

s ar

e in

clud

ed.

b Pri

vate

insu

ranc

e in

clud

es T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge).

c O

ther

incl

udes

pay

men

ts f

rom

the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Vet

eran

s A

ffai

rs (

exce

pt T

RIC

AR

E);

oth

er F

eder

al s

ourc

es (

Indi

an H

ealth

Ser

vice

, mili

tary

trea

tmen

t fac

ilitie

s, a

nd o

ther

car

epr

ovid

ed b

y th

e Fe

dera

l Gov

ernm

ent)

; var

ious

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal s

ourc

es (

com

mun

ity a

nd n

eigh

borh

ood

clin

ics,

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal h

ealth

dep

artm

ents

, and

Sta

te p

rogr

ams

othe

r th

anM

edic

aid)

; Wor

kers

’Com

pens

atio

n; v

ario

us u

ncla

ssif

ied

sour

ces

(e.g

., au

tom

obile

, hom

eow

ner’s

, or

othe

r lia

bilit

y in

sura

nce,

and

oth

er m

isce

llane

ous

or u

nkno

wn

sour

ces)

;M

edic

aid

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

r pe

rson

s w

ho w

ere

not r

epor

ted

as e

nrol

led

in th

e M

edic

aid

prog

ram

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e ye

ar; a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

rpe

rson

s w

ithou

t any

rep

orte

d pr

ivat

e he

alth

insu

ranc

e co

vera

ge d

urin

g th

e ye

ar.

d Uni

nsur

ed r

efer

s to

per

sons

uni

nsur

ed d

urin

g th

e en

tire

year

. Pub

lic a

nd p

riva

te h

ealth

insu

ranc

e ca

tego

ries

ref

er to

indi

vidu

als

with

pub

lic o

r pr

ivat

e in

sura

nce

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e pe

riod

; ind

ivid

uals

with

bot

h pu

blic

and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e an

d th

ose

with

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

) ar

e cl

assi

fied

as

havi

ng p

riva

te in

sura

nce.

e P

oor—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e le

ss th

an 1

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e, in

clud

ing

thos

e w

hose

loss

es e

xcee

ded

thei

r ea

rnin

gs, r

esul

ting

in n

egat

ive

inco

me;

nea

r-po

or—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

125

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

low

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

25 p

erce

nt to

less

than

200

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

mid

dle

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 2

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

hig

h in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

at o

r ov

er 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e.

*Rel

ativ

e st

anda

rd e

rror

equ

al to

or

grea

ter

than

30

perc

ent.

Not

e:R

estr

icte

d to

civ

ilian

non

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

opul

atio

n. P

erce

nts

may

not

add

to 1

00 b

ecau

se o

f ro

undi

ng.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

18

Tabl

e 5.

Hos

pita

l out

pati

ent

serv

ices

a —M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

h ex

pens

e an

ddi

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Tota

l27

8,40

613

.1$5

55$1

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$54,

880

7.5

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22

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in y

ears

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er 6

524

3,62

411

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528

1,37

636

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311

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51,

364

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te a

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506

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711

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938

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468

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d

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ic o

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ured

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Age

65

and

over

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edic

are

only

11,5

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62.7

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edic

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ate

19,5

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Med

icar

e an

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her

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ic3,

568

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——

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use

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32,0

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215

3,88

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420

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r-po

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inco

me

37,0

5912

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51,

654

7,78

57.

637

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616

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iddl

e in

com

e90

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h in

com

e10

6,75

414

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11,

444

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069

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4

19

Tabl

e 5.

Hos

pita

l out

pati

ent

serv

ices

a —M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

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h ex

pens

e an

ddi

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

(con

tinue

d)

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

226,

861

12.6

$563

$1,4

57$4

1,59

27.

653

.420

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813

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on-M

SA51

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15.6

532

1,65

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sus

regi

onN

orth

east

52,6

3616

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64,5

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610

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eive

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alth

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tus

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llent

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69.

0

a Exp

ense

s fo

r vi

sits

to m

edic

al p

rovi

ders

see

n in

hos

pita

l out

patie

nt d

epar

tmen

ts a

re in

clud

ed.

b Pri

vate

insu

ranc

e in

clud

es T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge).

c O

ther

incl

udes

pay

men

ts f

rom

the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Vet

eran

s A

ffai

rs (

exce

pt T

RIC

AR

E);

oth

er F

eder

al s

ourc

es (

Indi

an H

ealth

Ser

vice

, mili

tary

trea

tmen

t fac

ilitie

s, a

nd o

ther

car

epr

ovid

ed b

y th

e Fe

dera

l Gov

ernm

ent)

; var

ious

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal s

ourc

es (

com

mun

ity a

nd n

eigh

borh

ood

clin

ics,

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal h

ealth

dep

artm

ents

, and

Sta

te p

rogr

ams

othe

r th

anM

edic

aid)

; Wor

ker’s

Com

pens

atio

n; v

ario

us u

ncla

ssif

ied

sour

ces

(e.g

., au

tom

obile

, hom

eow

ner’s

, or

othe

r lia

bilit

y in

sura

nce,

and

oth

er m

isce

llane

ous

or u

nkno

wn

sour

ces)

;M

edic

aid

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

r pe

rson

s w

ho w

ere

not r

epor

ted

as e

nrol

led

in th

e M

edic

aid

prog

ram

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e ye

ar; a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

rpe

rson

s w

ithou

t any

rep

orte

d pr

ivat

e he

alth

insu

ranc

e co

vera

ge d

urin

g th

e ye

ar.

d Uni

nsur

ed r

efer

s to

per

sons

uni

nsur

ed d

urin

g th

e en

tire

year

. Pub

lic a

nd p

riva

te h

ealth

insu

ranc

e ca

tego

ries

ref

er to

indi

vidu

als

with

pub

lic o

r pr

ivat

e in

sura

nce

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e pe

riod

; ind

ivid

uals

with

bot

h pu

blic

and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e an

d th

ose

with

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

) ar

e cl

assi

fied

as

havi

ng p

riva

te in

sura

nce.

e P

oor—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e le

ss th

an 1

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e, in

clud

ing

thos

e w

hose

loss

es e

xcee

ded

thei

r ea

rnin

gs, r

esul

ting

in n

egat

ive

inco

me;

nea

r-po

or—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

125

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

low

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

25 p

erce

nt to

less

than

200

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

mid

dle

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 2

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

hig

h in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

at o

r ov

er 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e.—

Les

s th

an 1

00 s

ampl

e ca

ses.

*Rel

ativ

e st

anda

rd e

rror

equ

al to

or

grea

ter

than

30

perc

ent.

Not

e:R

estr

icte

d to

civ

ilian

non

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

opul

atio

n. P

erce

nts

may

not

add

to 1

00 b

ecau

se o

f ro

undi

ng.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

20

Tabl

e 6.

Em

erge

ncy

room

ser

vice

sa—

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

n w

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Tota

l27

8,40

611

.6

$315

$594

$19,

248

12.2

46

.1

17.9

8.

415

.3

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

524

3,62

410

.931

255

714

,781

14.6

55

.1

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10.4

16.9

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er 6

24,1

2613

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545

41,

461

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57

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1748

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9.8

253

425

2,01

99.

253

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15

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18-4

410

9,02

110

.934

858

26,

894

17.5

53

.6

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10

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407

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34,7

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176

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5,88

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661

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193

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524

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328

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5612

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ity

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te a

nd o

ther

209,

401

11.7

333

602

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k35

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296

575

2,60

89.

437

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lth

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er a

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ny p

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2,65

810

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336

574

10,9

5611

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y28

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21

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Uni

nsur

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349

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Age

65

and

over

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edic

are

only

11,5

1515

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349

815

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75.2

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ate

19,5

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328

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blic

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825

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32,0

5314

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556

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r-po

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320

568

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24.8

30.5

15.8

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Low

inco

me

37,0

5914

.130

164

23,

356

15.7

26.6

23.1

8.3

26.2

Mid

dle

inco

me

90,3

4311

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959

46,

351

13.9

50.0

19.1

3.3

13.7

Hig

h in

com

e10

6,75

49.

334

458

85,

856

10.3

71

.010

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6.6

21

Tabl

e 6.

Em

erge

ncy

room

ser

vice

sa—

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

n w

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00 (c

ontin

ued)

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

226,

861

11.3

$318

$613

$15,

695

11.7

47.3

17.9

8.0

15.1

Non

-MSA

51,5

4513

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052

33,

553

14.7

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ensu

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gion

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st52

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69.

547

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712

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idw

est

64,5

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171

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10.0

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16.7

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6So

uth

97,3

7311

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156

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519

16.4

43

.817

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315

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est

63,8

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731

759

53,

668

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512

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rcei

ved

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th s

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311

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116

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ry g

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530

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222

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349

586

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49.

7Fa

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656

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611

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34.4

373

733

1,94

59.

323

.0

39.4

10.6

17

.8

a Exp

ense

s fo

r vi

sits

to m

edic

al p

rovi

ders

see

n in

em

erge

ncy

room

s (e

xcep

t vis

its r

esul

ting

in a

n ov

erni

ght h

ospi

tal s

tay)

are

incl

uded

. b P

riva

te in

sura

nce

incl

udes

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

).

c Oth

er in

clud

es p

aym

ents

fro

m th

e D

epar

tmen

t of V

eter

ans

Aff

airs

(ex

cept

TR

ICA

RE

); o

ther

Fed

eral

sou

rces

(In

dian

Hea

lth S

ervi

ce, m

ilita

ry tr

eatm

ent f

acili

ties,

and

oth

er c

are

prov

ided

by

the

Fede

ral G

over

nmen

t); v

ario

us S

tate

and

loca

l sou

rces

(co

mm

unity

and

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d cl

inic

s, S

tate

and

loca

l hea

lth d

epar

tmen

ts, a

nd S

tate

pro

gram

s ot

her

than

Med

icai

d); W

orke

rs’C

ompe

nsat

ion;

var

ious

unc

lass

ifie

d so

urce

s (e

.g.,

auto

mob

ile, h

omeo

wne

r’s, o

r ot

her

liabi

lity

insu

ranc

e, a

nd o

ther

mis

cella

neou

s or

unk

now

n so

urce

s);

Med

icai

d pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

who

wer

e no

t rep

orte

d as

enr

olle

d in

the

Med

icai

d pr

ogra

m a

t any

tim

e du

ring

the

year

; and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

with

out a

ny r

epor

ted

priv

ate

heal

th in

sura

nce

cove

rage

dur

ing

the

year

.d U

nins

ured

ref

ers

to p

erso

ns u

nins

ured

dur

ing

the

entir

e ye

ar. P

ublic

and

pri

vate

hea

lth in

sura

nce

cate

gori

es r

efer

to in

divi

dual

s w

ith p

ublic

or

priv

ate

insu

ranc

e at

any

tim

edu

ring

the

peri

od; i

ndiv

idua

ls w

ith b

oth

publ

ic a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

and

thos

e w

ith T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge)

are

clas

sifi

ed a

s ha

ving

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e.

e Poo

r—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

less

than

100

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line,

incl

udin

g th

ose

who

se lo

sses

exc

eede

d th

eir

earn

ings

, res

ultin

g in

neg

ativ

e in

com

e; n

ear-

poor

—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

100

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 1

25 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; lo

w in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

125

per

cent

to le

ssth

an 2

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; m

iddl

e in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

200

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; h

igh

inco

me—

pers

ons

infa

mili

es w

ith in

com

e at

or

over

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line.

—L

ess

than

100

sam

ple

case

s.

*Rel

ativ

e st

anda

rd e

rror

equ

al to

or

grea

ter

than

30

perc

ent.

Not

e:R

estr

icte

d to

civ

ilian

non

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

opul

atio

n. P

erce

nts

may

not

add

to 1

00 b

ecau

se o

f ro

undi

ng.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

22

Tabl

e 7.

Pre

scri

ptio

n m

edic

ines

a —M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

h ex

pens

e an

ddi

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t Ex

pens

e

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Tota

l27

8,40

662

.3$1

86$5

94$1

02,9

9246

.133

.9

4.6

11.2

4.

2

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

524

3,62

458

.513

648

569

,171

41.0

42.4

0.9

12.9

2.8

Und

er 6

24,1

2656

.932

861,

174

42.9

34.0

*0.1

21.7

*1.2

6-17

48,4

0546

.261

213

4,75

232

.947

.0*0

.117

.7*2

.418

-44

109,

021

56.0

121

382

23,2

9739

.643

.0*0

.315

.81.

245

-64

62,0

7273

.343

487

839

,948

42.8

41.7

*1.4

10.4

3.9

65 a

nd o

ver

34,7

8288

.369

51,

102

33,8

2156

.616

.612

.17.

77.

0Se

xM

ale

135,

882

54.9

146

546

40,7

8041

.035

.04.

410

.79.

0Fe

mal

e14

2,52

469

.221

963

162

,212

49.5

33.2

4.7

11.5

1.1

Rac

e/et

hnic

ity

Whi

te a

nd o

ther

209,

401

66.6

214

626

87,3

8146

.636

.04.

58.

94.

1Bl

ack

35,0

4950

.812

548

78,

657

44.2

22.4

4.6

22.3

6.5

Hisp

anic

33,9

5547

.292

434

6,95

442

.422

.45.

426

.53.

2

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te18

2,65

861

.714

444

550

,128

38.4

58.5

*0.4

*1.4

1.5

Publ

ic o

nly

28,6

2262

.111

981

014

,396

35.7

*0.0

*3.1

57.1

4.1

Uni

nsur

ed32

,344

37.6

8938

24,

647

86.3

*0.0

*0.0

*0.0

13.7

Age

65

and

over

:M

edic

are

only

11,5

1587

.662

71,

041

10,5

0469

.4*0

.017

.9*0

.012

.7M

edic

are

and

priv

ate

19,5

7088

.870

81,

059

18,4

1054

.030

.510

.1*0

.74.

7M

edic

are

and

othe

r pu

blic

3,56

889

.093

41,

541

4,89

538

.6*0

.06.

950

.6*3

.9

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

32,0

5358

.613

969

112

,984

44.5

9.2

4.1

38.8

3.4

Nea

r-po

or12

,196

60.2

213

749

5,49

655

.68.

0*5

.027

.44.

0Lo

w in

com

e37

,059

59.6

181

685

15,1

4851

.320

.25.

316

.5

6.8

Mid

dle

inco

me

90,3

4361

.917

656

931

,787

47.4

35.7

5.9

6.6

4.4

Hig

h in

com

e10

6,75

464

.820

554

337

,578

42.2

50.3

3.2

*1.0

3.3

23

Tabl

e 7.

Pre

scri

ptio

n m

edic

ines

a —M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

h ex

pens

e an

d di

stri

buti

onof

exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

(con

tinue

d)

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

226,

861

61.1

$174

$576

$79,

881

45.0

35.1

5.2

10.9

3.8

Non

-MSA

51,5

4567

.123

966

823

,111

50.1

29.9

2.5

12.1

5.5

Cen

sus

regi

onN

orth

east

52,6

3664

.317

260

520

,470

44.3

35.2

6.4

11.0

3.1

Mid

wes

t64

,536

64.1

204

622

25,7

4546

.138

.03.

68.

83.

6So

uth

97,3

7362

.622

362

237

,963

49.0

33.0

2.2

11.4

4.3

Wes

t63

,861

58.1

135

507

18,8

1442

.328

.8

8.6

14.1

6.1

Perc

eive

d he

alth

sta

tus

Exce

llent

87,8

9049

.080

251

10,8

1043

.843

.82.

7*7

.42.

2Ve

ry g

ood

93,4

9961

.615

042

224

,345

44.9

41.6

4.2

6.0

3.3

Goo

d67

,922

69.7

282

676

32,0

0745

.937

.14.

28.

24.

5Fa

ir20

,666

86.9

692

1,27

522

,892

47.3

26.3

5.7

17.2

3.5

Poor

7,72

092

.2

1,23

01,

805

12,8

4248

.7

16.7

5.5

20.9

8.2

a Exp

ense

s fo

r al

l pre

scri

bed

med

icin

es in

itial

ly p

urch

ased

or

othe

rwis

e ob

tain

ed d

urin

g th

e ye

ar, a

s w

ell a

s an

y re

fills

, are

incl

uded

. Fre

e sa

mpl

es a

re in

clud

ed in

the

estim

ate

ofpe

rcen

t of

pers

ons

with

any

exp

ense

. b P

riva

te in

sura

nce

incl

udes

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

).

c Oth

er in

clud

es p

aym

ents

fro

m th

e D

epar

tmen

t of V

eter

ans

Aff

airs

(ex

cept

TR

ICA

RE

); o

ther

Fed

eral

sou

rces

(In

dian

Hea

lth S

ervi

ce, m

ilita

ry tr

eatm

ent f

acili

ties,

and

oth

er c

are

prov

ided

by

the

Fede

ral G

over

nmen

t); v

ario

us S

tate

and

loca

l sou

rces

(co

mm

unity

and

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d cl

inic

s, S

tate

and

loca

l hea

lth d

epar

tmen

ts, a

nd S

tate

pro

gram

s ot

her

than

Med

icai

d); W

orke

rs’C

ompe

nsat

ion;

var

ious

unc

lass

ifie

d so

urce

s (e

.g.,

auto

mob

ile, h

omeo

wne

r’s, o

r ot

her

liabi

lity

insu

ranc

e, a

nd o

ther

mis

cella

neou

s or

unk

now

n so

urce

s);

Med

icai

d pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

who

wer

e no

t rep

orte

d as

enr

olle

d in

the

Med

icai

d pr

ogra

m a

t any

tim

e du

ring

the

year

; and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

with

out a

ny r

epor

ted

priv

ate

heal

th in

sura

nce

cove

rage

dur

ing

the

year

.d U

nins

ured

ref

ers

to p

erso

ns u

nins

ured

dur

ing

the

entir

e ye

ar. P

ublic

and

pri

vate

hea

lth in

sura

nce

cate

gori

es r

efer

to in

divi

dual

s w

ith p

ublic

or

priv

ate

insu

ranc

e at

any

tim

edu

ring

the

peri

od; i

ndiv

idua

ls w

ith b

oth

publ

ic a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

and

thos

e w

ith T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge)

are

clas

sifi

ed a

s ha

ving

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e.

e Poo

r—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

less

than

100

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line,

incl

udin

g th

ose

who

se lo

sses

exc

eede

d th

eir

earn

ings

, res

ultin

g in

neg

ativ

e in

com

e; n

ear-

poor

—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

100

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 1

25 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; lo

w in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

125

per

cent

to le

ssth

an 2

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; m

iddl

e in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

200

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; h

igh

inco

me—

pers

ons

infa

mili

es w

ith in

com

e at

or

over

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line.

*Rel

ativ

e st

anda

rd e

rror

equ

al to

or

grea

ter

than

30

perc

ent.

Not

e: R

estr

icte

d to

civ

ilian

non

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

opul

atio

n. P

erce

nts

may

not

add

to 1

00 b

ecau

se o

f ro

undi

ng.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

24

Tabl

e 8.

Den

tal s

ervi

cesa

—M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

h ex

pens

e an

ddi

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Tota

l27

8,40

640

.1$1

68$4

98$5

5,55

149

.3

42.2

0.5

4.0

3.9

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

524

3,62

440

.216

449

248

,209

45.2

46.3

*0.0

4.6

3.9

Und

er 6

24,1

2620

.199

193

937

25.4

43.3

*0.0

25.6

*5.7

6-17

48,4

0551

.115

565

416

,172

44.0

47.6

*0.0

6.5

1.9

18-4

410

9,02

136

.8

155

404

16,2

2342

.0

49.1

*0.0

*4.6

4.3

45-6

462

,072

45.4

209

528

14,8

7651

.242

.0*0

.01.

15.

665

and

ove

r34

,782

39.5

196

534

7,34

176

.715

.23.

60.

44.

1Se

xM

ale

135,

882

36.9

162

464

23,2

7449

.840

.3

*0.4

*4

.64.

9Fe

mal

e14

2,52

443

.217

252

532

,277

49.0

43.6

*0

.53.

63.

3R

ace/

ethn

icit

yW

hite

and

oth

er20

9,40

145

.017

852

449

,390

49.8

42.3

0.5

3.6

3.8

Blac

k35

,049

26.0

107

354

3,22

440

.347

.4*0

.37.

14.

9H

ispan

ic33

,955

24.4

128

354

2,93

651

.7

35.3

*0

.67.

35.

1

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te18

2,65

846

.117

451

543

,411

44.1

51.4

*0.0

*1.6

2.8

Publ

ic o

nly

28,6

2227

.987

287

2,29

026

.9*0

.0*0

.466

.46.

2U

nins

ured

32,3

4417

.515

144

42,

508

79.8

*0.0

*0.0

*0.0

20.3

Age

65

and

over

:M

edic

are

only

11,5

1532

.619

566

12,

480

86.8

*0.0

*5.3

*0.0

*8.0

Med

icar

e an

d pr

ivat

e19

,570

47.9

200

490

4,60

172

.624

.31.

6*0

.01.

5M

edic

are

and

othe

r pu

blic

3,56

816

.4—

——

——

——

—

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

32,0

5324

.810

534

52,

744

44.1

23.3

*2.2

22.2

*8.2

Nea

r-po

or12

,196

25.4

150

495

*1,5

33*3

1.0

*25.

1*0

.3*3

6.8

*6.8

Low

inco

me

37,0

5928

.614

439

24,

157

59.5

25.1

*0.5

10.5

*4.5

Mid

dle

inco

me

90,3

4338

.616

649

017

,093

51.1

40.5

*0.6

*3.3

4.5

Hig

h in

com

e10

6,75

451

.618

554

530

,025

48.3

48.2

0.3

*0.2

3.0

25

Tabl

e 8.

Den

tal s

ervi

cesa

—M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

h ex

pens

e an

ddi

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

(con

tinue

d)

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

226,

861

40.9

$170

$502

$46,

597

48.1

42.9

0.6

4.4

4.1

Non

-MSA

51,5

4536

.515

147

68,

954

56.0

38.7

*0.1

2.2

3.1

Cen

sus

regi

onN

orth

east

52,6

3645

.718

551

912

,469

51.6

39.5

*0.7

3.9

4.3

Mid

wes

t64

,536

45.0

149

449

13,0

2446

.745

.7*0

.3*3

.34.

0So

uth

97,3

7335

.415

447

216

,278

54.1

40.3

*0.4

1.3

3.9

Wes

t63

,861

37.8

200

571

13,7

8044

.243

.6*0

.7*8

.0

3.5

Perc

eive

d he

alth

sta

tus

Exce

llent

87,8

9042

.616

047

717

,845

45.7

48.3

*0.1

3.0

2.8

Very

goo

d93

,499

42.8

165

514

20,5

8749

.244

.8*0

.51.

93.

6G

ood

67,9

2237

.517

648

012

,235

50.6

35.1

*0.7

*8.4

5.2

Fair

20,6

6632

.320

056

03,

740

62.3

26.7

*0.6

3.8

6.7

Poor

7,72

026

.418

556

11,

144

53.2

26.9

*2

.6*1

2.6

*4.7

a Ser

vice

s pr

ovid

ed b

y ge

nera

l den

tists

, den

tal h

ygie

nist

s, d

enta

l tec

hnic

ians

, den

tal s

urge

ons,

ort

hodo

ntis

ts, e

ndod

ontis

ts, a

nd p

erio

dont

ists

are

incl

uded

. b P

riva

te in

sura

nce

incl

udes

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

).

c Oth

er in

clud

es p

aym

ents

fro

m th

e D

epar

tmen

t of V

eter

ans

Aff

airs

(ex

cept

TR

ICA

RE

); o

ther

Fed

eral

sou

rces

(In

dian

Hea

lth S

ervi

ce, m

ilita

ry tr

eatm

ent f

acili

ties,

and

oth

er c

are

prov

ided

by

the

Fede

ral G

over

nmen

t); v

ario

us S

tate

and

loca

l sou

rces

(co

mm

unity

and

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d cl

inic

s, S

tate

and

loca

l hea

lth d

epar

tmen

ts, a

nd S

tate

pro

gram

s ot

her

than

Med

icai

d); W

orke

rs’C

ompe

nsat

ion;

var

ious

unc

lass

ifie

d so

urce

s (e

.g.,

auto

mob

ile, h

omeo

wne

r’s, o

r ot

her

liabi

lity

insu

ranc

e, a

nd o

ther

mis

cella

neou

s or

unk

now

n so

urce

s);

Med

icai

d pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

who

wer

e no

t rep

orte

d as

enr

olle

d in

the

Med

icai

d pr

ogra

m a

t any

tim

e du

ring

the

year

; and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

with

out a

ny r

epor

ted

priv

ate

heal

th in

sura

nce

cove

rage

dur

ing

the

year

.d U

nins

ured

ref

ers

to p

erso

ns u

nins

ured

dur

ing

the

entir

e ye

ar. P

ublic

and

pri

vate

hea

lth in

sura

nce

cate

gori

es r

efer

to in

divi

dual

s w

ith p

ublic

or

priv

ate

insu

ranc

e at

any

tim

edu

ring

the

peri

od; i

ndiv

idua

ls w

ith b

oth

publ

ic a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

and

thos

e w

ith T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge)

are

clas

sifi

ed a

s ha

ving

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e.

e Poo

r—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

less

than

100

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line,

incl

udin

g th

ose

who

se lo

sses

exc

eede

d th

eir

earn

ings

, res

ultin

g in

neg

ativ

e in

com

e; n

ear

poor

—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

100

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 1

25 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; lo

w in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

125

per

cent

to le

ssth

an 2

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; m

iddl

e in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

200

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; h

igh

inco

me—

pers

ons

infa

mili

es w

ith in

com

e at

or

over

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line.

—L

ess

than

100

sam

ple

case

s.

*Rel

ativ

e st

anda

rd e

rror

equ

al to

or

grea

ter

than

30

perc

ent.

Not

e:R

estr

icte

d to

civ

ilian

non

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

opul

atio

n. P

erce

nts

may

not

add

to 1

00 b

ecau

se o

f ro

undi

ng.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

26

Tabl

e 9.

Hom

e he

alth

ser

vice

sa—

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

n w

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Tota

l27

8,40

61.

8$1

,710

$5,1

36$2

5,64

012

.4

*4.2

25

.6

48.2

*9.6

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

524

3,62

40.

81,

507

6,55

112

,960

*3.7

*3

.6

*13.

268

.0*1

1.5

Und

er 6

24,1

261.

2—

——

——

——

—6-

1748

,405

*0.5

——

——

——

——

18-4

410

9,02

10.

5—

——

——

——

—45

-64

62,0

721.

4—

——

——

——

—65

and

ove

r34

,782

8.7

1,80

04,

207

12,6

8021

.2

*4.7

38

.4

28.1

7.

6Se

xM

ale

135,

882

1.5

1,59

24,

081

8,32

0*1

3.0

*5.1

37.8

36

.08.

0Fe

mal

e14

2,52

42.

11,

775

5,86

317

,321

*12.

1*3

.719

.854

.1*1

0.4

Rac

e/et

hnic

ity

Whi

te a

nd o

ther

209,

401

1.9

1,50

04,

831

19,5

5215

.7

*4.6

23.9

45.3

*1

0.4

Blac

k35

,049

1.7

——

——

——

——

Hisp

anic

33,9

551.

0—

——

——

——

—

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te18

2,65

80.

5—

——

——

——

—Pu

blic

onl

y28

,622

3.7

——

——

——

——

Uni

nsur

ed32

,344

*0.2

—

——

——

——

—A

ge 6

5 an

d ov

er:

Med

icar

e on

ly11

,515

7.6

——

——

——

——

Med

icar

e an

d pr

ivat

e19

,570

6.9

1,29

03,

289

4,43

6*3

2.7

*13.

542

.6

*7.8

*3

.5M

edic

are

and

othe

r pu

blic

3,56

822

.2

——

——

——

——

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

32,0

533.

11,

775

4,74

34,

762

*16.

0*1

.7

41.1

33

.4

*7.9

Nea

r-po

or12

,196

3.7

——

——

——

——

Low

inco

me

37,0

592.

7—

——

——

——

—M

iddl

e in

com

e90

,343

1.6

1,52

43,

252

4,69

5*8

.6

*4.5

*24.

4*3

5.8

*26.

7H

igh

inco

me

106,

754

1.0

——

——

——

——

27

Tabl

e 9.

Hom

e he

alth

ser

vice

sa—

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

n w

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00 (c

ontin

ued)

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

226,

861

1.7

$1,5

40$4

,917

$19,

219

*13.

1*4

.8

21.8

49

.2*1

1.2

Non

-MSA

51,5

452.

11,

867

5,92

46,

422

10.2

2.

337

.345

.4

4.8

Cen

sus

regi

onN

orth

east

52,6

362.

2—

——

——

——

—M

idw

est

64,5

361.

9—

——

——

——

—So

uth

97,3

731.

71,

733

4,93

9*8

,118

*14.

0*4

.9

*27.

6*4

9.2

*4.2

Wes

t63

,861

1.5

——

——

——

——

Perc

eive

d he

alth

sta

tus

Exce

llent

87,8

900.

5—

——

——

——

—Ve

ry g

ood

93,4

990.

7—

——

——

——

—G

ood

67,9

221.

7—

——

——

——

—Fa

ir20

,666

6.8

1,60

2*6

,280

*8,8

10*1

0.5

*2.1

*21.

060

.0

*6.3

Poor

7,72

016

.3

1,77

54,

309

5,41

2*1

0.0

*9.0

45.6

32

.0

*3.5

a Exp

ense

s fo

r ca

re p

rovi

ded

by h

ome

heal

th a

genc

ies

and

inde

pend

ent h

ome

heal

th p

rovi

ders

are

incl

uded

. Mos

t hom

e he

alth

exp

ense

s (8

7.5

perc

ent)

wer

e fo

r ag

ency

prov

ider

s.b P

riva

te in

sura

nce

incl

udes

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

).

c Oth

er in

clud

es p

aym

ents

fro

m th

e D

epar

tmen

t of V

eter

ans

Aff

airs

(ex

cept

TR

ICA

RE

); o

ther

Fed

eral

sou

rces

(In

dian

Hea

lth S

ervi

ce, m

ilita

ry tr

eatm

ent f

acili

ties,

and

oth

er c

are

prov

ided

by

the

Fede

ral G

over

nmen

t); v

ario

us S

tate

and

loca

l sou

rces

(co

mm

unity

and

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d cl

inic

s, S

tate

and

loca

l hea

lth d

epar

tmen

ts, a

nd S

tate

pro

gram

s ot

her

than

Med

icai

d); W

orke

rs’C

ompe

nsat

ion;

var

ious

unc

lass

ifie

d so

urce

s (e

.g.,

auto

mob

ile, h

omeo

wne

r’s, o

r ot

her

liabi

lity

insu

ranc

e, a

nd o

ther

mis

cella

neou

s or

unk

now

n so

urce

s);

Med

icai

d pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

who

wer

e no

t rep

orte

d as

enr

olle

d in

the

Med

icai

d pr

ogra

m a

t any

tim

e du

ring

the

year

; and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

with

out a

ny r

epor

ted

priv

ate

heal

th in

sura

nce

cove

rage

dur

ing

the

year

.d U

nins

ured

ref

ers

to p

erso

ns u

nins

ured

dur

ing

the

entir

e ye

ar. P

ublic

and

pri

vate

hea

lth in

sura

nce

cate

gori

es r

efer

to in

divi

dual

s w

ith p

ublic

or

priv

ate

insu

ranc

e at

any

tim

edu

ring

the

peri

od; i

ndiv

idua

ls w

ith b

oth

publ

ic a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

and

thos

e w

ith T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge)

are

clas

sifi

ed a

s ha

ving

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e.

e Poo

r—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

less

than

100

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line,

incl

udin

g th

ose

who

se lo

sses

exc

eede

d th

eir

earn

ings

, res

ultin

g in

neg

ativ

e in

com

e; n

ear-

poor

—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

100

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 1

25 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; lo

w in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

125

per

cent

to le

ssth

an 2

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; m

iddl

e in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

200

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; h

igh

inco

me—

pers

ons

infa

mili

es w

ith in

com

e at

or

over

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line.

—L

ess

than

100

sam

ple

case

s.

*Rel

ativ

e st

anda

rd e

rror

equ

al to

or

grea

ter

than

30

perc

ent.

Not

e: R

estr

icte

d to

civ

ilian

non

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

opul

atio

n. P

erce

nts

may

not

add

to 1

00 b

ecau

se o

f ro

undi

ng.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

28

Tabl

e 10

.Oth

er m

edic

al e

quip

men

t an

d se

rvic

esa —

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

n w

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Tota

l27

8,40

618

.6$1

80$2

60$1

3,41

271

.3

16.0

3.0

6.7

3.0

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

524

3,62

417

.417

823

710

,037

71.1

18.6

*0

.57.

42.

3U

nder

624

,126

2.4

——

——

——

——

6-17

48,4

0513

.215

018

21,

166

63.5

18.4

*0.1

16.7

*1.3

18-4

410

9,02

117

.916

020

94,

072

72.5

17.7

*0.1

6.9

2.7

45-6

462

,072

25.7

223

292

4,65

372

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.3*1

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62.

265

and

ove

r34

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26.7

200

364

3,37

571

.68.

110

.34.

75.

3Se

xM

ale

135,

882

15.7

179

271

5,78

770

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.8*2

.96.

34.

9Fe

mal

e14

2,52

421

.218

225

27,

625

72.1

16.1

3.1

7.1

1.7

Rac

e/et

hnic

ity

Whi

te a

nd o

ther

209,

401

20.6

187

264

11,4

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.816

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05.

13.

0Bl

ack

35,0

4912

.913

621

496

567

.611

.23.

613

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6H

ispan

ic33

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11.8

175

260

1,04

157

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6*1

8.3

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Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te18

2,65

819

.218

023

68,

268

74.7

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Publ

ic o

nly

28,6

2214

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724

51,

027

30.9

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63.0

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Uni

nsur

ed32

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9.8

160

233

742

87.4

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A

ge 6

5 an

d ov

er:

Med

icar

e on

ly11

,515

24.8

180

323

923

69.0

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Med

icar

e an

d pr

ivat

e19

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28.4

215

388

2,15

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9*0

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edic

are

and

othe

r pu

blic

3,56

824

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634

329

336

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stat

use

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32,0

5314

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025

11,

124

52.4

4.8

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r-po

or12

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14.8

156

245

442

55.4

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1*8

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2.4

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Low

inco

me

37,0

5916

.316

525

51,

536

72.5

8.6

6.3

9.1

3.5

Mid

dle

inco

me

90,3

4316

.516

823

93,

555

70.4

16.3

*3.6

*5.0

*4.7

Hig

h in

com

e10

6,75

422

.9

200

276

6,75

575

.6

19.6

1.

4*1

.61.

7

29

Tabl

e 10

.Oth

er m

edic

al e

quip

men

t an

d se

rvic

esa —

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

n w

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00 (c

ontin

ued)

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

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0.

Technical AppendixThe data source for this report is the Medical

Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), an ongoing annualsurvey of the civilian noninstitutionalized populationthat collects detailed information on health care use andexpenditures (including sources of payment), healthinsurance, health status, access, and quality.MEPS also collects detailed demographic and economicinformation on the people in the households surveyed.Expenditure data in MEPS are obtained from both thehousehold interview and the Medical ProviderComponent, which collects data from a sample ofrespondents’ hospitals, physicians, home health careproviders, and pharmacies. (See the section “MEPSExpenditures Methodology” in this appendix for moredetails.)

The expenditure estimates for 2000 and 1996presented and cited in this report were obtained from thecompendia of tables available on the MEPS Web site:<http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/data_public.htm>.However, the 2000 estimates by place of residence(MSA and non-MSA) presented here differ slightlyfrom those on the Web site. These published estimateswere based on complete information for all persons,whereas those on the Web site classified a smallproportion of persons with missing MSA status.

More information about MEPS can be found at<http://www.meps.ahrq.gov>. Detailed descriptions ofthe survey and its methodology have been previouslypublished (Cohen JW, 1997; Cohen SB, 2000; CohenSB, 2003).

Definitions Expenditures. Expenditures in this report refer to

what is actually paid for health care services. Morespecifically, in MEPS, expenditures are defined as thesum of direct payments for care received, including out-of-pocket payments for care received and paymentsmade by private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, andother sources. Payments for over-the-counter drugs andalternative care services are not included in MEPS totalexpenditures. Indirect payments not related to specific

medical events, such as Medicaid DisproportionateShare and Medicare Direct Medical Educationsubsidies, are also not included.

This definition of expenditures differs somewhatfrom that used in predecessor surveys, the 1987National Medical Expenditure Survey and the 1977National Medical Care Expenditure Survey, in whichcharges rather than payments were used to measuremedical expenditures. Users who wish to compare theexpenditure data presented in this report with data fromthe 1987 survey should consult Zuvekas and Cohen(2002).

Type of service. In addition to expenditures for totalhealth services (Table 2), expenses are classified in thisreport into eight broad types of service: hospitalinpatient, office-based medical provider services,hospital outpatient, emergency room, prescriptionmedicines, dental services, home health, and othermedical equipment and services. These categories aredescribed below and, where relevant, in the footnotes tothe tables in this report. • Hospital inpatient services (Table 3). This category

includes room and board and all hospital diagnosticand laboratory expenses associated with the basicfacility charge, payments for separately billedphysician inpatient services, and emergency roomexpenses incurred immediately prior to inpatientstays. Expenses for reported hospital stays with thesame admission and discharge dates are alsoincluded. Expenses for newborns who left thehospital on the same day as the mother are includedin the mother’s record.

• Office-based medical provider services (Table 4).This category includes expenses for visits to medicalproviders seen in office-based settings or clinics.

• Hospital outpatient services (Table 5). This categoryincludes expenses for visits to both physicians andother medical providers seen in hospital outpatientdepartments, including payments for servicescovered under the basic facility charge and those forseparately billed physician services.

• Emergency room services (Table 6). This categoryincludes expenses for visits to medical providers

30

31

seen in emergency rooms (except visits resulting in ahospital admission). These expenses includepayments for services covered under the basicfacility charge and those for separately billedphysician services.

• Prescription medicines (Table 7). This categoryincludes expenses for all prescribed medicationsinitially purchased or otherwise obtained during2000, as well as any refills.

• Dental services (Table 8). This category coversexpenses for any type of dental care provider,including general dentists, dental hygienists, dentaltechnicians, dental surgeons, orthodontists,endodontists, and periodontists.

• Home health services (Table 9). This categoryincludes expenses for care provided by home healthagencies and independent home health providers.

• Other medical equipment and services (Table 10).This category includes expenses for eyeglasses,contact lenses, ambulance services, orthopedic items,hearing devices, prostheses, bathroom aids, medicalequipment, disposable supplies,alterations/modifications, and other miscellaneousitems or services that were obtained, purchased, orrented during the year. About two-thirds of theexpenditures in this category were for vision items.Sources of payment. Estimates of sources of

payment presented in this report represent thepercentage of the total sum of expenditures paid for byeach source. Sources of payment are classified asfollows:

• Out of pocket by user or family.

• Private insurance—Includes payments made byinsurance plans covering hospital and medical care(excluding payments from Medicare, Medicaid, andother public sources). Payments from Medigap plansor TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) arealso included. Payments from plans that providecoverage for a single service only, such as dental orvision coverage, are not included.

• Medicare—A federally financed health insuranceplan for the elderly, persons receiving Social Security

disability payments, and most persons with end-stagerenal disease. Medicare Part A, which provideshospital insurance, is automatically given to thosewho are eligible for Social Security. Medicare Part Bprovides supplementary medical insurance that paysfor medical expenses and can be purchased for amonthly premium.

• Medicaid—A means-tested government programjointly financed by Federal and State funds thatprovides health care to those who are eligible.Program eligibility criteria vary significantly byState, but the program is designed to provide healthcoverage to families and individuals who are unableto afford necessary medical care.

• Other—Includes payments from the Department ofVeterans Affairs (except TRICARE); other Federalsources (Indian Health Service, military treatmentfacilities, and other care provided by the FederalGovernment); various State and local sources(community and neighborhood clinics, State andlocal health departments, and State programs otherthan Medicaid); Workers’ Compensation; variousunclassified sources (e.g., automobile, homeowner’s,or other liability insurance, and other miscellaneousor unknown sources); Medicaid payments reportedfor persons who were not reported as enrolled in theMedicaid program at any time during the year; andprivate insurance payments reported for personswithout any reported private health insurancecoverage during the year.Age. The respondent was asked to report the age of

each family member as of the date of each interview. Inthis report, age is based on the sampled person’s age asof December 31st of the reported year. If data were notcollected at the end of the year because the sampleperson was out of scope (e.g., deceased orinstitutionalized), then age at the time of the last inscopeinterview(s) was used.

Race/ethnicity. Classifications by race/ethnicity inthis report are based on the following threerace/ethnicity groups: white/other, black, and Hispanic.Classification by race and ethnicity is based ininformation reported in MEPS for each family member.

32

First, respondents were asked if the sample person’smain national origin or ancestry was Puerto Rican;Cuban; Mexican, Mexican American, or Chicano; otherLatin American; or other Spanish. All persons whosemain national origin or ancestry was reported as one ofthese Hispanic groups, regardless of racial background,are classified as Hispanic. The second category iscomprised of people who were not classified asHispanic but whose race was reported as black. All otherpersons were classified as white/other. In this group,only about 5 percent were reported as a race other thanwhite (e.g., American Indians, Aleutian Islanders andEskimos, Asian and Pacific Islanders, and unspecifiedraces).

Health insurance status. Individuals under age 65were classified into the following three insurancecategories based on household responses to healthinsurance status questions administered during Rounds1-3 of the MEPS Household Component. • Any private health insurance—Individuals who, at

any time during the year, had insurance that providescoverage for hospital and physician care (other thanMedicare, Medicaid, or other publichospital/physician coverage) are classified as havingprivate insurance. Coverage by TRICARE (Armed-Forces-related coverage) is also included as privatehealth insurance. Insurance that provides coveragefor a single service only, such as dental or visioncoverage, is not included.

• Public coverage only—Individuals are considered tohave public coverage only if they met both of thefollowing criteria: • They were not covered by private insurance at

any time during the year. • They were covered by one of the following

public programs at any point during the year:Medicare, Medicaid, or other publichospital/physician coverage.

• Uninsured—The uninsured are defined as people notcovered by Medicare, TRICARE, Medicaid, otherpublic hospital/physician programs, or privatehospital/physician insurance at any time during theentire year or period of eligibility for the survey.

Individuals covered only by noncomprehensive State-specific programs (e.g., Maryland Kidney DiseaseProgram, Colorado Child Health Plan) or privatesingle-service plans (e.g., coverage for dental orvision care only, coverage for accidents or specificdiseases) are not considered to be insured. Individuals age 65 and over were classified into the

following three insurance categories: • Medicare only.

• Medicare and private.

• Medicare and other public.Income. Each year persons were classified

according to their family’s income. In this report,income is expressed in terms of poverty status, the ratioof the family’s income to the Federal poverty thresholds,which control for the size of the family and the age ofthe head of the family. In this report, the followingclassification was used.• Poor—Persons in families with income less than 100

percent of the poverty line, including those whoselosses exceeded their earnings, resulting in negativeincome.

• Near-poor—Persons in families with income from100 percent to less than 125 percent of the povertyline.

• Low income—Persons in families with income from125 percent to less than 200 percent of the povertyline.

• Middle income—Persons in families with incomefrom 200 percent to less than 400 percent of thepoverty line.

• High income—Persons in families with income at orover 400 percent of the poverty line.In MEPS, personal income from each household

member was summed to create family income.Potential income sources asked about in the surveyinterview include annual earnings from wages, salaries,bonuses, tips, and commissions; business and farm gainsand losses; unemployment and Workers’ Compensationpayments; interests and dividends; alimony, childsupport, and other private cash transfers; privatepensions; individual retirement account (IRA)

33

withdrawals; Social Security and Department ofVeterans Affairs payments; Supplemental SecurityIncome and cash welfare payments from publicassistance; TANF (Temporary Assistance for NeedyFamilies, formerly known as Aid to Families withDependent Children or AFDC); gains or losses fromestates, trusts, partnerships, C corporations, rent, androyalties; and a small amount of other income.

Perceived health status. In every round of MEPS,the respondent was asked to rate the health of everymember of the family. The exact wording of the questionis as follows: “In general, compared to other people of(PERSON)’s age, would you say that (PERSON)’shealth is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?”In the tables, this variable usually reflects responses tothe last interview for the calendar year (Round 3 orRound 5). However, if no response was obtained fromthat interview, then reported health status was based onthe most recent of the prior two interviews. A smallproportion of persons had no valid response for healthstatus on any of the three interviews.

Place of residence. Each MEPS sample person wasclassified as residing either inside or outside ametropolitan statistical area (MSA) as designated by theU.S. Office of Management and Budget, which applied1990 standards using population counts from the 1990U.S. census. An MSA is a large population nucleuscombined with adjacent communities that have a highdegree of economic and social integration with thenucleus. Each MSA has one or more central countiescontaining the area’s main population concentration. InNew England, metropolitan areas consist of cities andtowns rather than whole counties. MSA data are basedon MSA status as of the end of the reference year. IfMSA status as of December 31 was not known, thenMSA status at the time of the previous interview wasused.

Region of residence. Each MEPS sample personwas classified as living in one of the following fourregions as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau.• Northeast—Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, NewYork, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

• Midwest—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, NorthDakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas.

• South—Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia,Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, SouthCarolina, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee,Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana,Oklahoma, and Texas.

• West—Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, NewMexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Washington,Oregon, California, Alaska, and Hawaii.

Sample Design Each year, the MEPS Household Component (HC)

sample is drawn from those households that completedthe prior year’s National Health Interview Survey(NHIS).For example, households selected forparticipation in MEPS Panel 5 (beginning in 2000)completed interviews in the 1999 NHIS, the sample forMEPS Panel 4 (beginning in 1999) was drawn from the1998 NHIS, and so on. Because NHIS is used as asampling frame, the MEPS design is not only nationallyrepresentative of the civilian noninstitutionalizedpopulation, but also includes an oversampling ofHispanics and blacks. NHIS is conducted by theNational Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention.

MEPS collects data via an overlapping panel design.Each household completes five interviews (“rounds” ofdata collection) over a period of 21/2 years, providing

data for two full calendar years. Data from Rounds 1, 2,and 3 provide information for the first year ofestimation, and data from Rounds 3, 4, and 5 providedata for the second year of estimates. The estimates inthis report for calendar year 2000 were based on datacollected from Rounds 3, 4, and 5 of MEPS Panel 4 andRounds 1, 2, and 3 of MEPS Panel 5. (Note that thereference period for Round 3 of a MEPS panel overlapstwo calendar years.) In MEPS, a single respondentprovides most of the information on the health careexperience of the entire family via computer-assistedpersonal interviewing (CAPI).

34

The MEPS response rate reflects response to bothMEPS and NHIS. The overall response rate for MEPSPanel 4 in 2000, including the NHIS response rate, was63.7 percent. The overall response rate for Panel 5 in2000, including the NHIS response rate, was 68.3percent. The response rate for 2000 MEPS annualestimates after combining both panels was 65.8 percent.

Accuracy of EstimatesThe estimates of total expenditures in each table are

based on 23,839 sample persons. They were weighted todevelop population estimates for a total of 278,405,516persons who were in the U.S. civiliannoninstitutionalized population for part or all of 2000.All expenditures for persons who were in the targetpopulation for the full year, from January 1 throughDecember 31, 2000, were included in the estimates.People with part-year information include newborns;people who died during the year; and people whoresided in an institution, were in the military, or livedoutside the country for part of the year. Expenditures fordeceased persons were measured for the period fromJanuary 1 through the date of death, while those fornewborns were measured from the date of birth throughDecember 31. Expenses incurred during periods of full-time active-duty military service, institutionalization, orresidency outside the country were not included.

Tests of statistical significance were used todetermine whether the differences between populationsexist at specified levels of confidence or whether theyoccurred by chance. Differences were tested using Z-scores having asymptotic normal properties at the 0.05level of significance. Only statistically significantdifferences between estimates are discussed in the text.However, it should be noted that each individualsignificance test was conducted at the 0.05 level, whichdoes not control the error rate for all significance testsconducted simultaneously at the 0.05 level.

The statistics presented in this report are affected byboth sampling error and sources of nonsampling error,which include nonresponse bias, respondent reportingerrors (response errors), interviewer effects, and dataprocessing misspecifications. The nonsampling errors,

such as response errors, are difficult to measure, butevery effort is made to minimize such errors at each stepof the MEPS operation. The sampling error, however,can be measured by the variance of the estimator. ATaylor-series approach in SUDAAN is used to produceappropriate standard errors for weighted estimates fromMEPS with its complex survey design. Standard errorsfor the MEPS estimates in this report are shown inTables A-J. The MEPS person-level estimation weightsinclude nonresponse adjustments and poststratificationadjustments to population estimates derived from theCurrent Population Survey based on cross-classifications by region, MSA status, age,race/ethnicity, and sex. For a detailed description of theMEPS survey design, sample design, estimationstrategies, and methods used to minimize sources ofnonsampling error, see JW Cohen (1997), SB Cohen(1997), and SB Cohen (2003).

Estimates presented in the tables are rounded asfollows: • Percentages are rounded to the nearest 0.1

percentage point.

• Mean and median expenditures are rounded to thenearest dollar.

• Total expenditures are rounded to the nearest milliondollar unit.

Some of the estimates for population totals of subgroupspresented in the tables will not add exactly to the overallestimated population total as a consequence of rounding.

MEPS Expenditures MethodologyExpenditure estimates in this report are based on the

sum of total payments for medical events in 2000reported in the MEPS HC. The HC collected annualdata on the use of and associated expenditures foroffice- and hospital-based care, emergency roomservices, home health care, dental services, prescriptionmedicines, and vision aids and other medical equipmentand services. In addition, the MEPS Medical ProviderComponent (MPC) collected expenditure data from asample of medical and pharmaceutical providers thatprovided care and medicines to sample people in 2000.

35

Expenditure data collected in the MPC are generallyregarded as more accurate than comparable datacollected in the HC and were used to improve theoverall quality of MEPS expenditure data in this report.For a more detailed description of the MPC, seeMachlin and Taylor (2000).

Expenditure data were imputed to replace missingdata, provide estimates for care delivered undercapitated reimbursement arrangements, and adjusthousehold-reported insurance payments becauserespondents were often unaware that their insurer paid adiscounted amount to the provider. This section containsa general description of the approaches used for thesethree situations. A more detailed description of theediting and imputation procedures is provided in thedocumentation for the MEPS event-level files, whichare available through the AHRQ Web site at<http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/>. For more information onthe approach used to impute missing expenditure dataon prescription medicines, see Moeller, Stagnitti, Horan,et al. (2001).

Missing data on expenditures were imputed using aweighted sequential hot-deck procedure for mostmedical visits and services. In general, this procedureimputes data from events with complete information toevents with missing information but similarcharacteristics. For each event type, selected predictorvariables with known values (e.g., total charge;demographic characteristics; region; provider type; andcharacteristics of the event of care, such as whether itinvolved surgery) were used to form groups of donorevents with known data on expenditures, as well asidentical groups of recipient events with missing data.Within such groups, data were assigned from donors torecipients, taking into account the weights associatedwith the complex MEPS survey design. Only MPC datawere used as donors for hospital-based events, whiledata from both the HC and MPC were used as donorsfor office-based physician visits.

Because payments for medical care provided undercapitated reimbursement arrangements and throughpublic clinics and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)hospitals are not tied to particular medical events,expenditures for events covered under those types of

arrangements and settings were also imputed. Eventscovered under capitated arrangements were imputedfrom events covered under managed care arrangementsthat were paid based on a discounted fee-for-servicemethod, while imputations for visits to public clinics andVA hospitals were based on similar events that werepaid on a fee-for-service basis. As for other events,selected predictor variables were used to form groups ofdonor and recipient events for the imputations.

An adjustment also was applied to some HC-reported expenditure data because an evaluation ofmatched HC/MPC data showed that respondents whoreported that charges and payments were equal wereoften unaware that insurance payments for the care hadbeen based on a discounted charge. To compensate forthis systematic reporting error, a weighted sequentialhot-deck imputation procedure was implemented todetermine an adjustment factor for HC-reportedinsurance payments when charges and payments werereported to be equal. As for the other imputations,selected predictor variables were used to form groups ofdonor and recipient events for the imputation process.

In some situations, it was reported that one chargecovered multiple contacts between a sample person anda medical provider (e.g., obstetrical services,orthodontia). In these situations, total payments for thefee (sometimes called a flat or global fee) were includedif the initial service was provided in 2000. For example,all payments for an orthodontist’s fee that coveredmultiple visits over 3 years were included if the initialvisit occurred in 2000. However, if a 2000 visit to anorthodontist was part of a flat fee for which the initialvisit occurred in 1999, then none of the payments forthe flat fee were included. Most of the expenditures formedical care reported by MEPS participants wereassociated with medical events that were not part of aflat-fee arrangement.

Sample respondents sometimes reported medicalevents for which no payments actually were made. Thissituation could occur for several reasons, includingwhen free care or a free sample of medicine wasprovided, bad debt was incurred, no charge was madefor a followup visit (e.g., after a surgical procedure), orcare was covered under a flat-fee arrangement beginning

in an earlier year. These types of events were treated asvalid $0 payments when developing the estimatescontained in this report.

Because of methodological differences, cautionshould be used when comparing the estimates in thisreport with data from other sources. National health careexpenditures from MEPS, for example, are lower thanthe expenditures for personal health care typically citedfrom the National Health Accounts (NHA) of theCenters for Medicare & Medicaid Services. The primaryreasons for the differences are that the NHA include awider variety of expenses and also include expenses forpeople who are not part of the community population. Acomparison of MEPS and NHA estimates forcomparable expenditures and population has beenpreviously published (Selden, Levit, Cohen, et al.,2001).

36

37

Standard error

Totala 31.1 NA NA NAHospital inpatientb 16.7 NA 1.4 NAAmbulatoryc 10.2 NA 0.8 NA

Office-based visits NA 6.9 NA 1.0Hospital outpatient visits NA 3.4 NA 1.1Emergency room visits NA 1.3 NA 0.4

Prescription medicinesd 4.9 NA 0.5 NA

Dentale 2.9 NA 0.4 NA

Home healthf 3.8 NA 0.6 NA

Other medicalg 0.8 NA 0.1 NA

ExpensesPayments (in billions) Percent distribution

All Ambulatory All AmbulatoryEvent type expenses expenses expenses expenses

Table A. Standard errors for expenses by event type: United States, 2000Corresponds to Table 1

aTotal includes inpatient hospital and physician services, ambulatory physician and nonphysician services, prescribed medicines, home healthservices, dental services, and various other medical equipment, supplies, and services that were purchased or rented during the year. Over-the-counter medications, alternative care services, and telephone contacts are excluded.bHospital admissions that did not involve an overnight stay are included. Expenses include room and board and all hospital diagnosticand laboratory expenses associated with the basic facility charge, payments for separately billed physician inpatient services, and emergencyroom expenses incurred immediately prior to inpatient stays. Events for newborns who left the hospital on the same day as the mother aretreated as separate events, but associated expenses are included in expense estimates.cEvents and expenses for both physician and nonphysician medical providers seen in office-based settings or clinics, hospital outpatientdepartments, emergency rooms (except visits resulting in an overnight hospital stay), and clinics owned and operated by hospitals areincluded.dAll prescribed medicines initially purchased or otherwise obtained during 2000, as well as refills and free samples, are included.eServices provided by general dentists, dental hygienists, dental technicians, dental surgeons, orthodontists, endodontists, and periodontists areincluded.fExpenses for care provided by home health agencies and independent home health providers are included. Most home health expenses (87.5percent) were for agency providers.gExpenses for eyeglasses, ambulance services, orthopedic items, hearing devices, prostheses, bathroom aids, medical equipment, disposablesupplies, alterations/modifications, and other miscellaneous items or services that were obtained, purchased, or rented during the year areincluded.

NA—Not applicable.

Note: These estimates are for a target population of approximately 278.4 million persons who were in the civilian noninstitutionalizedpopulation for all or part of 2000.

Source: Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey,2000.

38

Tabl

e B

.Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

tota

l hea

lth

serv

ices

a —M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

hex

pens

e an

d di

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

Corr

espo

nds

to Ta

ble

2

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Tota

l†

0.4

1878

31,0

760.

51.

31.

00.

81.

0

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

5†

0.5

1570

25,9

770.

61.

40.

81.

11.

3U

nder

6†

1.0

1417

03,

962

1.6

7.8

0.1

8.0

1.7

6-17

†0.

813

603,

184

1.6

2.5

0.0

2.2

2.0

18-4

4†

0.6

1683

11,8

620.

92.

02.

01.

91.

445

-64

†0.

640

177

13,5

661.

02.

50.

91.

02.

365

and

ove

r†

0.5

8427

110

,625

0.9

1.2

1.6

0.7

1.0

Sex

Mal

e†

0.6

1912

718

,854

0.8

1.8

1.7

1.1

1.9

Fem

ale

†0.

423

9517

,412

0.7

1.3

1.0

1.0

0.8

Rac

e/et

hnic

ity

Whi

te a

nd o

ther

†0.

422

8827

,175

0.6

1.4

1.1

0.9

1.2

Blac

k†

1.2

2628

310

,353

1.4

2.6

3.2

2.6

2.5

Hisp

anic

†1.

019

107

4,37

31.

22.

72.

21.

90.

9

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te8,

688

0.5

1767

19,6

640.

61.

10.

30.

30.

8Pu

blic

onl

y1,

863

1.0

4027

98,

155

1.0

0.0

4.1

3.8

1.4

Uni

nsur

ed1,

710

1.2

1727

15,

310

7.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

7.2

Age

65

and

over

:M

edic

are

only

729

0.8

141

334

4,85

81.

50.

02.

60.

02.

3M

edic

are

and

priv

ate

971

0.6

107

368

8,66

81.

22.

12.

20.

31.

2M

edic

are

and

othe

r pu

blic

280

1.2

421

855

3,86

61.

40.

04.

33.

31.

9

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

†1.

143

246

8,45

61.

12.

23.

93.

21.

9N

ear-

poor

†1.

965

273

3,08

11.

81.

54.

54.

71.

6Lo

w in

com

e†

1.0

4520

96,

655

1.1

2.1

2.7

2.1

1.6

Mid

dle

inco

me

†0.

621

106

11,9

630.

91.

81.

90.

61.

6H

igh

inco

me

†0.

525

118

15,5

571.

02.

11.

41.

0 1.

8

39

Tabl

e B

.Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

tota

l hea

lth

serv

ices

a —M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

hex

pens

e an

d di

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

(con

tinue

d)Co

rres

pond

s to

Tabl

e 2

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

†0.

520

8528

,346

0.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

1.2

Non

-MSA

†0.

744

197

12,9

591.

22.

92.

01.

60.

9C

ensu

s re

gion

Nor

thea

st†

0.9

3514

011

,555

1.2

2.5

2.0

1.6

1.1

Mid

wes

t†

0.8

5316

713

,592

1.0

2.8

2.9

1.5

3.0

Sout

h†

0.6

2113

117

,216

1.0

2.6

1.4

1.4

1.7

Wes

t†

0.9

3613

315

,525

0.9

2.4

2.2

1.8

0.9

Perc

eive

d he

alth

sta

tus

Exce

llent

3,44

50.

614

555,

436

1.3

2.1

1.2

1.0

0.8

Very

goo

d4,

684

0.6

2271

9,03

00.

91.

91.

60.

71.

3G

ood

3,47

90.

739

138

11,2

280.

92.

01.

41.

21.

3Fa

ir1,

105

0.6

168

557

12,7

321.

32.

32.

92.

51.

5Po

or44

30.

736

093

78,

241

1.1

3.7

3.5

2.4

4.6

a Inp

atie

nt h

ospi

tal a

nd p

hysi

cian

ser

vice

s, a

mbu

lato

ry p

hysi

cian

and

non

phys

icia

n se

rvic

es, p

resc

ribe

d m

edic

ines

, hom

e he

alth

ser

vice

s, d

enta

l ser

vice

s, a

nd v

ario

us o

ther

med

ical

equ

ipm

ent a

nd s

ervi

ces

that

wer

e pu

rcha

sed

or r

ente

d du

ring

the

year

are

incl

uded

. Ove

r-th

e-co

unte

r m

edic

atio

ns, a

ltern

ativ

e ca

re s

ervi

ces,

and

tele

phon

e co

ntac

ts a

reex

clud

ed.

b Pri

vate

insu

ranc

e in

clud

es T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge).

c O

ther

incl

udes

pay

men

ts f

rom

the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Vet

eran

s A

ffai

rs (

exce

pt T

RIC

AR

E);

oth

er F

eder

al s

ourc

es (

Indi

an H

ealth

Ser

vice

, mili

tary

trea

tmen

t fac

ilitie

s, a

nd o

ther

car

epr

ovid

ed b

y th

e Fe

dera

l Gov

ernm

ent)

; var

ious

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal s

ourc

es (

com

mun

ity a

nd n

eigh

borh

ood

clin

ics,

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal h

ealth

dep

artm

ents

, and

Sta

te p

rogr

ams

othe

r th

anM

edic

aid)

; Wor

kers

’Com

pens

atio

n; v

ario

us u

ncla

ssif

ied

sour

ces

(e.g

., au

tom

obile

, hom

eow

ner’s

, or

othe

r lia

bilit

y in

sura

nce,

and

oth

er m

isce

llane

ous

or u

nkno

wn

sour

ces)

;M

edic

aid

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

r pe

rson

s w

ho w

ere

not r

epor

ted

as e

nrol

led

in th

e M

edic

aid

prog

ram

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e ye

ar; a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

rpe

rson

s w

ithou

t any

rep

orte

d pr

ivat

e he

alth

insu

ranc

e co

vera

ge d

urin

g th

e ye

ar.

d Uni

nsur

ed r

efer

s to

per

sons

uni

nsur

ed d

urin

g th

e en

tire

year

. Pub

lic a

nd p

riva

te h

ealth

insu

ranc

e ca

tego

ries

ref

er to

indi

vidu

als

with

pub

lic o

r pr

ivat

e in

sura

nce

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e pe

riod

; ind

ivid

uals

with

bot

h pu

blic

and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e an

d th

ose

with

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

) ar

e cl

assi

fied

as

havi

ng p

riva

te in

sura

nce.

e P

oor—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e le

ss th

an 1

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e, in

clud

ing

thos

e w

hose

loss

es e

xcee

ded

thei

r ea

rnin

gs, r

esul

ting

in n

egat

ive

inco

me;

nea

r-po

or—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

125

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

low

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

25 p

erce

nt to

less

than

200

perc

ent o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; m

iddl

e in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

200

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; h

igh

inco

me—

pers

ons

infa

mili

es w

ith in

com

e at

or

over

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line.

†Sta

ndar

d er

ror

appr

oxim

atel

y ze

ro b

ecau

se o

f po

stst

ratif

icat

ion

to C

ensu

s B

urea

u po

pula

tion

cont

rol t

able

s.N

ote:

Res

tric

ted

to c

ivili

an n

onin

stitu

tiona

lized

pop

ulat

ion.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

40

Tabl

e C

.Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

hosp

ital

inpa

tien

t se

rvic

esa —

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

n w

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00Co

rres

pond

s to

Tabl

e 3

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Tota

l†

0.2

203

544

16,7

470.

22.

52.

11.

32.

2

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

5†

0.2

167

608

12,9

740.

33.

41.

72.

23.

4U

nder

6†

0.6

659

2,01

22,

730

1.7

11.5

0.1

8.8

3.5

6-17

†0.

3—

——

——

——

—18

-44

†0.

314

757

76,

256

0.7

4.8

4.8

3.9

3.2

45-6

4†

0.4

582

1,33

38,

722

0.3

6.1

2.3

2.4

5.9

65 a

nd o

ver

†0.

979

794

77,

770

0.3

2.5

2.5

0.3

1.7

Sex

Mal

e†

0.3

469

1,12

511

,999

0.3

3.8

3.4

2.1

3.8

Fem

ale

†0.

318

450

49,

421

0.3

2.9

2.2

1.2

1.6

Rac

e/et

hnic

ity

Whi

te a

nd o

ther

†0.

325

963

713

,661

0.2

3.0

2.5

1.6

2.6

Blac

k†

0.5

564

2,09

97,

589

0.5

4.4

4.8

3.9

4.5

Hisp

anic

†0.

438

183

42,

315

1.2

5.7

5.1

3.2

1.6

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te8,

688

0.2

266

660

9,20

40.

42.

40.

81.

02.

0Pu

blic

onl

y1,

863

0.8

278

1,18

05,

036

0.6

0.0

7.3

6.8

2.2

Uni

nsur

ed1,

710

0.4

721

3,82

44,

498

3.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.7

Age

65

and

over

:M

edic

are

only

729

1.4

1,44

91,

205

3,24

30.

60.

03.

50.

03.

5M

edic

are

and

priv

ate

971

1.1

949

1,50

56,

533

0.3

4.2

3.8

0.0

2.1

Med

icar

e an

d ot

her

publ

ic28

03.

0—

——

——

——

—

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

†0.

736

61,

261

5,96

90.

63.

9 6.

45.

53.

4N

ear-

poor

†1.

145

01,

316

1,89

30.

6 2.

46.

97.

4 3.

8Lo

w in

com

e†

0.6

304

917

4,19

10.

64.

35.

12.

13.

1M

iddl

e in

com

e†

0.3

362

856

7,14

10.

44.

23.

90.

83.

1H

igh

inco

me

†0.

344

41,

117

9,27

10.

45.

54.

20.

5 5.

4

41

Tabl

e C

.Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

hosp

ital

inpa

tien

t se

rvic

esa —

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

n w

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00 (c

ontin

ued)

Corr

espo

nds

to Ta

ble

3

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

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ses

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ew

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n ex

pens

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pay

men

tPe

rcen

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tal

Popu

latio

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pens

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ivat

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ands

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edia

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icar

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edic

aid

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dard

err

or

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litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

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†0.

224

862

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2.5

1.6

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†0.

540

796

56,

120

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sus

regi

onN

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east

†0.

542

61,

370

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75.

55.

63.

52.

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est

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651

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162

8,08

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25.

75.

83.

46.

3 So

uth

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326

275

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3.1

1.6

3.2

Wes

t†

0.4

400

1,01

24,

633

0.7

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eive

d he

alth

sta

tus

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llent

3,44

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333

581

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187

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goo

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54.

91.

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433

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176

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24.

34.

23.

22.

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or44

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013

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6.0

6.3

3.5

7.4

a Roo

m a

nd b

oard

and

all

hosp

ital d

iagn

ostic

and

labo

rato

ry e

xpen

ses

asso

ciat

ed w

ith th

e ba

sic

faci

lity

char

ge, p

aym

ents

for

sep

arat

ely

bille

d ph

ysic

ian

inpa

tient

ser

vice

s, a

ndem

erge

ncy

room

exp

ense

s in

curr

ed im

med

iate

ly p

rior

to in

patie

nt s

tays

are

incl

uded

. Exp

ense

s fo

r ne

wbo

rns

who

left

the

hosp

ital o

n th

e sa

me

day

as th

e m

othe

r ar

e in

clud

ed in

the

mot

her’s

rec

ord.

b Pri

vate

insu

ranc

e in

clud

es T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge).

c O

ther

incl

udes

pay

men

ts f

rom

the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Vet

eran

s A

ffai

rs (

exce

pt T

RIC

AR

E);

oth

er F

eder

al s

ourc

es (

Indi

an H

ealth

Ser

vice

, mili

tary

trea

tmen

t fac

ilitie

s, a

nd o

ther

car

epr

ovid

ed b

y th

e Fe

dera

l Gov

ernm

ent)

; var

ious

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal s

ourc

es (

com

mun

ity a

nd n

eigh

borh

ood

clin

ics,

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal h

ealth

dep

artm

ents

, and

Sta

te p

rogr

ams

othe

r th

anM

edic

aid)

; Wor

kers

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pens

atio

n; v

ario

us u

ncla

ssif

ied

sour

ces

(e.g

., au

tom

obile

, hom

eow

ner’s

, or

othe

r lia

bilit

y in

sura

nce,

and

oth

er m

isce

llane

ous

or u

nkno

wn

sour

ces)

;M

edic

aid

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

r pe

rson

s w

ho w

ere

not r

epor

ted

as e

nrol

led

in th

e M

edic

aid

prog

ram

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e ye

ar; a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

rpe

rson

s w

ithou

t any

rep

orte

d pr

ivat

e he

alth

insu

ranc

e co

vera

ge d

urin

g th

e ye

ar.

d Uni

nsur

ed r

efer

s to

per

sons

uni

nsur

ed d

urin

g th

e en

tire

year

. Pub

lic a

nd p

riva

te h

ealth

insu

ranc

e ca

tego

ries

ref

er to

indi

vidu

als

with

pub

lic o

r pr

ivat

e in

sura

nce

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e pe

riod

; ind

ivid

uals

with

bot

h pu

blic

and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e an

d th

ose

with

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

) ar

e cl

assi

fied

as

havi

ng p

riva

te in

sura

nce.

e P

oor—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e le

ss th

an 1

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e, in

clud

ing

thos

e w

hose

loss

es e

xcee

ded

thei

r ea

rnin

gs, r

esul

ting

in n

egat

ive

inco

me;

nea

r-po

or—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

125

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

low

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

25 p

erce

nt to

less

than

200

perc

ent o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; m

iddl

e in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

200

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; h

igh

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

esw

ith in

com

e at

or

over

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line.

†Sta

ndar

d er

ror

appr

oxim

atel

y ze

ro b

ecau

se o

f po

stst

ratif

icat

ion

to C

ensu

s B

urea

u po

pula

tion

cont

rol t

able

s.—

Les

s th

an 1

00 s

ampl

e ca

ses.

Not

e:R

estr

icte

d to

civ

ilian

non

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

opul

atio

n.So

urce

:C

ente

r fo

r Fi

nanc

ing,

Acc

ess,

and

Cos

t Tre

nds,

Age

ncy

for

Hea

lthca

re R

esea

rch

and

Qua

lity:

Med

ical

Exp

endi

ture

Pan

el S

urve

y, 2

000.

42

Tabl

e D

.Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

offic

e-ba

sed

med

ical

pro

vide

r se

rvic

esa —

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

erpe

rson

wit

h ex

pens

e an

d di

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

Corr

espo

nds

toTa

ble

4

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

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al e

xpen

ses

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ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

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pens

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ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

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pens

eM

edia

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ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

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icar

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edic

aid

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erc

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dard

err

or

Tota

l†

0.5

516

6,87

10.

61.

30.

90.

40.

9

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

5†

0.6

517

5,93

60.

81.

40.

50.

51.

1U

nder

6†

1.2

720

581

1.5

2.9

0.1

1.6

1.5

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†1.

14

1355

81.

21.

80.

01.

60.

918

-44

†0.

86

202,

736

1.2

1.4

0.4

0.8

1.3

45-6

4†

0.8

1339

2,88

91.

12.

41.

10.

52.

165

and

ove

r†

0.7

2048

1,84

50.

91.

01.

30.

70.

9Se

xM

ale

†0.

75

233,

614

0.8

1.7

1.3

0.5

1.2

Fem

ale

†0.

68

193,

775

0.8

1.5

1.1

0.5

1.3

Rac

e/et

hnic

ity

Whi

te a

nd o

ther

†0.

66

196,

724

0.8

1.4

0.9

0.5

1.0

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k†

1.3

641

1,22

81.

63.

83.

61.

82.

4H

ispan

ic†

1.2

727

847

1.6

2.1

1.6

1.3

1.1

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

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688

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20.

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863

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845

1,12

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86.

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nins

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3958

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91.

322

6179

01.

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edic

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and

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971

0.9

3264

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11.

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edic

are

and

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r pu

blic

280

2.1

5123

382

92.

30.

0 2.

12.

61.

9

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

†1.

39

351,

081

1.0

2.8

2.1

2.7

1.9

Nea

r-po

or†

2.2

1947

455

1.8

3.5

4.1

3.0

2.1

Low

inco

me

†1.

313

451,

277

1.0

2.5

3.4

1.4

1.8

Mid

dle

inco

me

†0.

87

242,

803

0.8

1.9

1.6

0.2

2.4

Hig

h in

com

e†

0.7

827

3,67

21.

11.

70.

80.

20.

7

43

Tabl

e D

.Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

offic

e-ba

sed

med

ical

pro

vide

r se

rvic

esa —

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

erpe

rson

wit

h ex

pens

e an

d di

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

(con

tinue

d)Co

rres

pond

s to

Tabl

e 4

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

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ut o

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ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

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pens

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edia

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ean

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illio

ns)

pock

etin

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nceb

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icar

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edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

†0.

66

176,

372

0.7

1.4

1.0

0.4

1.0

Non

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†1.

09

432,

733

1.3

3.2

2.3

0.9

1.7

Cen

sus

regi

onN

orth

east

†1.

09

332,

001

1.1

2.4

1.4

1.2

1.5

Mid

wes

t†

1.2

1128

2,48

91.

32.

41.

90.

92.

8So

uth

†0.

88

323,

374

1.0

1.8

1.2

0.6

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Wes

t†

1.3

1227

4,95

41.

23.

32.

50.

71.

5Pe

rcei

ved

heal

th s

tatu

sEx

celle

nt3,

445

0.9

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1,69

91.

51.

80.

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61.

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ry g

ood

4,68

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88

222,

644

1.1

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d3,

479

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2,61

51.

02.

31.

50.

71.

0Fa

ir1,

105

0.9

3153

1,18

40.

82.

32.

21.

41.

8Po

or44

31.

351

128

1,01

71.

62.

84.

11.

42.

3

a Exp

ense

s fo

r vi

sits

to m

edic

al p

rovi

ders

see

n in

off

ice-

base

d se

tting

s ar

e in

clud

ed.

b Pri

vate

insu

ranc

e in

clud

es T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge).

c O

ther

incl

udes

pay

men

ts f

rom

the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Vet

eran

s A

ffai

rs (

exce

pt T

RIC

AR

E);

oth

er F

eder

al s

ourc

es (

Indi

an H

ealth

Ser

vice

, mili

tary

trea

tmen

t fac

ilitie

s, a

nd o

ther

car

epr

ovid

ed b

y th

e Fe

dera

l Gov

ernm

ent)

; var

ious

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal s

ourc

es (

com

mun

ity a

nd n

eigh

borh

ood

clin

ics,

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal h

ealth

dep

artm

ents

, and

Sta

te p

rogr

ams

othe

r th

anM

edic

aid)

; Wor

kers

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pens

atio

n; v

ario

us u

ncla

ssif

ied

sour

ces

(e.g

., au

tom

obile

, hom

eow

ner’s

, or

othe

r lia

bilit

y in

sura

nce,

and

oth

er m

isce

llane

ous

or u

nkno

wn

sour

ces)

;M

edic

aid

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

r pe

rson

s w

ho w

ere

not r

epor

ted

as e

nrol

led

in th

e M

edic

aid

prog

ram

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e ye

ar; a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

rpe

rson

s w

ithou

t any

rep

orte

d pr

ivat

e he

alth

insu

ranc

e co

vera

ge d

urin

g th

e ye

ar.

d Uni

nsur

ed r

efer

s to

per

sons

uni

nsur

ed d

urin

g th

e en

tire

year

. Pub

lic a

nd p

riva

te h

ealth

insu

ranc

e ca

tego

ries

ref

er to

indi

vidu

als

with

pub

lic o

r pr

ivat

e in

sura

nce

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e pe

riod

; ind

ivid

uals

with

bot

h pu

blic

and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e an

d th

ose

with

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

) ar

e cl

assi

fied

as

havi

ng p

riva

te in

sura

nce.

e P

oor—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e le

ss th

an 1

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e, in

clud

ing

thos

e w

hose

loss

es e

xcee

ded

thei

r ea

rnin

gs, r

esul

ting

in n

egat

ive

inco

me;

nea

r-po

or—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

125

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

low

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

25 p

erce

nt to

less

than

200

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

mid

dle

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 2

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

hig

h in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

at o

r ov

er 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e.†S

tand

ard

erro

r ap

prox

imat

ely

zero

bec

ause

of

post

stra

tific

atio

n to

Cen

sus

Bur

eau

popu

latio

n co

ntro

l tab

les.

Not

e:R

estr

icte

d to

civ

ilian

non

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

opul

atio

n.So

urce

:C

ente

r fo

r Fi

nanc

ing,

Acc

ess,

and

Cos

t Tre

nds,

Age

ncy

for

Hea

lthca

re R

esea

rch

and

Qua

lity:

Med

ical

Exp

endi

ture

Pan

el S

urve

y, 2

000.

44

Tabl

e E

.Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

hosp

ital

out

pati

ent

serv

ices

a —M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

h ex

pens

e an

d di

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

Corr

espo

nds

to Ta

ble

5

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Tota

l†

0.5

2867

3,39

60.

92.

22.

10.

71.

8

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

5†

0.4

3769

2,52

31.

22.

11.

90.

91.

6U

nder

6†

0.6

9116

431

11.

26.

91.

05.

62.

2 6-

17†

0.4

7317

352

31.

86.

90.

25.

72.

818

-44

†0.

556

132

1,61

02.

42.

72.

3 0.

93.

045

-64

†0.

955

921,

377

1.2

3.2

2.2

1.2

1.4

65 a

nd o

ver

†1.

361

181

1,98

51.

22.

53.

40.

9 4.

5Se

xM

ale

†0.

548

143

2,41

11.

63.

62.

51.

13.

5Fe

mal

e†

0.6

3160

1,94

00.

92.

42.

60.

71.

6R

ace/

ethn

icit

yW

hite

and

oth

er†

0.6

3172

3,16

61.

02.

52.

40.

42.

1Bl

ack

†0.

878

223

815

4.0

7.3

3.9

4.6

3.5

Hisp

anic

†0.

670

166

564

0.8

5.5

5.3

4.9

3.9

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te8,

688

0.4

4976

2,27

51.

52.

00.

30.

31.

6Pu

blic

onl

y1,

863

0.9

5221

682

51.

40.

010

.48.

43.

5U

nins

ured

1,71

00.

512

5 18

334

34.

90.

00.

00.

04.

9A

ge 6

5 an

d ov

er:

Med

icar

e on

ly72

92.

083

481

1,35

81.

3 0.

0 10

.40.

010

.9M

edic

are

and

priv

ate

971

1.7

9017

01,

389

1.3

2.3

2.7

0.2

1.5

Med

icar

e an

d ot

her

publ

ic28

02.

6—

——

——

——

—

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

†0.

768

111

470

2.0

3.6

3.3

4.7

2.8

Nea

r-po

or†

1.5

126

445

792

2.0

4.0

14.3

7.

8 5.

4Lo

w in

com

e†

1.0

5919

81,

031

2.2

5.3

4.4

2.1

2.8

Mid

dle

inco

me

†0.

657

133

1,78

21.

14.

23.

20.

64.

4H

igh

inco

me

†0.

642

942,

042

1.8

2.7

2.1

0.3

1.3

45

Tabl

e E

.Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

hosp

ital

out

pati

ent

serv

ices

a —M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

h ex

pens

e an

d di

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

(con

tinue

d)Co

rres

pond

s to

Tabl

e 5

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

†0.

533

772,

888

1.1

2.4

1.9

0.7

2.3

Non

-MSA

†0.

954

133

1,78

50.

95.

26.

51.

72.

4C

ensu

s re

gion

Nor

thea

st†

1.0

5111

01,

343

0.5

4.6

6.6

0.8

2.7

Mid

wes

t†

1.1

3914

72,

023

1.6

4.8

3.4

0.5

4.8

Sout

h†

0.7

6910

01,

637

1.3

3.3

1.9

1.5

2.5

Wes

t†

0.7

7819

41,

731

3.0

4.6

5.1

2.0

1.9

Perc

eive

d he

alth

sta

tus

Exce

llent

3,44

50.

446

8064

51.

23.

92.

30.

82.

3Ve

ry g

ood

4,68

40.

639

821,

182

1.9

3.4

2.0

1.2

2.4

Goo

d3,

479

0.8

4613

81,

762

0.8

4.6

3.3

1.3

4.9

Fair

1,10

51.

476

179

1,16

21.

34.

54.

62.

02.

7Po

or44

32.

217

746

81,

226

4.8

6.1

7.3

0.9

2.1

a Exp

ense

s fo

r vi

sits

to m

edic

al p

rovi

ders

see

n in

hos

pita

l out

patie

nt d

epar

tmen

ts a

re in

clud

ed.

b Pri

vate

insu

ranc

e in

clud

es T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge).

c O

ther

incl

udes

pay

men

ts f

rom

the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Vet

eran

s A

ffai

rs (

exce

pt T

RIC

AR

E);

oth

er F

eder

al s

ourc

es (

Indi

an H

ealth

Ser

vice

, mili

tary

trea

tmen

t fac

ilitie

s, a

nd o

ther

car

epr

ovid

ed b

y th

e Fe

dera

l Gov

ernm

ent)

; var

ious

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal s

ourc

es (

com

mun

ity a

nd n

eigh

borh

ood

clin

ics,

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal h

ealth

dep

artm

ents

, and

Sta

te p

rogr

ams

othe

r th

anM

edic

aid)

; Wor

kers

’Com

pens

atio

n; v

ario

us u

ncla

ssif

ied

sour

ces

(e.g

., au

tom

obile

, hom

eow

ner’s

, or

othe

r lia

bilit

y in

sura

nce,

and

oth

er m

isce

llane

ous

or u

nkno

wn

sour

ces)

;M

edic

aid

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

r pe

rson

s w

ho w

ere

not r

epor

ted

as e

nrol

led

in th

e M

edic

aid

prog

ram

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e ye

ar; a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

rpe

rson

s w

ithou

t any

rep

orte

d pr

ivat

e he

alth

insu

ranc

e co

vera

ge d

urin

g th

e ye

ar.

d Uni

nsur

ed r

efer

s to

per

sons

uni

nsur

ed d

urin

g th

e en

tire

year

. Pub

lic a

nd p

riva

te h

ealth

insu

ranc

e ca

tego

ries

ref

er to

indi

vidu

als

with

pub

lic o

r pr

ivat

e in

sura

nce

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e pe

riod

; ind

ivid

uals

with

bot

h pu

blic

and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e an

d th

ose

with

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

) ar

e cl

assi

fied

as

havi

ng p

riva

te in

sura

nce.

e P

oor—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e le

ss th

an 1

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e, in

clud

ing

thos

e w

hose

loss

es e

xcee

ded

thei

r ea

rnin

gs, r

esul

ting

in n

egat

ive

inco

me;

nea

r-po

or—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

125

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

low

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

25 p

erce

nt to

less

than

200

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

mid

dle

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 2

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

hig

h in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

at o

r ov

er 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e.†S

tand

ard

erro

r ap

prox

imat

ely

zero

bec

ause

of

post

stra

tific

atio

n to

Cen

sus

Bur

eau

popu

latio

n co

ntro

l tab

les.

—L

ess

than

100

sam

ple

case

s.N

ote:

Res

tric

ted

to c

ivili

an n

onin

stitu

tiona

lized

pop

ulat

ion.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

46

Tabl

e F.

Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

emer

genc

y ro

om s

ervi

cesa

—M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

hex

pens

e an

d di

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

Corr

espo

nds

to Ta

ble

6

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Tota

l†

0.3

1022

1,26

30.

92.

11.

70.

82.

2

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

5†

0.3

1023

1,08

61.

12.

20.

71.

12.

7U

nder

6†

0.9

1752

198

2.5

5.7

0.2

4.9

2.7

6-17

†0.

622

5833

51.

77.

80.

4 3.

310

.318

-44

†0.

418

3164

91.

92.

90.

5 1.

72.

745

-64

†0.

532

4136

81.

74.

12.

00.

93.

865

and

ove

r†

1.0

2762

468

0.9

2.3

3.2

0.5

3.3

Sex

Mal

e†

0.3

1436

739

1.1

3.0

1.9

1.2

3.9

Fem

ale

†0.

412

2777

61.

22.

62.

61.

11.

1R

ace/

ethn

icit

yW

hite

and

oth

er†

0.3

1126

1,15

10.

92.

62.

11.

02.

6Bl

ack

†0.

720

5033

31.

94.

23.

52.

16.

3H

ispan

ic†

0.5

1759

271

3.9

5.8

4.4

2.9

2.5

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te8,

688

0.3

1523

872

0.9

1.9

0.3

0.8

1.9

Publ

ic o

nly

1,86

31.

014

3224

51.

50.

0 3.

94.

43.

7U

nins

ured

1,71

00.

831

120

346

9.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

9.3

Age

65

and

over

:M

edic

are

only

729

1.3

4612

926

51.

60.

0 8.

50.

0 8.

7M

edic

are

and

priv

ate

971

1.2

3377

317

1.4

3.3

2.8

0.3

1.7

Med

icar

e an

d ot

her

publ

ic28

02.

7—

——

——

——

—

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

†0.

818

5837

01.

85.

35.

74.

14.

9N

ear-

poor

†1.

436

8219

22.

5 7.

27.

44.

58.

1Lo

w in

com

e†

0.7

1966

420

3.7

4.0

4.6

1.6

7.7

Mid

dle

inco

me

†0.

521

3265

91.

42.

93.

00.

62.

6H

igh

inco

me

†0.

424

3041

41.

12.

72.

11.

3 0.

9

47

Tabl

e F.

Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

emer

genc

y ro

om s

ervi

cesa

—M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

hex

pens

e an

d di

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

(con

tinue

d)Co

rres

pond

s to

Tabl

e 6

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

†0.

311

251,

180

1.0

2.4

1.9

0.9

2.6

Non

-MSA

†0.

824

4142

11.

84.

44.

41.

93.

1C

ensu

s re

gion

Nor

thea

st†

0.8

2238

392

1.5

3.9

3.1

2.2

3.1

Mid

wes

t†

0.6

1955

600

0.9

4.4

3.3

2.1

5.6

Sout

h†

0.5

1438

754

2.1

3.1

2.6

1.1

3.1

Wes

t†

0.6

2641

694

1.3

5.6

5.1

1.2

2.4

Perc

eive

d he

alth

sta

tus

Exce

llent

3,44

50.

418

4342

01.

44.

01.

12.

14.

1Ve

ry g

ood

4,68

40.

418

4657

21.

65.

11.

71.

76.

3G

ood

3,47

90.

523

4657

02.

02.

93.

31.

41.

9Fa

ir1,

105

1.2

3260

305

2.1

4.2

4.7

2.0

1.7

Poor

443

2.0

4385

260

1.9

4.0

6.4

2.4

4.8

a Exp

ense

s fo

r vi

sits

to m

edic

al p

rovi

ders

see

n in

em

erge

ncy

room

s (e

xcep

t vis

its r

esul

ting

in a

n ov

erni

ght h

ospi

tal s

tay)

are

incl

uded

.b P

riva

te in

sura

nce

incl

udes

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

).

c Oth

er in

clud

es p

aym

ents

fro

m th

e D

epar

tmen

t of V

eter

ans

Aff

airs

(ex

cept

TR

ICA

RE

); o

ther

Fed

eral

sou

rces

(In

dian

Hea

lth S

ervi

ce, m

ilita

ry tr

eatm

ent f

acili

ties,

and

oth

er c

are

prov

ided

by

the

Fede

ral G

over

nmen

t); v

ario

us S

tate

and

loca

l sou

rces

(co

mm

unity

and

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d cl

inic

s, S

tate

and

loca

l hea

lth d

epar

tmen

ts, a

nd S

tate

pro

gram

s ot

her

than

Med

icai

d); W

orke

rs’C

ompe

nsat

ion;

var

ious

unc

lass

ifie

d so

urce

s (e

.g.,

auto

mob

ile, h

omeo

wne

r’s, o

r ot

her

liabi

lity

insu

ranc

e, a

nd o

ther

mis

cella

neou

s or

unk

now

n so

urce

s);

Med

icai

d pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

who

wer

e no

t rep

orte

d as

enr

olle

d in

the

Med

icai

d pr

ogra

m a

t any

tim

e du

ring

the

year

; and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

with

out a

ny r

epor

ted

priv

ate

heal

th in

sura

nce

cove

rage

dur

ing

the

year

.d U

nins

ured

ref

ers

to p

erso

ns u

nins

ured

dur

ing

the

entir

e ye

ar. P

ublic

and

pri

vate

hea

lth in

sura

nce

cate

gori

es r

efer

to in

divi

dual

s w

ith p

ublic

or

priv

ate

insu

ranc

e at

any

tim

edu

ring

the

peri

od; i

ndiv

idua

ls w

ith b

oth

publ

ic a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

and

thos

e w

ith T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge)

are

clas

sifi

ed a

s ha

ving

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e.

e Poo

r—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

less

than

100

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line,

incl

udin

g th

ose

who

se lo

sses

exc

eede

d th

eir

earn

ings

, res

ultin

g in

neg

ativ

e in

com

e; n

ear-

poor

—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

100

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 1

25 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; lo

w in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

125

per

cent

to le

ssth

an 2

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; m

iddl

e in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

200

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; h

igh

inco

me—

pers

ons

infa

mili

es w

ith in

com

e at

or

over

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line.

†Sta

ndar

d er

ror

appr

oxim

atel

y ze

ro b

ecau

se o

f po

stst

ratif

icat

ion

to C

ensu

s B

urea

u po

pula

tion

cont

rol t

able

s.—

Les

s th

an 1

00 s

ampl

e ca

ses.

Not

e:R

estr

icte

d to

civ

ilian

non

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

opul

atio

n.So

urce

:C

ente

r fo

r Fi

nanc

ing,

Acc

ess,

and

Cos

t Tre

nds,

Age

ncy

for

Hea

lthca

re R

esea

rch

and

Qua

lity:

Med

ical

Exp

endi

ture

Pan

el S

urve

y, 2

000.

48

Tabl

e G

.Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

pres

crip

tion

med

icin

esa —

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

nw

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00Co

rres

pond

s to

Tabl

e 7

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Tota

l†

0.5

512

4,93

60.

81.

00.

50.

90.

4

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

5†

0.6

312

4,06

10.

91.

20.

31.

10.

4U

nder

6†

1.4

37

118

2.7

3.4

0.1

3.9

0.8

6-17

†1.

04

2049

22.

94.

30.

1 3.

61.

918

-44

†0.

74

161,

749

1.4

2.1

0.1

2.5

0.2

45-6

4†

0.9

2030

2,43

11.

41.

50.

4 1.

10.

665

and

ove

r†

0.7

2631

1,55

11.

41.

31.

11.

00.

7Se

xM

ale

†0.

77

162,

555

1.0

1.4

0.5

1.5

0.8

Fem

ale

†0.

77

182,

921

1.1

1.3

0.6

1.0

0.1

Rac

e/et

hnic

ity

Whi

te a

nd o

ther

†0.

67

144,

662

0.9

1.1

0.6

0.9

0.4

Blac

k†

1.3

931

895

2.3

2.1

1.1

3.3

1.8

Hisp

anic

†1.

15

2573

92.

31.

91.

03.

10.

9

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te8,

688

0.7

414

3,10

31.

01.

00.

2 0.

6 0.

3Pu

blic

onl

y1,

863

1.5

1248

1,44

32.

50.

01.

0 2.

41.

2U

nins

ured

1,71

01.

06

2844

52.

20.

0 0.

0 0.

02.

2A

ge 6

5 an

d ov

er:

Med

icar

e on

ly72

91.

349

5186

12.

40.

0 2.

40.

0 1.

7M

edic

are

and

priv

ate

971

0.9

3242

1,20

11.

71.

61.

20.

5 0.

6M

edic

are

and

othe

r pu

blic

280

2.1

8912

152

03.

10.

0 1.

53.

71.

3

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

†1.

217

411,

212

2.5

1.6

0.9

3.0

0.7

Nea

r-po

or†

2.0

3968

627

3.5

1.5

1.5

3.4

1.0

Low

inco

me

†1.

317

411,

087

2.4

1.9

1.0

3.1

1.2

Mid

dle

inco

me

†0.

88

171,

709

1.2

1.3

1.0

1.1

0.7

Hig

h in

com

e†

0.8

820

2,32

11.

21.

30.

50.

3 0.

5

49

Tabl

e G

.Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

pres

crip

tion

med

icin

esa —

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

nw

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00 (c

ontin

ued)

Corr

espo

nds

to Ta

ble

7

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

†0.

66

134,

517

0.9

1.1

0.6

1.1

0.4

Non

-MSA

†1.

115

292,

008

1.7

1.9

0.5

1.3

0.9

Cen

sus

regi

onN

orth

east

†1.

211

281,

597

2.2

2.5

1.3

1.7

0.7

Mid

wes

t†

1.4

1428

2,33

91.

82.

40.

72.

10.

5So

uth

†0.

810

192,

488

1.1

1.5

0.2

1.5

0.5

Wes

t†

1.3

819

3,05

11.

41.

82.

51.

31.

1Pe

rcei

ved

heal

th s

tatu

sEx

celle

nt3,

445

0.9

311

700

1.8

2.1

0.5

2.7

0.5

Very

goo

d4,

684

0.7

713

1,58

21.

01.

40.

71.

20.

4G

ood

3,47

90.

916

231,

781

1.3

1.3

0.8

1.2

0.6

Fair

1,10

50.

950

641,

709

2.1

2.3

1.0

1.8

0.7

Poor

443

1.2

9479

901

2.5

2.1

1.2

2.4

2.0

a Exp

ense

s fo

r al

l pre

scri

bed

med

icin

es in

itial

ly p

urch

ased

or

othe

rwis

e ob

tain

ed d

urin

g th

e ye

ar, a

s w

ell a

s an

y re

fills

, are

incl

uded

. Fre

e sa

mpl

es a

re in

clud

ed in

the

estim

ate

ofpe

rcen

t of

pers

ons

with

any

exp

ense

. b P

riva

te in

sura

nce

incl

udes

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

).

c Oth

er in

clud

es p

aym

ents

fro

m th

e D

epar

tmen

t of V

eter

ans

Aff

airs

(ex

cept

TR

ICA

RE

); o

ther

Fed

eral

sou

rces

(In

dian

Hea

lth S

ervi

ce, m

ilita

ry tr

eatm

ent f

acili

ties,

and

oth

er c

are

prov

ided

by

the

Fede

ral G

over

nmen

t); v

ario

us S

tate

and

loca

l sou

rces

(co

mm

unity

and

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d cl

inic

s, S

tate

and

loca

l hea

lth d

epar

tmen

ts, a

nd S

tate

pro

gram

s ot

her

than

Med

icai

d); W

orke

rs’C

ompe

nsat

ion;

var

ious

unc

lass

ifie

d so

urce

s (e

.g.,

auto

mob

ile, h

omeo

wne

r’s, o

r ot

her

liabi

lity

insu

ranc

e, a

nd o

ther

mis

cella

neou

s or

unk

now

n so

urce

s);

Med

icai

d pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

who

wer

e no

t rep

orte

d as

enr

olle

d in

the

Med

icai

d pr

ogra

m a

t any

tim

e du

ring

the

year

; and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

with

out a

ny r

epor

ted

priv

ate

heal

th in

sura

nce

cove

rage

dur

ing

the

year

.d U

nins

ured

ref

ers

to p

erso

ns u

nins

ured

dur

ing

the

entir

e ye

ar. P

ublic

and

pri

vate

hea

lth in

sura

nce

cate

gori

es r

efer

to in

divi

dual

s w

ith p

ublic

or

priv

ate

insu

ranc

e at

any

tim

edu

ring

the

peri

od; i

ndiv

idua

ls w

ith b

oth

publ

ic a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

and

thos

e w

ith T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge)

are

clas

sifi

ed a

s ha

ving

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e.

e Poo

r—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

less

than

100

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line,

incl

udin

g th

ose

who

se lo

sses

exc

eede

d th

eir

earn

ings

, res

ultin

g in

neg

ativ

e in

com

e; n

ear-

poor

—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

100

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 1

25 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; lo

w in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

125

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 2

00pe

rcen

t of

the

pove

rty

line;

mid

dle

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 2

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

hig

h in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

at o

r ov

er 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e.†S

tand

ard

erro

r ap

prox

imat

ely

zero

bec

ause

of

post

stra

tific

atio

n to

Cen

sus

Bur

eau

popu

latio

n co

ntro

l tab

les.

Not

e:R

estr

icte

d to

civ

ilian

non

inst

itutio

naliz

ed p

opul

atio

n.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

50

Tabl

e H

.Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

dent

al s

ervi

cesa

—M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

h ex

pens

ean

d di

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

Corr

espo

nds

to Ta

ble

8

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Tota

l†

0.7

414

2,87

91.

11.

10.

10.

90.

4

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

5†

0.8

417

2,54

51.

31.

20.

01.

00.

4U

nder

6†

1.3

721

128

3.3

4.2

0.0

6.7

2.5

6-17

†1.

17

501,

466

2.9

3.3

0.0

1.6

0.4

18-4

4†

0.8

617

1,00

01.

71.

90.

02.

40.

745

-64

†1.

49

2390

81.

51.

60.

00.

30.

865

and

ove

r†

1.3

1134

668

2.2

1.9

0.9

0.1

1.0

Sex

Mal

e†

0.7

518

1,50

61.

31.

50.

21.

6 0.

7Fe

mal

e†

0.9

523

1,89

81.

61.

70.

20.

80.

4R

ace/

ethn

icit

yW

hite

and

oth

er†

0.8

416

2,79

31.

21.

10.

11.

00.

4Bl

ack

†1.

36

4145

34.

14.

70.

11.

51.

0H

ispan

ic†

1.1

932

298

3.1

2.6

0.2

1.1

1.2

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te8,

688

0.9

420

2,40

01.

31.

10.

00.

80.

4Pu

blic

onl

y1,

863

1.3

633

367

4.6

0.0

0.3

4.7

1.8

Uni

nsur

ed1,

710

1.1

1050

369

3.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.7

Age

65

and

over

:M

edic

are

only

729

2.0

2572

337

3.0

0.0

2.0

0.0

2.6

Med

icar

e an

d pr

ivat

e97

11.

711

3851

82.

62.

40.

40.

00.

4M

edic

are

and

othe

r pu

blic

280

2.2

——

——

——

——

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

†1.

28

3634

84.

14.

61.

84.

42.

5N

ear-

poor

†2.

022

134

495

9.4

8.5

0.2

16.2

3.1

Low

inco

me

†1.

310

3145

33.

22.

50.

22.

71.

4M

iddl

e in

com

e†

0.9

726

1,53

42.

21.

90.

31.

40.

7H

igh

inco

me

†1.

15

281,

812

1.6

1.6

0.1

0.1

0.5

51

Tabl

e H

.Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

dent

al s

ervi

cesa

—M

edia

n an

d m

ean

expe

nses

per

per

son

wit

h ex

pens

ean

d di

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

(con

tinue

d)Co

rres

pond

s to

Tabl

e 8

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

†0.

85

162,

599

1.2

1.3

0.2

1.0

0.4

Non

-MSA

†1.

510

431,

369

1.9

1.9

0.1

0.5

0.9

Cen

sus

regi

onN

orth

east

†1.

78

271,

548

1.7

2.0

0.4

1.1

0.8

Mid

wes

t†

1.6

725

1,14

31.

51.

60.

11.

40.

7So

uth

†1.

16

281,

432

2.6

2.7

0.2

0.2

0.7

Wes

t†

1.4

945

1,55

62.

92.

30.

4 3.

00.

7Pe

rcei

ved

heal

th s

tatu

sEx

celle

nt3,

445

0.9

528

1,09

92.

62.

60.

10.

80.

5Ve

ry g

ood

4,68

40.

95

251,

600

1.5

1.6

0.2

0.4

0.6

Goo

d3,

479

1.0

724

1,08

92.

92.

00.

43.

41.

0Fa

ir1,

105

1.6

1542

385

3.4

2.7

0.2

0.9

1.7

Poor

443

2.2

3571

187

5.7

4.8

1.5

7.7

1.6

a Ser

vice

s pr

ovid

ed b

y ge

nera

l den

tists

, den

tal h

ygie

nist

s, d

enta

l tec

hnic

ians

, den

tal s

urge

ons,

ort

hodo

ntis

ts, e

ndod

ontis

ts, a

nd p

erio

dont

ists

are

incl

uded

. b P

riva

te in

sura

nce

incl

udes

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

).

c Oth

er in

clud

es p

aym

ents

fro

m th

e D

epar

tmen

t of V

eter

ans

Aff

airs

(ex

cept

TR

ICA

RE

); o

ther

Fed

eral

sou

rces

(In

dian

Hea

lth S

ervi

ce, m

ilita

ry tr

eatm

ent f

acili

ties,

and

oth

er c

are

prov

ided

by

the

Fede

ral G

over

nmen

t); v

ario

us S

tate

and

loca

l sou

rces

(co

mm

unity

and

nei

ghbo

rhoo

d cl

inic

s, S

tate

and

loca

l hea

lth d

epar

tmen

ts, a

nd S

tate

pro

gram

s ot

her

than

Med

icai

d); W

orke

rs’C

ompe

nsat

ion;

var

ious

unc

lass

ifie

d so

urce

s (e

.g.,

auto

mob

ile, h

omeo

wne

r’s, o

r ot

her

liabi

lity

insu

ranc

e, a

nd o

ther

mis

cella

neou

s or

unk

now

n so

urce

s);

Med

icai

d pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

who

wer

e no

t rep

orte

d as

enr

olle

d in

the

Med

icai

d pr

ogra

m a

t any

tim

e du

ring

the

year

; and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e pa

ymen

ts r

epor

ted

for

pers

ons

with

out a

ny r

epor

ted

priv

ate

heal

th in

sura

nce

cove

rage

dur

ing

the

year

.d U

nins

ured

ref

ers

to p

erso

ns u

nins

ured

dur

ing

the

entir

e ye

ar. P

ublic

and

pri

vate

hea

lth in

sura

nce

cate

gori

es r

efer

to in

divi

dual

s w

ith p

ublic

or

priv

ate

insu

ranc

e at

any

tim

edu

ring

the

peri

od; i

ndiv

idua

ls w

ith b

oth

publ

ic a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

and

thos

e w

ith T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge)

are

clas

sifi

ed a

s ha

ving

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e.

e Poo

r—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

less

than

100

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line,

incl

udin

g th

ose

who

se lo

sses

exc

eede

d th

eir

earn

ings

, res

ultin

g in

neg

ativ

e in

com

e; n

ear-

poor

—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

100

per

cent

to le

ss th

an 1

25 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e; lo

w in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

from

125

per

cent

to le

ss th

an20

0 pe

rcen

t of

the

pove

rty

line;

mid

dle

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 2

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

hig

h in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

at o

r ov

er 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e.†S

tand

ard

erro

r ap

prox

imat

ely

zero

bec

ause

of

post

stra

tific

atio

n to

Cen

sus

Bur

eau

popu

latio

n co

ntro

l tab

les.

—L

ess

than

100

sam

ple

case

s.N

ote:

Res

tric

ted

to c

ivili

an n

onin

stitu

tiona

lized

pop

ulat

ion.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

52

Tabl

e I.

Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

hom

e he

alth

ser

vice

sa—

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

n w

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00Co

rres

pond

s to

Tabl

e 9

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Tota

l†

0.1

176

664

3,82

13.

11.

34.

87.

13.

5

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

5†

0.1

278

1,44

63,

284

2.3

1.4

5.6

9.4

6.7

Und

er 6

†0.

4—

——

——

——

—6-

17†

0.2

——

——

——

——

18-4

4†

0.1

——

——

——

——

45-6

4†

0.2

——

——

——

——

65 a

nd o

ver

†0.

720

446

81,

713

5.1

2.2

5.7

6.2

1.6

Sex

Mal

e†

0.2

205

600

1,62

35.

1 1.

8 8.

07.

12.

0Fe

mal

e†

0.2

240

1,08

83,

845

3.8

1.8

3.7

8.2

5.2

Rac

e/et

hnic

ity

Whi

te a

nd o

ther

†0.

218

477

93,

572

4.0

1.6

5.6

9.3

4.6

Blac

k†

0.3

——

——

——

——

Hisp

anic

†0.

2—

——

——

——

—

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te8,

688

0.1

——

——

——

——

Publ

ic o

nly

1,86

30.

5—

——

——

——

—U

nins

ured

1,71

00.

1 —

——

——

——

—A

ge 6

5 an

d ov

er:

Med

icar

e on

ly72

91.

2—

——

——

——

—M

edic

are

and

priv

ate

971

0.9

235

735

1,12

410

.95.

311

.5

5.9

1.7

Med

icar

e an

d ot

her

publ

ic28

02.

6—

——

——

——

—

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

†0.

436

094

11,

132

8.0

1.3

9.4

7.6

3.2

Nea

r-po

or†

0.9

——

——

——

——

Low

inco

me

†0.

4—

——

——

——

—M

iddl

e in

com

e†

0.2

268

713

1,16

64.

4 2.

07.

510

.914

.4H

igh

inco

me

†0.

1—

——

——

——

—

53

Tabl

e I.

Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

hom

e he

alth

ser

vice

sa—

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

er p

erso

n w

ith

expe

nse

and

dist

ribu

tion

of e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

e of

pay

men

t:U

nite

d S

tate

s,20

00 (c

ontin

ued)

Corr

espo

nds

to Ta

ble

9

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Met

ropo

litan

sta

tist

ical

are

a (M

SA)

MSA

†0.

116

774

43,

196

3.9

1.6

4.3

7.5

4.6

Non

-MSA

†0.

340

61,

363

1,97

53.

81.

216

.1

18.2

1.8

Cen

sus

regi

onN

orth

east

†0.

3—

——

——

——

—M

idw

est

†0.

3—

——

——

——

—So

uth

†0.

217

21,

460

2,46

56.

7 2.

3 9.

4 15

.41.

6W

est

†0.

2—

——

——

——

—Pe

rcei

ved

heal

th s

tatu

sEx

celle

nt3,

445

0.1

——

——

——

——

Very

goo

d4,

684

0.1

——

——

——

——

Goo

d3,

479

0.2

——

——

——

——

Fair

1,10

50.

726

72,

013

3,04

35.

2 1.

1 8.

1 12

.7

2.7

Poor

443

1.8

426

714

1,05

35.

5 4.

6 10

.2

6.2

1.1

a Exp

ense

s fo

r ca

re p

rovi

ded

by h

ome

heal

th a

genc

ies

and

inde

pend

ent h

ome

heal

th p

rovi

ders

are

incl

uded

. Mos

t hom

e he

alth

exp

ense

s (8

7.5

perc

ent)

wer

e fo

r ag

ency

pro

vide

rs.

b Pri

vate

insu

ranc

e in

clud

es T

RIC

AR

E (

Arm

ed-F

orce

s-re

late

d co

vera

ge).

c O

ther

incl

udes

pay

men

ts f

rom

the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Vet

eran

s A

ffai

rs (

exce

pt T

RIC

AR

E);

oth

er F

eder

al s

ourc

es (

Indi

an H

ealth

Ser

vice

, mili

tary

trea

tmen

t fac

ilitie

s, a

nd o

ther

car

epr

ovid

ed b

y th

e Fe

dera

l Gov

ernm

ent)

; var

ious

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal s

ourc

es (

com

mun

ity a

nd n

eigh

borh

ood

clin

ics,

Sta

te a

nd lo

cal h

ealth

dep

artm

ents

, and

Sta

te p

rogr

ams

othe

r th

anM

edic

aid)

; Wor

kers

’Com

pens

atio

n; v

ario

us u

ncla

ssif

ied

sour

ces

(e.g

., au

tom

obile

, hom

eow

ner’s

, or

othe

r lia

bilit

y in

sura

nce,

and

oth

er m

isce

llane

ous

or u

nkno

wn

sour

ces)

;M

edic

aid

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

r pe

rson

s w

ho w

ere

not r

epor

ted

as e

nrol

led

in th

e M

edic

aid

prog

ram

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e ye

ar; a

nd p

riva

te in

sura

nce

paym

ents

rep

orte

d fo

rpe

rson

s w

ithou

t any

rep

orte

d pr

ivat

e he

alth

insu

ranc

e co

vera

ge d

urin

g th

e ye

ar.

d Uni

nsur

ed r

efer

s to

per

sons

uni

nsur

ed d

urin

g th

e en

tire

year

. Pub

lic a

nd p

riva

te h

ealth

insu

ranc

e ca

tego

ries

ref

er to

indi

vidu

als

with

pub

lic o

r pr

ivat

e in

sura

nce

at a

ny ti

me

duri

ng th

e pe

riod

; ind

ivid

uals

with

bot

h pu

blic

and

pri

vate

insu

ranc

e an

d th

ose

with

TR

ICA

RE

(A

rmed

-For

ces-

rela

ted

cove

rage

) ar

e cl

assi

fied

as

havi

ng p

riva

te in

sura

nce.

e P

oor—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e le

ss th

an 1

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e, in

clud

ing

thos

e w

hose

loss

es e

xcee

ded

thei

r ea

rnin

gs, r

esul

ting

in n

egat

ive

inco

me;

nea

r-po

or—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

125

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

low

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

25 p

erce

nt to

less

than

200

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

mid

dle

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 2

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

hig

h in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

at o

r ov

er 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e.†S

tand

ard

erro

r ap

prox

imat

ely

zero

bec

ause

of

post

stra

tific

atio

n to

Cen

sus

Bur

eau

popu

latio

n co

ntro

l tab

les.

—L

ess

than

100

sam

ple

case

s.N

ote:

Res

tric

ted

to c

ivili

an n

onin

stitu

tiona

lized

pop

ulat

ion.

Sour

ce:

Cen

ter

for

Fina

ncin

g, A

cces

s, a

nd C

ost T

rend

s, A

genc

y fo

r H

ealth

care

Res

earc

h an

d Q

ualit

y: M

edic

al E

xpen

ditu

re P

anel

Sur

vey,

200

0.

54

Tabl

e J.

Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

othe

r m

edic

al e

quip

men

t an

d se

rvic

esa —

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

erpe

rson

wit

h ex

pens

e an

d di

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

Corr

espo

nds

to Ta

ble

10

Cont

inue

d

Expe

nse

per

pers

onPe

rcen

t di

stri

butio

n of

tot

al e

xpen

ses

by s

ourc

ew

ith a

n ex

pens

eof

pay

men

tPe

rcen

tTo

tal

Popu

latio

nPo

pula

tion

with

ex

pens

esO

ut o

fPr

ivat

ech

arac

teri

stic

(in t

hous

ands

)ex

pens

eM

edia

nM

ean

(in m

illio

ns)

pock

etin

sura

nceb

Med

icar

eM

edic

aid

Oth

erc

Stan

dard

err

or

Tota

l†

0.4

46

765

1.6

1.3

0.6

1.0

0.5

Age

in y

ears

Und

er 6

5†

0.4

56

664

1.7

1.5

0.2

1.2

0.4

Und

er 6

†0.

4—

——

——

——

—6-

17†

0.7

710

100

3.1

2.1

0.1

3.8

0.4

18-4

4†

0.5

49

285

2.0

1.8

0.1

2.1

0.6

45-6

4†

0.9

713

403

2.8

2.6

0.5

1.7

0.4

65 a

nd o

ver

†1.

27

2431

02.

81.

11.

91.

31.

4Se

xM

ale

†0.

56

1139

42.

41.

71.

0 1.

71.

0Fe

mal

e†

0.6

68

454

1.8

1.4

0.6

1.2

0.4

Rac

e/et

hnic

ity

Whi

te a

nd o

ther

†0.

55

672

11.

71.

40.

71.

00.

5Bl

ack

†0.

711

2312

54.

62.

10.

93.

51.

0H

ispan

ic†

0.7

1120

177

3.7

4.3

0.5

5.5

0.8

Hea

lth

insu

ranc

e st

atus

d

Und

er a

ge 6

5:A

ny p

riva

te8,

688

0.5

66

571

1.7

1.7

0.0

0.6

0.3

Publ

ic o

nly

1,86

31.

19

3718

83.

70.

0 2.

33.

80.

7U

nins

ured

1,71

00.

712

2089

2.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.9

Age

65

and

over

:M

edic

are

only

729

1.8

1539

130

5.5

0.0

5.8

0.0

2.3

Med

icar

e an

d pr

ivat

e97

11.

69

3324

53.

11.

81.

20.

1 2.

1M

edic

are

and

othe

r pu

blic

280

2.5

2953

597.

80.

0 3.

2 8.

40.

9

Pove

rty

stat

use

Poor

†0.

88

2413

75.

11.

31.

25.

81.

8N

ear-

poor

†1.

416

2874

7.5

5.2

4.8

7.3

0.9

Low

inco

me

†0.

99

2117

33.

21.

81.

91.

80.

8M

iddl

e in

com

e†

0.7

512

319

2.7

1.6

1.7

1.6

1.4

Hig

h in

com

e†

0.7

310

492

2.2

2.2

0.3

1.2

0.4

55

Tabl

e J.

Sta

ndar

d er

rors

for

othe

r m

edic

al e

quip

men

t an

d se

rvic

esa —

Med

ian

and

mea

n ex

pens

es p

erpe

rson

wit

h ex

pens

e an

d di

stri

buti

on o

f exp

ense

s by

sou

rce

of p

aym

ent:

Uni

ted

Sta

tes,

2000

(con

tinue

d)Co

rres

pond

s to

Tabl

e 10

Expe

nse

per

pers

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ref

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with

pub

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and

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vate

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d th

ose

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ICA

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rmed

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rela

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e cl

assi

fied

as

havi

ng p

riva

te in

sura

nce.

e P

oor—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e le

ss th

an 1

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e, in

clud

ing

thos

e w

hose

loss

es e

xcee

ded

thei

r ea

rnin

gs, r

esul

ting

in n

egat

ive

inco

me;

nea

r-po

or—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

125

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

low

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 1

25 p

erce

nt to

less

than

200

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

mid

dle

inco

me—

pers

ons

in f

amili

es w

ith in

com

e fr

om 2

00 p

erce

nt to

less

than

400

per

cent

of

the

pove

rty

line;

hig

h in

com

e—pe

rson

s in

fam

ilies

with

inco

me

at o

r ov

er 4

00 p

erce

nt o

f th

e po

vert

y lin

e.†S

tand

ard

erro

r ap

prox

imat

ely

zero

bec

ause

of

post

stra

tific

atio

n to

Cen

sus

Bur

eau

popu

latio

n co

ntro

l tab

les.

—L

ess

than

100

sam

ple

case

s.N

ote:

Res

tric

ted

to c

ivili

an n

onin

stitu

tiona

lized

pop

ulat

ion.

So

urce

:C

ente

r fo

r Fi

nanc

ing,

Acc

ess,

and

Cos

t Tre

nds,

Age

ncy

for

Hea

lthca

re R

esea

rch

and

Qua

lity:

Med

ical

Exp

endi

ture

Pan

el S

urve

y, 2

000.

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��

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{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{

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AHRQ Pub. No. 04-0022April 2004

ISBN 1-58763-139-3ISSN 1531-5665

U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesPublic Health Service

Agency for HealthcareResearch and Quality

540 Gaither RoadRockville, MD 20850

advancing excellence in health care · 2020-03-06 · such as prescription medicines also change....

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