aerobic and anaerobic cell respiration. what does respiration mean? can mean breathing or...
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CHAPTER 6Aerobic and anaerobic cell
respiration
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6.2 What does respiration mean?
can mean breathing or ventilation of lungs or gills
Can refer to gas exchange in the blood at the cellular level (oxygen in/carbon dioxide out)
Can refer to the complex set of reactions that allow cells to burn sugar to make ATP
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6.2/6.3
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6.3 What systems of the body are
responsible for carrying these reactions out?Respiratory (oxygen/carbon dioxide
exchange)Cardiovascular (transport)Digestive (digestion and absorption of
glucose)
We can “burn” molecules other than glucose
There are MANY steps in this process. Balanced equation is simplified
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6.6 OVERVIEW Three general reactions- aerobic cell
respirationGlycolysis – happens in cell cytoplasmKreb’s Cycle – happens in matrix of
mitochondriaOxidative Phosphorylation/ETC- occurs
in proteins in inner mitochondrial membrane called the Electron Transport Chain
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GLYCOLYSIS Splitting of sugar Glucose split into two three carbon
molecules called pyruvate and energy is released.
Energy is used to make 2 ATP by substrate Level Phosphorylation- ATP made without ETC
Energy is also used to make 2 NADH-an energy storage molecule to be “cashed out” later
No oxygen needed in this step!
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KREB’S CYCLE/CITRIC ACID CYCLE Each pyruvate is broken down into 3
CO2 molecules Energy stored in
4 NADH1 FADH2 (also a “check” to be cashed
out)1 ATP ( made by SLP- no ETC)
Is a cycle – begins and ends with same molecule
How many times must the cycle run/glucose?
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KREB’S CYCLE Cycle turns twice for each glucose
8 NADH2 FADH22ATP6CO2
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PHASE ATP NADH FADH2
GLYCOLYSIS 2 by SLP 2 0
KREB’S CYCLE2X per glucose
2 by SLP 8 2
ETC ????? 0 0
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ELECTRON TRANSPORT Energy rich electrons stored in NADH
and FADH2 are cashed in at a cascade of proteins in the inner mitochondria membrane
As electrons fall they lose energy- exergonic
Energy released is COUPLED with the active transport of H+ ions across the membrane
Called chemiosmosis
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OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Oxygen accepts the electron at the end
of the chain- H+ combine with oxygen and the electron to make water (waste)
H+ accumulate in intermembrane space Rush back to matrix through ATP
synthase- (light bulb shaped protein) release lots of energy
Energy is used to add a phosphate to ADP to make ATP !!!
This is called oxidative phosphorylation
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ATP VOCAB Phosphorylation- to make ATP Oxidative – using oxygen as last
electron acceptor (ETC) Substrate level- without ETC, using
enzymes in the mitochondria and cytoplasm
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HOW MANY ATPS ?Phase ATP NADH FADH2
Glycolysis 2 2 (worth 2 ATP each)
0
KREB’S 2 8 (worth 3 ATP each)
2 (worth 2 ATP each)
ETC cash out value
N/A 4 ATP + 24 ATP= 28 ATP
4 ATP
TOTAL ATP = 36 / glucose
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NADHS 2 from glycolysis are only worth 2 ATPs. They have to travel through two
mitochondrial membranes
8 NADHs from Kreb’s are already in mitochondria – are worth 3 ATPs each
Prokaryotes make 38 ATPs – no internal membranes to pass through