ae-bmf kmlnxyw þ 4sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/malayala...Ä fgp-xnb at± -l -¯n \v...

ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4MAL4AO4

tIma¬ tImgvkv_n F, _n Fkv kn.

ska-ÌÀ IV

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Calicut University PO, Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635

512

(CUCBCSS)

2017 Admission onwards

School of Distance Education

ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4 Page 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL

ae-bmf kmlnXyw þ 4

BA /BScCOMMON COURSEIV Semester(CUCBCSS)

2014 Admission onwards

Prepared by:tUm. PaoÂ AlvaZv.Akn. s{]m^kÀKh. tImtfPv ae-̧ pdw

Lay out:Computer Section, SDE

©Reserved



Df-f-S¡w t]Pv \¼À

samUyqÄ þ 1 1 ----------- þ 16

samUyqÄ þ 2 17- þ 22

samUyqÄ þ 3 23- þ 30

samUyqÄ þ 4 31 þ 43



samUyqÄ 1

1. ssien-sb-¸än Nne Nn´-IÄ-Fkv. Kp]vX³ \mbÀ

Fkv. Kp]vX³ \mbÀ (P\-\w: HmKÌv 22, 1919 -þ acWw: s^{_phcn 7, 2006)

B[p-\nI ae-bmf \ncq-]-W-̄ nse Icp-̄ pä i_vZ-amWv Fkv Kp]vX-³\m-b-cp-tS-Xv. aebmf

kmlnXy¯nse {]apJ hnaÀiI\pw, {]`mjI\pw, \nLpImc\pw, A²ym]I\pw Bbncp¶p

At±-lw. ap¸-̄ n-bt©mfw ]pkvXI§Ä cNn¨n«pv. Fgp¯Ñ³ ]pckvImcw DÄs¸sS

\nch[n ]pckvImc§Ä t\Sn. 1941 Â Xncph\´]pcw bqWnthgv-knän tImtfPnÂ \n¶v _n.F

HmtWgv-kv cmw dmt¦msS Pbn¨ Kp]vX³ \mbÀ 1945 -Â AtX Iemeb¯nÂ A²ym]I\mbn

tPmenbnÂ {]thin¨p. XetÈcn {_®³ tImtfPv, ]me¡mSv hntÎmdnb tImtfPv, FdWmIpfw

almcmPmkv tImtfPv F¶nhnS§fnÂ A²ym]I\mbn {]hÀ¯n¨p. Imen¡äv kÀ-

ÆIemimebnse aebmfhn`mK¯nsâ Xeh\mbn HutZymKnI PohnX¯nÂ\n¶p 1978- Â

hncan¡pIbpwsNbvXp. "aebmfn', {KÙmtemIw, hnÚm\ssIcfn F¶o {]kn²oIcW§fpsS

]{Xm[n]cmbncp¶p. tIcf kmlnXy{]hÀ¯I klIcWkwL¯nsâbpw tIcf kmlnXy

A¡mZanbpsSbpw {]knUâmbpw {]hÀ¯n¨n«pv. {][m\ IrXn-IÄ B[p\nI kmlnXyw,

{Im´ ZÀinIÄ, Ck§Ä¡¸pdw, Imhykzcq]w, Xncbpw Npgnbpw, XncsªSp¯ {]_Ô§Ä,

krãnbpw {kãmhpw, N§¼pg -Ihnbpw a\pjy\pw, tIkcnbpsS hnaÀi\w, kamtemN\bpw

]p\cmtemN\bpw, I¬sskkv- Cw¥ojv- - aebmfw Un£Wdn, tIcfhpw kwKoXhpw,

a\kmkvacman (BßIY)

teJ-\-kw-{KlwFgp-̄ p-Im-cnÂ Hmtcm-cp-̄ -cp-sSbpw cN-\bv¡v Nne ap{Z-I-fp-v. B ap{Z-I-sf-bmWv ssien

F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv. khn-ti-j-amb `mjm-{]-tbmK coXn-bmWv ssien. {]mNo\ `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-

aow-am-k-bnÂ CXns\ coXn F¶mWv hyh-l-cn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. sshZÀ`n, ]m©m-en, KuUn F¶n-§s\

tZi-\m-a-§-tfmSv tNÀ¯mWv `mc-Xo-bÀ ]e-Xcw coXnIÄ¡v t]cn-«Xv IÀ¡-iw, tIma-fw, kc-kw,

ipjvIw, imeo-\w, Zo{]w F¶n-§-s\-bmWv ae-bmf Be-¦m-cn-I\pw `mjm-K-th-j-I-\p-amb F

BÀ cmP-cm-P-hÀa ssien-IÄ¡v t]cn-«-Xv. At±lw ]Xn-aq¶p Xcw coXn-Isf ]d-bp-¶p-s-

¦nepw Cu F®-̄ nÂ coXn-ssh-hn-[y-§Ä HXp-§p-I-bnÃ F¶v k½-Xn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

ssÌÂ F¶ hm¡mWv ssiensb Ipdn-¡m³ Cw¥ojv Imhy-im-kv{X-¯nÂ D]-

tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. \mW-b-§-sf-t¸m-se-bmWv hm¡p-IÄ. FÃm \mW-b-§fpw Ft¸mgpw D]-tbm-Kn-

¡-W-sa-¶n-Ã. FÃm Fgp-̄ p-Imcpw Htc `mj-bnÂ\n-¶pÅ ]Z-§-fm-sW-Sp¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv

F¦nÂ t]mepw B ]Z-§-fpsS kwhn-[m\w hyXy-kvX-am-bmWv Ah-cpsS cN-\-I-fnÂ shfn-s¸-Sp-

I. kwKo-X-̄ nÂ FÃm Kmb-Icpw Htc i_vZ-§-fmWv FSp-̄ p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv F¦nÂ IqSn

hyXykvX tIÄhn-b-\p-̀ -h-§-fm-WtÃm Bkzm-ZÀ¡p e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. Fgp-̄ p-Im-cpsS kz`mh khn-

ti-j-X-Ifpw cN-\-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Fgp-̄ nsâ ssiensb kzm[o-\n-¡pw. Nncn DÂ]m-Zn-̧ n-



¡m-\p-X-Ip¶ `mj-bnÂ Kuc-h-s¸-«-Im-cy-§Ä ]d-bm-\m-hp-I-bn-Ã-tÃm. Be-¦m-cnI ssien-bnÂ

imkv{X-te-J-\-§-sf-gp-X-cpXv F¶v ]d-bm-\pÅ Imc-W-an-Xm-Wv.

"BÄXs¶ ssien' F¶mWv _^³ F¶ \ncq-]-Isâ A`n-{]m-bw. kwkvIrX

]Z-§-fpsS [mcm-fn¯w sImv ITn-\-amb ssien F¶v hnaÀin-¡-s¸« t\mh-emWv tIc-f-hÀa

henb tImbn-̄ -¼p-cm³ FgpXnb AIv_À F¶ t\mhÂ. s]mXpsh Ip«n-I-fpsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

§Ä Fgp-Xnb At±-l-¯n\v ]t£, aWn-{]-hmf ssien-bn-epÅ KZy-t¯mSv henb B`n-ap-Jy-ap-

m-bn-cp-¶nÃ F¶v Fkv Kp]vX³\m-bÀ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. tIc-f-im-Ip-́ -f-̄ nsâ XÀP-a-bnepw

A¯-c-samcp kwkvIr-Xo-Ir-X-amb `mjm-ssien hcm-\n-S-bmb kml-Ncyw tIc-f-hÀhÀa-Xs¶

hni-Z-am-¡n-bn-«p-v. KZy-am-enI F¶ {KÙ-̄ nsâ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn-em-W-Xv. tIc-f-hÀa-bpsS kml-

N-cyhpw hnZym-̀ ym-khpw ]cn-io-e-\-hp-amWv C¯-c-samcp `mj-bnÂ Fgp-Xp-hm³ At±-ls¯

\nÀ_-Ôn-̧ n-̈ -Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv "BÄXs¶ ssien' F¶ A`n-{]mbw teJ-I³ icn-sh-¡p-¶-

Xv.

tIc-f-hÀabv¡p tijw kn hn cma³]n-Å, DÅqÀ Fkv ]c-ta-iz-c A¿À, ]n sI

\mcm-b-W]nÅ F¶n-h-cmWv kwkvIrXw IeÀ¶ ae-bm-f-KZyw [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-̈ -hÀ.

amcmÀ, Ipän-̧ p-g, ap-tÈcn F¶n-hcpw ]nÂIm-e¯v kwkvIr-X-hm-¡p-IÄ A[n-I-apÅ ae-bm-f-

KZyw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-v. emfnXyw F¶-t]-cnÂ A\m-h-iy -\m-«p-]-Z-§Ä Ip¯n-\n-d¨v Fgp-Xp-¶-Xn-

tesd `wKn \S-̧ pÅ kwkvIrX hm¡p-I-fnÂ Fgp-Xp-¶-XmWv F¶v teJ-I³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

IÀW-i-ey-am-Ip-amdv kwkvIrXw {]tbm-Kn-¡-cp-sX-¶mWv At±lw kaÀYn-¡p-¶-Xv. NaÂ¡mcw

]Zy-̄ n-s\-¶-Xp-t]mse KZy-̄ n\pw Bh-iy-am-Wv. KZy-̄ nepw Imhym-e-¦m-c-§Ä¡v Øm\-ap-v.

F¶mÂ GtXm Hcp Ihn hgn-sXän hoW-Xm-Wn-hnsS F¶p-tXm-¶p¶ hn[-̄ nÂ Imhym-e-¦m-c-

§Ä Ip¯n-\n-d¨v KZy-sa-gp-Xp-¶Xv icn-bpaÃ. NaÂ¡mcw (`wKn-¡p-thn `mj-bnÂ {]tbm-Kn-

¡p¶ Ae-¦m-c-§Ä) emfnXyw Ipd-¡p-sa¶p ]d-bp-¶Xpw XoÀ¯pw kXy-a-Ã. aqÀt¡m¯p Ipam-

c³, A¸³ X¼p-cm³, F BÀ F¶n-hÀ emfn-Xyhpw NaÂ¡m-chpw Hcp-t]msebpÅ KZyw Fgp-

Xn-b-h-cm-Wv.

]s¯ Fgp-̄ p-ImÀ KZys¯ kw`m-j-W-̀ m-j-bnÂ\n¶v F{X AI-än-s¡m-p-

t]m-Im-sa-¶mWv Btem-Nn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. C¶v B ØnXn amdn-bn-«p-v. ssien¡p Poh³th-W-sa-¦nÂ

km[m-c-W-¡m-cpsS kw`m-j-W¯nÂ\n¶v th{X ]Z-§fpw ssien-Ifpw kzoI-cnt¨ Xocq.

emfnXyw, BÀPhw, HuNnXyw F¶o aq¶p ssieo-Kp-W-§-sf-bmWv ^ufÀ F¶ Cw¥ojv \ncq-]-

I³ \nÀtZ-in-¡p-¶-Xv. tkmaÀ skävtamw BIs« sXfna, emfn-Xyw, ebw F¶n-§-s\bpw \nÀtZ-

in-¡p-¶p. {]mkhpw Xmf-hp-aÃ ebw. AXv kwKo-X-̄ n-se-¶-t]mse kv]jvStam i_vZ-ta-dn-

btXm AÃm¯ kpJ-apÅ Hgp-¡m-Wv. AXn-Ãm¯ `mjm-ssien thKw sNSn-̈ p-t]m-Ipw. Ip«n-Ir-

jvW-am-cm-cp-sSbpw tUm. sI `mkvI-c³\m-b-cp-sSbpw `mj-bmWv teJ-I³ eb-apÅ ssien¡v

DZm-l-cWw ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

F´mWv \Ã ssien F¶ tNmZy-̄ n\v aSp-̧ n-¡m¯ `mj F¶mWv Fkv

Kp]vX³\m-bÀ \ÂIp¶ D¯-cw. \Ã s]cp-amäw t]mse A`y-kn-̈ p-d-¸n-t¡ KpW-am-W-Xv,

F¶mÂ A`y-kn-̈ -Xm-sW¶v tXm¶p-I-bp-a-cp-Xv.



2. \m«p-`mjm hnZym-`ymkw-G.-BÀ. cmP-cm-P-hÀ½

F.BÀ. cmPcmPhÀ½ (1863 s^{_phcn 20, - 1918 þ Pq¬ 18)aebmf `mjbpsS hymIcWw Nn«s¸Sp¯p¶XnÂ {][m\ ]¦phln¨ hyànbmWv tIcf

]mWn\n F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶ F.BÀ. cmPcmPhÀ½. icn-bmb t]cv A\´]pc¯v

cmPcmPhÀ½ F¶m-Wv. sshbmIcW³ F¶Xn\p ]pdta, \ncq]I³, Ihn, D]\ymkImc³,

kÀÆIemimem A²ym]I³, hnZym`ymk]cnjvIÀ¯mhv F¶o \neIfnepw {]ikvX\mbn.

Ccp]Xmw\qämnsâ BZyZiI§fnÂ aebmf`mjbpsS hymIcWw, Oµimkv{Xw,

Ae¦mcmZnhyhØIÄ F¶nhbv¡v At±lw \nbXamb cq]tcJIfpm¡n.

kwkvIrXsshbmIcW\mb ]mWn\n kwkvIrXhymIcW¯n\p imkv{Xobamb N«¡qSpIÄ

\nÀan¨Xn\p kam\ambn "tIcf]mWn\obw' F¶ aebmfhymIcW {KÙw G.BÀ.

cmPcmPhÀ½bpsSXmbn«pv. kmln-Xy-km-lyw, `mjm-̀ q-j-Ww, hr¯-a-RvPcn F¶n-h-bmWv aäp

{KÙ-§Ä. kwkvIr-X-Im-hy-§-fpsS hnhÀ¯-\-̄ n-eq-sSbpw [mcmfw teJ\ þ \ncq-]-W-§-fn-eq-

sSbpw ae-bm-f-̄ nsâ B[p-\n-Io-I-c-W-̄ nÂ {][m\ ]¦p-h-ln-̈ p.

teJ\ kw{Klw\m«p-̀ mjm hnZym-̀ ymk I\-I-Pq-_nen I½-än-¡m-cpsS £W-{]-Imcw AXnsâ BtLmj-

¯nÂ \S-̄ nb Hcp {]kw-K-amWv Cu teJ-\w. `mj-bpsS tZhn-sb-bmWv \mw tIc-f-̄ nÂ {]Xn-

jvTn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶Xv F¶ Bap-J-t¯m-sS-bmWv cmP-cm-P-hÀa {]`m-jWw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xv. aäp tZho-

tZ-h-·msc {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse AÃ `mj-bpsS {]Xn-jvT. H¶v Hcp aX-hn-̀ m-K-̄ nsâ Bcm-[-

\m-e-b-̄ nse {]Xn-jvT-bm-sW-¦nÂ `mjbpsS {]XnjvT FÃm aX-Pm-Xn-hy-Xym-k-§-sfbpw

DÄs¡m-Åp¶ {]Xn-jvT-bm-Wv. inetbm temltam AÃ, _p²n-bmWv `mjm-tZ-hn-bpsS Øm\w.

amXr-̀ m-j-bpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw B Ah-k-c-̄ nÂ G BÀ A\p-kva-cn-¡p-¶p. BZn-Im-e-̄ v, inip-

hmb ae-bm-f-̀ mj {Zmhn-U-Ip-Spw-_-̄ nÂ tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-cn-bmb Xan-gnsâ c£m-IÀXr-Xz-̄ nÂ

hfÀ¶Xp. ]n¶oSv kwkvIr-X-̀ m-j-bpsS Zmkn-bmbn Iptd-¡mew Ign-ªp-Iq-Sn.

kmaq-Xncn cmPm-hnsâ kZ-Ênse F«-c-¡-hn-I-fpsS apt¼ ae-bm-f-¡-hn-Xbv¡p hgn-

Im-Wn-̈ Xv Xncq-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ s]m¶p-X-¼p-cm¡·m-cnÂ Hcm-fmb Nocm-a-I-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ae-bm-f-

¯nse BZys¯ Imhy-amWv cma-N-cn-Xw. Ip©³\-¼ymcpw Hcp h©n-cm-Pm-hnsâ (Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ

cmPm-hmb amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀa) B{in-X-\m-bn-cp-¶p. Cc-bn-½³ X¼n, Aiz-Xn-Xn-cp-\mÄ, kzmXn-Xn-

cp-\mÄ F¶o cmPm-¡-·mcpw Ihn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p F¶v G BÀ A\p-kva-cn-¡p-¶p. tIcf Imfn-Zm-

k³, `mjm-K-Zy-̄ nsâ ]nXmhv Fs¶ms¡ {]kn-²-\mb tIc-f-hÀa hen-b-tIm-bn-̄ -¼p-cm\pw

Xncq-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmP-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-am-Wv.

\m«p-̀ mjm hnZym-̀ ym-k-̄ n\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ `c-W-IqSw apt¼ {iaw XpS-§n-bn-«p-

v. tIWÂ a³t{Sm-bpsS IognÂ dkn-Uâv `cWw \S-̄ n-bn-cp¶ dmWn e£van `mbv X¼p-cm-«n-

bmWv AXn-\pÅ BZy {ia-§Ä sNbvX-Xv. Fgp-¯p-]-Ån-IÄ F¶mWv A¶v B hnZymeb-§Ä

Adn-b-s¸-«-Xv. Ahn-Ss¯ in£-W-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä ]gb a«n-ep-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. ]pXnb hnZym-̀ ymk

k{¼-Zm-b-̄ n-epÅ ]Ån-¡q-S-§Ä Bcw-̀ n-̈ n«v A¼Xv hÀjta Bbn-«p-Åq. F¦n-epw, adm-«n,

_wKm-fn, lnµn XpS-§nb D¯-tc-́ y³ `mj-IÄ Cw¥o-jv`m-j-bp-am-bpÅ tNÀ¨-bmÂ D¶-Xamb

Ah-Ø-bn-se-̄ n. ae-bmfw Ah-tbm-sSm¸w hf-cp-¶n-Ã. ae-bmfw Cw¥o-jnÂ \n¶pw kwkvIr-X-

¯nÂ\n¶pw t\Sn Adn-hp-Isf thpw-h®w D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-̄ -Xp-sIm-mWv Cu KXn h¶Xv



F¶v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. A¶s¯ henb _ncp-Z-§-fmb Fw F, Fw FÂ XpS-§nb

k¼m-Zn¨ bphm-¡-fpsS XmÂ]-cy-¡p-d-hn-s\bpw G BÀ CXnÂ {][m\ Imc-W-ambn FSp-̄ p-]-d-

bp-¶p. hnZy F¶Xv s]mXp-kz-̄ m-Wv. AXv Ic-Ø-am-¡n-b-hÀ kaq-l-̄ n\v ]IÀ¶-psIm-Sp-

¡m³ _m[y-X-bp-ÅhÀ -Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. imkv{X-hn-j-b-§Ä Cw¥o-jnÂ ]Tn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv ae-bm-fn-

IÄ. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ AXv th{X a\-Ên-em-hp-I-bp-an-Ã. AÂ]w am{Xw a\-Ên-em-¡n, Bh-

iy-̄ n-e-[nIw Ah Ign-̈ v, Zl-\-t¡Sv _m[n¨ Adn-hmWv ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡p-ÅXv F¶v G BÀ

Ifn-bm-¡p-¶p. adn¨v imkv{Xhnj-b-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Xs¶ ]Tn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ hn[w \m«p-̀ m-jsb

\mw amän-sb-Sp-t¡--Xp-v. At¸mtg imkv{X-hn-j-b-§-fpsS t]mj-Imw-i-§Ä \½psS kaq-l-i-

co-c-̄ nÂ thpw-h®w Ie-cq. imkv{X-hn-j-b-§-fnse kmt¦-XnI ]Z-§Ä ae-bm-f-̄ n-enÃ

F¶Xv hen-sbmcp {]Xn-_-Ô-am-Wv. AXn\v tbmPn¨ Cw¥ojv hm¡p-IÄ Xs¶ D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw,

XÀP-a-sN-¿mw, ]pXnb ]Z-§Ä \nÀan¡mw XpS-§nb t]mwh-gn-IÄ At±lw \nÀtZ-in-¡p-¶p.

Cw¥ojv kwkm-cn-¡p¶ Bfp-IÄ ae-bmfw Cw¥ojv IeÀ¯n Hcp tImam-fn-̀ m-j-bn-emWv kwkm-

cn-¡p-¶-Xv. {KmPp-thäv Bb Bfp-IÄ CXv Hgn-hm¡n \Ã Hcp ae-bm-fs¯ \nÀan-s¨-Sp-¡m\pw

AXs\ kaq-l-̄ nÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡m\pw {]b-Xv\n-¡-Ww.

Xe-Øm\ \K-cn-bnÂ \m«p-̀ m-jm-hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ Hcp bqWn-th-gvknän

Øm]n-¡Ww F¶ \nÀtZ-i-t¯m-sS-bmWv G BÀ cmP-cm-P-hÀa Xsâ {]`m-jWw Ah-km-\n-¸n-

¡p-¶-Xv.

3. amdp-¶-a-e-bmfw -{]t_m-[-N-{µ³ \mbÀ

aebmf `mjm ]ÞnX\pw A²ym]I\pamWv hn.BÀ. {]t_m[N{µ³ \mbÀ (P\\w : 4

BKÌv 1938). B[p-\nI `mjm-imkv{X kn²m-́ -§Ä ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ B\-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ {][m\

]¦p-h-ln-̈ p. kz\hnÚm\w F¶ IrXn¡v kmlnXy A¡mZan F³tUmhvsaâv e`n¨n«pv.

tIcf bqWnthgvknän enwKznÌnIvkv hn`mKw ta[mhnbmbncp¶p. tIcf IemaÞew

sNbÀam\mbpw {]hÀ¯n¨p. hnhÀ¯\¯nsâ `mjmimkv{X`qanI, temI`mjIÄ, `mjm-

imkv{X \nLp F¶nh {][m\ IrXn-IÄ. At±-l-̄ nsâ aebmfw ae-bm-fn-I-tfmfw F¶

]pkvX-I-̄ nÂ\n-s¶-Sp¯ teJ-\-amWv amdp¶ ae-bm-fw.

teJ\ kw{Klw

`mj-bnÂ Ft¸mgpw amä-§Ä kw -̀hn-̈ p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. \mgq-cn-¸m-ep-sImv \mSmsI

IeymWw F¶ ]m«nse \mgqcn ]p-Im-es¯ hm¡m-Wv. C¶v B hm¡nsâ AÀYw ]pXnb Xe-

ap-dbv¡v Adn-bn-Ã. Ie¡n F¶ hm¡n\v ap¼p-m-bn-cp¶ AÀYw ]n¶oSv amdn. sN¯v F¶ ]Z-

¯n\pw AÀYw amdn-t¸m-bn-«p-v. N{Iw, A¨v F¶nh ]s¯ \mW-b-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp

hkvXphn\v ]e-tZ-i¯pw ]e hm¡p-Ifpw \S-̧ p-m-bn-cn-¡pw. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cs¯ InS¡ ]me-

¡mSv tImk-Sn -bm-Wv. AXn-\p-Xs¶ tImi-Sn, tImk-dn, tImk-Wn, tKmkSn XpS-§nb {]mtZ-inI

hI-t`-Z-§-fp-ap-v. hni-dn, ]nªmWw, IÀaq-k, Nqev XpS-§nb ]Z-§fpw CXn-\p-Zm-c-W-am-Wv.

Pohn-X-̄ n-se-¶-t]mse `mj-bnepw icnbpw sXäpw X½n-epÅ thÀ¯n-cnhv hfsc t\À -̄Xm-Wv.

Hcp taÂhn-emkw tNmZn-̈ -dn-bp-t¼m-gmWv tIc-f-̄ n-se {]mtZ-in-I-amb ssien-t -̀Z-§Ä thKw

Xncn-̈ -dn-bm-\m-hp-I. D¸p-änþ aS-¼v, hb-ev þ Iw þ ]mSw, Duf³þ Ipdp-¡³, HmSþ NmÂ, ISþ

a¡m-\n XpS-§nb ]e ]Z-§fpw ae-bm-fn-IÄ hyXykvX {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ hyXykvX coXn-bnÂ D]-

tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. Bdp \mSn\v \qdp `mj F¶ sNmÃns\ A\zÀY-am-¡p-¶-XmWv CXv. `qan-im-



kv{X-̄ nse hnShv kz´w X\na \ne-\nÀ¯m³ a\p-jys\ \nÀ_-Ôn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-mWv

kwkvIm-c-̄ nepw `mj-bnepw hyXy-kvXX Dm-Ip-¶-Xv. B[p-\n-I-a-«n-epÅ hnZym-̀ ym-kw, hml\

KXm-KX kuI-cy-§Ä, hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-§Ä F¶nh Cu hyXym-ks¯ hf-sc-tbsd

Ipd-̈ n-«p-v.

C§s\ tZi-am-ä-̄ n\p `mj hnt[-b-am-Ip-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-§Ä ]e-Xm-Wv. PmXn aX hyXym-

k-amWv AXnÂ {][m-\-a-s¸-«-Xv. cmjv{So-bw, km¼-̄ nI ØnXn, hnZym-̀ ymk \ne-hm-cw, B¬þ

s]¬ hyXym-kw, {]mbw, kmaq-lnI ]Zhn hyXym-k-§Ä, DtZym-K-X-e-§Ä XpS-§n-b-hbpw `mj-

bpsS hyXy-kvX-X-IÄ¡p Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p-v.

4. ssieoNn´tUm. Fw.- F³ Imc-tÈcn

Fgp¯pImc\pw `mjm]ÞnX\pw kmaqlnI \nco£I\pamWv- Fw. F³. ImctÈcn.

aplv-bp±o³ \Sp¡nbnÂ F¶mWv apgp-h³ t]cv. tImgnt¡mSv PnÃbnse ImctÈcnbnÂ 1951 Â

P\n¨p. 1993 -Â tImgn-t¡mSv kÀ-ÆIemimebnÂ \n¶v tUmIv-ätdäv e`n¨p. Ahn-Ss¯ aebmf

hn`m-K-̄ nÂ A²ym]I\mbncp¶p.. am¸nf kmlnXyw, am¸nf ^enXw, hÀKobX, atXXcXzw,

kmlnXyw XpS§nb hnjb§sf A[nIcn¨v B\pImenI§fnepw ]{X§fnepw teJ\§Ä

FgpXmdpv. ]pent¡m«nÂ IrXnIÄ (1979), apÃm\kdp±osâ s]mSnss¡IÄ (1982),

a¡bnte¡pÅ ]mX (hnhÀ¯\w -1983), H¶nsâ ZÀi\w (1996), Ipfn¨tÃ¶v ]dªmse´m?

(1999), Xp©³]d¼nse »o¨v (2001), am¸nf¸m«nsâ temIw F¶nh {][m\ IrXn-IÄ.

Imc-tÈ-cn-bpsS sX-fn-a-e-bmfw F¶ ]pkvX-I-̄ nse sXc-sª-Sp¯ `m-K-amWv ssieo-Nn-́ .

F´mWv ssienDd-̈ p-t]mb coXn-bmWv ssien. `mj-bnÂ aq¶p Xe-̄ nÂ Cu ]Zw {]k-à-am-bn-̄ o-cp-

¶p. `mj-bpsS X\n-a-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Bhn-jvIm-c-co-Xn-bmWv AXn-sem-¶v. B\ N¯p F¶-Ã,

B\ sNcnªp F¶m-WtÃm \mw ]d-bm-dv. ChnsS sNcnªp F¶Xv ssien-bm-Wv. ]mc-¼-cy-

¯nsâ `mK-am-bn-̄ oÀ¶ {]tbm-K-hn-ti-j-amWv cm-a-t¯-Xv. Ibn-ep-Ip-¯pI F¶ {]tbmKw

DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Ibn-ep-amtbm Ip -̄ep-amtbm AXn\v _Ô-an-Ã. adn¨v KXn-tI-Sn-em-IpI F¶-

XmWv AXn-\ÀYw. hne-£-W-{]-tbm-K-̀ w-Kn, hmNy-amb AÀY-̄ n\p ]pdsa hywKy-amb AÀY-

¯n\v {]m[m\yw e`n-¡p¶ i_vZ-k-aqlw Fs¶Ãmw Cu ssien¡v AÀY-ap-v. hyàn-bpsS

khn-ti-j-amb `mjm-co-Xn-sbbpw ssien F¶p-hn-fn-¡p-¶p. ]mWvUn-Xyw, kwkvIm-cw, `mh-\,

Btem-N-\, ]£-]m-Xw, ioew, Pohn-X-ho-£Ww F¶n-h-bnÂ\n-s¶Ãmw cq]-s¸-Sp¶ ]Z-§fpw

hmIy-L-S-\m-co-Xn-I-fp-amWv Fgp-̄ p-ImÀ¡v Cu khn-tij ssien \ÂIp-¶-Xv.

"IpS- \-¶m¡n sImSp-¡-s¸Spw'

"IpS- \-¶m¡n sImSp-¡-s¸Spw' F¶ ]c-ky-hm-NIw km[m-cW ImWm-dp-v. `mj {]tbm-

Kn-¡p-¶-Xnse {][m-\-s¸« Hcp Imcyw, Ign-bp-¶Xpw Ipd¨v hm¡p-IÄsImv Bibw kwth-Z\w

sN¿pI F¶-Xm-Wv. B `wKn Cu ]c-ky-hm-N-I-¯n\v CÃ. asämcp Imcyw CXv ae-bm-f-̄ nsâ

kzm`m-hnI `wKn¡v FXn-cmb IÀa-Wn-{]-tbm-K-¯n-em-WnXv F¶-Xm-Wv. IÀ¯m-hn\v {]m[m\yw

e`n-¡p¶ IÀ¯-cn-{]-tbm-K-amWv ae-bm-f-̄ n\v \Ã-Xv. Cw¥o-jn-sâbpw kwkvIr-X-̄ n-sâbpw

kzm[o-\w-sIm-mWv IÀa-Wn-{]-tbmKw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ {]Nm-c-̄ n-em-b-Xv. am{X-aÃ AXmWv \Ã-a-e-

bmfw F¶ tXm¶Â hym]-I-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. IÀa-Wn-{]-tbmKw XoÀ¯pw Dt]-£n-¡-W-sa-



¶Ã, adn¨v Bi-b-̄ nse Nne {]tXyI Du¶-ep-IÄ¡mbn hc-sam-gn-bnÂ IÀa-Wn-{]-tbmKw

thn-h-t¶-¡pw. i]n-¡-s¸« \nan-jw, Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ hyàn Fs¶ms¡ Dtbm-Kn-¡m-dp--tÃm.

"Hcp-'hnsâ AÀY-t`-Z-§Ä

Ip«nIrjvWam-cmÀ cNn¨ ae-bm-f-ssien F¶ ]pkvX-I-̄ nÂ ae-bm-fn-IÄ A\m-h-iy-

ambn "Hcp' F¶ hm¡v A[n-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv F¶v Bt£-]n-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p. HÀY-

¯nÂ B Bt£-]-̄ nÂ icn-bp-v. Cw¥o-jnse F F¶ hm¡ns\ A\p-I-cn¨v H¶v F¶

AÀY-̄ nÂ FÃm-bn-S¯pw "Hcp' F¶v {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv A\m-h-iyhpw A`w-Kn-bp-am-Wv. "Ah³

Hcp ]m¼ns\ sIm¶p' F¶ hmIy¯nse "Hcp' shdp-sX-bm-W-tÃm. F¶mÂ ae-bm-f¯nÂ Nne-

t¸m-sg-¦nepw "Hcp' D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv \Ã-Xm-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sN¿pw. DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Xmsg \ÂIp-

¶p. Ah-bnÂ "Hcp' D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼m-gpÅ AÀY-hy-Xymkw IqsS {_m¡-änÂ \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

1. AbmÄ Hcp ]WvUn-X³ (\nµm-kq-NIw)

2. A½ Hcp If-hp-]-dªp (\nÊm-cX)

3. Ah³ Hcp t]m¡p-t]mbn (A{]-Xo-£nXw)

4. Rm³ Hcp- I-W-¡nÂ F¯n (hÃ-{]-Im-c-̄ nepw)

5. Hcp ]¯p-\m-gnI Zqc-apv (GXmv)

6. Hcp-]nSn Bfpv ([mcmfw)

7. Hcn-̄ ncn Øew thWw (AÂ]w)

8. HcpPmXn BfmWv (\¶Ã)

9. Hcp-am-Xncn XoÀ¯p (D]m-b-̄ nÂ)

10. GtXm Hcp apl-½Zv (Adn-b-s¸-Sm¯)

11. AtXmsS AbmÄ Hcp Bfmbn (A´Êv)

12. Hcp ac-W-hmÀ¯ tI«mÂ (GsX-¦nepw)

Hcp {]tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ C¯cw XmÂ]-cy-t -̀Z-§Ä IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡-Ww.

ssieo`wKw

`mj sXfn-bp-hm³ ssieo-̀ wKw Hgn-hm-¡Ww. Hcp `mj kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ {]Im-in-̧ n-

¡p¶ {]tXy-I-amb coXn¡v CW-§m¯ ]Z-{]-tbm-K-̄ n-\mWv ssieo`wKw F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

F\n¡v hni-¡p-¶pv F¶XmWv ae-bm-f-̄ nse ssien. Rm³ hni-¡p-¶-h-\mWv F¶Xv

ssieo-̀ w-K-hpw. hm¡v Npcp¡n hfsc efn-X-ambn Imcy-§Ä ]d-bp-¶-XmWv \Ã ssien. ae-bmfw

kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-h³ F¶-Xn\v ae-bmfn F¶pw tIc-f-̄ nÂ Xma-kn-¡p-¶-h³ F¶-Xn\v tIc-fo-

b³ F¶p {]tbm-Kn-̈ mÂ aXn-b-tÃm. kqcysâ NqSv Gähpw A[n-I-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ Imew F¶v ]c-

¯n-̧ -d-bp-¶Xv ssien-̀ w-K-am-Wv. th\Â¡mew F¶p ]d-ªmÂ \Ã ssien-bm-bn. DjvWw F¶-

Xn\v NqSv F¶ÀY-ap-s-¦nepw DjvW-apÅ Nmb F¶ {]tbmKw ssieo-̀ w-K-am-Wv. shÅ-s¸m-¡w-

sIm-pÅ tZmjs¯ Pe-tZmjw F¶p ]d-bm-dn-Ã-tÃm. Hcm-ibw {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v \m«p-̀ m-j-

bnÂ F´mtWm \S-̧ p-ÅXv AXv {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-XmWv ssieo-̀ wKw Hgn-hm-¡m-\pÅ Ffp-̧ -

amÀKw.

]pXp-ssi-en-IÄ]gb Ime-s¯-¶-t]mse C¡m-e¯v \½psS `mj-bnÂ ]pXnb ssien-Ifpw Dm-Ip¶p-

v. BcymS³ apl-½-Zn-\p-thn Hcp-¡nb cmjv{Sobkt½-f\w apS-§n-t¸m-b-Xn\p tijw Imc-tÈ-

cn-bnÂ "Bcym-S³ h¶p' F¶-Xv "apS-§n-t¸m-hpI' F¶ÀY¯n-epÅ ssien-bmbn amdn. Ihn-{X-b-



¯nsâ Nne \nco-£-W-§Ä CXp-t]mse ]pXp-ssi-en-I-fp-m-¡nbn«pv. "Hcp-thf ]g-¡-ta-dn-

bmÂ Ccp-fpw-sasÃ shfn-̈ -ambv hcmw' F¶ "Nn´m-hn-jvS-bmb koX'-bnse hcn-Ifpw (Bim³),

"\ap¡p \mta ]Wn-hXp \mIw \c-I-hp-a-Xp-t]mse' F¶ DÅqÀ hcn-Ifpw CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.

B[p-\nIIhn-IfpsS Nne hcn-Ifpw CXp-t]mse ssien-bmbn amdn-bn-«p-v. A¡n-̄ -̄ n-sâ,

"shfn¨w ZpxJ-am-Wp®o Xa-ÊtÃm kpJ-{]Zw' F¶ hcn-I-Ä Ft¸mgpw {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sm-dpÅ

ssien-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]e IY-sb-gp-̄ p-Im-cpsS {]tbm-K-§fpw ssien-bmbn amdn-bn-«p-v.

"Øes¯ {][m\ Znhy³', "F«p-Imen a½qªv' XpS-§nb {]tbm-K-§Ä _jo-dns\ Adn-bm-̄ -

hÀ¡qSn {]tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-v. "cwK-t_m-[-an-Ãm¯ tImam-fn-bmWv acWw' F¶ {]kn² {]tbmKw

aªv F¶ t\mh-enÂ Fw. Sn hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ \S-̄ n-b-Xm-Wv. C. Fw. Fkv XpS-§nb

cmjv{Sob t\Xm-¡-fpsS {]tbm-Khpw kn\nam Ub-tem-Kp-Ifpw hsc C¶s¯ P\-{]nb {]tbm-K-

§-fmbn amdn-¡-gn-ªp. "tXma-kp-Ip«o hnt«m-Sm...' F¶p "t]mSm tamt\ Znt\im' F¶pw Hcn-¡-

se-¦nepw ]d-bm¯ ae-bm-fn-I-fn-Ã-tÃm.

IvWm¸³`mj-bnÂ ]pXnb {]tbm-K-§fpw ssien-Ifpw Dm-bn-h-cp-¶Xv C¶-bn¶ kml-N-cy-̄ n-em-

sW¶v ]d-bpI km[y-a-Ã. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw ae-_m-dnepw {]Nm-c¯n-epÅ Hcp hm¡mWv

IvWm¸³ F¶-Xv. hIbv¡v sImÅm-̄ -h³, Imcyhnh-c-an-Ãm-̄ -h³ Fs¶m-s¡-bm-WÀYw. ae-̧ p-

ds¯ Fw Fkv ]n bnse {_n«ojv DtZym-K-Ø-\m-bn-cp¶p F. BÀ IvWm]v (knapp). 1920Ime¯v ae_m-dnse t]meo-kp-ImÀ¡nS-bn-epÅ {]iv\-§Ä ]Tn-¡m³ {_n«o-jp-ImÀ \ntbm-Kn¨

DtZym-K-Ø-\m-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. At±-l-̄ nsâ dnt¸mÀ«pw kÀ¡mÀ AXn-se-Sp¯ Xocp-am-\-

§fpw ]qÀW-ambpw t]meo-kp-ImÀ¡v FXn-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu sImÅ-cp-Xm¯ dnt¸mÀ«n-s\bpw ]cn-

jvIm-c-§-sfbpw kqNn-̧ n-¡m-\mWv IvWm¸nse ]cn-jvImcw F¶ {]tbm-K-ap-m-b-Xv.

BhÀ¯\w

BhÀ¯-\-amWv ssieo-tZm-j-̄ nsâ {][m-\-s¸« Hcp Imc-Ww. _Ên-\p-ÅnÂ ]pI-hen

]mSnÃ F¶p-th-, _ÊnÂ F¶p-a-Xn. ]{X-hmÀ¯-I-fnÂ C¯cw A\m-h-iy-{]-tbm-K-§Ä

[mcmfw ImWmw. Ah-bnÂ NneXv Xmsg þ

sIm¨n-bnÂsh¨v F¶p th, sIm¨n-bnÂ F¶p aXn

InW-än-\p-ÅnÂ hoWp F¶p th, InW-änÂ F¶p aXn

Ct¸mÄ Pohn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p F¶p th, Pohn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p F¶p aXn

{]kw-Kn-¡p-¶-hcpw C¯cw A\m-h-iy-]-Z-§fpw BhÀ -̄\-§fpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-v.

"a\-Ên-em-¡m³ thn Ignbpw' F¶n-Ss¯ thn Hgn-hm-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Imew Ignª

tijw F¶-Xnse tijw F¶ ]Zw BhÀ¯-\-am-Wv. sImmWv F¶v {]tbm-Kn-̈ -tijw

ImcWw F¶v ]d-bp-¶Xpw BhÀ -̄\-am-Wv. "A¡mcyw ad-¶p-t]m-b-Xp-sIm-mWv Rm³ aS-§n-

t¸m-cm³Im-cWw' F¶ hmIyw AXn-\mÂ sXäm-Wv. h\nXm kmln-Xy-Imcn F¶n-Ss¯ h\nX

F¶ hnti-jWw A\m-h-iy-amWv.

BcmWv {]Xn

"ImWm-Xmb tKm]m-e³\m-b-cpsS BSv' F¶ hmIy¯nÂ Bsc-bmWv ImWm-Xm-bXv? H¶p-

InÂ ImWm-Xmb F¶-Xn-\p-tijw tIma \ÂI-Ww. AsÃ-¦nÂ tKm]m-e³\m-b-cpsS ImWm-Xmb

BSv F¶v Xncp-̄ n-sb-gp-X-Ww. "Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ \n¶v D¶-X-hn-Zym-̀ ymkw t\Sn-h¶ s{]mU-£³

amt\-P-dpsS aI³' F¶ hmIy-̄ nepw Cu ktµlw Dv. BcmWv D¶-X-hn-Zym-̀ ymkw t\Sn-bXv?

hnti-jWw hnti-jy-t¯m-sSm¸w tNÀ¡p-I-bmWv Cu ktµlw Hgn-hm-¡m-\pÅ \Ã amÀKw.



t]meo-kp-Im-c-\mb apl-½-Znsâ aI³ þ apl-½-Znsâ t]meo-kp-Im-c-\mb aI³

t]meo-kp-Im-cpsS CS-s]-SÂ aqew KÀ`n-Wn-I-fmbhsc c£n¨p þ KÀ`n-Wn-I-fm-b-hsc t]meo-kp-

Im-cpsS CS-s]-SÂaqew c£n¨p.

{]mk-̄ nsâ sIWnKZy-c-N-\-bnÂ {]mkw Hgn-hm-¡p-¶-XmWv `wKn. GsX-¦nepw Hcp {Ia-̄ nÂ hyRvP-\m-£cw

BhÀ¯n-̈ p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv {]mkw. BZym-£-c-{]m-kw, ZznXo-bm-£-c-{]m-kw, A´y-{]mkw

F¶n-§s\ ]e-Xcw {]mk-§-fp-v. Bh-iy-̄ n\pw A\m-h-iy-̄ n\pw {]mkw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-

\mbn ]Z-§Ä tXSn-t¸m-Ip-¶-Xn-\mÂ Ihn-X-bpsS iàn IqSp-I-bmtWm Ipd-bp-I-bmtWm sN¿pI

F¶ Imcy-̄ nÂ ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ ap¼v hen-sbmcp hnhm-Z-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. ZznXo-bm-£-c-{]m-k-hm-Zw

F¶mWv CX-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. IS-¦-Y-I-fnepw ]g-s©m-Ãp-I-fn-ep-saÃmw {]mkw Dv. an¶p-¶-sXÃmw

s]m¶-Ã, sR«nÃm h«-bne Fs¶ms¡ DZm-l-c-Ww. hS-¡³]m«v, am¸n-f-̧ m«v XpS-§nb \mS³

Km\-§-fnepw {]mkw ImWmw. "Ime-hÀjw Imte-¡q«n Imep-Ip-̄ p¶p' F¶p-Xp-S-§nb {]mk-

§Ä kzm`m-hn-I-a-Ã. kzm`m-hn-I-amb {]mkw `mj-bpsS `wKn hÀ[n-̧ n-¡p-¶p. Ir{Xn-a-amb {]mkw

A`w-Kn-bpw.

ss]¦n-fn-̀ mjhmb-\-¡msc hÀW-\-sImv C¡n-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm\pw hnh-c-Ww-sImv sshIm-cn-I-X-bnÂ

Xf-̈ n-Sm\pw DÕm-ln-¡p¶ `mjm-co-Xn-sb-bmWv ss]¦n-fn-̀ mj F¶v hnaÀin-¡m-dp-Å-Xv. AXn-

ssh-Im-cn-I-X, AXn-i-tbm-àn, A\p-Nn-X-amb Ae-¦m-c-{]-tbm-K-§Ä, Bi-bm-hÀ¯\w apX-em-b-

h-sImv ss]¦n-fn-̀ mj ]e-t¸mgpw Ir{Xn-ahpw ZpÀ_-e-hp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. P\-{]nb t\mh-ep-IÄ

[mcmfw Fgp-Xn-bn-«pÅ ap«-̄ p-hÀ¡n-bpsS ]mSm¯ ss]¦nfn F¶ t\mhÂ\m-a-̄ nÂ

\n¶mImw B t]cv Dm-b-Xv. "FÃm-hÀ¡pw \µn' F¶p ]d-tb-n-S¯v "FÃm-hÀ¡pw AssI-X-

h-amb \µn-bpsS \qdp-\qdp tdmkm-̧ q-¡À hmcn-hn-X-dp¶p' F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv ss]¦n-fn¡v \Ã DZm-

l-c-W-am-Wv. hm¡v IqSp-¶Xv Bß-hn-izmkw Ipd-bp-t¼m-gm-Wv. hm¡v IqSp-t´mdpw ]d-bp¶

Imcy-̄ nsâ iàn Ipd-bpw.

{]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w1. s]mXp-hn-j-b-§Ä Bkv]-Z-am-¡n D]-\ymk cN\GsX¦nepw Hcp hnjbs¯ B[mcam¡n kmam\yw hniZamb coXnbnÂ hnj-b-

¯nsâ ka{KXe§tfbpw kv]À-in¨v {]Xn]mZn¡p¶ KZy{]_ÔamWv D]\ymkw. FgpXp¶

BfpsS A`n{]mb¯n\pw hni-I-e-\-̄ n-\p-amWv CXnÂ {]m[m\yw.

Hcp anI¨ D]\ymk¯n\v IÂ-]n¨phcp¶ 5 KpW§Ä Xmsg.

• GIm{KX : hnj-b-s¯ ka-{K-ambpw ]qÀW-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡Â.• ]qÀ-hm]c_Ôw : hmIy-§fpw JWvUn-I-Ifpw X½n-epÅ tNÀ¨bpw _Ôhpw• kw£n]vXX : Bh-iy-amb Imcy-§Ä hni-Z-am-¡nbpw A\m-h-iy-ambh Hgn-hm-¡n-bp-apÅ

{]Xn-]m-Z\w.

• ssien : FgpXp¶ hnj-b-̄ n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb LS-\bpw {]Xn-]m-Z\ `wKn-bpw.• hyànXzw : Fgp-Xp¶ BfpsS \ne-]m-Sv, Bi-bw, A`n-{]mbw F¶nh hyà-am-hp¶ kao-

]-\w.

kp\nÝnXamb Hcp e£ys¯ ap³-\nÀ-̄ n hnjbs¯ GIm{KXtbmsS

kao]n¡pI F¶XmWv H¶mas¯ KpWw. hnjbs¯ Ipdn¨pÅ ka{Kt_m[w



DmthXmWv. hnjb¯nsâ Bcw`s¯¡pdn¨pw D]kwlmcs¯¡pdn¨pw cNbnXmhn\v

t_m[amtIXpv. aq¶mas¯ KpWamb kw£n]vXXbnÂ hnjb¯n\p A\pIqeamb

hen¸s¯bmWv Ipdn¡p¶Xv. hmb\ ZpÊm²yam¡p¶ ]Z§fpt]£n¨v A´tÊdnbXpw

KuchtadnbXpamb efnX`mjbmWv D]-\ym-k-¯n\v D¯aw. cNbnXmhnsâ hyàn]camb

\ne]mSpw kao]\§fpsaÃmw A©mas¯ KpW¯nÂ AS§nbncn¡p¶p.

Hcp D]\ymk¯nsâ inÂ-]LS\bnÂ 3 `mK§fmWpÅXv.

• D]{Iaw• {]Xn]mZyw• D]kwlmcw

hnjb¯ntebv¡v hmb\¡mcsâ {i² Xncn¡p¶XmWv D]{Iaw. anI¨ XpS¡w F¶pw ]d-

bmw. hnjbs¯¡pdn¨pÅ A]{KY\hpw \nKa\§fpw BWv {]Xn]mZyw. CXmWv {]_-Ô-

¯nsâ ImX-emb `mKw. D]\ymk¯neqsS Xms\¯nt¨À-¶ \nKa\amWv D]kwlmc¯nÂ

{]Xn]mZn¡p¶Xv. Xe-s¡«pw D]-ioÀj-I-§fpw D]-\ym-k¯n\v amäp-Iq-«pw.

s]mXp D]-\ym-k-§Ä¡v hcm-hp¶ Nne hnj-b-§Ä

þ C´y³ P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw aX-\n-c-t]-£-Xbpw

þ kln-jvWp-X-bpsS C´y³ ]mc-¼-cyw

þ tIc-f-̄ nsâ kmaq-ln-I-apt¶ä¯nÂ bphm-¡-fpsS ]¦v

þ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS AXn-Po-h\w

þ am[y-a-§fpw kaq-l-\nÀan-Xnbpw

þ ]c-ky-§-fpw s]mXp-t_m-[hpw

þ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS `mhn

þ hnZym-̀ ym-k-cwKs¯ Nqj-W-§fpw ]cn-lm-c-§fpw

þ kmaq-lnI am[y-a-§-fpsS {]k-ànbpw Zpcp-]-tbmKhpw

þ P\-]£ hnI-k-\-̄ nsâ {]kàn

þ kv{Xoim-ào-I-c-Whpw kaq-l-a-t\m-̀ m-hhpw

þ hntZi aqe-[-\hpw tIc-f-̄ nsâ ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw

2. hmIy-§-fnse sXäp-Xn-cp-¯ÂBibhn\nabhpw kmam\yt_m[hpw X½nÂ _Ôapv. \Ã `mj-bpsS

{]tbm-K-amWv \Ã Bi-hn-\n-a-b-̄ n\v ASn-Øm-\w. en]n-t_m[w, ]-Z-t_m[w, hmIy-t_m-[w F-

¶n-h- \Ã `mjm-t_m-[-̄ n\v ASn-Øm-\-am-Wv. en]n-t_m-[w h-kvXp-t_m-[-hp-ambpw _-Ô-s¸-«-Xm-

Wv. F¶mÂ ]Z-t_m-[hpw hmIy-t_m[hpw h-kv-XpXm-t_m-[-am-Wv. a-cn-¨-h³ sImÃ-s¸«p F¶

hmIyw sXämWv F¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv hymI-c-W-]-c-ambn sXäm-b-Xp-sIm--Ã, Bi-b-]-c-ambn sXäm-b-

Xp-sIm-m-Wv. km[m-cW `mj-bnÂ hcp¶ {]Zm\ tZmj-§Ä Xmsg \ÂIp-¶p.

1. ¢n-ãX : ]-Z-§Ä X½n-epÅ hyXymkw, hm-Iy-LS-\bnse AÀY-amäw, A-\pNn-Xamb ]-Z-

§fpsS {]tbmKw, A-{]-k-à- hn-h-c§Ä, ]c-kv]c _Ô-apÅ hm¡p-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ thsd

hm¡p-I-fpsS {]tbmKw, A-\mhiy-hn-ti-j-Ww, Xp-SÀ-̈ -bnÃm-bvv-a F-¶n-h-bm-Wv ¢n-ã-X--¡p Im-

cWw.

2. ¢o-tj : _-lp-{]-bpàw F¶ tZmj-amWv ¢otj. ]e-h«w D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]g-In-t¸mb hm¡p-

I-fm-W-Xv. X-e-apd-sb hmÀ-s¯-Sp-¡p-I, Xqen-I N-en-̧ n-¡p-I, {]I-S\w Im-gvv-N-sh-¡pI, _Ôw Du-



«n-bp-d-¸n-¡p-I, NS-§nsâ Xn-c-Èo-e-bp-b-cp-I, kt½-f-\-̄ nsâ tIfn-sIm-«vv, am-am-¦w XpS-§nb

{]tbm-K-§-fnÂ ]eXpw ¢otj-I-fm-Wv.

3. hy-Xy-kv-X]Z-{]-tbmKw : hn-Nm-cn-̈ ]-Z-̄ n-sâ Øm\-̄ v cq-]-km-Zr-iy-ap-Å a-säm-cp ]-Zw D-]-

tbm-Kn-¡Â (£-Ww þ £-W\w, tem-]w þ tem`w, {Zp-X-K-Xn þ {[p-X-KXn, Kr-l-]mTw þ {K-l-]mTw,

kzm-Zn-jvTw þ kzm-Zn-ãw)

4. hnj-aw : s]m-cp-̄ -s¸-Sm-̄ hm-¡p-Ifpw hm-Iy-L-S-\-bpw.

DZm þ {_Uv, _Êv, Imdv, C-d-̈ n, Xo-hn, I-̧ Â Xp-S-§nb-h.

þ A-Sp¡pw Nn-«-tbmSpw IqSn.

þ A-bmÄ a-dn-ªp ho-gp-Ibpw D-S³ B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-em-¡p-Ibpw sN-

bvXp

5. Ahyàw : Imcyw a\ÊnemIm¯ hmIyamWv Ahy-à-hm-Iy-§Ä.

Rm\pt±in¨Xpt]mse \n§Ä \¶mbn FgpXnbnÃ

ap¸Xmas¯ hbÊnÂ At±l¯nsâ AÑ³ acn¨p

A´À kwØm\ tamjvSmhv ]nSnbnembn

6. A\ÀYw : hncp²mÀY {]tbmK§fpw hm¡pIfpw

kn\nabnse ssewKnINypXn Ipdbv¡m³ \nbaw thWw (NypXn F¶mÂ Ipdhv F¶m-WÀYw)

am[yacwKs¯ ssewKnIm`mk¯ns\Xnsc \S]SnsbSp¯p (ssewKn-Im-̀ m-k-̄ n-s\-Xnsc \S-]-Sn-

sb-Sp-t¡--Xn-ÃtÃm)

ImemIme§fnÂ ags]bvXn«pw tIcf¯nÂ hcÄ¨Xs¶bmWv (AIm-e¯v ag-s]-bvXmÂ

hcÄ¨-bp-m-hn-ÃtÃm)

7. AÀYiq\yw : AÀYw \ÂIm¯ hmIyLS\bpw hm¡pIfpw {]tbm-Kn-¡-em-Wn-Xv.

`wKn¡pthnbpÅ Ae¦mc{]tbmK§Ä, Iq«nt¨À¡epIÄ F¶n-hbpw CXnÂ s]Spw

DZm þ kw`hs¯¡pdn¨v ]cmaÀin¨p

tZmjIcambn _m[n¡pI, ae¸pd¯psh¨p \S¶p.

8. \ncÀYI ]Z§Ä þ Nne ]Z-§-fpsS icn-cq-]-sa-́ -¶-dn-bmsX \ncÀY-I-]-Z-§Ä {]tbm-Kn-¡p-

¶Xv `mj-bpsS sXämb {]tbm-K-§-fnÂ {][m-\-am-Wv. A¯cw Nne hm¡p-IÄ Xmsg DZm-l-cn-¡p-

¶p. atä ]Z-̄ n\pw AÀY-ap-mImw ]t£ AXv kµÀ`m-\p-kr-X-am-hn-sÃ¶p am{Xw.

sNehv þ Nnehv

Pmfyw þ PmfyX

X«n¡ngn¡pI þ X«n¡gn¡pI

Xo]nSp¯w þ Xo¸nSp¯w

\mZkzcw þ \mKkzcw

A[nIamhpI þ A[nIcn¡pI

A\pbm{X þ A\p[mh\w

A\yXmt_m[w þ A\yYmt_m[w

A`n{]mb sFIyw þ kahmbw

AØnhmcw þ AkvXnhmcw

B\ þ KPhoc³ (B\-I-fnÂ hoc-\m-b-h³, B\-sb-t¸mse hoc³)

CS\mgn (CS-bn-epÅ hgn) þ CS\mgnI (CS-bn-epÅ kabw)

Dt±iyw þ Dt±iw



HgpIpI þ Hen¡pI

X{ń (]qPmcn) þ Xń (hoW-¡¼n)

{ZpXKXn þ [yXKXn

3. k¯ tNmÀ¶p t]mImsX kw{K-ln-¡ÂZoÀL-amb Hcm-Jym-\s¯ Npcp-¡n-sb-gp-X-emWv k¯ tNmÀ¶p-t]m-ImsX kw{K-ln-¡p-¶-

Xnsâ Dt±-iyw. \ÂI-s¸« JÞn-I-bnse {][m\ Bi-b-§Ä hn«p-t]m-ImsX FSp-s¯-gp-X-Ww.

Xmsg \ÂInb \nÀtZ-i-§Ä {i²n-¡mw.

þ kw{K-ln¡pw ap¼v \ÂI-s¸« JÞnI apgp-h-\mbpw Hcm-hÀ¯n hmbn-¡Ww

þ {][m\ hkvXp-X-IÄ Ipdn-s¨-Sp-¡Ww

þ Ipdn-s¨-Sp¯ Imcy-§sf kz´w `mj-bnÂ kw{K-ln-s¨-gp-XWw

þ H¶n-e-[nIw DZm-l-c-W-§Ä H¶p-am-{X-am¡n Npcp-¡pI

þ hnti-j-W-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡pI

þ BhÀ¯-\-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡pI

þ D²-c-Wn-IÄ kw`m-j-W-§Ä F¶nh A\zm-Jym-\-cq-]-̄ nÂ amän-sb-gp-Xp-I.

þ kw{K-l-̄ n\v Xe-s¡«v \ÂIpI

Hcp amXrI Xmsg \ÂIp¶p

ae-bm-f-̄ n-en-t¸mÄ Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp-¶-h-cmWv IqSp-XÂ. AXv A{Xbpw Ffp-̧ -am-sW-¶-Xp-sIm-

p-Iq-Sn-bm-W-Xv. hf-sc-s¸-s«¶v ]pkvX-am-¡m-\pÅ kwhn-[m-\-§Ä B[p-\nI A¨-Sn-ku-I-cy-

§Ä \evIp-¶-Xp-sImvv {]i-kvXn-bm-{K-ln-¡p-¶-hÀ Cu cwK-t¯¡v thKw BIr-jvS-cm-Ip-¶p.

Ac-¡miv Nne-hm-¡msX ]pkvX-I-an-d-¡m-\mIpw F¶-Xn-\mÂ {]km-[-IÀ bph-I-hn-Isf ]pkvX-I-

¡m-cm-¡m³ he-ho-in-\-S-¡p-I-bm-Wv. shdpw Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bncw sImSp-̄ mÂ GsXmcmÄ¡pw

]pkvX-I-an-d-¡m-hp¶ kwhn-[m-\-§Ä C¶p-v. shdpsX Ip¯n-¡p-dn-¡p-¶-XmWv IhnX F¶

[mcW ]c-̄ p-hm³ {]mam-Wn-I-cmb Fgp-̄ p-Im-cpsS cN-\-IÄ klm-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-v.

Ihn-X-bv¡-I¯v AÀY-ap-s¶v \ncq-]-IÀ Is-̄ n-s¡m-Åp-a-tÃm. F¶mÂ, Ah-cp-t±-in-¡p¶

AÀY-a-ÃtÃm Cu KZy-cq-]-§Ä km[m-c-W-¡m-c-mb hmb-\-¡m-cn-ep-Â¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p-I. Ihn-X-sb¶

hymP-t¸-cn-se-̄ p¶ Fń\pw AÀY-ap-m-hp-sa¶ Zpc-h-Ø-bn-te-¡mWv AXv ae-bm-f-¡-hn-Xsb

F¯n-̈ -Xv. hr¯w C¶v ]g-©³ GÀ¸m-Sm-bn-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]s¯ Ihn-Xbv¡v ]ms«-¦n-ep-

ap-m-bn-cp¶p _m¡n. hr¯-sa-¶Xv A{X tami-s¸« hnZy-sbm-¶p-a-Ã. KZy-t¯mfw hmb-\-¡m-

cs\ h©n-¡m-\m-hnÃ hr¯-̄ n-\v. hfsc sNdnb Dàn-ssh-Nn-{Xy-§Ä \nc-́ -c-sa-gpXn Ihn-X-

sb¶ te_-enÂ A¨-Sn-¡m\pw AXmWv ]pXnb Ihn-X-bpsS cN-\m-X-{´-sa¶v t_m[y-s¸-Sp-

¯m\pw kwL-Sn-X-amb {ia-§ÄXs¶ ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-mbn F¶Xv ZpxJ-I-c-am-Wv. Dàn-ssh-

Nn{Xyw Ihn-X-b-sÃt¶m AXnÂ Ihn-X-bn-sÃt¶m AÃ Ç-dª-Xn-\ÀYw. AXp-am-{X-amWv IhnX

F¶v [cn-̈ n-«pv ]pXp-¡-¡m-sc-¦nepw. FsÊ-s½Êpw s^bvkv_p¡pw hmSvkm]pw Ihn-X-bpsS

ih-̧ -d-¼p-IÄ XoÀ¯psh¶ Ipä-s¸-Sp-̄ Â, Ah Ihn-X-bpsS ]pXpP\m-[n-]-Xy-amWv F¶ hmZ-

t¯mfw A_²aÃ. P\m-[n-]Xyw hn]-Wn-bpsS Bh-iyw-Iq-Sn-bmWv F¶ clkyhpw \mw a\-Ên-

em-t¡--Xp-v. IqSp-XÂ Bsf-̄ p-t¼mÄ IqSp-XÂ D]-t`mKw \S-¡p-¶p. ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ

sNdpIYbpw t\mhepw ]pXnb `mhp-I-Xz-§Ä krjvSn-̈ -t¸mÄ IhnX ]c-kv]cw Hm¬sse-\nÂ

Nmäm-\pÅ \mS³I-fn-bmbn amdn. ]pXp-ap-d-¡mÀ B Ihn-X¡fn¡p ]n¶mse IY-b-dn-bmsX

Iq«wIq«-ambn sN¶p. AhÀ ]-d-bp-¶Xv tIÄ¡m-\p-ÅXv AhÀ am-{X-am-bn. C¶v Ihn-Xm-]p-kvX-I-



§Ä Ihn-IÄam{Xw hmbn-¡p-¶p. AhÀ ]c-kv]cw hm§n hnP-bn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. AhÀ

AhÀ¡pXs¶ AhmÀUp sImSp¡p-¶p. Ahc-hcpsS ]pkvX-I-̄ nsâ {]Im-i-\-̄ n\v F¯n-t¨-

cp¶ Ihn-kp-lr-̄ p-¡Ä ]c-kv]cw IhnX hmbn-̈ v tIÄ¸n¡p-¶p. Ihn-IÄXs¶ ssIb-Sn-¡p-

¶p. IhnX hmbn¨v hmbn¨v t\cw shfp-̧ n¨p, \qsäm¶p Ihn-IÄ Hcp-an¨v sk©p-dn-b-Sn¨p, FÃm

kvIqÄIp-«n-Ifpw Ihn-X-sb-gpXn Kn¶kv sdt¡mÀUn-«p, A©mw hb-ÊnÂ A©v Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-

c-§Ä {]kn-²o-I-cn¨p XpS§n, {]mtZ-in-I-te-J-IÀ¡v BtLm-jn-¡m-\pÅ IuXpIhmÀ¯-bmbn

ae-bmf Ihn-XbpsS hÀ¯-am\w amdn-bn-t¸mbncn-¡p-¶p. bYmÀY hmb-\-¡mÀ am{Xw Ihn-X-sb-hn-

sS,- Ihn-X-sb-hnsSsb¶v tJZn-¡p-¶p.

kw{Klwae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bpsS hÀ¯-am\wIhn-X-sb-gp-Xp-¶Xv Ffp-̧ -am-sW¶ tXm¶-ep-m-b-Xn-\mÂ ae-bm-f-̄ n-en-t¸mÄ

Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp-¶-h-cmWv IqSp-XÂ. Fgp-Xn-b-sXm-s¡bpw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡m-\pÅ kml-N-cy-ap-m-

bXpw Cu {]h-WX hÀ[n-̧ n-̈ p. Dàn-ssh-Nn-{Xy-amWv IhnX F¶ [mcW ]c-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.

hr¯w Dt]-£n-̈ -tXmsS B kuµ-cyhpw Ihn-X-bnÂ\n¶v \jvS-s¸-«p-t]m-bn. ]pXnb hmÀ¯m-hn-

\n-ab kuI-cy-§Ä Ihn-X-bpsS `mj-bnepw `mhp-I-Xz-̄ nepw P\m-[n-]Xyw sImp-h-¶p-sh-

¦nepw ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bpsS ]mc-¼-cy-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Hc-dn-hp-an-Ãm-̄ -hÀ Ip¯n-¡p-dn-¡p-¶Xpw Ihn-X-

bmbn amdn. Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp-¶-hÀ am{Xw IhnX hmbn-¡p¶ AhØ sNdp-I-Ybv¡pw t\mh-en\pw

CÃm¯ A]-Nbw ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ Ihn-X-¡p-m-¡n-¯oÀ¯p.



samUyqÄ 2

1. Fsâ IhnXþ A-¡n¯wA¡n¯w ANypX³ \¼qXncna-e-bmf¯nse {]apJ IhnbmWv- A¡n¯w ANypX³ \¼qXncn. IhnX,

sNdpIY, \mSIw, hnhÀ¯\w, D]\ymkw F¶n§s\bmbn aebmf kmlnXy¯nÂ A³]-

tXmfw IrXnIÄ cNn¨n«pv A¡n¯w. aebmf kmlnXy¯n\pÅ ka{Kkw`mh\Isf ap³\n-

dp¯n tIcf kÀ¡mÀ \ÂIp¶ ]ctam¶X kmlnXy _lpaXnbmb Fgp¯Ñ³ ]pckvImcw

2008- Â e`n¨p. Ccp]Xmw \qämnsâ CXnlmkw, sh®¡Ãnsâ IY, _enZÀi\w, \nanj

t£{Xw, `mKhXw (hnhÀ¯\w aq¶p hmey§Ä), \nanjt£{Xw, CSnªp s]mfnª temIw

F¶n-h-bmWv {][m\ Ihn-Xm-{K-Ù-§Ä. D]\b\w, kamhÀ¯\w F¶nh D]-\ym-k-k-am-lm-c-

§-fm-Wv. tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan AhmÀUv (1972) - _enZÀi\w F¶ IrXn¡v e`n-̈ p. tI{µ

kmlnXy A¡mZan AhmÀUv (1973), HmS¡pgÂ AhmÀUv (1974), ]ß{]` ]pckvImcw (2002),

hbemÀ AhmÀUv (-2012) F¶n-hbpw A¡n-̄ -̄ n\p e`n¨ {][m\ ]pc-kvIm-c-§-fm-Wv.

A¡n¯w ANyp-X³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS PohnXm-\p-̀ -h-§fpw Imhy-Po-hn-X-hp-amWv Cu teJ-\-

¯nÂ hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. At±-l-̄ nsâ HmÀa-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-amb D]-\-b-\hpw kam-hÀ¯-\hpw

F¶ {KÙ-̄ n-emWv CXv DÄs -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

]mT-kw-{Klw

Xms\mcp Ihn-bm-I-W-sa¶v CÃ-̄ p-Å-h-cmcpw tamln-̈ n-«n-Ã. Ata-äqÀ A¡n¯¯p a\

a¡-fn-ÃmsX apSn-ªp-t]m-I-cp-sX-¶p-am-{X-am-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS B{K-lw. AXn-\p-thn [mcmfw

{]mÀY-\-Ifpw hgn-]m-Sp-Ifpw Zm\-§fpw AhÀ Ign-̈ p. B I®o-cnsâ ^e-am-bn-cp¶p Xsâ

P\\w F¶v A¡n¯w HmÀ¡p-¶p. A§-s\-bp-mb D®nsb henb kwkvIr-X-]-Þn-X\pw

HmXn-¡-\p-am-¡m-\m-bn-cp¶p CÃ-̄ p-Å-hÀ¡v B{K-lw. ]c-ta-iz-c-ap-̄ -Ñsâ IÀi-\-amb \nb-{´-

W-̄ n-emWv hfÀ¶-Xv. Acp-Xp-I-fpsS hÃm-s¯mcp temIw, ]t£ Xsâ Ac-bnÂ s]mt¶-e-Êp-

m-bn-cp-¶p. A¡n-̄ s¯ D®n aµ-_p-²n-bm-sW¶pw at\m-cm-Py-¡m-c-\m-sW¶pw IqSn Bfp-IÄ

]d-bm³ XpS-§n-b-tXmsS in£-IÄ hÀ[n-̈ p. Xm\n-̄ ncn A{i-²-¡m-c-\m-sW¶v A¡n-̄ -̄ n\pw

tXm¶m-Xn-cp-¶n-Ã. Iq«p-Im-cpsS CS-bnÂ ]e-t¸mgpw Hä-s¸-«p. XSnIqSnb ico-c-{]-IrXnbpw A{i-

²bpw IqSn B _mes\ A´Àap-J-\m-¡n. Bcm-[-\-I-fnÂ t]mepw amdn-\n-¶p. B\-s¨-hn-b³

F¶pw ]q¨-I-Sn-sb³ F¶pw Cc-«-t¸cpw In«n. CÃ-̄ nsâ Ccp aqe-I-fnÂ Hä-¡n-cp¶v tX§n-

¡-cª kz´w _mey-¯nse GIm-́ -cm-{Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v A¡n¯w hnh-cn-¡p-¶p-v.

Ip«n-¡m-e¯v A½-bv¡p-thn cmam-bWw hmbn-̈ p-sIm-Sp-̄ n-cp-¶p. ASp-¡-f-bn-

se-̄ p¶ [Àa-¡m-cn-Isf t\m¡n-\nÂ¡pw. Nn{Xw-h-c-tbmSv Ip«n-¡m-et¯ XmÂ]-cy-ap-m-bn-cp-

¶p. aW-enepw tÉänepw aäpw Hcp \qdp-X-h-W-sb-¦nepw cmPm-Pnsb hc-¨n-«p-m-Ipw. Hcn-¡Â,

Ipfn-̧ p-c-bnÂ AÀ[-\-\-á-bmbn \nÂ¡p¶ F{¼m-Xn-cn-b-½-bpsS Nn{Xw aXn-enÂ Hcn-¡Â hc-̈ n-

«p. AXp-Iv FÃm-hcpw Nncn-¡m³ XpS-§n. ]n¶o-Sv B- Ie ssItam-iw-h-s¶-¦nepw A¼-e-

¯nsâ Npa-cnÂ Ip«n-IÄ hc-̈ n« AÇo-e-Nn-{X-§Ä Iv {]Xn-tj-[n-s¨-gp-Xnb IhnX ssIhn-«n-Ã.

A¼-e-§-fn-eo-h®w

Xp¼n-ÃmsX hc-bvIp-InÂ

h¼-\m-ao-iz-c³h-¶nþ



s«¼mSpw \mi-am-¡nSpw F¶m-bn-cp¶p BZy hcn-IÄ. AXn\p Xmsg ANyp-X³

D®n F¶pw Fgp-Xn-sh-̈ p. Hd-h-¦-c-bpsS tÇmI-§Ä sNmÃn-\-S-¶-Im-e¯v Kpcp-hm-bq-c-¸-s\-¡p-

dn¨v A©mdv tÇmI-§Ä Fgp-Xn. ho«p-ImÀ AXv Iv AZv`p-X-s¸-«p-t]m-bn. A½bv¡mWv

AhÀW-\o-b-amb kt´m-j-ap-m-b-Xv. B tÇmIw \jvS-s¸-«p-sh-¦nepw kwkvIr-X-]-T-\-Im-e¯v

hopw [mcmfw tÇmI-§-sf-gp-Xn. sslkvIq-fnÂ ]Tn-̈ p-sIm-n-cns¡ Cw¥o-jnÂ kwkm-cn-¡p¶

kl-]m-Tn-I-sf-¡v hmin-I-bdn _p²n-ap«n Cw¥ojpw ]Tn-̈ p. Cw¥ojv Syq«-dm-bn-cp¶ Sn D®n-Ir-

jvW-ta-t\m-\nÂ\n-¶mWv A¡n-̄ -̄ nsâ Ihn-Xm-c-N\m hmk\ ]pjvSn-s¸-«-Xv. `mcy- a-cn-̈ -tijw

injysc a¡-fmbn Icp-Xn-bn-cp¶ At±-ls¯ injy-·m-cn-emtcm Hcn-¡Â A]-am-\n-̈ p. A¶v

AXn-bmb thZ-\-tbmsS At±lw A¡n-̄ s¯ sI«n-̧ n-Sn-̈ p Icªp. Hcn-¡epw Kpcp-\n-µ-sN-

¿m¯ \¼q-Xncn hep-Xmbn tIa-\mbn hcpw F¶-t±lw A\p-{K-ln-̈ p.

]n¶oSv ssIsb-gp¯p amkn-I-I-fnÂ A¡n¯w [mcmfw Fgp-Xm³ XpS-§n. Ihn-X-

bpsS ]mc-¼cy \nb-a-§Ä sXän-¡p¶p F¶ ]cm-Xn-tbmsS \ncq-]-W-§Ä hs¶-¦nepw Fgp¯v

\ndp-̄ n-bn-Ã. hÅ-t¯m-fn-s\-¡mÄ henb Ihn-bm-Ip-sa-¶m-bn-cp¶p {]Xn-Ú. ]n¶oSv B

AXnÀ¯n-tcJ apdn-̈ p-I-f-ªp. IpS-am-fqÀ sI sI tKm]m-e-]nÅ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p¶ cmPÀjn

amkn-I-bn-emWv BZy IhnX A¨-Sn-ajn ]pc--Xv. At±-lw-X-s¶-bmWv A¡n-̄ s¯ CS-tÈ-cn-

bpsS injy-\m-¡p-¶-Xv. DW-§n-h-c-fm-s\m-cp-§p-I-bm-bn-cp¶ Pohn-X-ssNX\ys¯ \\-̈ p-h-fÀ¯n-

bXv tKm]m-e-]nÅ amÌ-dm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ AXn\v kqcy-civan \ÂIn-bXv CS-tÈ-cn-bm-Wv. "Bßm-

hn³taÂ ]än¸nSn¨p \nÂ¡p¶ sXm¸-I-sfÃmw ]dn-̈ p-\o-¡q, At¸mÄ ImWmw P·\m GsXmcp

a\p-jy\pw \Ã-h-\mWv" F¶ al-̄ mb hmIyw CS-tÈ-cn-bmWv A¡n-¯-s¯ ]Tn-̧ n-̈ -Xv. CS-

tÈcn F¶ apÃ-̧ q-hnsâ kuc`yw ]änb IÃp-am-{X-amWv Xms\-¶mWv A¡n¯w ]d-bp-¶-Xv. IS-h-

\mSv Ip«n-Ir-jvW³, ]n kn Ip«n-Ir-jvW³ (Ddq_v), F³ ]n apl-½Zv XpS-§nb Fgp-̄ p-Im-cp-am-

sbms¡ A¶v kulr-Z-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcpw s]m¶m-\n-bnse \nXy-k-µÀi-I-\m-bn-

cp-¶p. A¡n-̄ -̄ nsâ Ihn-Xsb \¶mbn KpW-tZm-j-hn-Nn-́ \w sNbvX amcm-cmWv Xsâ Ihn-X-

bpsS FUn-äÀ F¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p-v. sI Fkv ktcm-P\n F¶ hymP-t]-cnÂ Ihn-X-b-b¨v

amXr-̀ q-an-bnÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn¸n¨v amcmsc ]än¨ IYbpw A¡n¯w A\p-kva-cn-¡p-¶p-v. Xsâ

Ihn-Xm-c-N-\bpsS hnhn[ L«-§Ä At±lw teJ-\-̄ nÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-. IhnX kzbw Dcp-

¯n-cn-bp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. kmap-Zm-bnI D¶-a-\- t_m[s¯-¡mÄ lrZ-bm-Ëm-Z-amWv Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp-

hm³ Imc-Ww. F¶mepw B{K-ln-¡p-t¼m-sgm¶pw Fgp-Xm-\p-am-hn-Ã. AXn-\mÂ ap³Iq«n \nÝn-bn-

¡-s¸« H¶pw Ihn-X-sb-gp-̄ nÂ \S-̧ m-hp-I-bn-Ã F¶p-Xs¶ a\-Ên-em-¡-Ww.

2. A´À[mckn. cm[m-Ir-jvW³

kn. cm[mIrjvW³t\mhenÌv, IYmIr¯v, Ne¨n{XImc³ F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ {]i-kvX-\mWv kn cm[m-

Ir-jvW³. imkv{XÚ\mbpw imkv{XamknIm ]{Xm[n]kanXnbwKambpw tPmensNbvX

Ct±lw ]{X{]hÀ¯\hpw Fgp¯pw apJyIÀ½aÞeam¡n. sXt¡ ae-_m-dnse Gd-\mSv þ

s]m¶m\n Xmeq-¡p-I-fnse {Kma-Po-hn-Xhpw alm\Kc¯nse a\p-jy-Po-hnXhpw ]Ým¯eam¡n

IY-Ifpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw Fgp-Xn. I®nam§IÄ, AKv\n F¶o BZyIme t\mhepIÄ

{KmaPohnXw ]Ým¯eambpÅhbmWv. ]pg apXÂ ]pg hsc, FÃmw ambv¡p¶ ISÂ F¶o



t\mhepIÄ¡p tijw _rl¯mb cN\IfmWv A[nIhpw At±lw cNn-̈ Xv.

kv]µam]n\nItf \µn apXepÅ cN\IÄ Cu hn`mK¯nÂ s]Sp¶p. Fgp¯Ñsâ PohnXs¯

B[mcam¡n FgpXnb Xo¡SÂ ISªv Xncpa[pcw aebmf¯nse hyXykvXamb t\mhemWv.

BImi¯nÂ Hcp hnShv, C\nsbmcp \ndI¬Nncn, IcÄ ]nfcpw Imew, ap³t] ]d¡p¶

]£nIÄ, thÀ]mSpIfpsS hncÂ¸mSpIÄ, ChnsS FÃmhÀ¡pw kpJw Xs¶, ]pÅn¸penIfpw

shÅn\£{X§fpw, FÃmw ambv¡p¶ ISÂ F¶n-h-bmWv kn. cm[mIrjvWsâ aäp {][m\

IrXnIÄ. kn\nam Xnc-¡-Y-IÄ cNn-¡p-Ibpw kwhn-[m\w \nÀh-ln-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-v.

{][m\ ]pckvImc§Ä : `mcXob Úm\]oT ]pckvImckanXn \ÂIp¶ aqÀ¯otZhn

]pckvImcw (2013, Xo¡SÂ ISªv Xncpa[pcw), tI{µ kmlnXy A¡mZan ]pckvImcw (1989, -

kv]µam]n\nItf \µn), tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan ]pckvImcw (1962, -\ngÂ¸mSpIÄ), hbemÀ

]pckvImcw (1990 - ap³t] ]d¡p¶ ]£nIÄ) 2011- se hÅt¯mÄ ]pckvImchpw 2012- Â

AarXIoÀ¯n ]pckv-Imchpw t\Sn. 2010 -Â tIcfkmlnXy A¡mZanbpsS hninãmwKXzw e`n-̈ n-

«p-v.

]mT-kw-{Klw

IY-sb-gp-̄ nsâ coXn-im-kv{X-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ teJ-\-amWv tNcp-hbpw Nmcp-X-bpw. IYm-]m-

{X-̄ nsâ X¯z-imkv{Xw IYm-Ir-̄ nsâ XXz-im-kv{X-a-Ã. IYm-Ir-¯nsâ XXz-imkv{Xw

Ømbnbpw IYm-]m-{X-¯n-tâXv amdn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv. Cu amä-§Ä hmb-\-¡m-c-\p-IqSn

a\-Ên-emhpw hn[-amWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-t¡--Xv. `mh-t`-Z-§-fn-Ãm¯ Bfns\ a\-Ên-em-¡m³ {]bm-k-

am-W-tÃm. IYm-]m{Xw am{X-a-Ã, IY-bnse aäp hkvXp-¡-fpsS Ne-\-§fpw `mh-am-äs¯ {]I-Sn-̧ n-

¡p-¶p. \mS-I-̄ nÂ C¯cw Ne-\-§-fp-m-¡p¶ `mh-hy-Xym-k-§Ä GhÀ¡pw a\-Ên-em-Ipw.

BLmX {]Xym-Lm-X-§-fpsS cq]-̄ n-emWv kw`-h-§sf \nc-t¯--Xv. ka-Im-enI Pohn-X-̄ nsâ

ASn-sbm-gp-¡p-Isf Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ IY-bnÂ IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS am\-knI `mh-§-fpsS

hyXymkw hni-Z-ambn Ah-X-cn-̧ n-t¡-n-h-cp-¶p. teJ-Isâ aco-NnI F¶ IY CXn-\p-Zm-l-W-am-

Wv.

a\-¡-®nÂ sXfn-ªXv Fgp-Xp-t¼m-gmWv ck-ap-m-Ip-¶-Xv. AXnÂ¯s¶ ]¯n-semt¶

IS-em-kn-te¡v ]IÀ¯m-\m-Iq. AXnsâ ]¯n-semt¶ hmb-\-¡m-c\v ImWm-\m-hq. a\-¡-®nÂ

ImWm-̄ Xv IY-bn-te¡v ]IÀ¯n-bmÂ hmb-\-¡m-c\v AXv AXy´w hnc-k-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

ssat{¡m ^nen-anÂ ]IÀ¯nb {]Ir-Xn-Zriyw t]mse-bm-W-Xv. ^nen-ansâ KpW-̄ n-\-\p-k-cn¨v

Zriy¯nsâ ta·bpw hyXy-kvX-am-hpw. hmb-\-¡m-c-s\ {]ta-b-̄ nÂ ap¡-W-sa-¦nÂ {]Xn-]m-Z-\-

coXn FÃm C{µn-b-§-sfbpw ]s¦-Sp-̧ n-¡p¶ Xc-̄ n-ep-f-f-Xm-I-Ww. ap³]-cn-N-b-an-Ãm¯ Hcp

hkvXpsh And-bm³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wn-Xv. thsd thsd C{µn-b-§Ä¡v In«m³ sImXn-

bpÅ hni-Z-hn-h-c-§Ä \ÂIp-¶Xv [z\n-bn-eq-sSbpw [z\ym-ß-I-amb Xmc-X-ay-\n-co-£-W-§n-eq-

sSbpw Bbn-cn-¡-W-sa¶p am{Xw. hm¡p-I-fpsS AÀY-hym-]vXn-sb-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-̄ p-Im-c\v XnI¨pw

t_m[y-ap-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. Hcp hm¡n\v H¶n-e-[nIw C{µn-b-§fpsS PnÚm-ksb ian-̧ n-¡m³

Ign-tª-¡mw. Xo F¶ hm¡p-tI-«mÂ NqSpw, ]pI-bpw, aWhpw FÃmw a\-ÊnÂ hcpw. hmb-\-

¡m-csâ `mh-\sb IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-Ibpw thWw. F{X ]d-bWw GXp-hsc ]d-bWw F¶Xv

IY-sb-gp-̄ p-Im-csâ HuNn-Xy-t_m-[-amWv \nÀW-bn-t¡--Xv. hm¡p-IÄ Bh-iy-̄ n-tesd

{]tbm-Kn-̈ mÂ Ah-bpsS AÀY-hym]vXn Xms\ \in-¡pw.

hmN-I-̄ nse hm¡p-IÄ ]c-kv]cw amän-bmÂ AÀY-t`Zw hcpw. ]-s¯-t¸mse t]\

In«m¯ Hcp Imew Dm-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶ hmIy-̄ n\v ]e AÀY-§-fp-ap-v. t]\-In-«m¯ Hcp



Ime-ap-m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p, ]-s¯-t¸mse F¶v amän-sb-gp-Xn-bmÂ Cu {]iv\w Xocpw. \½psS ]e

{]apJ Fgp-̄ p-Imcpw Cu Imcyw a\-Ênem¡n-bn-«n-Ã. hmN-I-§sf ]b-än-s¯-fn-bn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶Xv

`mj-sImv \¶mbn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-̄ m³ B{K-ln-¡p¶ BÀ¡pw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-amb

A`ym-k-am-Wv. hm¡p-IÄ¡pw Ah-bpsS kzc-L-S-\¡pw Xmfhpw kwKo-X-hp-ap-v. ]qÀW-hn-cm-a-

t¯mSp IqSn Hcp hmIyw Ah-km-\n¨p F¶v kmt¦-Xn-I-ambn ]d-bm-sa-¦nepw B hmIy-̄ nsâ

Xmfw ASp¯ hmIy-̄ nepw XpS-cp-¶p-v. C§s\ N§-e-I-fmbn ]c-¡p¶ hmIyhpw JWvUn-

Ibpw tNÀ¶mWv Fgp-̄ nse Xmfw \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. tIm¬{Ioän\pÅnse Ccp-¼p-I-¼n-I-sf-

t¸mse AXv AZr-iy-am-sW-¦nepw AXn-{]-[m-\-amWv. hmb-\-¡m-c³ CXv Adn-b-W-sa-¶n-Ã, ]t£,

Fgp-̄ p-Im-c³ Adn-ªn-cn-¡-Ww. `£Ww cpNn-bp-m-Im³ tNÀ¯ tNcp-h-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v Ign-¡p-

¶-h-\-Ã, sh¸p-Im-c-\m-WtÃm Adntb--Xv. ]mN-I-¡m-csâ ssI]p-Wy-s¯-t¸mse Fgp-̄ p-Im-

csâ hmk-\bpw {][m-\-am-Wv. ]mN-I-hn-[n-IÄ ImWm-]mTw ]Tn-̈ mÂ \Ã sh¸p-Im-c-\m-hn-Ã.

F¶p-sh¨v ssI¸p-Wy-ap-Å-hÀ ]mN-I-hn-[n-IÄ ]Tn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xpw icn-b-Ã.

\Ã A[ym-]-IÀ hgn-Im-«m-\p-m-Ip-¶Xv Hcp `mKy-am-Wv. at\m-l-c-amb henb

temI-̄ n-te-¡pÅ hmXnÂ AhÀ Xpd-¶p-X-cp-¶p. Ip«n-¡m-e¯v Xs¶ Nqc-ep-sImv in£n¨v

`mj-bn-te¡v ssI¸n-Sn¨p \S-̄ nb ]Zva-\m-̀ -̧ -Wn-¡À F¶ Kpcp-\m-Ys\ teJ-I³ A\p-kva-cn-¡p-

¶p. `mc-X-̧ p-g-bpsS Xocs¯ kzÑ-amb _mey-Im-e-Po-hn-X-̄ nÂ\n¶v \K-c-¯n-te¡v amdn-̄ m-a-kn-

¨-XmWv Xsâ Pohn-X-¯nse Zpcn-X-Im-ew. Fen-̧ -́ -bw-t]mse ka-b-\n-jvThpw thK-hp-ta-dnb

t_mws_ PohnXw Hcp-Xcw ]nS-̈ n-em-bn-cp-¶p. Xoh-n-bnÂ Ib-dn¸äm-\pÅ KpkvXnbmWv \K-c-Po-

hn-X-̄ nsâ bYmÀY Nn{Xw. Ipd-̈ p-Imew teJ-I³ B KpkvXn-bnÂ \n¶v amdn-\n-s¶-¦nepw

]n¶oSv XnIª Hcp KpkvXn-¡m-c-\mbn \K-c-Po-hn-X-t¯mSv At±-l-̄ n\v tNÀ¶p-t]m-tI-n-h-

¶p.

3. Ah-Øbpw BJym-\-hpw-BÀ. hniz-\m-Y³

BÀ. hniz\mY³

aebmf kmlnXy \ncq]I\mWv BÀ. hniz\mY³. A\zbw F¶ IrXn¡v 1992 se tIcf

kmlnXy A¡mZan ]pckvImcw e`n¨p. tImgnt¡mSv kÀhIemimebnÂ Cw¥ojv hn`mKw

A²ym]I\mbncp¶p.

A[ymb kw{Klw

hymI-c-W-{]-Imcw AIÀa-I-{In-bbpw kIÀa-I-{In-b-bp-ap-v. kzbw kw -̀hn-¡p-¶-XmWv

AIÀa-Iw. asäm-cm-fpsS klm-b-̄ mÂ kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv kIÀa-I-hpw. Ip«n-¡mew apXÂ Hcp a\p-

jy\p In«p¶ D]-tZiw apgp-h\pw kIÀa-I-§-fm-Wv. ]Tn-¡p-I, Xn¶p-I, tPmen-sN-¿p-I, k¼m-Zn-

¡p-I, A[zm-\n-¡pI F¶n-§-s\. F¶mÂ P\-\hpw ac-Whpw AIÀa-I-§-fm-Wv. ASn-Øm-\-]-c-

ambn a\p-jysâ AkvXnXzw AIÀa-I-̄ n-tâ-XmWv F¶ÀYw. AkvXn-Xz-hm-Z-̄ nsâ ASn-Øm-

\hpw CXp-X-s¶-bm-Wv. F´mtWm AXmbn amdpI (_nbnwKv) F¶-XmWv a\pjy e£yw. F´p-

sImv \mw ChnsS? F¶ tNmZy-̄ n\v "asä-hn-sSbpw AÃm-̄ -Xp-sImv' F¶ D¯-c-amWv

Gähpw anI-̈ -Xv. a\p-jy-s\-¡p-dn¨v "_nbnwKv tZÀ' F¶mWv PÀa³ ZmÀi-\n-I\mb sslZ-KÀ

hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ -Xv. AIÀa-I-Xz-̄ nsâ iq\y-amb Xmgvhm-c-§-fnÂ Ae-ªp-Xn-cn-bm³ hn[n-¡-s¸-«-h-

cmWv a\p-jyÀ. F¶mepw IÀa-Xz-̄ nsâ _Ô-\-̄ nÂ Ah-\-Xn\v km[q-I-cWw \ÂIn-s¡m-n-



cn-¡p-¶p. \mdm-W-̄ p-{`m-´³ IÃp-cp-«p¶ IY CXn\p kam-\-am-Wv. Fń-\nXp sN¿p¶p F¶

tNmZy-̄ n\v D¯cw ]d-bm-\m-hn-Ã.

\ne-\nÂ¡p¶ Pohn-X-̄ nÂ \n¶v hyXymkw Na-¡m-\mWv a\p-jy³ ]mSp-s]-Sp-¶-Xv.

hoSp-m-¡p-¶Xpw hnhmlw Ign-¡p-¶Xpw AXnsâ `mK-am-Wv. kmln-Xy-c-N-\bpw AXp-X-s¶.

AIÀa-̄ nsâ acp-̀ q-an-bnÂ \n¶v IÀa-̄ nsâ hnf-\n-e-§-fn-te-¡pÅ {]bm-W-amWv kwkvIm-cw.

hyXy-kvX-X-bmWv Pohn-Xs¯ AÀY-ap-Å-Xm-¡p-¶-Xv. `mj {]hÀ¯-\-\n-c-X-am-Ip-¶Xv hyXy-kvX-

I-fn-em-sW¶v skmkyqÀ kn²m-́ n-̈ n-«p-v. a\pjy Pohn-X-̄ nse Ah-Ø-sb BJym\w sN¿p-I-

bmWv kmln-Xyw. Ah-Øsb tIhew \nco-£n-¡p-I-bÃ adn¨v BJym\w sN¿p-I-bmWv kmln-

Xy-̄ nsâ [Àaw. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-nsâ DZ-b-t¯msS tIh-e-amb BJym\w Ah-km-\n-¡p-Ibpw

BJym-\mw-i-§sf a\-Ênsâ `mh-X-e-hp-ambn _Ôn-̧ n-¡p¶ Ah-X-c-W-coXn DS-se-Sp-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. sPbnwkv tPmbvkv, shÀPo-\nb hqÄ^v, slÀa³ sltÊ XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS IrXn-I-fnÂ

a\p-jym-Øn-Xz-̄ nsâ Cu am\-knI `mh-X-e-amWv apg-̈ p-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xv.

1940 IÄ¡p tij-ap-Å IrXn-I-fnÂ BJym-\mwiw \ma-am-{X-ambn Npcp-§p-Ibpw IY\w

apt¶m-«p-\o-§m¯ Ah-Ø-bnÂ `mj hym]-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. kmap-thÂ _¡-änsâ

shbvänwKv t^mÀ tKmtZm F¶ \mSIw CXn-\p-Zm-lc-W-am-Wv. hnP-\-amb Hcp Øe¯v shdpsX

\nÂ¡p¶ cp-t]À X§-fpsS Ah-Øbv¡v e£y-ambn ]d-bp-¶Xv tKmtZmsb Im¯p-\nÂ¡pI

F¶-Xm-Wv. F¶mÂ tKmtZm Hcn-¡epw hcn-I-bnÃ F¶-dn-ªn«pw AhÀ Im¯p-\nÂ¡p-¶p.

\mdm-W¯p {`m´sâ IYbv¡p kam-\-amb {]ta-b-am-Wn-Xv. ]mX-bn-eqsS k©-cn¨v AkvXn-

Xzs¯ IY-\-am¡n amäpI F¶XmWv Pohn-X-̄ nsâ X{´w. C§s\ a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw Poh³

\ne-\n-dp-̄ m³ BJym\w F¶ X{´w ]b-än-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p, Ad-_n-¡-Y-bnse sjlÀkmZv

F¶ s]¬Ip-«n-sb-t¸m-se.

4. Iebpw Imehpw_n. cmPo-h³

_n. cmPoh³

ae-bm-f-̄ nse {]apJ \ncq-]-I-cn-sem-cm-fmWv tUm. _n cmPo-h³. ImbwIpf¯v- P\n¨p.

1975-Â ASnbćmhkv-Ybv-s¡Xnsc \nesImXn-\mÂ t]meokv- aÀ±\hpw ho«pXS¦epw

t\cn«n«pv. 1980-Â P\Iob kmwkv-ImcnIthZnbpsS kwkv-Ym\ I½nänbnÂ {]hÀ¯n¨p. 1969

apXÂ X¯zimkv-{Xw, kuµcyimkv-{Xw, Ncn{Xw, cmjv-{SobNn´, kn\na, IhnX XpS§nb

hnjb§sf¡pdn¨v- {]_Ô§Ä FgpXp¶p. IrXnIÄ : kzmX{ý¯nsâ ka{KX, amÀIv-

knkhpw imkv-{Xhpw, P\\n_nUamb Z´tKm]pcw, hm¡pIfpw hkv-Xp¡fpw, C.Fw.Fknsâ

kz]v-\w. tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan ]pckvImcw(2011) - hm¡pIfpw hkv-Xp¡fpw F¶ IrXn¡v

e`n-̈ p. P\\n_nUamb Z´tKm]pcw F¶ {KÙ-̄ nÂ \n¶v FSp¯ teJ-\-am-Wn-Xv.

teJ\ kw{Klw

Iem-Im-csâ t_m[hpw Ahsb \nÀW-bn-¡p¶ Imehpw Hcp _nµp-hn-te¡v tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-t¼m-

gmWv Iem-krjvSn ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-\mÂ Iem-Im-c³ Pohn-¡p¶ Ime-t¯mSv \S-̄ p¶

{]Xn-I-c-W-amWv Ie. kmam-\y-hÂIr-X-amb Bi-b-§-fpsS temI-aÃ Ie-bp-tS-Xv. Ie Htc-k-abw

hnti-jhpw AtX-k-abw kmam-\y-hp-am-Wv. Hcp Iem-krjvSn Bghpw I\hpw F{X IqSp-¶pthm

A{Xbpw Imem-Xo-X-am-bn-cn-¡pw. hnti-j-\n-jvTX (Bß-\n-jvTX) Iebv¡v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. AtX-



k-abw AXv kmam-\y-amb Bi-b-§sf Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNt¿--Xp-v. F¶mÂ Hcp Iem-

krjvSn al-̄ -am-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv AXv F§-s\-bmWv hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-t¯mSv {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶-

Xns\ B{i-bn-̈ m-Wv. hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-t¯mSv IqSp-XÂ _Ô-s¸-Sp¶ Ie-bmWv IqSp-XÂ Imem-Xo-

X-am-hp-I. CXn-lm-k-§Ä hfsc hÀ -̄am-\-Im-es¯ Bhn-jvI-cn-̈ -Xp-sIm-mWv Ah C¶pw

\ne-\nÂ¡p¶ Ie-bmbn amdn-b-Xv. hnti-j-\njvTw am{X-amb Ie Ie-b-Ã. Ub-dn-sb-gp¯v F{X

Iem-]-c-am-bmepw AXv Ie-bm-hp-¶n-Ã. AXp-t]mse kmam-\y-\njvTw am{X-amb Iebpw Ie-b-Ã.

cmjv{Sob {]kw-K-§fpw ]{X-hmÀ¯-Ifpw IemkrjvSn-I-fmbn IW-¡m-¡m-\m-hn-Ã-tÃm.

Xm³ Pohn-¡p¶ Ime-̄ nsâ A\p-̀ -h-§-fp-ambn Iem-Im-c³ XmZmßyw {]m]n-¡-Ww.

kz´w Ncn-{X-L-«s¯ kz´w A\p-̀ -h-̄ n-eqsS ]p\À\nÀW-bn-¡pI F¶-XmWv Hcp Iem-Im-c³

t\cn-Sp¶ shÃp-hn-fn. B ]co-£-W-L-«s¯ XcWw sN¿p¶ Iem-Im-c³ Imem-Xo-X-\mbn amdp-

¶p. hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e¯v Pohn-¡p-t¼mgpw Ign-ªp-t]mb Imes¯ Bßm-\p-̀ q-Xn-bmbn DÅnÂ

sImp-\-S-¡p¶ IemIm-c³ anI¨ cN-\-IÄ \S-̄ n-bmepw AXv \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶n-Ã. C¶pw

ImÂ]-\nI a«nÂ Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp-¶-hÀ A\p-̀ -hn-¡p¶ ]cm-Pbw CXm-Wv. CXn\v _p²n-am{Xw

t]msc lrZ-ssb-Iyhpw IqSn thWw. _p²nam{Xw D-Å-hÀ¡v XXz-Nn-́ -It\m cmjv{So-b-t\-Xmthm

Bbn amdmw. Iem-Im-c-\m-bn-am-dm-\m-hn-Ã. _p²n am{Xw DÅ-hÀ hnImcw A`n-\-bn-¡p-Itb sN¿q.

tIh-e-amb _p²nam·mÀ \nÀan-¡p-¶Xv bYmÀY ]q¡-f-Ã, shdpw IS-em-kp-]q-¡Ä am{X-am-Wv.

Ie-bpsS temIw a\p-jy-hn-Im-c-§-fpsS temI-am-Wv. shfn-bnÂ \n¶v ASn-t¨Â¸n-̈ Xp

{]Imcw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-h³ bYmÀY Imem-Im-c-\-Ã. aäp-Å-hÀ ]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse Fgp-tX--h-

\Ã Ihn. Xt¶m-Sp-Xs¶ kXy-k-ÔX ]men-¡p¶ HcmÄ¡p-am{Xta icn-bmb Iem-Im-c-\m-Im³

Ign-bq. cmjv{So-b-¡m-ct\m imkv{X-Út\m X§-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-hp-ambn BßmÀYX CÃmsX

Pohn-¡mw, F¶mÂ Iem-Im-c\v AXv km[y-a-Ã. Pohn-Xhpw Iebpw X½nÂ Ft¸mÄ hncp-²-am-Ip-

¶pthm At¸mÄ Ie-bnse BßmÀYX F¶ LSIw \jvS-am-Ip-¶p. hmÂao-In, tkmt^m-¢o-kv,

tjIvkv]n-bÀ, enb-t\mÀtU Umhn-©n, tSmÄtÌmbv XpS-§nb FÃm alm kmln-Xy-Imcpw Cu

KpW-§-fp-Å-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p.



samUyqÄ 3

kw-kvIm-c-N-cn{Xw

1. BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-chpw þ]n.-sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW³

ssshÚm\nI kmlnXyImc³ F¶ \nebnÂ {]kn²\mb ]n.sI.

tKm]meIrjvW³ 1924 Â XrÈqcnemWv P\n¨Xv. 1942- Â Iznän´ym kac¯nÂ ]Tn¸p apS¡n\v-

t\XrXzw\ÂIn. I½yqWnkv-äp {]hÀ¯Is\¶ \nebnÂ Adkv-äp sN¿s¸«v- H¶c

hÀjt¯mfw PbnenÂ Ignªp. 1949- Â ]ptcmKa\ kmlnXykwLS\ cmbn ]nfÀ¶t¸mÄ

CSXp]£¡mcpsS ]ptcmKa\ kmlnXykwLS\bpsS sk{I«dnbmbncp¶p. 1952- Â a{Zmkv-

\nbak`bnse¡pw 1967, 77, 80 hÀj§fnÂ tIcf \nbak`bnte¡pw sXcsªSp¡s¸«p.

IayqWnÌv ]mÀ«n ]nfÀ¶t¸mÄ Ct±lw kn.]n.sF bpsS `mKambn \nesImp. 1977þ-80-Â

U]yq«n kv-]o¡dmbncp¶p. tIcf kmlnXy ]cnj¯v- FIv-knIyq«ohv- AwKw, tIcf kmlnXy

A¡mZan AwKw, tIcfkÀÆIemimebpsSbpw ImÀjnIkÀÆIemimebpsSbpw sk\äv-

AwKw F¶o \neIfnÂ tkh\w sNbvXn«pv. tIcf lnÌdn AtÊmkntbj³, kakvXtIcf

kmlnXy]cnj¯v, ]ptcmKa\ IemkmlnXy kwLw F¶nhbpsS sk{I«dnbmbn

{]hÀ¯n¨n«pv. \hPoh³, PKÂkm£n F¶o ]{X§fpsSbpw IncWw amknIbpsSbpw

\hbpKw hmcnIbpsSbpw ]{Xm[n]cmbncp¶p.

tIcf¯nsâ kmwkv-ImcnI Ncn{Xw, ssP\aXw tIcf¯nÂ, Iebpw kmlnXyhpw- Hcp

]T\w, kwkv-Imc[mc, H.N´ptat\m³, ]ptcmKa\ kmlnXy {]kv-Ym\w \ngepw shfn¨hpw,

{io\mcmbWKpcp: -hnizam\hnIXbpsS {]hmNI³ F¶nh {][m\ IrXn-IÄ. 1977-Â tIcf

kmlnXyA¡mZan AhmÀUv- tIcf¯nsâ kmwkvImcnI Ncn{Xw F¶ {KÙ¯n\p e`n¨p. sI.

ZmtamZc³ AhmÀUv, {io \mcmbW kmwkvImcnI kanXn AhmÀUv, hn.sI. cmP³ AhmÀUv,

kn.BÀ tIih³ sshZyÀ kvamcI {io \mcmbW Pb´n AhmÀUv F¶n§s\ ]e

]pckvImc§fpw Ct±l¯n\v e`n¨n«pv.

teJ\ kw{Klw

tI-c-f-̄ nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{Xw F¶ {KÙ-̄ nÂ\n-s¶-Sp¯ teJ-\-amWv BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-

Ifpw Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-c-hpw. klysâ ]Sn-ªmdp hi-̄ mWv tIc-f-̀ qan ØnXn-sN-¿p-¶-Xv.

AXn\pw ]Sn-ªm-dpÅ Ad-_n¡S-en\v Fcn-t{X-bn-b³ ISÂ F¶m-bn-cp¶p t]cv. ]ÀhXw kap-{Z-

ambn amdp¶ {]tZ-i-am-b-Xn-\mÂ tNcÂ (ae-s©-cnhv) F¶pw tNcfw (tNcp¶ {]tZiw) F¶pw

B `q`m-K-̄ n\v t]cp-In-«n. tIc-f-̄ nÂ a\p-jy-hmkw Bcw-̀ n-̈ Xv a\p-jy-hmkw `qan-bnÂ

Bcw-̀ n¨v \mtem At©m e£w hÀj-§-sf-¦nepw Ign-ªn-«m-Im-sa¶v imkv{X-ÚÀ Duln-¡p-

¶p. {]mNo\ inem-bp-Km-h-in-jvS-§Ä tIc-f-̄ nÂ \n¶v ASp-̄ -Im-e-¯p-am-{X-amWv e`n-̈ -Xv.

Z£n-tW-́ y-bnse Ingt¡Xo-c-̄ mWv BZyw a\p-jy-hmkw Bcw-̀ n-̈ -Xv. ]n¶oSv Ahn-S-§-fnse

Bfp-IÄ ]Sn-ªmdp `mK-t¯¡v \o§p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. BZna Xangv\nhm-kn-IÄ Ingt¡ Zn¡ns\



Iogv¡v (Iogv`mKw) F¶pw ]Sn-ªm-dp-̀ m-Ks¯ ta¡v (tase Zn¡v) F¶p-amWv hnfn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv.

]Ýna Xoc-t¯¡v IpSn-tb-dnb tijhpw Cu hm¡p-I-sf-̄ s¶ ae-bm-fn-IÄ C¶pw D]-tbm-Kn-

¡p-¶p. ]Sn-ªmdv Iogv¡pw Ing¡v ae-Ifpw Bbn-«p-Iq-Sn. Z£n-tW-́ y-bnse eLp-in-em-bp-[-§-

fpsS Imew GI-tZiw _n kn 400 Bbn-cn-¡p-sa¶v A\p-am-\n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. th«-bm-SpÅ IÃm-

bp-[-§-fmWv C¡m-e¯v D]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. {]mNo\ inem-bp-[-§Ä tIc-f-̄ nÂ \n¶v Ip-In-

«n-bn-«p-Å-Xp-sImv a[y-in-em-bp-K-̄ nsâ Aý-̄ n-emWv tIc-f-̄ nÂ a\p-jy-hmkw Bcw-̀ n-̈ Xv

F¶ hmZ-̄ n\v ASn-Øm-\-an-Ã. Cý-bnse Kncn-hÀK-¡m-cnÂ A[n-Ihpw a[y-in-em-bp-K-̄ nsâ

Aý-L-«s¯ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p-¶-h-cm-Wv. th«-bm-Sepw `£Ww kwc-£n-¡epw Ch-cpsS

]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. tIc-f-̄ nse BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Ifpw A¼pw-hnÃpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xp-sImpw

`£Ww tiJ-cn-̈ p-sh-¡p-¶-Xp-sImpw inem-bp-K-Po-hn-X-̄ nsâ Ah-km\ I®n-I-fm-Wv.

tIc-f-̄ nse Kncn-hÀK-¡mÀ

tIc-f-̄ nse BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-IfpsS ]n·p-d-¡mÀ h\m-́ -c-§-fnÂ C¶pw Pohn-¡p-¶p-v.

th«-bm-Sp-I, tX\pw Ing-§p-Ifpw tiJ-cn-¡pI F¶-Xp-X-s¶-bmWv Ah-cpsS {][m\ sXmgnÂ.

Ah-cnÂ NneÀ Irjn-I-fn-te¡v Xncn-ªn-«p-v. ae-bÀ, Ccp-fÀ, ImWn-¡mÀ, ae-̧ p-e-bÀ, GÀ\m-S-

·mÀ, Ac-\m-S-·mÀ F¶n-hÀ Ct¸m-gpw A¼pw hnÃpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-v. Cu ASp¯ Ime¯p

am{X-amWv AhÀ Kpl-I-fp-t]-£n¨v hoSp-I-fnÂ Xma-kn-¡m-\m-cw-̀ n-̈ -Xv. sIm¨n³ ae-I-fnÂ ImW-

s¸-Sp¶ ImS-·mÀ apf-I-fpsS kwkvIm-c-ap-Å-hcpw {]mIr-X-Po-hnXw \bn-¡p-¶-h-cp-am-Wv. Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq-dnse ae-¼-m-c-§Ä, hb-\m-«nse ]Wn-bÀ F¶n-hcpw C¡q-«-¯nÂ s]«-hÀX-s¶. Ducm-

fn-IÄ, am¶m-·mÀ, ImWn-¡mÀ XpS-§n-b-hcpw th«bmSp-¶-h-cm-Wv.

\c-hw-i-im-kv{X-ÚÀ a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-bs¯ aq¶v {]apJ hwi-¡m-cmbn Xncn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.

bqtdm-t¸mbvUv (shfp-̄ -hÀKw), \ot{Km Bkv{X-tembvUv (Idp¯ hÀKw), awK-tfmbvUv (aª-

hÀKw) F¶n-§-s\. Chbv¡v D]-hn-̀ m-K-§-fp-ap-v. tIc-f-̄ nse BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-I-fpsS hwi-]-c-

amb DZv`-h-s¯-¡p-dn¨v [mcmfw ]T-\-§-fp-m-bn-«p-v. \n{Kntäm hn`m-K-̄ nÂ s]«-h-cmWv tIc-

f¯nse ]e BZn-hm-kn-I-fpw. Npcp Xe-ap-Sn. ]Xnª aq¡v, XSn¨ Npp-IÄ, Dbcw Ipdª

ico-c-{]-IrXn F¶nh CXnsâ e£-W-§-fm-Wv. F¶mÂ Cu hmZs¯ B[p-\nI \c-hw-i-im-

kv{X-ÚÀ \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p-v. t{]mt«m Bkv{X-tembvUv hwi-¡m-cmWv tIc-f-̄ nse BZna hn`m-

K-¡mÀ F¶-XmWv ]pXnb hmZw. {ioe-¦-bn-sebpw Bkvt{X-en-b-bn-sebpw BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-I-fp-

ambn tIc-f-̄ nse Kncn-hÀK-¡mÀ¡v henb kmZr-iy-ap-v.

kmaq-lnI Pohn-Xw.

tIc-f-̄ nse BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-IÄ tKm{X-§-fm-bn-«mWv Pohn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. tKm{X-§Ä

tNÀ¶v KW§Ä Dm-Ip-¶p. KW-Nn-Ów, KW-ssZhw F¶nh Dm-Ipw. ]mc-¼-cy-a-\p-k-cn-̈ pÅ

cà-_-Ô-amWv tKm{X-̄ nse AwK-§Ä X½n-epÅ Ah-Im-i-§fpw D¯-c-hm-Zn-̄ -§fpw \nÀW-

bn-̈ n-cp-¶-Xv. amXr-Zm-b-{I-ahpw ]nXr-Zm-b-{I-ahpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p-v. Irjn DÂ]m-Z\w Bcw-̀ n-̈ -

hÀ¡n-S-bn-emWv amXr-Zm-b-{Iaw ImWp-¶-Xv. tIc-f-̄ nse an¡ Kncn-hÀK-¡mcpw amXr-Zm-b-{Iaw

]peÀ¯p-¶-h-cm-Wv.

BNmck-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä

apd-s¸®v k{¼-Zmbw tIc-f-̄ nse ae-¦p-d-h-·mÀ F¶ hn`m-K-̄ n-ep-v. A½m-h-tâtbm

]nXr-k-tlm-Z-cn-bp-sStbm aIsf hnhmlw sN¿p¶XmWv Cu ]Xn-hv. inem-bp-K-̄ nÂ _lp-tKm-

{X-hn-hmlw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. tIc-f-̄ nse Gd-¡psd FÃm BZna \nhm-kn-Ifpw Cu ]Xnhv

]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. tPyjvTsâ ac-W-tijw A\p-P³ tPyjvT-̀ m-cysb hnhmlw



sNbp¶ coXn ImWn-¡mÀ, apXp-hm³, am¶m³, DÅm-S³ F¶o hn`m-K-§-fn-ep-v. Kncn-hÀK-

¡mÀ¡n-S-bnÂ \S-̧ pÅ Hcp k{¼-Zm-b-amWv Xom-cn. EXp-a-Xn-bmb s]¬-Ip-«n-Isf amän-̧ mÀ¸n-

¡p¶ GÀ¸m-Sm-Wn-Xv. tKm{X-kw-_-Ô-amb IpSn-̧ I ChÀ kzoI-cn-̈ n-cp-¶p.

FÃm Kncn-hÀK-¡mcpw icocw Ipgn-̈ n-Sp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. kvamc-I-ine \m«p-I F¶ ]Xn-

hp-ap-v. ]cn-jvImcw kw`-hn-̈ -Xn-\p-tijw NnXsbmcp-¡p¶ ]Xnhpw AØn \na-RvP\w sN¿p¶

]Xnhpw Bcw-̀ n-̈ n-«p-v. ]tc-Xsâ D]-I-c-W-§Ä Ipgn-bnÂ \nt£-]n-¡m-dp-v. t{]Xm-cm-[\ Cu

{]mNo-\-hn-̀ m-K-§-fnÂ Dd-̈ p-t]m-bn-«p-v. ac-W-s¸-«-h-cpsS Bßmhv X§-tfm-sSm¸w hkn-¡p¶

F¶ hnizmkw ]peÀ¯p-¶p-v. AXn-\mÂXs¶ ac-Wm-́ c IÀa-§Ä hÀjw-ap-gp-h³ \ne-

\nÂ¡p-¶p. {]mNo\ inem-bp-K-kw-kvIm-c-̄ nse ihw ad-hp-sN-¿-ensâ `mK-amb \¶-§m-Sn-IÄ,

IpS-¡-Ãp-IÄ, sXm¸n-¡-Ãp-IÄ, \m«p-I-Ãp-IÄ F¶nh tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bnse {][m\

D]m-Zm-\-§-fm-Wv. D¯-a-IÀa-§Ä \S-̄ p-t¼mgpw No¯ kw -̀h-§Ä¡p tijhpw ]tc-Xm-ßm-

¡sf {]oXn-s¸-Sp-̄ m-\pÅ NS-§p-IÄ FÃm kap-Zm-b-§-fnepw Ip-h-cp-¶p.

tZhnsb Bcm-[n-¡p¶ k{¼-Zmbw kÀh-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. `qan, A½ F¶n-h-bpsS {]Xo-I-

amWv tZhn. tZhn¡pth-n-bpÅ \c-_-enbpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. a\p-jy-càw tZhnsb {]oXn-s¸-Sp-

¯p-sa¶v FÃm tKm{X-hÀK-¡mcpw hniz-kn-̈ p. kwL-Im-e¯v Bcm-[n-¡-s¸« tZhn-bmWv sImä-

sh.

2. acp-a-¡-¯mbw -C-fw-Ipfw Ipª³]nÅ

aebmf `mjbv¡pw Ncn{X¯n\pw \nkvXpeamb kw`mh\IÄ \ÂInb ]ÞnX\pw

KthjI\pambncp¶p CfwIpfw ]n. F³. Ipª³]nÅ F¶ Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]nÅ

(P\\w:1904 \hw_À 8 -acWw : 1973 amÀ¨v- 3)-. sImÃw PnÃbnse IÃphmXp¡Â CfwIpfw

]p¯³]pc¡Â IpSpw_¯nÂ \mWn¡p«nb½bptSbpw ISbt¡mW¯p

IrjvW¡pdp¸ntâbpw aI\mbmWv- ]n.F³.Ipª³]nÅ P\n¨Xv-. `mjmhnZymÀ°nIÄ¡v

D]cn]T\¯n\mbn tIcfNcn{X¯ns\¸än th{X ]T\kma{KnIfnÃmbncp¶ Ime¯v

hkvXp\njvTamb ]T\kma{KnIft\zjn¨v At±lw \S¯nb ]T\§fmWp ]nÂ¡me¯v

tIcfNcn{XKthjWcwK¯v ]pXnb ]mXIÄ Xpd¶n«Xv. 1949 Â Cý³ lnÌdn

tIm¬{^³knÂ AhXcn¸n¨ {]_Ôw hgn {it²b\mbn. bqWnthgv-knän tImtfPnse

aebmfw hn`mKw Xeh\mbn 1960 Â hnc-an-̈ p. kq£v-aXbpw sXfnabpamÀ¶ ssien

CfwIpf¯nsâ Ncn{X cN-\-I-fpsS khntijXbmbncp¶p. kmwkvImcnI Ncn{X¯nepw `mjm

Ncn{X¯nepsams¡ \ndªp\n¶ A_²§Ä- Cu hnjb§fnÂ \ncćamb ]T\hpw

KthjWhpw \S¯m³ Ipª³]nÅsb t{]cn¸n¨p. en]nhnÚm\ob¯nÂ

At±l¯n\pmbncp¶ {]mhoWyw tIcfNcn{X cN\m kmlnXy¯n¶v apXÂ¡q«mbn. tIcf

Ncn{X¯nse CcpfSª GSpIÄ, P·nk{¼Zmbw tIcf¯nÂ, tIcfw A©pw Bdpw

\qämpIfnÂ, tIcf`mjbpsS hnImk ]cnWma§Ä, `mjbpw kmlnXyhpw XpS§nb {KÙ-

§Ä¡p ]pdta D®p\oen ktµiw, tImIktµiw, \fNcnXw B«¡Y, eoemXneIw F¶o

{KÙ§fpsS ]T\§fpw cNn¨p.

teJ\ kw{KlwCým-N-cn-{X-̄ nse {][m-\-s¸« {]iv\-§-fn-sem-¶mWv Zmb-{I-aw. hyàn-bpsS A\-́ c

k¼m-Zy-§Ä Bcn-te-¡mWv F¯n-t¨-cpI F¶-XmWv Zmb-{I-a-̄ nÂ NÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶-Xv. amXr-Zm-b-



{I-ahpw ]nXr-Zm-b-{I-a-hp-amWv temI¯v s]mXpsh \ne-hn-epÅ cv A\-́ -c-kz¯v hn`-P\ coXn-

IÄ. Chsb acp-a-¡-̄ mbw a¡-̄ mbw F¶n-§s\ hnfn-¡p-¶p. Cý-bnÂ s]mXpsh a¡-̄ m-

b-am-Wp-Å-Xv. F¶mÂ tIc-f-̄ nepw Xpfp-\m-«nepw acp-a-¡-̄ m-b-ambn amdn-b-sX-§s\ F¶v Cfw-

Ipfw Kth-j-W-_p²ym ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p.

ae-bm-f-̄ nse BZy tIcfN-cn{Xw cNn¨ ]Zva-\m-̀ -ta-t\msâ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ Ncn{Xw

F¶ {KÙ-̄ nÂ acp-a-¡-̄ mbw tIc-f-̄ nÂ GtXm {]tXy-I-]-cn-X-Øn-Xn-sImv ASp-̄ -Im-e-

¯pÂ`-hn-̈ -XmWv F¶v kaÀYn-¡p-¶p-v. A½m-h³amÀ ac-W-s¸-«mÂ Ct¸mgpw ac-Wm-\-́ c

IÀa-§Ä \S-̄ p-¶Xv a¡-fmWv F¶m-W-t±lw AXn\v \ÂIp¶ H¶m-as¯ sXfn-hv. 14 mw \qäm-

n-\p-ap¼v tIcfw kµÀin¨ hntZ-i-k-©m-cn-I-fmcpw acp-a-¡-̄ m-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v {]kvXm-hn-¡p-

¶nÃ F¶-XmWv ]Zva-\m-`-ta-t\m³ D¶-bn-Ip¶ cm-as¯ sXfn-hv. Cu sXfn-hp-Isf Cfw-Ipfw

XÅn-¡-f-bp-¶p. A`mhw sXfn-hÃ F¶-XmWv At±-l-̄ nsâ \ymbw. 1918 Â UÂln-bnÂ \S¶

Cý³ lnÌdn tIm¬{K-ÊnÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n¨ {]_-Ô-̄ nÂ Cu \ymbw At±lw kaÀYn-̈ n-«p-v.

B Kth-j-W-̄ nsâ ]cn-̀ m-j-bmWv Cu teJ-\w. ]Zva-\m-̀ -ta-t\m\p ap¼v ]n {io\n-hmk A¿-

¦mÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«-Xns\ ]n´p-SÀ¶v kzm`n-{]mbw apt¶m-«p-sh-¡p-I-bmWv Cfw-Ipfw sN¿p-¶-Xv.

tIc-f-̄ nÂ acp-a-¡-̄ mbw ]Xn-s\m¶mw \qäm-n-emWv Bcw-̀ n-̈ Xv F¶mWv Cfw-Ipfw kn²m-

ń¡p-¶Xv.

{InkvXp-hÀjw ]¯mw \qäm-p-hsc tIc-f-̄ nse Zmb-{Iaw Xan-gv\m-«n-se-t¸m-se-̄ s¶

a¡-̄ m-b-am-bn-cp-¶p F¶mWv Cfw-Ip-f-̄ nsâ A`n-{]m-bw. BZy-Im-e¯v a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw

s]mXpsh kzoI-cn-̈ n-cp¶ Zmb-{Iaw a¡-̄ m-b-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v GwKÂknsâ A`n-{]m-bs¯

At±lw B[m-c-am-¡p-¶p. GXm\pw ]pcp-j³amÀ GXm\pw kv{XoIsf hnhmlw Ign-̈ n-cp¶

bqYk{¼-Zm-b-am-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-̄ nepw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. _lp-̀ m-cym-Xzhpw _lp`ÀXr-Xzhpw

tIc-f-̄ nse \mb³amÀ¡n-S-bnepw aäp PmXn-¡mÀ¡n-S-bnepw km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. kaq-l-L-S-\-

bnse kZm-Nm-c-\n-jvT-IÄ C¶-t¯-XnÂ \n¶v XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-¶p. thiy-s¯m-gnÂ

am\y-am-bn-cp-¶p. Xsâ `À¯m-¡³amÀ¡n-S-bnÂ DbÀ¶ PmXn-¡m-cpsS F®-¡q-Sp-XÂ Hcp \mbÀ

kv{Xo¡v A`n-am-\n-¡m-\pÅ hI-bm-bn-cp-¶p. H¶n-e-[nIw kv{XoI-tfm-SpÅ thgvNsb Hcp ]m]-

amtbm kZm-Nm-c-cm-ln-Xy-amtbm A¶s¯ kaqlw In-cp-¶n-Ã. kv{XoI-fpsSbpw ]pcp-j-·m-cp-

sSbpw hkv{X-[m-cWw t]mepw \á-Xsb shfn-hm-¡pw-hn-[-am-bn-cp-¶p. hfsc inYn-e-amb hnhml

k{¼-Zm-b-am-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-̄ nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. Hcp-kv{Xosb ktlm-Z-c-·mÀ H¶n¨v hnhmlw

Ign-¡p¶ coXnbpw ssiih hnhm-lhpw FÃm PmXn-I-fnepw \S-̧ p-m-bn-cp-¶p. C¯-c-samcp

kmaq-ln-I-Øn-Xn-bnÂ amäw h¶-XmWv acp-a-¡-¯mbw hym]n-¡m³ Imc-W-am-b-sX-¶mWv Cfw-

Ipfw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xv.

3. A¿-¦mfn þthem-bp-[³ ]Wn-¡-tÈcn

thembp[³ ]Wn¡tÈcn

{]apJ Ncn{XImc\pw {KÙIÀ¯mhpamWv thembp[³ ]Wn¡tÈcn (P\\w: 1934 amÀ v̈

30). 1956-Â ae_mÀ tem¡Â sse{_dn AtXmdnänbpsS G§nbqÀ {_m©v sse{_dnbnÂ

sset{_dnb\mbn tPmenbnÂ {]thin¨ thembp[³ ]Wn¡tÈcn Ncn{XKthjWw,

PohNcn{Xw, _mekmlnXyw, t^mIv--temÀ XpS§nb hn`mK§fnembn ap¸Xne[nIw {KÙ§Ä

cNn¨n«pv. an¡ IrXnIÄ¡pw tIcfkmlnXy A¡mZanbnÂ \n¶pw, tIcf kÀ¡mdnÂ \n¶pw



hninã {KÙ§Ä¡pÅ ]mcntXmjnI§fpw, {]kn²oIcWklmb§fpw e`n¨n«pv.

At±l¯nsâ ]e Ncn{X{KÙ§fpw tIcf¯nse hnhn[ kÀhIemimeIfnÂ

]mT]pkvXI§fmbn AwKoIcn¨ncn¡p-¶p. Nne IrXnIÄ Xangnte¡pw lnµnbnte¡pw

hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«p. {]mNo\tIcf¯nsâ sshtZinI _Ô§sf¡pdn¨pw hntZinIÄ

\½psS Iebnepw kwkvImc¯nepw sNep¯nbn«pÅ kzm[o\s¯ kw_Ôn¨pw KthjWw

\S¯phm³ tI{µ kmwkvImcnI hIp¸v s^tÃmjn¸v e`n¨p.

BÀ¡ntbmfPn kvtääv AssUzkdn t_mÀUv, BÀss¡hvkv Un¸mÀ«psaânsâ doPWÂ

dnt¡m--ÀUvkv I½än F¶o kanXnIfnÂ {]hÀ¯n¨n«pÅ ]Wn¡tÈcn kmlnXy{]hÀ¯I

klIcWkwL¯nsâ sshkv {]knUâmbpw, AUvan\nkv--t{Säohv sk{I«dnbmbpw

tkh\a\pjvTn¨n«pv. 'Xmfntbme' F¶ s{sXamknIw \S¯nbncp¶p.

{][m\IrXnIÄ: t]mÀ«pKokv-U¨v B[n]Xyw tIcf¯nÂ, tIcfNcn{X]T\§Ä, C_v-

\p_¯q¯ I Cý, tIcfw Adp\qdpsImÃw ap¼v, hn{ItamÀÆiobw (hymJym\w), ImcqÀ

apXÂ tImhne³ hsc, Bbncw IS¦YIÄ, ]Xn\mbncw ]gs©mÃpIÄ, Ip«nIfpsS

]cymb\nLp, Ip«nIfpsS ssieo\nLp

A-¿-¦mfn apXÂ hn.Sn hsc F¶ ]pkvX-I-̄ nÂ\n-s¶-Sp¯ Poh-N-cn-{X-amWv A¿-¦m-fn.

teJ-\-kw-{Klw

tIcf¯nse kmaqlnI ]cnjvIÀ¯m¡fnÂ {]apJ\mbncp¶p A¿³-Imfn. ZenXv

P\hn`mK§fpsS a\pjymhImi§Ä Øm]n¡p¶Xn\p thnbmWv A¿³-Imfn t]mcmSnbXv.

]pebkapZmbmwKambncp¶ At±lw iàn-{]-I-S-\-̄ n-eqsS k©mckzmX{ýw A\phZn¸n¨v

kap-Zmb \mb-I-\mbn. Xncph\´]pcw PnÃbnse sh§m\qÀ F¶ {Kma¯nÂ 1863 HmKÌv 28

\mWv A¿³-Imfn P\n¨Xv. ]nXmhv: A¿³, amXmhv: ame. Ip«n¡me¯v Imfn F¶v

hnfn¡s¸«ncp¶ At±lw ]n¶oSv ]nXm-hnsâ t]cp-IqSn tNÀ¯v A¿³-Imfnbmbn. ]dbÀ,

]pebÀ XpS§nb A[xØnXÀ¡v XncphnXmwIqdnepw tIcf¯nsâ CXc`mK§fnepw ]mS¯p

]WnsbSp¡p¶ Imen-bpsS hnetb P·namÀ \ÂInbncp¶pÅq. Ahsc a\pjycmbn t]mepw

]cnKWn¨ncp¶nÃ. Bbn¯mNmcw aqew tdmUneqsS \S¡m\pw hkv{Xw [cnbv¡m\pw hnZy

t\Sm\pw ChÀ¡v AhImiapmbncp¶nÃ. kzkapZmb¯nsâ A[xIrX Npäp]mSpIÄ A¿-¦m-

fnsb AkzØam¡n.

A¶s¯¡me¯v P·nbpsS IrjnØe¯mWv FÃm AhÀWcpw tPmensNbvXncp¶Xv.

Iqen Fs¶mcp k{¼ZmbwXs¶ A¶nÃmbncp¶p. ]Ieńtbmfw ]WnsbSp¯mepw \mgn

Acntbm Hcn¯ncn F®tbm Bbncn¡pw Iqen. Abn¯PmXn¡mcmbn IÂ¸n¡-s¸« AhÀ¡v

hgn, InWÀ, Bcm[\meb§Ä, F¶nhbnsem¶pw {]thiw A\phZn¨ncp¶nÃ. hnbnÂ

k©cn¡mt\m kv{XoIÄ¡v amdp adbv¡mt\m A\phmZw Dmbncp¶nÃ. P·namcpsS

s\ÃdIÄ \ndbv¡m³ Atlmcm{Xw ]WnsbSp¡pI F¶Xp am{Xambncp¶p Zen-X-cpsS [Àaw.

a®nÂ IpgnIp¯n AXnÂ Ceh¨mbncp¶p ChÀ¡p `£Ww \ÂInbncp¶Xv.

s]mXpØe§fnseÃmw {]thi\w \ntj[n¡s¸«p. A[xØnXÀ tcmK_m[nXcmbmÂ

tUmÎÀamÀ sXm«p]cntim[n¡nÃ; KpfnIIÄ FdnªpsImSp¡pw. Chbv¡p ]pdta PmXnbpsS

ASbmfamb IÃpameIÄ Igp¯neWnªp \S¡m\pw AhÀ \nÀ_ÔnXcmbn. Acbv¡p

apIfnepw ap«n\pXmsgbpw hkv{Xw [cn¡phm\pw A¶s¯ Abn¯mNmc§Ä ]nt¶m¡

P\hn`mK§sf A\phZn¨nÃ.



Npäpw \SamSnb D¨\oNXz§Äs¡Xnsc A[xØnXcpsS CSbnÂ\n¶p BZyapbÀ¶

kzcambncp¶p A¿³-ImfnbptSXv. ap¸Xmw hbknÂ IncmX\nba§Äs¡Xnsc At±lw

t]mcn\nd§n. XpS¡¯nÂ At±lw GI\mbncp¶p. ]n¶oSv GXm\pw bphm¡sf kwLSn¸n¨p.

A¿³-ImfnbpsS \S]SnIsf kzm`mhnIambpw P·namÀ [n¡mcambn¡p. At±ls¯bpw

Iq«scbpw F§s\bpw ASns¨mXp¡m\mbncp¶p ]n¶oShcpsS {iaw. 1898 þ -99 ImeL«§fnÂ

_mecma]pcw, Ig¡q«w, IWnbm]pcw XpS§n A¿³-ImfnbpsS kzm[o\taJeIfnseÃmw

amS¼nIfpambn iàamb Gäpap«epIfpmbn. sXcphpIfnÂ A[xØnXcpsS

tNmcsbmgpInsb¦nepw kzkapZmb¯nepw CXc A[xØnX P\hn`mK§Ä¡nSbnepw A¿³-

Imfn Bcm[y]pcpj\mbn.

hnÃphn kacw 18931850 hsc XncphnXmwIqÀ kaqlw PmXnhg¡§fpsS ASnØm\¯nemWv Pohn¨ncp¶Xv.

PmXn\nba§Ä kaql¯nÂ IÀi\ambn ]men¡p¶ps¶v XncphnXmwIqÀ cmPm¡³amÀ

Dd¸phcp¯nbncp¶p. ]pebPmXnbnÂ P\n¨ A¿¦mfn¡v sNdp¸¯nte Xs¶

A\p`hnt¡nh¶ kmaqlnI AkaXzamWv k©mckzmXý \ntj[w. hntij

hkv{X§fWnªv hnÃphnbnembncp¶p A¡mes¯ {]amWnamcpsS k©mcw. ChcpsS

bm{X¡nSbnÂ sN¶ps]Sp¶ IogmfÀ hgnamdn \St¡nbncp¶p. Cu KÀhns\ AtX

\mWb¯nÂ t\cnSm³ A¿³-Imfn Xocpam\n¨p. At±lw Hcp Imfhn hm§n, appw

taÂappw shÅ _\nb\pw Xe¸mhpw [cn¨v, s]mXphoYnbneqsS kmlknIbm{X \S¯n.

khÀ® PmXn¡mÀ Cu bm{X XSªp. A¿¦mfn Xsâ I¿nepmbncp¶ I¯n hen¨qcn

khÀ®sc shÃphnfn¨p. A¿¦mfnsb FXncnSm³ BÀ¡pw ss[cyapmbncp¶nÃ. At±lw

Btcbpw IqkmsX Xsâ hnbnÂ bm{X XpSÀ¶p. Bthi`cnXcmb A\pbmbnIÄ

At±l¯n\v AI¼Sn tkhn¨p. kz´w kapZmb¯nepÅhÀ BZc]qÀhw At±ls¯ A¿³-

Imfn bPam\³ F¶phnfn¡phm³ XpS§n. k©mckzmX{ý\ntj[¯ns\Xntc A¿¦mfn

\S¯nb B HäbmÄ t]mcm«w Ncn{X¯nse [otcmZm¯amb NphSpshbv]mWv.

Zen-ZÀ¡v A£chnZy A`ykn¡m\papÅ A\phmZ¯n\pthn A¿¦mfnbpsS

t\XrXz¯nÂ \S¶ kac§Ä tIcf¯nse kmaqlnI -kmapZmbnI \thm°m\¯n\v

ASn¯d ]mIn. A[ØnX\v \njn²ambncp¶ hnZym`ymk¯ns³d ]mXIÄ Xpd¶p

sImSp¡pI F¶ e£yt¯mSpIqSn 'km[pP\]cn]me\ kwLw' F¶ kwLS\

A¿¦mfnbpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ 1907 Â Øm]nXambn. A¿¦mfn sh§m\qcnÂ Hcp

IpSn¸ffn¡qSw Xpd¶p. F¶mÂ, khÀWcpsS FXnÀ¸paqew AXv XpScm³ IgnªnÃ.

hnZymeb§fnÂ ZenXv hnZymÀYnaIÄ¡v {]thiw thWsa¶v At±lw hmZn¨p.

A¿¦mfnbpsSbpw Iq«cpsSbpw \ncćamb At]£ am\n¨psImv 1914 Â Zen-XÀ¡v

hnZymeb {]thiw A\phZn¨psImv XncphnXmwIqÀ almcmPmhv D¯chnd¡n. ISp¯

FXnÀ¸pIÄ AhKWn¨psImv A¿¦mfn ]©an F¶ Hcp ]pebs¸¬Ip«nsb kvIqfnÂ

tNcv¯p.

IÀjIs¯mgnemfn kacw

XncphnXmwIqdnÂ IÀjIs¯mgnemfnIfpsS BZys¯ ]WnapS¡p kacw \bn¨Xv

A¿³-Imfnbmbncp¶p. sXmgnemfnIsf a\pjycmbn AwKoIcn¡m³ aSn¨ P·namcpsS

]mStiJc§fnÂ A[xØnX hn`mK§fnÂs¸«hÀ ]Wn¡nd§nbnÃ. XpS¡¯nÂ kzbw

Irjnbnd¡n ]nSn¨p\nÂ¡m³ amS¼namÀ {ians¨¦nepw AXp ]cmPbambn. HSphnÂ



{]XnImc_p²ntbmsS AhÀ ]mS§Ä Xcnin«p. sXmgnenÃmsX IÀjIs¯mgnemfnIÄ

ZpcnX¡b¯nembn. F¶mÂ amS¼namÀs¡XnscbpÅ kac¯nÂ\n¶pw ]n³-henbm³ AhÀ

Iq«m¡nbnÃ. HSphnÂ P·namÀ IogS§n. sXmgnÂ sN¿p¶hcpsS AhImi§Ä Hcp ]cn[nhsc

AwKoIcn¡s¸«tXmsS 1905- Â kacw H¯pXoÀ¸mbn. A¿³-ImfnbpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ \S¯nb

Ncn{X{]kn²amb Cu ]WnapS¡p kacamWv ]n¶oSp tIcf¯nepS\ofw IÀjs¯mgnemfn

apt¶ä¯n\p DuÀÖw ]IÀ¶Xv.

kv{XoIfpsS kzmX{´y {]Jym]\wAcbv¡papIfnÂ kv{XoIÄ hkv{Xw [cn¡pIsb¶Xv {InkvXym\nIfpsSbpw

apÉoIfpsSbpw am{Xw BNmcambncp¶p. ]Zhnsb {]Xn\n[oIcnt¡Xmb kµÀ`§fnepw

BUw_cw ImWn¡p¶Xn\pw thnbmbncp¶p A¡me¯v lnµpkv{XoIÄ taÂaptm

Acbv¡papIfnÂ hkv{Xtam D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv. hkv{X[mcW k¦ev¸§fnÂ kv{Xo]pcpj

t`ZanÃmXncn¡pIbpw PmXn]camb D¨\oNXzw XebpbÀ¯n \nÂ¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶

A¡me¯v A[xØnXsc¶p IcpXs¸«ncp¶ FÃmhscbpw taÂhkv{Xw D]tbmKn¡p¶XnÂ

\n¶pw khÀW A[n-Imcn hÀKw IÀi\ambn hne¡nbncp¶p. IÀjIs¯mgnemfn kac¯nÂ

\n¶pw e`n¨ DuÀÖhpambn A¿³-Imfn Cu A\oXns¡Xnsc t]mcmSm\pd¨p. Xsâ

PmXnbnepÅ kv{XoIÄ ape¡¨bWnªp \S¡m³ At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp.

ASna¯¯nsâ ASbmfambn Igp¯nÂ IÃpamebpw ImXnÂ Ccp¼phfb§fpw

[cn¡Wsa¶papÅ PmXnimk\Isf [n¡cn¡m³ At±lw Bhiys¸«p. A¿³-Imfnsb

A\pkcn¨ km[pP\§sf khÀWÀ th«bmSn. khÀ®cpsS IncmX{]hÀ¯\§Ä

Gdnbt¸mÄ aÀ±nXP\hn`mK§Ä DWÀ¶p. XncphXmwIqdnse hnhn[ {]tZi§Ä

Iem]`qanIfmbn. sImÃs¯ ]oc¦n ssaXm\¯p kt½fn¡m³ A¿³-Imfn Blzm\w

sNbvXp. B{IaWs¯¯pSÀ¶v \mSpw hoSpw hn«hÀ Cu kt½f\ thZnbnte¡ncs¨¯n. 1915-

Â \S¶ Ncn{X {]kn²amb Cu almk`bnÂh¨v PmXobXbpsS ASbmfamb IÃpame

Adps¯dnbphm³ At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. km[pP\§fpsS Cu kzmX{´y {]Jym]\s¯

DbÀ¶ PmXn¡mÀ am\n¡Wsa¶pw At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. A¿³-ImfnbpsS Blzm\w

tI« kv{XoIÄ Bthit¯msS IÃpameIÄ Adp¯pamän. Iogmf P\hn`mK§Ä \S¯nb

hn¹hIcamb kmaqlnI apt¶äambncp¶p CXv. IÃpamekacw F¶ t]cnemWv Cu kacw

Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv.

1911 Unkw_À 5 \v A¿¦mfnsb {ioaqew {]Pmk`bnÂ AwKambn \ma\nÀtZiw

sNbvXp. 1912 s^{_phcn 26 \v {]Pmk`bpsS F«maXv tbmK¯nÂ A¿¦mfnbpw ]¦psImp.

shÅ¡pXncIsf ]q«nb hnÃphnbnÂ h¶nd§nb At±lw GhcpsSbpw {i²mtI{µambn.

BdSn¡ptaÂ Dbchpw Ikhp Xp¶nb Xe¸mhpw Idp¯ tIm«pw taÂappw sNcn¸pw [cn¨v

At±lw {]PmaÞe¯nte¡v {]thin¡pt¼mÄ Ct±latÃ Znhms\¶v kµÀiIÀ

AZv`pXs¸«Xmbn a¶¯p ]ß\m`³ FgpXnbn«pv. 25 hÀjw At±lw

{]Pmk`mwKambncp¶p. A¡mea{Xbpw Zen-XcpsS AhiXIÄ ]cnlcn¨pIn«phm³ A¿-¦mfn

]cn{ian¨pt]m¶p. 1936 se t£{X{]thi hnfw_c¯nte¡v \bn¨ \nba\nÀamW

\S]SnIÄ¡p ]n¶nÂ A¿¦mfnbpsS kzm[o\w hepXmWv. 1937 P\phcn 14 \v sh§m\qcnÂ

\S¶ almkt½f\¯nÂ almßmKmÔn A¿¦mfnbpsS {]hÀ¯m\§sf {]iwkn¨p.

KmÔnPn A¿¦mfnsb ']peb almcmPmhv' F¶mWv hntijn¸n¨Xv. KmÔnPn A¿¦mfnbnÂ

kzPmXnbpsS kap²mcIs\bpw ØntcmÕmlnbmb t\Xmhns\bpw Iv A`n\µn¨p.



1941 Pq¬ 18\v A´cn¡p¶Xphsc A¿¦mfn IÀa\ncX\mbncp¶p. alm\mb B

kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcv̄ mhns³d kvacW \ne\nÀ¯n sh§m\qcnÂ At±l¯ns³d

ihIpSochpw {]Xnabpw Ncn{XkvamcIambn kwc£n¨n«pv.



samUyqÄ4

hnhÀ¯\wF´mWv hnhÀ¯\w

Hcp `mjbnepÅ hmt¡m hmIy§tfm asämcp `mjbnte¡v Bhnjv-Icn¡p¶Xns\ hnhÀ¯\w

F¶p ]dbp¶p. C§s\ \S¯p¶ samgnamäs¯ ]cn`mj, XÀÖa, `mjm]cn-h-À¯w Fs¶Ãmw

hnfn¡mdpv. samgnamäw F¶ kwÚ CXnsâ kq£vakz`mhw shfns¸Sp¯p¶p. XÀPa F¶Xv

Ad_n ]Z-am-Wv. ]cn`mjIÄ Xpeyamb ]Zm\p]Z ]cn`mjbmtbm, Hcp hmIy¯nsâ Bibw

DÄsImÅp¶ ]Zhn\ymk§fmtbm sN¿mdpv. AXns\ kzX{´hnhÀ¯\w F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.

`mjmamäw HgnsI asämcp amähpw IqSmsXbpÅ ]p\chXcWs¯bmWv hnhÀ¯\w sImp

hnh£n¡p¶Xv. B[p\nI`mjmimkv{XÚÀ ]e hnhÀ¯\kn²m´§fpw {]mtbmKnIamÀK§fpw

\nÀt±in¨n«pv. GXp `mj-bnÂ \n¶mtWm hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv B `mjsb t{kmX`mj (aqe`mj)

F¶pw GsXmcp `mj-bn-te-¡mtWm hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv AXns\ e£y`mj F¶pw

hntijn¸n¡p¶p. hnhÀ¯\¯n\p sXcsªSp¡p¶ IrXnsb aqeIrXn F¶pw hnhÀ¯\XneqsS cNn-

¡-s¸Sp¶ IrXnsb e£yIrXn F¶pw ]dbp¶p. aqehpw hnhÀ¯\hpw X½nepÅ _Ôs¯

kw_Ôn¨v cq]]camb s]mcp¯w, {InbmßIamb s]mcp¯w XpS§nb k¦ev]§fpw

BhnjvIcn¨n«pv. C¶v hnhÀ¯\w {]tXyI ]T\imJWv.

\nÀÆ-N-\-§ÄhnhÀ -̄\-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ {][m-\ -\nÀh-N-\-§Ä Xmsg \ÂIp¶p:

Hcp-]-Z-̄ n-sâtbm hmIy-̄ n-tâtbm {KÙ kµÀ`-̄ n-tâtbm ]pkvX-I-̄ n-tâtbm AÀYw

asämcp `mj-bnÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv \nLp \nÀh-N-\-{]-Imcw hnhÀ¯-\w. AÀYw \ne-

\nÀ¯n-s¡mv asämcp `mj-bn-te-¡pÅ amä-amWv XÀPa þ tUm. tPm¬k¬.

Hcp `mj-bnse ]mTy-h-kvXp-hns\ asämcp `mj-bnse X¯p-ey-amb ]mTyhkvXp-sImv

BtZiw sN¿p-¶-XmWv hnhÀ -̄\wþ sPkn Iymäv t^mÀUv

AÀYw ap³\n-dp-̄ n-s¡mv asämcp `mj-bn-te¡v amäp-¶-XmWv hnhÀ¯\w þ kmap-hÂ

tPm¬k¬

s]m-Xp-X-Xz-§Äcp-Xcw hnhÀ -̄\-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. 1. hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb {KÙ-§-fpsS hnhÀ¯\w (D]-\ym-

kw, teJ-\w, hmÀ¯, imkv{X-hn-j-b-§Ä, D¯-c-hp-IÄ...) 2. `mh-\m-ßI Bi-b-§-fpsS

hnhÀ¯\w (Ihn-X, IY, t\mhÂ.... ) H¶m-as¯ Iq«-̄ n-epÅ hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä Gd-¡psd ]Zm-

\p-]Z hnhÀ¯-\-amWv Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ cm-as¯ Iq«-̄ n-epÅ hnhÀ -̄\-§fnÂ

`mh-]-chpw `mjm-]-c-hp-amb Bkzm-Zy-ta-J-e-I-sf-¡qSn hnhÀ¯IÀ ]cn-K-Wn-t¡-n-h-cpw.

hnhÀ¯-\-̄ nsâ ImXÂ hnizm-ky-X-bm-Wv. AXn-\mÂ samgn-am-ä-̄ n\v aq¶v kmÀh-eu-

InI XXz-§Ä \nÀtZ-in-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

1. hnhÀ¯\w aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS Bi-b§fpsS k¼qÀW-ambn ]p\Àte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-¡Ww

2. hnhÀ¯-\-̄ nse ssienbpw coXnbpw aqe-Ir-Xn¡p Xpey-am-bn-cn-¡Ww

3. aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS Bkzm-ZyX hnhÀ¯-\-̄ nepw e`n-¡Ww



hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-bmÄ¡v cp `mj-bnepw {]mho-Wy-ap-m-bn-cn-¡-sW¶p am{X-aÃ e£y-

`m-j-bnÂ aqe-̀ m-j-bn-ep-Å-Xn-s\-¡mÄ Adnhv Bh-iy-am-Wv. GXp IrXn-bmtWm hnhÀ¯\w

sN¿p-¶Xv B cN-\-bnÂ ssIIm-cyw-sN-bvXn-cn-¡p¶ hnj-b-̄ nepw hnhÀ¯-IÀ¡v Adn-hp-m-

tI--Xm-Wv. kµÀ`-a-\p-k-cn¨v DNn-X-amb Xocp-am-\-§Ä ssIs¡m-Åm-\pÅ [oc-Xbpw hnhÀ¯-

IÀ¡v thWw. \Ã A[zm-\-ti-jn-bn-ÃmsXbpw GIm-{K-X-bn-Ãm-sXbpw hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-cp-Xv.

hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-hÀ¡v Xmsg ]d-bp¶ D]-I-c-W-§Ä A\n-hm-cy-amWv

1. t{kmX-̀ mjm \nL-p. 2. ]cymbtImiw. 3. d^-d³kv {KÙ-§Ä.

]e-Xcw hnhÀ -̄\-§-fp-v. Ihn-X-bpsS hnhÀ -̄\-̄ nÂ IhnXzw tNmÀ¶p-t]m-ImsX

thWw hnhÀ¯\w \nÀh-ln-¡m³. kmt¦-XnI hnj-b-§Ä hnhÀ¯\w sN¿pt¼mÄ ]e

hm¡p-Ifpw t{kmX-̀ m-bnÂ Dm-bn-s¡m-Å-W-sa-¶n-Ã. Ahbv¡v aXnbm ]I-cw-]-Z-§Ä Is-̄ -

Ww. Hcp `mj-bnÂ \n¶v t\cn«v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-Xns\ {]Xy-£-hn-hÀ¯\w F¶p ]d-bpw.

F¶mÂ Hcp `mj asämcp `mj-bnÂ \n¶v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv ]tcm-£-hn-hÀ¯-\-am-Wv.

kwkvIr-X-̄ n-epÅ imIp-́ -fs¯ t\cn«v Cw¥o-jn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv {]Xy-£-hn-

hÀ¯-\w. {_ko-en-b³ `mj-bn-se-gp-X-s¸« BÂ¡-anÌv F¶ t\mhÂ Cw¥ojv XÀPabnÂ

\n¶mWv ae-bm-f-̄ n-se-¯n-b-Xv. CXv ]tcm-£-XÀP-a. C¯cw XÀP-a-bnÂ CS-bnÂ \nÂ¡p¶

`mjsb CS-̀ mj F¶p hnfn-¡pw.

hnhÀ¯-\-co-Xn-IÄ-]e-Xcw hnhÀ¯-\-§-fpv.

1. i_vZmÀY hnhÀ¯\w.

hnhÀ -̄\-̄ nsâ Gähpw km[m-c-W-amb coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. t{kmX-̀ m-j-bnse ]Z-§tfm hmIy-

§tfm hnSmsX Ahbv¡v {Ia-̄ nÂ AÀYw \ÂIpIbmWn-Xnse coXn. ]c-ky-§Ä ]e-t¸mgpw

Cu coXn ]n´p-S-cm-dp-v. \nL-p-¡fpw Cu coXn-bmWv A\p-hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv.

2. ]Zm-\p-]Z hnhÀ¯-\w.

t{kmX-̀ m-j-bpsS ]c-am-h[n Xpey-amb hnhÀ¯-\-am-Wn-Xv. hm¡p-IÄ, hmIy-§Ä, hmIy-

{Iaw F¶nh hnSmsX XÀP-a-sN-¿-Ww. X-{K-Ù-§Ä, kÀ¡mÀ D -̄c-hp-IÄ, \nb-a-§Ä F¶nh

C§-s\-bmWv hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-I.

3. Bi-b-hn-hÀ¯\w

t{kmX-c-N-\-bnse Bi-b-§Ä AtX-]Sn asämcp `mj-bnÂ sXäp-Iq-SmsX Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-

bmWv CXnse coXn. hnhÀ -̄\-̄ nÂ Bi-b-̄ n-\mWv {]m[m-\yw, `mj-bv¡-Ã. hmIy-§Ä

X½nÂ tNÀ¯pw {Iaw amänbpw Bi-b-̄ n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-s¡m-mWv CXv km[y-am-t¡--

Xv.

4. kzX-{´-hn-hÀ¯\w

Bi-b-hnhÀ¯\hpw kzX-{´-hn-hÀ¯-\hpw X½nÂ sNdnb hyXym-k-am-Wp-Å-Xv. t{kmX-̀ m-j-

bnse Bibw am{Xw kz´w `mj-bnÂ XnI¨pw kzX{´-amb coXn-bnÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-I-bmW

CXv. ka-aq-eyX C¯cw hnhÀ -̄\-§-fnÂ {]Xo-£n-¡m-h-X-Ã.

5. Bi-b-cq-]m-́ -cWw

t{kmX-̀ m-j-bnse Bibw e£y-̀ m-jbv¡v A\p-Kp-W-amb coXn-bnÂ amsä-gp-Xp-I-bmWv Cu

hnhÀ -̄\w. IYm kµÀ`-§Ä, Øew, t]cv, IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS kz`m-hw, IYm-KXn F¶n-h-



bvs¡Ãmw e£y-̀ m-j-bpsS kz`m-h-am-bn-cn-¡pw. tjIvkv]n-b-dnsâ HYtÃm F¶ \mSIw Ifn-bm«w

F¶ kn\n-a-bn-eqsS ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-̈ Xv C§-s\-bm-Wv. AUm-]vtä-j³ F¶mWv Cu

hnhÀ¯\w Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. A\p-hÀ¯\w F¶m-W-Xn-\ÀYw.

6. hmNmhn-hÀ¯\w

enJn-X-amb ]mTs¯ hmNn-I-ambn hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-emWv CXv. Fgp-Xnb teJ-\-§Ä

asämcp `mj-bn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡Â Nne kt½-f-\-§-fnepw skan-\m-dp-I-

fnepw A\n-hm-cy-amWv

7. Bip-hn-hÀ¯\w ({]kwK hnhÀ¯\w)

Hcp `mj-bn-epÅ {]`m-jWw asämcp `mj-bn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p¶ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. cp Xc-

¯nÂ CXv \nÀh-ln-¡mw. H¶v khn-cma XÀP-a. {]kw-K-̄ n-\n-S-bnÂ Hmtcm hm¡nt\m hmIy-

¯nt\m tijw \ndp¯n \ndp¯n ]cn-̀ m-j-IÀ¡v Ah-kcw \ÂIn {]kw-Kn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv. kphn-

tij {]kw-K-§Ä ]e-t¸mgpw C§-s\-bmWv XÀP-a-sN-¿m-dp-Å-Xv. cv, Ahn-cma XÀP-a.

{]kwKw apgp-h³ Ah-km-\n-̈ -Xn-\p-ti-j-apÅ XÀP-a-bm-Wn-Xv.

8. b{´-hn-hÀ¯\w

I¼yq-«À apX-emb b{´-§-fpsS klm-b-t¯msS sN¿p¶ hnhÀ¯-\-amWv b{´-hn-hÀ¯\w

en-]y-´-c-Ww.Hcp `mj-bnse Bibw asämcp `mj-bnse en]n-bnÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv en]y-́ -c-Ww.

(trasliteration). C¶v en]y-́ -c-W-̄ n\v henb Øm\-ap-v. kmaq-lnI þ kmt¦-XnI am[y-a-§-fnÂ CXv ]e-t¸mgpw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-¯n\v1. amÀtI-knsâ t\m_Âk-½m\ {]kwKw (]cn-`mj)

K{_ntbÂ KÀknb amÀtIzkvtemI{]ikvX\mb Fgp¯pImc\pw ]{X{]hÀ¯I\pw FUnädpw {]km[I\pw

cm{ãob {]hÀ¯I\pamWv- K{_ntbÂ KmÀknb amÀtIzkv (P\\w þ 1927 amÀ¨v 6, acWw- 2014

G{]nÂ 17). apgph³ t]cv K{_ntbÂ tPmkv sZ e sIm³tImÀZnb KmÀky amÀt¡kv

( Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez ) . 1982- se kmlnXy¯n\pÅ t\m_Âk½m\w e`n¨Xv Ct±l¯n\mbncp¶p. kv]m\njv `mjbnÂ Ct±lw FgpXnb GIm´XbpsS

\qdv hÀj§Ä(1967) F¶ t\mhÂ temI-̄ n-se-̄ s¶ Gähpw IqSpXÂ hnägnª t\mh-ep-I-

fn-sem-¶mWv. sImfw_nbbnÂ Bbncp¶p P\\w F¦nepw amÀtIzkv IqSpXÂ Pohn¨Xpw

saIvknt¡mbnepw bqtdm¸nepambncp¶p. amPn¡Â dnbenkw F¶ cN\mkt¦Xw

At±l¯nsâ t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸«p. 1967-Â {]kn²oIcn¨ One Hundred Years ofSolitude (GIm´XbpsS \qdphÀj§Ä) F¶ t\mhemWv- amÀtIzkn\v- temIsa¼mSpwBcm[Isc t\Sns¡mSp¯Xv-. ]e `mjIfnembn Cu t\mhensâ tImSn¡W¡n\p {]XnIÄ

hnägnªp. Iyq_bpsS ap³ {]knUâv ^nUÂ Imkvt{Smbpambn Ct±l¯n\v

kplrZv_Ôapm-bn-cp¶p-. Adp]XpIfnepw Fgp]XpIfnepw Nne emän³ Atacn¡³



hn¹hkwLS\ItfmSv Ct±lw klXm]w {]ISn¸n¨ncp¶p. 2014 G{]nÂ 17 \v At±lw

Aćn¨p. {][m\ IrXn-IÄ : tImfdmImes¯ {]Wbw (Love in the time of cholera - 1985t\mhÂ), Bcpw tIWens\gpXp¶nÃ (No one writes to the Colonel - 1961, \o-IY),\oe¸«nbpsS I®pIÄ (Eyes of a Blue Dog - 1962 sNdp-IYm kam-lmcw), I¸Ât¨Xw h¶\mhnIsâ IY (The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor - 1970), emän\tacn¡bpsS GIm´X(The Solitude of Latin America - 1982)

]mTkw{Klw

t\m_Â k½m\w Gäphm§ns¡mv amÀIznkv \S¯nb {]kwKamWv CXv.

aKÃt\msSm¸w temIw Npän kw©cn¨ AtâWntbm ]nKms^ä F¶ ^vtfmd³kpImc\mb

\mhnI³ Atacn¡³ `qJÞ¯nsâ sXt¡ Xoc¯v hnNn{Xkz`mhnIfmb arK§sfbpw

a\pjyscbpw IXmbn tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pv. kaImenI t\mhepIfpsS BZy apfIÄ B

hnhcW§fnÂ ImWmw. Ico_nb³ Xocs¯ ]pcmhr¯§fpw C¡q«¯nÂ s]«hbmWv.

imizXamb buh\w tXSnbhÀ, kzÀWwsImv ]mew \nÀan¡ms\mcps¼«hÀ, kz´w

saUepsImv acW¡«nÂ ]WnXhÀ XpS§n hnNn{Xkz`mhnIfpsS \ncbmWv a\pjyNcn{Xw.

\½psS ImeL«¯nse Gähpw henb Ihnbmb ¹mt_m \cqZ hm¡pIÄsImv kZÊns\

{]£p_v[am¡nb Bfmbncp¶p. Ncn{X¯nse Gähpw {Iqcamb hwilXyIÄ t\cn«hcmWv

emän³ Atacn¡¡mÀ. Nnen, DdptKz XpS§nb cmPy§Ä C¶pw AØncamWv.

X\n¡v t\m_Â k½m\w \ÂInb kzoUnjv A¡mZansb BIÀjn¨Xv

Akm[mcWamw hnimeamb Cu emän\tacn¡³ bmYmÀYy§fmbncn¡Ww. kz´w P\XbpsS

Ddª hnjmZamWv Xsâ Fgp¯nÂ {]ISamIp¶Xv. ISnªnÃm¯ B bmYmÀYy¯nsâ

h¡nÂ Pohn¡p¶ Fgp¯pImc\v `mh\bnÂ\n¶v A[Isam¶pw Cc¶phm§phm\nÃ. CXmWv

emän\tacn¡³ Fgp¯pImcpsS GIm´XbpsS ImXÂ. hmgv¯s¸« kwkvImc§fnÂ

ioen¨hÀ¡v R§fpsS B bmYmÀYyw ZpÀ{Klambn A\p`hs¸t«¡mw. AhÀ¡v tbmPn¨

AfhptImepIfnÂ R§sf Af¡p¶XpsImmWv Ipg¸w. bqtdm¸v AXnsâ `qXIme¯nÂ

X§sf Is¯phm³ {ian¨ncps¶¦nÂ AXv Ffp¸amtbt\.

kzámb CÑmiànbnÃmsX Hcp NXpcwK¡famhphm³ emän\tacn¡

B{Kln¡p¶nÃ. kzmX{ý¯n\pw auenIbv¡pamWv AXv B{Kln¡p¶Xv. ASnäÀ¯en\pw

km¼¯nI NqjW¯n\pw Häs¸Sp¯en\pw FXnsc R§Ä kPohambn {]XnIcn¡p¶p.

£ma¯nt\m, Zpc´§Ät¡m, hn]¯pIÄt¡m, A\ámb bp²¯nt\m acW¯nt\m

R§fpsS `mh\Isf XSbm\mhnÃ. a\pjyPohnXw Ahkm\n¡pIbnÃ. AXv bqtdm v̧

krjvSn¨ imkv{Xob Zpc´§Ä¡v CcbmhpItb DÅq. AXphsc emän\tacn¡bpsS

\qdphÀjs¯ GIm´X XpScpIXs¶ sN¿pw.

2. Xpd¶ P\Â þ A\ -»m-Znbm\Hän-enb hte-dnb tImam³ (Otilia Valeria Coman) F¶ dpam-\n-b³ Fgp-̄ p-Im-cn-

bpsS Xqen-Im-\m-a-amWv A\ »mZn-bm-\. »mZn-bm\ F¶Xv Øe-t -̧cm-Wv. dpam-\n-b³ hn¹-h-̄ n\v

t\XrXzw \ÂInb bph cmjv{So-b-{]-hÀ -̄I-bp-amWv AhÀ. 1942 Â P\-\w. dpam-\n-b-bnse cmjv{Sob þ

kmaq-lnI amä-§sf {]Xn-̂ -en-̧ n-¡p¶ Ihn-X-Ifpw IY-Ifpw Fgp-Xn. Iayq-Wn-Ìm-\-́ c dpam-\n-bbpsS



HmÀa-Ifpw hyY-I-fp-amWv Ah-cpsS Fgp-̄ nÂ \nd-ªp-\n-¶-Xv. cmPys¯ Gähpw P\-{]nb Fgp-̄ p-Im-

cn-bmbn amdn. AtXm-sSm¸w Fgp-]-Xn-e-[nIw hntZ-i-̀ m-j-I-fn-te¡v AXv samgn-amäw sN¿-s -̧«p. dpam-\n-b³

hn¹-hm-\-́ cw A\ »mZn-bm\ Fgp-Xnb BZy sNdp-I-Y-bmWv "Xpd¶ P\Â'

IY-bpsS Cw¥ojv aqew Xmsg \ÂIp¶p

open windowIn those days, when a painter was arrested he was allowed to bring his kit of

brushes and paints with him to jail. So it was that when he entered the dark tower cell, the firstthought of the hero of this tale was to paint himself an open window on one of the outside walls.He got to work and painted, in fact, an open window through which the blindingly blue skycould be seen. The cell had thus become much brighter.

In the morning, when he came in to bring him a bit of bread and water, the jailerhad to close his eyes, blinded as he was by the light that poured in through the painted window.

“What’s going on here?” he roared and hurried to close the window, only to runinto the wall.

“I opened a window,” the painter replied calmly. “It was too dark.”“Ha, ha, ha,” said the jailer, humiliated that he had let himself be taken in, then

echoing the painter back with a sneer: “You opened a window? You painted a window, youscum! It’s not a real window. You only imagine that it’s a window.”

The painter answered calmly, “I wanted to make light in the cell, and I made it.Through my window the sky can be seen. When you came in, even you had to close your eyesbecause of the light.”

This time the jailer got angry: “I’m not buying it. This tower doesn’t have a singlewindow. Anyone who gets put in here will never see the light of day again.”

“And yet, in my cell, light comes in through the open window,” said the painter.“Oh yes,” the jailer sneered back. “Then why don’t you escape? That way you’d

convince even me that we’re talking about a real window.”The painter looked at him thoughtfully, took several steps toward the wall, and

hurled himself out the window.“Wait!” The panic-stricken jailer jumped forward to stop the painter, only to

knock his forehead against the wall once more. “Sound the alarm! Prisoner escaping!” he beganto shout, while through the open window the body of the painter could be heard falling throughthe air and then shattering on the pavement at the foot of the tower.

a\pjysâ kÀKm-ß-I-X-bpsS AXn-Po-h\ tijn-bmWv Cu IY-bpsS {]ta-bw.

Ie-sbbpw kmln-Xy-s¯bpw \ntcm-[n-¡m\pw XS-hn-e-S-¡m-\p-apÅ A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS {ia-§sf

Ie-sIm-p-Xs¶ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p¶ ]pXnb ImgvN-̧ mSv Cu sNdp-sX-¦nepw ià-amb Cu IY

apt¶m-«p-sh-¡p-¶p. bpàn-bpsS kmam\y \nb-a-§sf AXn-ew-Ln-¡p-¶-XmWv Iebpw kmln-Xy-

hpw. XS-d-h-bpsS IÂ¨p-a-cnÂ P\Â hc¨v AXn-eqsS c£-s¸-SpI F¶Xv A[n-Im-c-̄ nsâ In¦-c-



·mÀ¡v DÄs¡m-Åm-\m-hn-Ã. AXp-sIm-mWv XS-h-d-bnse ImhÂ¡m-c\v Iem-Im-csâ c£-s¸-

SÂ XS-bm-\m-hmsX t\m¡n-\nÂt¡n h¶-Xv.

3. acn-¨-h-cpsS BS-IÄa\p-jy-]p-{X³ hn-h : BäqÀ chn-hÀa

a\p-jy-]p-{X³Xan-gnse {]apJ Ihn-bmWv a\pjy-]p-{X³. Fkv A_vZpÂ laoZv F¶mWv icn-bmb t]cv.

a\p-jy-]p-{X³ F¶Xv Xqen-Im-\m-a-am-Wv. Xan-gv\m-«nse Xncp-̈ n-d-̧

ae-bmf kmlnxyw þ 4sdeuoc.ac.in/sites/default/files/sde_videos/malayala...Ä fgp-xnb at± -l -¯n \v...

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