aed 101: introduction to advanced electric drive vehicles
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AED 101: Introduction to Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles. Transitioning Americans to widespread use of advanced electric drive vehicles for personal transportation needs. To advance to the next slide please use the fast forward (FF) and rewind (RW) buttons on your controller. Objectives. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
AED 101: Introduction to Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles
Transitioning Americans to widespread use of advanced electric drive vehicles
for personal transportation needsTo advance to the next slide please use the fast forward (FF) and rewind (RW)
buttons on your controller
Objectives• History of electric vehicles• Types of advanced electric drive vehicles• Why you should consider purchasing an advanced
electric drive vehicle
History of Electric Vehicles (EVs)
• Some of the first automobiles were battery powered
• As early as 1832, there were many experiments with electric carriages using rudimentary batteries
History of Electric Vehicles• The first gasoline-electric hybrid was
created by Ferdinand Porsche in 1899• Early EVs did not require a starter motor
and thus did not have to be started with a hand crank
• They were quiet and relatively trouble-free• Their primary limitation was range
because the batteries of the day could not hold enough energy to go more than about 25 miles
Ferdinand Porsche
History of Electric Vehicles• Electric cars were the dominant
form of motorized transportation up until 1908 when they began to be outpaced by gasoline cars produced by Henry Ford
• Due to the invention of the electric starter and abundant supply of cheap fuel (gasoline), electric drive cars (including hybrids) disappeared by the late 1930s
Henry Ford
Current Electric Vehicles• Vehicles using gasoline internal combustion engines
(ICEs) won out over the more expensive or less convenient alternatives
• Today, and in the coming years, due to increasing environmental concerns, electric drive technologies will likely replace the ICE and gasoline for vehicle propulsion
Current Electric Vehicles• There are four types of advanced electric drive
vehicles:– Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)– Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)– Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)– Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs)– Extended range electric vehicles (EREVs)
Hybrid Electric Vehicles• Use an onboard power source,
typically a small gasoline engine, to provide power directly to the drive wheels and to a generator that recharges the vehicle’s onboard battery packs
• Capture energy through regenerative braking to help charge the batteries
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• The battery pack sends power to an electric motor that can drive the vehicle at low speeds or assist the engine on demand for accelerating, passing, or climbing hills
• Most HEVs currently use nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery packs
Hybrid Electric Vehicles• HEVs have been
commercially available in the U.S. since 1999 when Honda introduced the Insight, a small two-passenger coupe that achieved 60 miles per gallon on the highway
Hybrid Electric Vehicles• Today, there are dozens of production hybrid models
to choose from and more are on the way. They’re available in all body styles from family cars, SUVs, and pickups to sports cars and even racing machines.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles• One of the most
successful HEVs on the market today is the Toyota Prius
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles• Can be charged from the electric grid when
the vehicle is parked• Have a larger energy storage battery pack
than standard hybrids• Run at normal speeds on battery power
alone until the charge is depleted – when this happens, the gasoline engine kicks in, and the car operates like a conventional hybrid
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles• A plug-in battery pack is
usually a lithium-ion formulation, which carries more energy at a much lighter weight
• Electric-only operation can last up to 40 miles, boosting fuel economy
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles• An example
includes the Toyota Prius Plug-in
Battery Electric Vehicles• Run on 100 percent
electricity• Use an electric motor
powered by lithium-ion batteries
Battery Electric Vehicles• Battery pack stores energy obtained from the utility
grid• Range varies depending on the vehicle but averages
about 100 miles per charge• Charging can take place at home or at public charging
stations
Battery Electric Vehicles
Battery Electric Vehicles• An example is the
Nissan LEAF
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles• Use fuel cells, which
directly convert the chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity, with pure water and heat as the only by-products
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles• Hydrogen fuels are not only pollution-free at the tail
pipe but also highly efficient and capable of high fuel economy
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles• Hydrogen fuel is compressed
and stored on board the vehicle in tanks
• Hydrogen fueling stations are concentrated in California and select areas for the time being, but more are planned
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles• An example is
the Honda FCX Clarity
Extended Range Electric Vehicles• Operate in two ways – in
EV mode and extended range mode
• Motor/generators (MGs) in the transmission use the stored energy from the high-voltage battery in EV mode
Extended Range Electric Vehicles• When the battery is depleted, the vehicle
switches to extended range mode• The ICE operates the generator to supply energy
to the battery• The battery may be charged daily to enjoy the full
benefits of a fully electric vehicle
Extended Range Electric Vehicles• An example is the
Chevy Volt, the first production vehicle to use the EREV technology
Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are Important
Oil Consumption• In 2008, the U.S. consumed 19.5
million barrels of oil per day• The U.S. is the largest consumer of oil• The U.S. has only 5 percent of the
world’s population• Less than half of U.S. petroleum is
produced domestically
Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are Important
Pollution• Internal combustion engines
produce harmful emissions• Petroleum is a nonrenewable
resource; once it’s gone, it’s gone forever
• Electricity is a good replacement for petroleum products
Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are Important
• The U.S. faces two critical challenges:– reducing our dependence on petroleum– decreasing greenhouse gas emissions
• These priorities are most challenging in the transportation sector, which accounts for two-thirds of our petroleum consumption and a third of our greenhouse gas emissions
Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are Important
• Advanced electric drive vehicles play a key role in conquering these challenges and make our world cleaner for future generations
• The driving public needs to be aware that cleaner transportation options do exist, and they must be willing to consider them in their purchasing decisions
Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are Important
• Carmakers are becoming more committed to pursuing clean alternatives to petroleum, to developing advanced energy saving technologies, and to making them affordable for the average driver
Why Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles are Important
• Auto manufacturers’ efforts to develop cleaner transportation options and to deliver advanced technology vehicles to dealer showrooms are beginning to pay off
What’s Next• Government mandates require that by 2025, U.S.
automakers develop cars and trucks that achieve a fuel economy of 54.5 miles per gallon
• This program will:– Save consumers $1.7 trillion at the pump– Save 12 billion barrels of oil– Eliminate 6 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide pollution
What’s Next• As advanced electric
drive vehicles grow in acceptance among consumers, jobs will be created
• The U.S. will achieve real-world carbon dioxide reductions and fuel economy improvements
Contact InformationNational Alternative Fuels Training Consortium
Ridgeview Business Park1100 Frederick Lane
Morgantown, WV 26508(304) 293-7882naftc.wvu.edu