AEDES SURVEILLANCE AND

CONTROL PLAN FOR

U.S. NAVY AND MARINE CORPS

INSTALLATIONS

MOSQUITO VECTORS OF DENGUE, CHIKUNGUNYA, AND ZIKA

(ADAPTED FROM 2014 CHIKUNGUNYA SURVEILLANCE and CONTROL PLAN)

FEBRUARY 2016

Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center

620 John Paul Jones Circle

Portsmouth, VA

COM: (757)-953-7000; DSN 377-0700

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Contents Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................... 2

Preface ................................................................................................................................................ 3

1. Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 4

2. Aedes Vectored Diseases Overview ............................................................................................. 4

3. Vector Surveillance ...................................................................................................................... 8

4. Vector Control ........................................................................................................................... 14

5. Personal Protection ................................................................................................................... 20

6. Household Prevention ............................................................................................................... 22

7. Public Education and Cooperation ............................................................................................ 23

8. Additional Guidance .................................................................................................................. 24

9. References ................................................................................................................................. 24

10. Additional Contact Information ................................................................................................. 25

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Disclaimer

Any mention of specific proprietary products, trade names, or manufacturers does not constitute a

recommendation or an official endorsement of these products by the Department of Defense (DoD) but is

intended for illustration and information purposes only. Neither should the absence of an item

necessarily be interpreted as DoD disapproval. Information or inquiries concerning any equipment or

items should be sent through Command Pest Management Professionals or Applied Biologists to the

Armed Forces Pest Management Board (AFPMB) Medical Entomology Committee for evaluation.

This plan is not meant to be a comprehensive treatment of the subject,

nor should it be used to provide diagnosis or treatment of disease.

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Preface

The Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center (NMCPHC), Portsmouth, VA provides guidance

for disease vector surveillance and control programs for Navy and Marine Corps installations

worldwide. This document is intended as general guidance concerning surveillance and control

of Aedes spp. mosquitoes - the primary human vectors for dengue, chikungunya virus (CHIKV),

and Zika virus. Because each military installation is unique, this guide is meant only to provide

general information and act as a template for Aedes surveillance and control.

OPNAVINST 6250.4C designates the medical department as having the responsibility of

performing inspections and surveys to determine the species, source, location, and density of

disease vectors on installations for which they are responsible (Section 4). As referenced in

6250.4C (Subsection 23), the DoD Instruction 4150.07 (Subsection E4.2.1.8) states that pest

management records are to be maintained and reported as defined by the designated pest

management consultant. Therefore, each installation’s medical personnel should conduct

ongoing Aedes surveillance during the mosquito season appropriate to their region and take

preventive and responsive action to reduce disease risk to active duty, government employees,

and family member populations.

OPNAVINST 6250.4C also states that the responsibilities for surveillance and control of

medically important insects and arthropods will be clearly delineated in the installation’s pest

management plan (IPMP Section 4). In addition, this instruction requires all Navy and Marine

Corps installations to have an Emergency Vector Control Plan (EVCP) for disease vector

surveillance and control during disease outbreaks. The EVCP is included as an appendix to the

IPMP.

This guide should complement installation pest management plans, including the EVCP, as a way

to assess the risk of vector borne diseases, and implement strategies to reduce the risk to

personnel assigned to installations. The surveillance program must include identification of the

mosquito species present, baseline population density, larval breeding areas, habitation zones

(e.g. adult mosquito resting sites), and a method to determine if vector control measures are

successful. It is recommended that preventive medicine personnel consult the EVCP, since the

plan may already contain information regarding mosquito-borne disease on the installation. If

necessary, the EVCP should be modified to include the installation plan for surveying and

controlling mosquitoes.

Installations should have a current disease risk assessment (within 3 years). These assessments

will determine if and where competent disease vectors are located on installations. An

installation can adequately perform a disease risk assessment through coordination with a Navy

Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit (NEPMU), Navy Entomology Center of Excellence

(NECE), local department of health, or mosquito abatement district. Per OPNAVINST 6250.4C,

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it is the responsibility of the military medical department personnel to ensure that proper

surveillance data are obtained, whether it is from a public works department, pest management

contractor, or local/state public health agencies.

Guidance for establishing mosquito surveillance and/or control programs and other technical

assistance can be obtained by contacting Navy entomologists at the Navy Entomology Center of

Excellence (NECE) or at the closest Navy Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit located in

Norfolk, VA (NEPMU2), San Diego, CA (NEPMU5), Pearl Harbor, HI (NEPMU6) or Rota, Spain

(NEPMU7).

1. Purpose

The purpose of this guide is to provide basic knowledge for the surveillance and control of

Aedes mosquitos on military installations.

This document is not a regulation, but it is intended to assist those individuals responsible for

conducting pest surveillance and control during military deployments and installations. This

guide will receive periodic review and will be updated to ensure that information presented

reflects current technology and guidance.

2. Aedes Vectored Diseases Overview

Dengue - Dengue is a mosquito-transmitted disease that is caused by one of four viruses (i.e.,

DENV 1, DENV 2, DENV 3, and DENV 4). Dengue can be transmitted by both Aedes albopictus

and Ae. aegypti. In the most severe form of infection, dengue hemorrhagic fever, this disease

can be fatal. Dengue is not transmitted directly from person to person, but instead must be

passed through the bite of an infected mosquito.

Chikungunya - Humans are the primary host for CHIKV, which is transmitted by Aedes

mosquitoes that live in close proximity to humans. Chikungunya means “that which bends” in

the language of southeastern Tanzania, a reference to the painful symptoms of chikungunya

fever.

Zika - Zika is a flavivrus with similar symptoms to dengue and CHIKV. Spread of Zika through

blood and sexual contact have been reported, however the main mode of transmission is via the

bite of an infectious Aedes aegypti or Ae. albopictus mosquito. At the time of this publication,

the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends special precautions be taken for

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women who are pregnant, or who are considering becoming pregnant due to a possible

connection between Zika and birth defects.

2.1 Vector Biology/ Identification

Aedes mosquitos are the primary vectors for dengue, CHIKV and Zika. The primary species

associated with disease transmission are Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Mosquitoes are flying

insects that develop from aquatic immature stages, from which the winged adults emerge. Only

the adult female mosquitoes bite humans to feed on blood. Since there are many genera of

mosquitoes, a guide to aid in identifying the genus Aedes is provided in Appendix A. Always seek

assistance if you are unfamiliar with mosquito identification to ensure you correctly identify

those mosquitoes in an area.

2.2 Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito)

Aedes aegypti are dark to brown colored mosquitoes with white-banded legs and lyre shaped markings on the top of the thorax (Figure 2). They are sneaky daytime biters that occupy urban areas with or without vegetation. These mosquitoes bite, rest, and lay eggs both indoors and outdoors. They mostly breed inside human-made containers near homes. Although Ae. aegypti is native to Africa, travel and transportation of goods has expanded their distribution (Figure 3).

Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus

Figure 2. Aedes aegypti (left) and Aedes albopictus (right) mosquitoes can be

distinguished from each other by the presence of a white stripe on the thorax of

Aedes albopictus.

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Figure 3. Estimated global distribution of Ae. aegypti. Red points designate confirmed collection sites recorded at:

http://vectormap.nhm.ku.edu/vectormap/

Figure 4. Current known CONUS distribution of Aedes aegypti.

2.3 Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito)

Aedes albopictus are dark colored mosquitoes with white-banded legs and a single silver stripe on

the top of the thorax (Figure 2). In contrast to Ae. aegypti, they are aggressive daytime biters,

mostly associated with thickets and dense vegetation. They are mostly found outdoors, where

they breed in tree holes, bamboo internodes, and human-made containers. Aedes albopictus is

native to tropical and subtropical areas of Southeast Asia, but global travel and trade have

expanded their global distribution (Figure 5).

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Aedes albopictus was first documented in CONUS in Texas in 1985. In 1986 Ae. albopictus was

documented in Jacksonville, Florida. Since then this species of mosquito has rapidly spread

throughout the eastern United States (Figure 6).

Figure 5. Estimated global distribution of Aedes albopticus. Red

points designate confirmed collection sites recorded at

http://vectormap.nhm.ku.edu/vectormap/

Figure 6. Current known CONUS distribution of Aedes albopictus.

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3. Vector Surveillance

Surveys must be conducted to determine the population densities of both vectors to aid in

determining the risk factors related to disease transmission. Vector surveillance will show where

and when to prioritize vector control. Selection of appropriate surveillance strategies are based

upon outcome/objective, and should take into consideration time, resources, and infestation

levels. Additionally, vector surveillance is required to determine the success of control measures

and detect any changes in vector density.

Uniform medical personnel are ultimately responsible for the surveillance of disease vectors on

installations. This is typically done via the Preventive Medicine Department of a Branch Medical

Clinic or regional Hospital. Some departments do not have the manpower or equipment to

conduct vector surveillance or control operations, and these tasks may be contracted out per the

IPMP. When the installation contracts out vector surveillance and/or control, information

pertaining to the location, species, abundance, and control methods of disease vectors should be

shared with the Medical Department in order for military preventive medicine personnel to

accurately assess the risk of disease on and around the installation.

Consult your local IPMP or NAVFAC IPM Coordinator to determine the specifics of your

installation vector surveillance and control plan. In general, there are three options available to

Navy and Marine Corps installations:

Local Public Health and/or Mosquito Control Agencies. If local, county, or state agencies

are currently performing surveillance, testing and control measures that meet or exceed

DoD recommendations, then arrangements may be made with that agency to include the

military installation as part of the local agency’s operations.

Private Contractor. The installation may have a contract with civilian mosquito/pest

control professionals that meet or exceeds DoD recommendations.

DoD Personnel. In the absence of civilian support, DoD personnel will provide support for

their respective installations.

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools should be

used whenever possible to keep record of surveyed and/or treated areas, location of traps, and

other relevant geographical information that can be referenced. If GPS and GIS tools are not

available, a notebook should at least be used to keep detailed records of surveillance efforts.

See Appendix B for an example on how to keep surveillance data organized.

Surveillance programs should include the collection of all stages of mosquitoes (using ovitraps,

larval surveys, and adult collections), identification of larvae and adults, and mapping and

monitoring of larval breeding sites and adult resting sites on the installation. Surveillance on the

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installation should occur on a regular basis to ensure new potential larval habitats are

documented and removed. During local area outbreaks, surveillance of the mosquito vectors

should be conducted weekly.

3.1 Immature mosquito surveillance

Any material, manmade or natural, that may hold water for more than several hours is a suitable

habitat for immature mosquito stages (eggs, larvae, and pupae).

In areas where there is regular rainfall, natural and human made containers that can hold

water will be of critical importance, since they will fill with water and drastically increase the

number of mosquito habitats available.

Some examples of what to look for when targeting mosquito larval habitats are presented in

Figure 7. This is not an exhaustive list, as anything that can hold a tablespoon of water can be a

potential larval habitat for these vectors. Always survey and identify mosquito breeding locations

before developing a control program. Survey containers both inside and outside of homes.

Surveillance of immature mosquitoes can be done by visually inspecting containers for immature

mosquitoes and collecting them.

Figure 7. Examples of outdoor breeding sites of Aedes spp. (1) discarded cans/plastic containers, (2) bottles, (3)

coconut husks, (4) tires, (5) barrels, (6) water storage tanks, (7) bromeliads and axils of banana trees, (8)

obstructed roof gutters, (9) plant pot saucers, (10) broken bottles fixed on walls to deter burglars, (11) holes in

unused construction blocks, and (12) the upper edge of block walls. From Rozendaal, 1997.

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3.1.1 Egg Surveillance

Collecting eggs with ovitraps is another effective way to monitor the presence of Aedes

spp. Ovitraps serve as egg-laying sites to determine the presence or absence of the

species (Figure 8). A manufactured ovitrap is available in the DoD stock system (Mosquito

Trap-and-Kill, NSN 6840-01-628-4751), and ovitraps can also be constructed with any dark

colored container. Simply fill the container partially with water and place a wooden

tongue depressor or paper towels along the inside of the cup. Check the tongue

depressor and paper towels regularly for the presence of eggs.

3.1.2 Larval Surveillance

To collect larvae a flashlight is often needed to see into large containers or other dark spaces. A large syringe or other suction device can be used to suck up any larvae in containers and natural breeding sites (tree holes, bromeliad axils, crab holes) (Figure 9). In larger containers or bodies of water larval surveillance can be conducted with a larval dipper (NSN 3740-01-454-2341). Water sample bags or another type of storage container can be used if larvae or pupae are being returned to the laboratory. Larval surveillance should continue throughout the mosquito season, since the species composition of an area will often change over time.

Figure 8. Ovitrap

Figure 9. Turkey basters can be used to sample water from

many narrow openings such as bromeliad axils. In large

containers, dippers can collect mosquito larvae.

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3.1.3. Larval Indices

The following indices are used in larval surveillance to help make decisions regarding

when to begin an Aedes vector control program. These indices can signal when and

where to begin a control program or when vector suppression was successful. These

indices were based on residential areas. Since many structures on a military installation

may harbor these vectors, these indices can be applied to all structures/work centers

surveyed.

House Index (HI): the percentage of houses infested with larvae and/or pupae.

The House Index in mostly used to measure the overall distribution and size of

the vector population within the surveillance area. It does not account for how

many containers on a property are actually producing larvae. The information

gathered from the House Index can demonstrate where the vectors are

concentrated and where to focus the control effort. After effective control

operations the HI < 1%. HI = # of positive mosquitoes/total number of houses

surveyed.

Container Index: the percentage of water-holding containers infested with larvae

and/or pupae. The Container Index provides information about how many

containers in a site are producing vectors. During the collection of these data,

surveyors can determine the type of containers that are producing the most

vectors, and where the highest concentrations of infested containers are on the

installation. After effective control operations the CI < 1%. CI = # of positive

containers/total # of containers surveyed.

Breteau Index: the number of positive containers per 100 sites surveyed. One site

can defined as a structure or an area where containers are present. For example,

a site can be a house with containers surrounding it, or it can be a yard with a

pile of tires. The Breteau Index establishes a relationship between positive

containers and surveyed sites. It is possible to use these data to profile the

relative abundance of various container types in the surveillance area (e.g. the

number of infested containers per 100 sites). The Breteau Index has also been

used to estimate the risk of disease transmission. There is some risk of disease

transmission when BI > 5. Emergency vector control should be implemented

when BI > 50. BI = # of positive containers/100 sites surveyed.

3.2 Adult Mosquito Surveillance

Surveillance of adult Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus is most reliably accomplished by collecting live

adults using either a backpack aspirator or a mouth aspirator. The BG‐SentinelTM and CDC light

trap are effective as well, although catches will be lower with the CDC trap. Adult surveillance

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should begin when mosquitoes are observed emerging from breeding sites and continue until the

first hard frost. If frost does not occur then, adult surveillance should be conducted year round.

3.2.1 Aspirators

Table 2 outlines aspirators available in the DoD stock system for adult surveillance.

Aspirators allow for focused surveillance of known mosquito resting sites. The user can

capture mosquitoes and then identify them. When collecting with aspirators, use

personal protection against mosquito bites, especially in areas with active disease

transmission. Because of the risk of infection, landing/biting counts for adult surveillance

are discouraged.

Table 2. Available aspirators in DoD stock system

Equipment NSN

Aspirator, Oral, Entomology Specimen Collection, Model 412 3740-01-474-7402

Aspirator, Insect Backpack, CDC Model 1412,Gel-cell battery 3740-01‐503‐ 5339

Aspirator, 1.5v (2 D-Cell battery) powered, Mechanical Aspirator 3740-00‐210‐ 2368

Collection Bottle Assembly/ Tube, Mechanical Aspirator 3740-01‐210‐ 2371

Oral Aspirators are low-tech collecting devices (Figure 11a). The user provides

suction by sucking air through the mouthpiece. The mosquito will be pulled into

the base of the tube and prevented from entering the user’s mouth by a mesh

screen. The mosquito is then transferred to a collection jar when the user blows it

out. These are of limited utility for large-scale surveillance because they can only

target one mosquito at a time and have a short range due to the suction being

provided by a human.

Powered aspirators are very useful tools for collecting adult Ae. aegypti and Ae.

albopictus (Figures 11b,c). For Ae. aegypti, use them inside homes and focus on

clothing hanging inside and outside closets, dark corners, and covered areas. For

Ae. albopictus, focus on vegetation surrounding houses or forested parts of known

breeding habitats.

Figure 11a: Oral aspirator (NSN: 3740-01-474-7402), 11b: Hand-held,

mechanical aspirator (NSN: 3740-00-210-2368), 11c: CDC backpack aspirator

(NSN: 3740-01-503-5339.

a b c

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3.2.2. Traps

Traps are useful to get an idea of how many adults are in an area. They must be placed

near where the mosquitoes are expected to be found, during the periods they are active.

Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are active during the day and so these mosquitoes should

be targeted during daytime hours. Two adult mosquito traps are available with NSNs: BG-

SentinelTM trap (BioGents, Regensburg, Germany) (Figure 12) and CDC light trap (Figure

13). The BG-SentinelTM trap is specifically designed to collect daytime-feeding

mosquitoes, and has been found to collect Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus more

effectively than the standard CDC light trap. Traps should be baited with CO2 from dry

ice, when available. Also, commercially available lures that can improve a trap's

effectiveness have been designed specifically to attract Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.

The BG-SentinelTM trap requires a lure for effective trapping. Product manuals detail

specific setup procedures and instructions for use of each piece of surveillance

equipment. Take care when handling the BG-SentinelTM trap, as some components have

durability limitations.

Table 3. NSNs adult mosquito surveillance traps and required accessories

Equipment NSN

BG SentinelTM

Trap 3740-01-628-9326

BG-Lure® for BG SentinelTM

Trap (Note: trap will not work without

lure)

3740-01-628-9325

Catch Bag for BG SentinelTM

Trap 3740-01-628-9327

Wall charger for BG SentinelTM

Trap 3740-01-628-9324

CDC Light Trap 3740-00-134-9229

Figure 12. BG-SentinelTM

trap.

Figure 13. The CDC Light Trap.

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3.2.3. Mosquito Identification

To determine whether Ae. aegypti and/or Ae. albopictus are in the area, collected

specimens must be identified. Identification of mosquito larvae can be difficult. However,

larvae collected from surveillance can be reared to adults in larval rearing chambers (NSN:

3740-01-454-2345) and identified as adults using keys such as the Identification and

Geographical Distribution of Mosquitoes of North America, by Darsie and Ward. Adult

mosquitoes collected from each CDC light trap or BG-SentinelTM trap should be separated

from other collected insects and sorted by sex. Mosquitoes should be identified to

species whenever possible. Entomologists at NECE or the closest NEPMU can provide

more detailed assistance for training personnel in mosquito identification.

4. Vector Control

In order to select the most appropriate vector control method or combination of methods,

consideration should be given to the resources available for implementation, the cultural context

in which control interventions are carried about, feasibility of applying them in a timely manner,

and adequacy of coverage. Methods of vector control include source reduction, larviciding with

insecticides and/or use of biological agents, and the application of adulticides.

The necessary equipment to mitigate adult and larval Aedes spp. can be found in AFPMB

Technical Guide 24: Contingency Pest Management Guide. If you do not have a copy of this

document, visit: http://www.afpmb.org/sites/default /files/pubs/techguides/tg24.pdf or contact

the AFPMB directly.

SURVEILLANCE IS ESSENTIAL in monitoring the success or failure of any control program.

Always try to sample larvae and/or adults prior to and after control efforts, thereby revealing

any reduction in mosquito numbers. See Appendix C - response levels for guidance on when to

initiate mosquito control.

Entomologists at NECE or the NEPMUs can be contacted for technical assistance, consultation,

and guidance regarding mosquito surveillance and control on Navy and Marine Corps

installations. It is highly recommended that an installation’s vector surveillance and control

program be developed in consultation with entomologists at NECE, the NEPMUs, or Naval

Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC).

4.1 Environmental control

The best way to reduce populations of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus is through

environmental control, also known as source reduction, which involves removing or modifying

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containers that hold water which prevent immature stages from developing into adults. Source

reduction should be carried out year-round, regardless of the disease threat level (Appendix C).

During mosquito season, conduct larval and pupal surveillance to determine which containers

are breeding mosquitoes (refer to previous sections). Environmental control by eliminating

breeding sites will involve mobilization of military assets and the direct support of your chain of

command.

Since larval mosquitoes are more highly concentrated than the adult stage, a greater number of

mosquitoes can be eliminated when targeting larval habitat than when spraying for adults. By

finding and eliminating or modifying potential larval sites, mosquito populations can be reduced

or eliminated before virus transmission to humans occurs. This method has been largely

successful in preventing disease transmission in communities and over large geographic areas,

and will be equally effective in reducing the risks on installations.

Source reduction is simple in concept but difficult to put into practice and sustain over long

periods of time. You must have the absolute support of your chain of command to develop and

conduct a source reduction program. Also, public education and outreach to the service members

living on and around the installation will be needed to successfully reduce the populations of

disease vectors. See section 9 in this guide for more information on involving the public in vector

control. Table 4 provides some guidance on how to handle specific larval sites.

Table 4. Methods to eliminate some common larval breeding sites

Larval Habitats

Empty/

clean

regularly

Store

under roof

Fill with

sand

Throw

away/

recycle

Buckets X X

X

Discarded

containers

X

Flower Pot

Saucers

X X

Roof

Gutters

X

Tires

X

X

Tree Holes

X

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It may not be feasible to control ALL larval breeding sites in a community. Some containers will

produce more mosquitoes than others, and therefore it is important to at least target the most

productive containers.

To assist in control measures throughout the mosquito-breeding season, installation

preventive medicine personnel should work with the Public Works department to eliminate

mosquito-breeding sites, especially those that may be eliminated by filling or draining.

4.2 Larval Chemical Control:

The use of larvicides should be complimentary to source reduction, and should be restricted to

containers that cannot otherwise be eliminated or managed. It is important to note the

limitations of larviciding. Larviciding may not be practical in hard-to-reach areas such as tree holes

and leaf axils (e.g. bromeliads) for Ae. albopictus and not practical for use in indoor larval habitats

in the case of Ae. aegypti. Several insecticides are available in the stock system to control

immature mosquitoes (Table 4), including microbial derived insecticides such as Bacillus

thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti) briquettes (NSN 6840-01-377-7049) and insect growth regulators

such as Methoprene briquettes (NSN 6840-01-424-2495) or liquid (NSN 6840-01-424-2493).

Because of the environmental risks and legal limitations when applying pesticides to water,

applications should only be conducted by certified pesticide applicators.

No mosquito control plan should rely solely on spraying insecticides in response to

mosquito concerns.

Table 5. Insecticides for controlling mosquito larvae

Products NSN

Insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis, 10%. Summit BTI Briquettes 6840-01-377-7049

Insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis, Vectobac WDG 6840-01-565-8241

Insecticide, Temephos, Abate 4E 2.5-gal 6840-01-424-3132

Insecticide, Methoprene, Altosid XR Briquettes 6840-01-424-2495

Insecticide, Methoprene, Altosid Liquid Larvicide Concentrate 6840-01-424-2493

4.3 Adult Chemical Control

Adult chemical control methods are implemented based on trap surveillance data. Spray (action)

threshold information for adult mosquito control is included in the IPMP for each installation.

Action thresholds may not be available or applicable in some areas.

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General insecticide applications against Aedes vectors should conducted for 3 to 4 consecutive

days (timed to coincide with peak activity periods of the target species) to reduce adult mosquito

populations. A more aggressive chemical control strategy should begin when an epidemic is

occurring (threat level “Critical”) in the same geographic region as the installation. During such a

scenario, treat where adults are encountered. Insecticide spray operations should be carried out

every 2-3 days for 10 days to ensure that the breeding cycles of both Ae. aegypti and Ae.

albopictus are disrupted. Further applications should be made once or twice a week to sustain

suppression of the adult population and will need to continue until larval index thresholds are

met (WHO 2009).

Aerial insecticide application may be required to treat large areas or when there is a severe

epidemic. However, aerial application cannot be implemented unless validated by a Navy

Entomologist. Both the inside and outside of structures should be treated, when possible. It is

also important to treat possible breeding areas that cannot be removed with residual insecticides

to kill adults that visit them to lay eggs (Ritchie et al. 2001).

Product NSN

Insecticide, Sumithrin-Piperonyl Butoxide, 10%-

10%, (Anvil 10+10 ULV), 2.5 gal box 6840-01‐4747751

Insecticide, Sumithrin-Piperonyl Butoxide, 10%-

10%, (Anvil 10+10 ULV), 250 gal co. 6840-01‐474-7706

Appendix C is a chart that guides individuals on determining the risk of infection on an

installation and when to spray against adults and larvae based on Breteau Index values. If a

threat level of “Significant” or “Critical” is reached, adulticide space sprays will become necessary,

even if action thresholds for the installation are not met. It is important to remember Breteau

Index values are generated through larval surveillance not adult surveillance data.

Mosquitoes caught from BG-SentinelTM and the CDC light trap may also be used to determine

spray threshold, however unlike the Breteau Index values, these numbers are based on a nuisance

threshold, and do not contribute to determining the risk of an infection on an installation. When

using number of adults to determine adulticide applications, if an average of ≥ 5 Ae. aegypti

and/or Ae. albopictus mosquitoes (males + females) are caught per trap deployed after a

sampling period (e.g. weekly), chemical controls should be executed (Farajollahi et al. 2012).

Table 6. List of approved pesticides for contingency operations

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4.3.1. Indoor Residual Spray

Aedes aegypti readily bite people indoors and will rest on wall surfaces after taking a

blood meal. Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) is an application method where an insecticide is

directly applied to wall surfaces. Mosquitoes that make contact with the insecticide are

killed. In addition to directly killing adult Ae. aegypti, the insecticide applied to the wall

surfaces may act as a repellent and prevent more adult mosquitoes from entering houses.

IRS may not be feasible in private residences at CONUS installations, but the principles of

IRS can be applied to the outside of homes, near doors, on vegetation, under overhangs,

and anywhere else the mosquitoes are found to rest.

In the Contingency Pest Management Guide, the only insecticide recommended for IRS is

lambda-cyhalothrin (Product name: Insecticide, lambda-cyhalothrin, Surrender Pestabs®,

NSN: 6840-01-431-3357). Strictly follow all guidelines on the insecticide label.

Two types of equipment in the stock system can be used to apply IRS: 1) hand compressed

sprayers and 2) backpack sprayers. Table 7 lists all available hand compressed and backpack

sprayers in the stock system. For more information on the use of IRS for vector control, please see

the NECE publication: Indoor Residual Sprays for Malaria & Dengue Prevention During Military

Operations: A Pocket Guide available at:

http://www.med.navy.mil/sites/nmcphc/Documents/nece/IRS-Pocket-Guide.pdf

Insecticide Pyrethrins, 3% pyrethrins with

synergists, liquid, ULV Fog Concentrate, 1gal

bottle 6840-01‐104‐0780

Insecticide, 4%Resmethrin, 12% Piperonyl

Butoxide, Scourge, 5-gal can, RESTRICTED USE

INSECTICIDE 6840-01‐359‐8533

Insecticide, Malathion, 96.5%, liquid, Fyfanon

ULV, 5 gal can 6840-01‐169‐1842

Insecticide, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Surrender

Pestabs®, 40 tablets 6840-01‐431‐3357

Insecticide, d-Phenothrin, 2% Aerosol, 12 oz can 6840-01‐412‐4634

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Table 7. List of compressed and backpack sprayers in stock system

4

4.3.2. Thermal Fogging

Indoor and outdoor space spraying with thermal fogs is a component of many dengue control programs around the world. If possible, spray inside and within a 400 to 500 meter radius of structures (WHO 2009). Table 8 lists thermal foggers available in the stock system. For control of sylvatic populations of Ae. albopictus, spraying in and around vegetation that serves as harborage will be critical. Due to the amount of smoke generated, be certain to coordinate your efforts with all security personnel prior to conducting spray missions.

Table 8. List of thermal foggers available in stock system.

Product NSN

Fog Generator, Manually Carried, gasoline engine driven,

thermal fog, Curtis Dyna Model 2610 Golden Eagle

3740-00-818-6648

Fog Generator, Insecticidal, P/N 58800 21/SUPERHAWK II 3740-01-480-3040

Product NSN

Sprayer, Pesticide, Manually Carried, 1‐gallon stainless

tank, with pressure gauge. CID A‐A- 55748. Flow rate

‐ 0.8 l/min 3740-00‐191‐3677

Sprayer, Pesticide, Manually Carried, 2‐gallon stainless

tank with pressure gauge. CID A‐A‐ 55748. Flow rate - 0.8 l/min 3740-00‐641‐4719

Sprayer-Duster, Pesticide, Backpack, STIHL Model SR420

or SR450, gasoline engine driven. Tank size –3.5 gal., 24.6”

high X 18.9” wide X 11” deep, 24 lbs. empty wt.

3740-01‐463‐0147

Sprayer, Pesticide, Manually Carried Hydraulic

Backpack sprayer 3740-01‐496‐9306

Sprayer, Pesticide, Manually Carried Hydraulic

Backpack sprayer. Birchmeier, Model Iris 3740-01‐543‐0676

Sprayer, Pesticide, Manually Carried Compressed Air

Backpack Sprayer. Dorendorf (JQSX-12) P/N AQSZ-12 3740-01‐561‐9663

20

4.3.3. Ultra-Low Volume

The WHO recommends conducting sprays in areas where dengue cases have been identified (WHO 2009). As with thermal fogging, ULV (cold fogging) spraying should be conducted within a 400 to 500 meter radius of structures (WHO 2009). Table 9 lists ULV sprayers available in the stock system.

Table 9. ULV sprayers available in the stock system.

Product NSN

Fogger, Hand Held, gasoline engine driven,

ULV, London Aire Colt. PN# 8675

3740-01-456-2622

Fogger, Hand Held, gasoline engine driven,

ULV, Clarke P-1 3740-01‐456‐2623

Fog Generator, Skid Mounted, gasoline engine

driven, Grizzly PDS 3740-00‐375‐9154

Sprayer, Pesticide, Skid Mounted, London Fog

M.A.G 3740-01‐548‐9102

Sprayer, Pesticide, Skid Mounted, Model Pro

Mist, ULV

3740-01-076-1341

5. Personal Protection

Mosquito-borne diseases and the injury caused by arthropod bites can be prevented by

employing personal protective measures. The military recommends use of the DoD Insect

Repellent System, a threefold system consisting of a permethrin treated uniform, the application

of an insect repellent on exposed skin, and the proper wearing of the uniform (Figure 14). Refer

to Table 10 for a list of available insect repellent in the stock system.

21

5.1 Permethrin treatment

Permethrin treatment of field uniforms with can be accomplished individually using either the

Aerosol Spray Can (NSN: 6840-01-278-1336) or an IDA Kit (NSN: 6840-01-345-0237). Service

members can also have a certified applicator treat uniforms using 40% permethrin (NSN: 6840-

01-334-2666) applied with an air compression sprayer.

Navy Working Uniforms (NWUs) Type I, II, and III are NOT factory treated with permethrin

and require manual treatment.

Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniforms (MCCUUs) Woodland and Desert ARE factory

treated with permethrin and CANNOT be retreated per regulation.

A factsheet on how to check for treated uniforms can be found here:

http://www.med.navy.mil/sites/nmcphc/Documents/nece/factsheet-is-your-uniform-

protecting-you.pdf

Table 10. Available insect repellents for use on exposed skin.

Product NSN

3M Ultrathon 33% DEET lotion 6840-01‐284‐3982

Cutter Backwoods 23% DEET 6840-01‐584‐8598

Ultra30/LipoDEET 30% lotion 6840-01‐584‐8393

DEET/SPF15 sunscreen 20% DEET 6840-01‐288‐2188 (tube) or 6840‐01‐452‐9582 (packet)

20% Picaridin repellent NATRAPEL 6840-01-619-4795

Figure 14. The DoD Insect Repellent System.

22

5.2 Proper wear of the uniform

Wearing the uniform properly provides an excellent physical barrier against insect bites. This is

accomplished by ensuring that the undershirt is tucked into the pants, and blouse sleeves are

rolled down and buttoned. Pants can be secured using blousing straps or can be tucked into the

boots. The uniform should be worn loosely so that insects cannot bite through fabric that is tight

against the skin.

5.3 Treated pop-up style bed nets

These are also available to protect service members while they sleep [NSNs: 3740-01-516-4415

(green camo) and 3740-01-518-7310 (coyote brown)] (Figure 15). Also, insect bed nets (NSN:

7210-00-266- 9736, and similar) can be treated with permethrin (Page 20) to improve protection

from biting insects. Be sure to allow the pesticide to dry before the bed net is used.

Figure 15. Green camouflage pop-up style bed net. NSN: 2740-01-516-4415

6. Household Prevention

To further reduce the risk of Aedes vectored disease, individual residents living on and nearby

Navy and Marine Corps installations must take precautions to reduce the risk of mosquitoes

entering their homes. This can be done by ensuring intact insect screens are properly installed on

windows and doorways. The use of insect screens will limit the entry of mosquito vectors into

the home. Also, ensure rain gutters are cleaned regularly to prevent clogs that will cause the rain

gutters to hold water. Any large water storage vessels, such as water catchments, that cannot be

removed should be mosquito proofed to reduce the number of larval habitats near the residence.

23

7. Public Education and Cooperation

Due to the container-breeding nature of the Aedes mosquito vectors, it is important to gain

active participation from the public for source reduction, personal protection, and household

prevention efforts. Information dissemination to the general public, support communities (public

health departments, health care providers, veterinary communities, etc.), and other

governmental agencies is critical to ensure effective implementation of any vector surveillance

and control plan. News bulletins, interviews, web sites, and articles in base newspapers can all

be used to inform local military and other DoD personnel about disease risks and precautions.

Factsheets and technical guides can be downloaded from the Armed Forces Pest Management

website.

24

8. Additional Guidance

Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center (Zika page):

http://www.med.navy.mil/sites/nmcphc/program-and-policy-support/Pages/Zika-

virus.aspx

Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center (Arboviral infections page):

http://www.med.navy.mil/sites/nmcphc/program-and-policy-

support/Pages/Chikungunya.aspx

Armed Forces Pest Management Board: http://www.afpmb.org/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/

Contingency Pest Management Guide. AFPMB Technical Guide 24:

http://www.afpmb.org/sites/default/files/pubs/techguides/tg24.pdf

Guide to Pest Surveillance during Contingency Operations. AFPMB Technical Guide 48:

http://www.afpmb.org/sites/default/files/pubs/techguides/TG48/TG48.pdf

Personal Protective Measures against Insects and other Arthropods. AFPMB Technical

Guide 36: http://www.afpmb.org/sites/default/files/pubs/techguides/tg36.pdf

Ultra Low Volume Dispersal of Insecticides using Ground Equipment. AFPMB Technical

Guide 13: http://www.afpmb.org/sites/default/files/pubs/techguides/tg13.pdf

Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit: http://www.wrbu.org/index.html

9. References

Farajollahi, A., S. P. Healy, I. Unlu, R. Gaugler and D. M. Fonseca. 2012. Effectiveness of ultra- low volume nighttime applications of an adulticide against diurnal Aedes albopictus, a critical vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses. PLOS ONE. 7: 1-7.

Ritchie, S. A., B. L. Montgomery, I. D. Walsh, S. A. Long and A. J. Hart. 2001. Efficacy of an aerosol surface spray against container-breeding Aedes. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 17: 147-149.

Rozendaal, J. A. 1997. Vector Control: Methods for Use by Individuals and Communities. World Health Organization, Geneva. 412 pp.

25

WHO. 2009. Dengue, Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment and Control. World Health Organization, Geneva. 147 pp.

WHO. 2011. Handbook on Integrated Vector Management. World Health Organization, Geneva.

10. Additional Contact Information

US Navy Entomology Center of Excellence

Jacksonville, FL, USA COM: (904) 542-2424 DSN: (312) 942-2424

Navy Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit 2 Norfolk, VA, USA COM: (757) 953-6600 DSN: (312) 377-6600

Navy Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit 5

San Diego, CA, USA COM: (619) 556-7070 DSN: (312) 526-7070

Navy Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit 6

Pearl Harbor, HI, USA COM: (808) 471-0237 DSN: (315) 471-0237

Navy Environmental Preventive Medicine Unit 7

Rota, Spain DSN: (314) 727-2230

US Naval Facilities Engineering Command ATLANTIC Norfolk, VA COM: (757) 322-8000 DSN: (312) 262-8000

US Army Public Health Command PHCR-North Entomological Sciences Division

Email: PHCR-NorthESD@amedd.army.mil COM: (800) 222-9698 DSN: (312) 584-4375

USAF School of Aerospace Medicine/PHR Wright-Patterson AFB, OH

Email: Will.Reeves@wpafb.af.mil COM: (937) 938-2716 DSN: (312) 798-2716

US Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest

San Diego, CA 619-532-1157

26

Appendix A. A quick guide for differentiating Aedes mosquitoes from other genera.

27

Appendix B. Example of logbook entry for mosquito surveillance documentation

*For Chikungunya and Zika vector surveillance and control, it is important to be able to identify Aedes

aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes from trap catches. If unable to determine species, please refer

to Section 13 for a list of contacts that may help with mosquito identification.

Date Collection

Time Method Location

Eggs/Larval/

Adult #/Species* Collector

25-26 Apr ‘14 0800-1600 BG & CO2 behind hospital A 4 Ae. aegypti HM3 Smith

25-26 Apr ’14 0800-1600 BG & CO2 behind hospital A 7Ae. albopictus HM3 Smith

25-26 Apr ’14 0800-1600 Ovitrap walking trail pond E Eggs Present HM3 Smith

25-26 Apr ‘14 0800-1600 Ovitrap horse stable pond L 6 Ae. aegypti HM3 Smith

28-29 Apr ‘14 0800-1600 Ovitrap behind hospital L 2 Ae. aegypti HM2 Darwin

28-29 Apr ’14 0800-1600 Ovitrap behind hospital E/L 1 Ae. albopictus HM2 Darwin

28-29 Apr ’14 0800-1600 BG & CO2 walking trail pond A 10 Ae. aegypti HM2 Darwin

28-29 Apr ’14 0800-1600 BG & CO2 horse stable pond A 17 Ae. aegypti HM3 Smith

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Appendix C. Vector threat response plan. NOTE: Actions should not rely only on Breteau Index (BI) values.

THREAT BI VALUE* ACTIONS

LOW

Pre-mosquito season and no reports of disease

<5

1. Establish a response committee 2. Formalize emergency action plan for installation 3. Plan vector surveillance methods and conduct source reduction

4. Stock vector surveillance and control tools 5. Draft public outreach and education materials

6. Establish communication with mosquito control district for continuous updates

MODERATE

Mosquito vectors present on installation and surrounding area

5-10

1. Survey larval and adult mosquitoes/ eliminate mosquito habitats and spray for adults when needed

2. Maintain communication with mosquito control district 3. Review/update response plans and IPMP

4. Provide public with necessary information about source reduction, personal protection, and household prevention

SIGNIFICANT

Large populations of mosquito vectors and/or reports of imported cases

11-49

1. Intensify larval and adult mosquito surveillance/ eliminate mosquito habitats and use chemical means for larval and adult control when needed

2. Communicate with local mosquito control district about disease threat and response readiness

3. Provide information regarding protective measures and source reduction control method to public

4. Increase visibility of disease threat

CRITICAL

High abundance of mosquitoes, disease epidemic/locally acquired disease transmission

reported

>50

1. Action by members of response committee 2. Execute emergency action plan 3. Aggressive larval and adult mosquito surveillance 4. Significant source reduction 5. Area-wide spray treatments for adults and larvae

6. Alert the public of disease threat through various forms of media, distribute handouts