AERODROMES 101AERODROMES 101

Flight Instructor Seminars

August 2007

EVEN THE BEST PILOTS SOONER OR LATER

HAVE TO COME BACK TO EARTH AND LAND

THE AIRCRAFT!

SOME TIMES WELL!SOME TIMES WELL!

SOME TIMES NOT WELL!SOME TIMES NOT WELL!

EVEN ON THE GROUND EVEN ON THE GROUND THERE ARE PROBLEMS!!THERE ARE PROBLEMS!!

The Dark Art of Aerodromology

Use of aerodromesUse of aerodromes

Rule 91.127 Places a requirement on the pilot to ensure

that the aerodrome is suitable for the purpose of take off and landing.

Requirements are also in Part 121, 125 and 135 for air operations.

Part 139 also has Use of Aerodrome requirements.

Certificated AerodromesCertificated Aerodromes

25 Part 139 Certificated Aerodromes 7 designated International Aerodromes Certification requires an Exposition Audited on an annual basis

130 Non-Certificated Aerodromes Inspected on a three yearly basis Includes Heliports

CAA & AerodromesCAA & Aerodromes

Part 139 aerodrome certification Required when regular air transport operations of

aeroplanes with more than 30 passenger seats.

Part 139 Advisory Circulars Aerodrome standards for certificated aerodromes Guidance on design standards for non-

certificated aerodromes

So how does a Pilot know the So how does a Pilot know the Aerodrome is suitable?Aerodrome is suitable?

AIPNZ – Volume 4 DataAIPNZ – Volume 4 Data

Aeronautical Information Publication Volume 4

Replaced the Visual Flight Guide Includes Operational Data for:

Certificated aerodromes (Inc Heliports) Non-certificated aerodromes available for use

What does this mean?What does this mean?

And This?And This?

Another Example Another Example

Declared DistancesDeclared Distances TORA – Take-off run available The length of the runway declared available and suitable for the ground run

of an aeroplane taking off.

TODA – Take-off distance available The length of the take-off run available plus the length of the clearway, if

provided.

ASDA – Accelerate stop distance available Length of the take-off run available plus stopway.

LDA – Landing Distance Available The length of runway which is declared available and suitable for the ground

run of an aeroplane landing.

Location of ThresholdLocation of Threshold

Landing Threshold. At the extremity of a runway if there are no obstacles.

The approach surface is an inclined plane that rises upwards and outwards.

Displaced Landing Threshold If an object is in the approach surface and the object

cannot be removed, the landing threshold will need to be displaced.

Defined AreasDefined Areas Clearway – An area which an aeroplane may make a portion of

its initial climb to a specified height.

Stopway – Area on the ground in which an aircraft can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take-off. A stopway must be included within the strip.

Runway End Safety Area – An area intended to reduce the risk of damage to an aeroplane undershooting or over-running the runway.

Starter Extension – Area available for the initial ground roll of an aircraft which does not meet the mandatory runway or strip width.

RUNWAY TORA ASDA TODA LDA

09 2000 2300 2580 185027 2000 2350 2350 2000

Obstacle Clear GradientObstacle Clear Gradient

Effective Operational Lengths Take-Off Distance Available (TODA) related to the

obstacle free gradient. No obstacles located within the take-off climb surface

then the EOL’s normally equal the TODA. Where an obstacle is located within the take-off climb

surface, the EOL’s will be equal to the distance available from the start of the take-off roll that allows for the gradients to remain clear of that obstacle.

Take off distance gradientsTake off distance gradients

There are four types of take off distance data used: 1:20 (5%) – Day VFR Code 1 and 2

1:40 (2.5%) – Instrument runway or night operations by aircraft 5700 kg or less

1:50 – Precision Approach

1:62.5 (1.6%) – Multi Engine – One Engine Out

GradientsGradients

1000m2000m

1185 @ 1:62.5

2103

1560 @ 1:50

1860m @ 1:40

Effective Operational LengthsTODA related to obstacle clear gradient

1:20 1:40 1:50 1:62.5

03 2060 1860 1560 1185

21 2060 2060 2060 2060

www.caa.govt.nz Aerodromes – Helpful InformationAdvisory Circular AC139-6 and AC139-7