(aesthetic sense in the dramas of kalidasa)
TRANSCRIPT
r ^
cpllciqiitl ^ CIICCDI ^
(Aesthetic Sense in the Dramas of Kalidasa)
DISSERTATION ^
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
• W
i ^
iHaflfter of ^fjilogoplip
. ^ ^ \ , ^ SANSKRIT _ ./ • / / (y \ H. - V
^ • ^ " ^ v ..* / ^ /
i$>t <3AHAN ARA y
/' ^ .^^^^ UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
V^PROF. SATYA PRAKASH SHARMA (CHAIRMAN)
fe«. DEPARTMENT OF SANSKRIT
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA)
2010
2 7 JUL 20lS
DS4252
PROF. S. P. SHARMA ^ ^ m Z r Department of Sanskrit Chairman ^'I^SP^ Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh-202001
Dated . (17-1
I feel pleasure to certify that Ms. Jahan Ara has completed her
dissertation entitled **Aesthetic Sense in the Dramas ofKalidasa** for the
Degree of M. Phil in Sanskrit under my supervision. The dissertation is the
result of her sincere studies and can be claimed as her original work. '•' ' ' ' I f -^j • • -^ ", • • \
She has fulfilled all necessary requirements for the purpose laid I \
down in the University Statues.
I permit her to submit the dissertation for evaluation.
-'~'' % . „ , •" •• " ' )
(Prof. S.P. Sharma)
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4. It is thus clear that Dignanga and Kalidasa were contemporary and flourished in the rign of Vikramaditya of the gupta dynasty. Journal of the Bombay Branch of the J.R.A.S., V-23, P.No. 187,1909-14.
5. The time of Sanskrit drama of Kalidasa is about the begining of the fifth and the end of the 8* century a.d. Macadonell, History of Sanskrit Literature, P. No. 298-299.
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1. Kalidasa lived and wrote in the fifth century, his literary activity extending over a long period probably not less than thirty years. He began to write either in the reign of Chandragupta II or early in the reign of Kumargupta I. Smith, History of Sanskrit Literature, P.No. 320-321.
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2 The view has been strongly supported by Dr Rajbali Pandey that Vikramaditya was a generous ruler, a learned scholar and lover of various arts. Kalidasa was his contemporary, adorned his court and was patronised by him, Singh, A.D., Kalidasa: A Critical Study, P.No. 7
3. Most of the scholors including Chandra Shekhar Pandey, Baladeva Upadhyaya, William Jones, Peterson, S.P Pandit, C. V. Vaidya, M.R. Kale, R.N. Apte, R.D. Karmarkar accept this date, it is also supported by Har Prasad Sastri and Gauri Shankar Hirachand Ojha. The Pandits favour this date on the assumption that Kalidasa was the court poet of king Vikramaditya of Ujjaini who lived in 100. B.C. Singh, A.D., Kalidasa: A Critical Study, R No. 7
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1. Kuntales'vara (tes'vara) dautya. Raghavan, V., New Catalogus Catalogorum, Vol. IV, P.No. 64
2. Compiled by Rai Radhanath Rao Bahadur ptd. with Eng. and Bengali trs. Ibid, RNo.66
3. Thought from Kalidasa, translated by William Jones, HH. Wilson and Monier Williams. Ibid, P. No. 66
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1. Ibid, p. No. 66 2 Setubandh is ascribed to K. for tradition that K wrote this poem for Pravarsena at the behest of
Vikramaditya. Ibid, P. No. 66 3. Short poem in 22 rhyming verses on a theme similar to that of Meghaduta.
Ibid, P No. 66 4. Rhymed poem- Ibid, P No. 67 5. Ibid, P No. 67 6. Ibid, P No. 67
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1. In 16 verses on k's. victory over Balvan. Ibid, P. No. 67 2. A short poem on the charm of a girl. Ibid, P. No. 67 3. Ibid, R No. 67-68
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23 vfmsjsm^ _±i
fCg^^TFR cblfelcJKH cf5t naT T ch|cxL| fel 11 ^ ^r^fj xlsJU ct ioLi 11 te^
^ f ^ ^ 11 W. Wfi ^ fcmcFvT ^ w a r Tf Tf r^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ cTfRT ^ cT^ ^
sTgr f r >Mmifcicb CRTT TP?^ c^jt^ n ^ ^an 11 >i<imifcichdi ^ 3 T ^ f]m ^m
W i t t l cr^T 3ToJRT ^^HRfch t l cf^lfeKKH ^ ^ f>Tc2T f ^ ^ ^ f)F2T t
f ^ T ^ U2T^ 6fR TjTjf^^ ^ y ^ cf^ ^cHT ^ 5 ^ ^ te^ f3TT 11
^ ^ m ^ Chile!cim ^ ^TRTT chcMHiaff cf5T arjcpT R|?||rHc|? I?cf1^ 11 ^ ^ T ^
^STT Tj4 cTSTT ^3TR ^ 'TFTf ^ f^mrfufcT 11 ^ »TFT ^ cfjf^ ^ X I H R I R ^
te y^gcT 1 % ^ 11 ^ ^ 6 n ^ ITf^frT ^ # ^ cTSTT cbH^liJdl ^ vivjMrjd
y ^ ^ t eft ^ 3 x R ^ HMclgciil c ^ n t ^ cTSTT 3Tfi RFraT ^ f^mef fxT^PT 11
^frfR?r cF>TcZT H-<lshMI ^ 5 ^ ^ fomi fTJTT 11 cJed'^^c] ^ ^ W T c^ SITJ^ ? ^
ynsmsmmr ?1
111 ^ ^ t l 3fMT^ HferHIST ^ 3 W ^ t [ ^ ^ 118 ^ m f ^ f t ^^^T^ ^
vJMuyioMdl cfJT ^ TRTJm cf)t f ^ viTTcTT t l 4>lfe1cim ^ ^ ^^u^chlo^ ^?HT
chllelc^m cfJt 'jfl[clchlo4 -m VJ1-H<IC1I' cf>^ ^ ^ eft STJcrpxT ^ # n I u T ^ ^
xflHlfcch cFjfcT f t leR ^ ^m^ ' H T f ^ ^ 3 T ^ ' ^ ^ cfTt fT ^ epncfj^ 3 N ^ ^
f c t ^ ^ ^fT^ F f ^ ^ ? ^ cHeTT te t f RTPf H ^ cf^ 3T?^T^ ^ ^ ^ P Wm
l ^TTt l
cf5t chicii^if^ cfJT ^ g ^ ^ yrik) 11 w ^ 19 ^ f vjfr ^ i i d l i j H icbioLil' c ^ a r ^
^ gcf 11 w ^ ^ cf^ c 29 luTraft ^ cpjf^ >n ifBci 11 ^ v^w^ w\ ^
^^rm H^KIull 3 M cfTT "5^, 3(^TT Tj ^r^Hcil c^ ^^cRT i^tMHIdl ^ ^fc^f ^ T^^ ^
tR 3 M cfpf cfj 7TJ[ f^Tcnq, ^ fcR ^ ^?R2T ^ S r n ^ , "^^ ^ ^ ^ R XJCJ^^I ^ cR)
W^ ^ ^ xIIH^Rd, • ^ ^ ST^Rf? sfFcT ^ ^ a ^ ^ ^Ef) ^ c ^ 3iR^c|uf cT^ o o
oc; 7Sm3TSZTnT _
Wm^ H^lcbloLI 11 cfJTfef RT '^ f ^ ^eftcf? tR ff^TcR dp{c\ii\ ^ ^ "41MR|<S||
^ f W R ^ ^Rt f ^r STTcTT t T
o
<^HK>H«Pr H^lchloM cblfelcilxH cf5t ^ UHlf^lch ff^ ^Vr^ W^ % I W^
18 ^ viMddcT F t ^ f , ^ ^ 4)|oL|^lcfl cfTt iT^arr g M 9 cf ^ ^ ^cfp^ STFt ^
^ o
^ g ^ ^ t l ^ ^}^T^ ^ ci lfelc^KH cf t 3n^lfcHc|7 f?mR?TM f M t tecfr t l ^
HlfelRctjlRnPl^
cblfelcilxH ^ TJSFT " ^ i ^ ^ TcRT ^ H R C M P H H ^ C H f | n2:rPr W^ ^ ^
cfJR^ ^ ^ J ^ g f r m Rjc^f^Id ^ Ftcft! ^ cTSZf ^ ^ ^ ^ 3 ^ TT^ ^
H^nlH|J|ig fcT y ^ Icfg^jfrncf ^ ^ •JjPlmd: I I ^?^cRT, 6 / 6 7
2. y>!iu|l^^c| ^ ^ ^ ^ ^enf zf cZT Hcifilc^dtlH I
W^: ^^^r^Y^^J^R^r^ ^ : iTOR^WFraff^: I I ^ ^ 0 % 1 / 2
^ 7MT3ft c^ 3RT:g^ cj?r r [ ^R f^cn^ ^ ^ te? RchRHd F t ^ cfTefT ^ f^ , T T M i ^
cf>^ c^ 6[K ^ ^ T ^ n TTT TfcH ^ f ^ cblfelciKH ^ P l^^M ^ ^ J f ^ ^ ^FR^TN^
^ 3T 81T 3 T | ^ PWfecT ^ 11 W ^ chlfelc^m ^ ^JfT^^ 1 0 / 9 5 ?T2TT ?TcT ST
?[T^m 1 1 / 5 / 1 ^ f ¥ ^ 5 ?RcrT CT8TT ^ J M ^ tTfTcfJSTT ^ c h ^ ^ i j ^H^Zf ^
^?f ^ 3 ? ^ ^ W^] % I ^vt ^cJl P ic lM v5MchKM^NU| juTT t 3fr^ cf^ ^ST^ ^
3 r ^ rf c^ W3T ^ 6FHT >^cbK c f ^ 11 ^ ^TT^^ ^ ^f)TfcKRT ^ 5^^^^^
fermi
jremsjsxjm 27
o o
5^|c|7^dl W^ Wl^ cfn^N t l cf>^ ^ ^ ^ c[^ ^ ^ ^ f feRTH
^ 3Ty^ T£RT '4>|vi>Ki' ^ Srj fJ UT % ^ I
^ TT ^ c M cfj^ftfeft q^ ^ ^cRrft t f^PFJ J Tcf ^ 3 ^ ^ nfcFTT cfT f^T^^
* * *
1. ' # ^ ' "^T^ ^ oj qfrT T^ ^
3. ^ r f l ^ W HMclvjilclH ^ ^TT^^
5. ^?fN4 ^ ft^ ^ "HR^ tepflf ^ IcT
6. cbl(el<im ^ ^ ^ ^ f l ^
^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ g ^ ^ H-tiilcilfrl %^MT: I
^^ng; - >niH)fci ^ I
2. Shastri, Pandit Ganesh Dutta, Padamacandra kosa (Sanskrit Hindi Dictionary)] 1925 3. Deva, Raja Radhakanta, Sabda Kalpdrum, Part V. PNo. 3 73
The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Office. 4. Simha, Amar, The Namalinganusasana, 1913
f^ft^sj^xnzf f^
W^ ^g^^ ^ MilfilcllTjl ?T6 PlHfeiRsId f -
^^f^l ^cn^ l ^fn%| TTogeTl
%^i\^ I ^fSTR^ I iJ^<|RrH I ^ ^ t ^ ^ I I'
# ^ ?n ^ ^Fj TrRj ^ g ^ ^ ^ ^ Ter i p
>HpH^i^r^ 1' 1. Prakashacharya, Sri Yadav, Vaijayanti Kosa, P. No. 157, Index by Har Govid Sastri, Chaukhamba
Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi. 1971 2. Srisukhanandanatha, Brahmavadhuta, Sabdartha Cintamanih, '^^ 'W\, 'W^ sf, P No. 859,
3. Halayudha, Abhidhan Ratnamala, P No. 74, Sanskrit- English Glossary, By Aufrecht Motilal Banarasidas,1928.
4. ^gn^l4, - ft Wmm cTcf cTT Rqfcr, c)N>w< H, ^^ fm, ^0 5338, '^m^ mfKT # 1 ^ cIKPRft, 1962
^ J T ^ cTeefTcfwrf^lFt^ Tj^jMcfeTR^ ^ ? # ^ ^ ^ I I ' "
^ F R R|c|>ilH 3 r r ^ ^ >H'^c1-f^-crichl!il ^ ' 'dlciuij ' - ^ c ^ c ^
3it? MR'Hmi
^ + 1 1. i^Bm 2. ^j^icnim
1. Shastri, Pandit Ganesha Dutta, Padmacandra kosa, RNo. 5338, Publishing House, Sansicrit Library,
Lahore.
2. ^TfltrnJ, ^ clKHiar dcb'cllxjNwRl, cfTxTRc^, ^ ^ fm, ^0 4826, -cfl'iiiHI W ^ # f ^
cfRFJRfr, 1962
3. 3TT^, cTFT f^IcRm, ^ fPF^ % ^ c f ^ |
4. *1gmi4, ??f cTRHTST ^T^KfTrRqlcf, clMxtMc^M, - ^ ^ iirfT, ^0 4749, x}1<dm ^ f t ^ ^ ^f^tf^
c|K|U|>tf|, 1962
5. 3TT^, cfFH ftlcRFT, ^fTffnT f | ^ ^fT^ I
^ 32 /grf7<!/ sj^xmr
^ m t ^ MTi<t>i[>i-iiTiHi ^ ^ ^ M ^ r
O
^ >TM ^ # ^ ^ clTrr^ ?T6^ 'Beauty' 11 'Beau' ' ^ STsI" t f^ cTSTT
t \ 'ty' ^|c|c||r|cb TJrJR 11 ^ y fTR 'Beauty' ^ chl^HId 3 T 4 t 'cf? ^ ^ ^
3TPT^ IT^PT cfj cTT t cjfr ' # ^ ' t cTSTT # ^ , fTT , dicjuij snf^ ^ ^ cfm^
1. Simha, Amar, The Namalinganusasana with the commentry of Kshirasvami, P.No.92,Poona,1913
2. Prakashacharya, Sri Yadav, Vaijayanti kosa, R No. 92, Index by Har Govid Sastri, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi. 1971.
3. Srisukhanandanatha, Brahmavadhuta, Sabdartha Cintamanih, ^ s f 'Tm', 'W^ sf, p. No. 859.
f^rOn 3T&fFT ______
rn^ciTSTTi u?rcFr cf t n m f ^ 3 lc| iJc^5dl3it ^ ^ F I ^ f t ^ str^ sw^ ^ ^ I H
^ CT8TT 3PT^ ? r ^ cf^ ^ f W '^ ^ ^ , ^ - • q f r R j t ^ c T ^ - ? R ^ ^ ^ ^ ^HVJIMI
^ f^ tJ^ I ^ cfJT^ ^ fer^ ^ ^ B i t , CFN, ^TCSR I[T t ^ 3TTR ^ ^ n ^
f ^ j ^ I ^fMT^ ^ feT^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^TFef ^ ^ K R cTSTT Hct^ell ^ ^ cf^ ^ ^ T ^ f JTT
f % ^ ?ft^-??r^ ^ ^ T ^ cfJTcT cf efT Sfk 'TTcf OL|OMHI cf t 3 f k sra?TT TTZTT I ^ c^
MRtchK ^ ^ 2 T - ^ 8 T ^ ^ ^ # ^ iTTcHT ^ ^ a ^ F t ^ ePfr 3frY ^ ^ ^
?ft^ sbf^c^ fcfcfTRT ^ f > ^ ^ ^ e[fefcT cfKT[^ c|cJHM ^ 5 ^ ^ 3TcR-STT cR) ^ f ^
^ I SfcT: # ^ erfefcT f eTT ft ^ feT^ 3lP|cj|4 cTc^ 11 uft ^ g ^ ^ ^ ^
f c f ^ ^ # ^ ?TT^ c^ ^ 3 k TfT^ ^ t-^f>erT ^ # ^ | f ^ cf efT
c [ # ^ cfjT cfTtf ^ f F s p e r ^ 11 3TTcf lfcf5 ^ t f ^ F^ 4?eJlr^ct5 cpfg ^ g ^ ^ ?t
3 f k ^ ^ 3i|c|!^i|ch ^ t f ^ # ^ cfJT^JT^ ^ f f t ^ f r W^ c ^ ^ ? t | ^
^ >HHif ci t , f ^ KTFT ^ f ^ ^ f fK4 ^ f r ^ ^ a r f m r 11 c^ f ^ f T ^ :
fSrjf^3TSUm ?1
f ^ ^ m t\ # ^ 3TM[ f^ FtcTT 11 TTcfj czr f^ ^ vJft cR^ -^^^ cFTcft t , ^
^ cfJt 3 ^ 5 ^ ^ WJ Wfi^ % I f>efT cfJT efS^ # ^ ^ t , # ^ ?ft cf^
e f t e ^ ePTcTT t W f fcf># c i f f ^ cf^ 3(f ^Rnfxf cf?r cR^ f ^ ^mcfT t l f^
•^^^ GRT - ^ 11 cf5efT c^ ^ f^W^ cfTt H ldHI I^Meil H 1 ^ | 4 | sRTTcr 1 1 % ' T^R^
^ 3RTe[ ^ ^gcTTf^ #TT ^ f ^ ^ ^ cf eTT t ' T W ^ "^^R^ ^ "U^ ^ ^ ^
efTcT ^ ^ f ) ^ m -
'teftcpJrf?T ^NI^chlcfH ^^TT^^ I"
MofcT cf?^ 1% n?JT5T W^ ^ ^ f e r f r ^R F t ^ eFt, ^ ^ ^ 5 ^ ^ Ft ^ ^ p ^ I
vicil x!U|xhM ^ f^Li47c?| TTcfj ^ ^ ^ vJfFT^ t f ^ T W r ^^c|5x! ^ ^ ^ t l
1 ^ Rxlsll^l ^ T ^ eft 3 Tcf>t ^ ^ ^ 3TeFT f t 3TFP^ t t ^ I 3TcT: '^fK^ ^
'i\^dp)^ ^^t\%, W , ^ , 3n^f>N, ^tcT, WW^, fT^gePT 3TTf , f ^ MRCJC^H ^
^WT ^ # ^ ^ Hm<u>^ el^eT^ " ^ 11 # = ^ ^ ^J^TFT ^ffjfrt 11 1 ? ^ ^
# ^ ^ f t ^ f ^ # f ? ^ cbdicbx! 3 W ^ cbeMHl ^ 5 fH ^ cbdl^ f r l ^ f^FlW
cfT cTT 11 3TcT: # ^ m ^ TF^ fcmRt c ^^x^T ^ ^ ^ ^ c^^ t , ' # ^ ' cPTT
t ? f ^ f ^ t ? cRJcf: # ^ T ^ ^jftfcT^ ifSTTsfcTT F t ^ ^ ^2T ^ T ^ HURHcb
3 T ^ ^ 'ft 11 # ^ c ^ qar t-oqicj^iRcb TTci <i^fp|cb I oLj|ci iRct5 xrar
STTsfcTT ^ v 5 ^ t eft c{|^lp|cb qar HHRHcb 3 T ^ ^ ^ | ^ ^c^R # ^ ^ ^
1. fcTTM, ^ 0 ^^RT?, # ^ ^ 4 ? T K ^ c cTfcf, ^0 115
y fJR t -
# ^ Ll^ufdill f ^ a r ^ FtcR W^8T t cTSTT ^ g ^ ^ 3fr^ f ^ XTcf5 f r
1. Beauty is not absolute but relative to purpose, people look with more pleasure on painting in which beautitul good and lovely characters. Pandey, K.C.,Comparative Aesthetics, P. No.8
2. Raising Art from the sphere. Ibid, P. No. 90 3. In his aesthetics, Aristotle is an exponent of the moral purpose of Art, the view that the end of Art
is to improve it's lover morely. Ibid, P. No. 26
mi(^-1>H ^X^\^\ ^ cTtcf5 ^ ^ g ^ ^ cTSTT SrtcT ^ TT^^ ^ 5 ^ ^ "^^ t T
# ^ 31ft ^ ^ oqcRSTT t ufr (1) HMcJliJ TTf fcT (2) ^R^q^ (3) cfK^q^
1. In order to distinguish between the beautiful, the spiritual world and the source of it, the one, the former he calls beautiful and the latter the first beautiful. Pandey, K.C., Comparative Aesthetics, P.No.131
2. Experience of beauty was immidiate and sure and the inner sense was means to it. Ibid, P. No. 233
3. Beauty belongs to feeling involving reason. Ibid, P. No. 244 4. Beauty is such an order or construction of part as (i) by primary constitution of human nature (ii) by
custom or (iii) by caprice is fitted to give pleasure and satisfaction. Ibid, R No. 254-255
5. Beauty of product of art or nature according to Addisson, consists in the gaity or variety by of colours, in symmetry and harmony of parts, or in just mixture of all. Ibid, R No. 241
fSffhjsTsum ^
f ^ EfRT fuRT # ^ ^ 4 ? T T ^ cj5t -eTFHT ^ ^ sft c[^ '3Tl^ci|o\jH|c||ci' ^
3 n ^ f ^ >i-ll^4^iK-?i ^ cbdicbK 3 N ^ a r t e r f ^ , ^ , f tc^ snf^ ^
vHl^4^llR-?|i|1 ^ uTH ^? to^ , f ^ ^ n ^ , "^Ffef eft ^c-HlR 11 ^ m ^ FTcmHT ^
1. Such an imitation of nature, according to him is the law of art. Ibid, P. No. 289 2 Beauty is the absolute as it shines through the veil of the sense-world. Ibid, P. No.394 3. The aesthetics contemplation has two inseparable constituent parts (i) platonic idea and (ii) pure
willness subject of knowledge. Ibid, P. No. 483 4. Aesthetics is the science of the expressive (representative or imagnative)
activity....Bendetto Croce, Aeshetics translated by Douglas Ainslic. P. No. 155, 1953. 5. aesthetics is concerned with the perception of values. Santayana George, The scense of
Beauty. Douver Publication. P. No. 1,195 5.
(^fe lcl ^ t n r t l # ^ c ^ J ^ i^qM ^ 3TTETR ^ ^H?^ ^ 3T TTH ernrqi W
1%^ fPTT t l ^ # ^ t f ^ sfr^ 3Tr^ eflRhch ^m;^^ ^mfer ^ BcN[
1. ' ^ %?TT , ^ 0 T^^TtP'S W^' The Journal of the Ganganath Jha Research Institute
V-3 Part-1, P. No. 172,4 Jan, 1967.
2. #^ , ^ 0 t^r4en, ?Tr f^tdi-n 3i^ #^^4?rT^, ^o 25
H^ viFrfcrat^ ^TT^ ^8ic|7|U||H I I ^o?TTO, 1 6 / 2 8
fSrfhT3TSUm ?£
^ XTRKTT ^ c q ^ w ^ % r
o
^ f ^ c}5t cTPfr cf 9TFTT3f ^ 3TTeR ^ ^ ^3?rf^ ^ ^FrfT, ^ 3 ^ ^ i?r^ ^
^ 0 4 3 ^ ^FrPTR ^ ? J ? T I
2. ^"l-ti4Hei'^l>! •• I cfFH, cI5TcZfM^frR^p^, 1 -1 -2
3. cCTcJ7?f|TrFfr?FT tlHlHd'chKI'l W^Si^ I ^ T ^ , cfTTcJTR , 2 / 1
4. 3)clcf)Ki 1% T||' )(^^cJ>{>xiJ(^ I 3TFF^cl?J^, ttRneff^, 2 / 1 7
5. cJjPtfcfcTvjfrfclcT , T 3 ^ - 4
6. cfJToJTTefcfJR, 3 / 5 9
7. ^ ^ ^ ^ I ^ | 4 M ' ^ S T ^ ^ I ffKfcT, (^Hilrl lvj^^M, 4 / 2 3
TTET
cfR^ t l
fTW ^ ^ ferm w?fT t i ? ^ arg TR # ^ '^ MR' mi-'\HuT|iicii ^
d^cbMN!l^dlcivjHch5lHJ|1^N!dl I " '
STPP^ ^^TR wrifr
# ^ cycler 3 T O W H f c | ^ f r ^ "im C R ^ C[^ >HOL|(C|^H CTSTT ^F1CT-3RTCT
1. aFt SM i|Hc|diyQ(rl c T ^ ^ >!Hul)<lJc1li||: I rrET, f$|!^jme|c)?I, 4 / 1 6
2. ^^<?Mlt^4MJ|Hi ^frf^^fcTjfr qailRidH I W] Jll J II*?!, ' T f ^ rRWJcT f ^ , ^0 274
3. '^Fp^TTST-TfFPTim 1 / 1
4. ^\^, ^ 0 -cl-^cbdl, iTRcfm TT^ m^zH^ #^^4?TrF5r 3TTETNT]CT ?TT^, ^0 18
5. xlcj^cfl, ^ 0 fTTcTT, #^^4?Trf5f, ^0 240
6. cffr, ^0 244
(i) c R ^ : fcT^ Tt # ^ iR # ^ ^ f e c f M ^ fcT^^H 13TT t , ^ frfcT ,
(ii) q ^ # ^ cf)T 3PT^ 3Tm ^ ^ TJSTc 3lR-^cc| ^ ^ |
(iii) ^ ^ >SiT ^fT4^, ^ {T^ 3fhf ^STT l^rft^RT^M ^g^^YcR ^ ^ f ^
(iv) fP^ePT # ^ cf T;I^ H^rcli uf ^^ % \
(v) Wjf^ # ^ ^ feT r cliW-^il t , STFR^T^ t , f ^ ^ ^ cR^
^fFTfrT^ t , ^ W ^ oLiOd^ld ^ ^ sfTcT 11 3TM ^ ^ ^ ^ # ^ ^
^ sf^ef ^ 11 fTHcf f^-^TcfJ^ # ^ ^ ^ 3 ^ cTTFcTT 11 ^fK^ c fTTST i^\f^
y ^ Ft ^ f I
1. The word Aeshetics stands for science and philosophy of fine art. Pandey, K.C., Comparative
Aesthetics, V. 1
cf5T 3TORT f s f ^ ^ ^ ^ f^^qTi ^ fctgrrf cf?r ^ ^ # ^ fM^PTcr t i
"^Wfi] cPN^ ^ t , fu1>Hchl T^ f ^ R # ePT vm^ ^ 3 ^ f e l ^ ^ T^ FtcTT t T
cg^ >H^<i|vjH # ^ cf^ fclt|i|J|d TTH^ t l ^ ^ 3 r j f T N # ^ eft cf^ t ^
cfR TcT ^ ^ cHcf eft ^RR^ t % ^ ^ g ^ ^ ^ ^ T ^ ^ Sn^^i^ ^ f > ^ t l
m^ -^{^ H^T^^\ sfTeT ^ tte?r t f ^ ^ # ^ ^ f ^ ^ ^
t ^ 11 m q : ^ ^ ^ W^ # ^ cf r ^xyc|9x! t t S T S ^ - ^ cM STJ TFT eFH
^ t l ^<\^i^\ c^ WT ^ ^ ? ^ cffmeT cfTt ^ ?fr cIF cf)Tc?r ttefr t ^ t ^
^ ^ ^ ) ^ ttcft t ^ R ^ % P T 5^5^ t t ^3^a^ WTcTT c^ ^fR^T ^ f T ^ t f ^ f t ToT
1. • ^ ^ , ^ ^ , 8TT TTg^ f ^ s P r T g ^ I
?R^ cT^ f t ^ , •JR^ Tpfr ^T^ >HdHH I I
2. a^r aM iiHciciiyi^Rl CT^ ^ ^i^ufliiciiiii : 11 HRT, f^iiyqidcitr, 4/16
o4Nch ^ sfr 3ft^ ^ ^ 1
z[f^ v5?r PT c^ ^ ^ ^ ^g^=^ ^ ^ y ^ ^ 1 % ^ 3m? eft c[^ sfr^ ^
3 T t e ^ ^ ^ 3ft^ ailchl^cl eFT^ ePTcTT 11 ^ f ^ 3 N ^ cf Tojft cTTT ^TT^ ^ u?rcPT
c^ fcricTEr ^ ^ cT i M f ^ ^ , yi^fr lcb ^ , >HIHlRiicb u?rcR ^ ^fT^^fter Ft
'^] vrllcll'Ll mcPTT^ft ^ ^fPft cf>r 6 [ ^ W ^ c[ ^ g ^ ^ ^ ^ 3 3 ^ ^ 1 % ^ t I ^ f ^
i> 1%# ^ ^ ^ W t ^ ^ , ^Ht^ ^ W^ ^^^^ ^Hli|KH # y^f^ # ^ eFTcft
11 ^ ^ ^ HHR\dp «Ht ^ 3 r p ^ , f^t^Tfl, • f ^ , ? 1 ^ , 3Tt^, f^Rmi, 3? TtF,
STcTfTK 3nf^ cf5T cTof oft sTlt i-\^d{^\ ^ fTt T ^ g ^ ^ ^?^ ^ M^cT f ^ j ^ t l
t l cblfeiciKH cf?r ^ ^ # ^ M f ^ l ^ t ^ ' T t ^ cT^ y ^ ^ 1 ^ ^ WW^
'W\%'S^f[^ %\ c^fef^RT c STJ^M # ^ ct cRTt Sfr^ u^t^ ^ aftrfytcT
;Tcf5 f ^ TTTcT 1 1 ^ cR^ f^Tcpfr ^ g ^ ^ B M ^ ^3cr?r f t f ^ ^ i f ^ # ^
^ >Hlti4 Pl^Wd tcTT t 3ft^ f ^ f ^ ift I ^3^T^ ^ ^ # ^ cf>T ?[cf>Tcr T ^ j q ^
^ 3 k ?t # ^ WfK\] r # ^ ci^l^drd ^ Rl^ltjdl Ftrtt t 3ft^ oiif^c^ ^
1. i l^ r i lc l qr^lcr 4N<^Tli) ^ ^^iqftc^T^Tf^Ttnf^ cfg^: I I cgo^O, 5 / 3 6
^fn^ c[F ^ 3 ^ 3Tefcf?Rf cf T ^ 3Jd0K tcTT 11 J TcM ^^ # ^ ^^cH # ^
Chile!cim ^ ^ H ^ # ^ c ^ 9 T - W a r GfT^ sfr^ 3TRTto # ^ cj^
^ sfTcT cl^t t l
(i) ^TW # ^
f ^ l ^ ^ ^ ^ cf5t cheMHI ? r f ^ cf ^f^ ^ ^f)^ 31c]chl | f TeRTT t cTlf^ ^ ^
^ 3 T r ^ ^ ^Mc^ I M ^fFfH 3TTcf7^ ^ ? ^ ^ Ft I «nFt # ^ ^ efTfT ? ^ WRT
^ C?TR ^ ? ^ t f ^ ? r ^ IJ^F^ Ft, ^ S M Ft, c[t?r x]Hcb1c Ft, Ft^ efleT,
^ ETcreT Ft W^ f
1. • m^ 3ii^fciRylqi jj uiR IRRt *rcff% 11 3io?no, 4/TJO 57 2. IcjfFTto, 2/3 3. cNt ?iiFTT f ixyRcji Mi Mcwf mtj>iH<il ^^r^^, ^0^0/22
(ii) aii-tiRch >Hl-ci4
# ^ eft fclcT: m f ^ ^ m r t - " ^ R f ^ H^\^4 JfkelHlfi^ ^ ^ ^ ^ I'' ^mfcT^RT
J lcJ^-ddl ^ TT cfj ^ >HI^Hrll ^ RcJ tjch ^ fef^ cf7?T 8TT f ^ c[^ ^ >MT ^|c|^^dl
>ti'<^di y ? ^ ^frg^ cffT 3iict)f^ci c f5^ t l T j ^ ^ cfT^ a r t e ^
oSTfTcT cfJT I ^ ^ g ^ ^ Ft cfr ^ ^ T ^ %-<i^\ ^ cTR W ^ cTfT ^ t l ^ R ^ ^
H ^ c^ f ^ ir ^ f ^ ^ j ^ ^ nTcF) 7JUT t t eft ^ ^ ^ # ^ i ^ cfJTfeT^RT^
# c [ rRTT #F f [ q ^ 11 " ^ J ^ cRJTJrr ^ ^^cRT TTRcT 3 T f ^ ^ - ^ ^ 3 ? ! cTSTT ^
1. 3T0^0, 1 / 19
2. >(il^*lRi 3 H f ^ : ^yecJltj^K^ WWi Hly<jfe^AJ vJR: | c[^, 6 / T J O 114
3. vd4J|felc1<'*ict5c|dl Y^: ^RC^CWHCIHI T ^ ^ ; |
3PT^cRP^iT5rT g o x P v J T ^ ^ eRTT : I I cf^, 4 / 1 2
1 1 m 3RT^ f ^ ^ cf)Tcq ^ ?TT3 ^ t ^ cf>t ^ H^ddl I cMf^ciK4 ftRJ I3?fcH
1. iJK-yiriJtl i^lc^Tleifci W^ >H' tc;yc^UcJ<t|| | cf^, 4 / 6
2. cFfterrrMT STopftSTMRt >H^>y'Hlki fcT fW^NSfrr I
^ H'^HIdlchHH^el^ SW m ^ ^ ^ ^R?T ^ : I I ^ 0 ^ 0 , 11 / 2 0
3. STO^O, 1/20
4. Tn^ , ^ 0 xp^^Pcn, "^R^ T?cf XTT?xnc # ^ ^ 4 ? T T ^ S T M K ^ CTT^ ^ iJO 1 2 1 ^ W»Tr?
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^ ^ cffr ( M ) -^'^ ^ ^ 1 ^ ^^f^ ^m cTT 11 3TcT: f^mcFf |5T f ^ ^
3 k ^ WT ^ ? ?TPT f r fc|t|R:|J|d # ^ t ^ ^ 3 ^ f r TcffT ^ 3 ? ? ^ aFT
^ y^^R ^ f q ^ t f ^ cMlelciiyH ^ # ^ ^ 6f;|t ^ a ^ 3fh? MRfc^d t
^ e rN^ mrr^ f f e F t ^ t ^f^fff^ ?^T^ ^ f f r ^ «n^ OT^ CT^ f?rfim ^
n^H^fj^?rT t i chifeKKH T ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 11 ^r?1i^ 3 N ^ j f M ^ fcm^m
^fp^, FT?t !^Kic+icb f c f ^ T\ 9\^^^^ # ^ ^ f^n^^q^ ^ t eft " ^^ ^
^ i f e 3ik m^uR cTSTT ^ 3 ^ ifr ^r?^fj^ FT^ CH^ fcrrrfr q^rpRt ^ RtiRiJid
3Tf^ fnfr ^ f c^ ^fij^T^T t l
SrtePMT^^TTef ^ uTFT ? [ q t ^ ^ f R ^ cf5t y^HcfT t , cf^ HMfc|cb|R^p^?| ^
>JMC;><6|K1 >t l \^fd cfJT crrcTTcR^ t ^^R% RljhHl4^^iJ ^ ^ 3 f k 'Jdef cfjr f ^
rfHf ^S^cfft cm" 3T? RFT cfT^ IR 5TKT ^ t f% cfTfcf cf t ^ f fc f f f^ ^ ^ ^ ^
afri ^ ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ' "£f>Fr ^mi? cfr ci Tt arfcRRtf^ ^ F t ^ i STCT:
^"JfR yWET^ ^ ^a%TaR i r f^ f ^ f ^ cTfg ^ ^ rm 3TTcTT t eft ^ t 'cRof' I
^ ^ R ^ £ [ N ^ ^ f j ^ afri ^ ^ ^ f^>W cfjiTRT ^ sRT^ c R ^ cf5t slfri rjhr^ M>R
^ cR^ \^[^ ^ sRTzr ^ 8 , • ^ '-c^[^ cR^' cf)FT W?TT 2TT I ?TT g cTef c^ rfgs^
s i f ^ ^ar ^ict^-^di ^ sftH cRoft ^ v ^ ^3WR ^ ^ t r ? ^ aifriRcki
Rl?bHl4^T|i|H ^r^cf7 i f 3Tf^>HlRcbl c^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 4 ^ i teTRJ^ ' ( ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ cR^f)
CT5TT tcfr f[cT '^^ ^ STcRR IR ( f^RTT^) ' ^ f P ^ ^?P^ cR^ £TR^ ^ F J ^ f I
^STT 3?cfjR q^aff c^ eneff ^ eRTZT ^ cR pff ^ FtcTT 8TT ^ ^ ^ cR^ F t ^ ^ I
1. «fW cfiHRiR' mu^ci*)U|i.... I sro TTo 4 / 5
fctsfJitro/^O 198 3. crft, 3 /12
^ ^ ^ 6[Teft cfTt 5t|v! ldl c f?^ ^ ffeT^ 3 T f ^ f^muT STT | ' ^ sfTeft cf t '3TeI^'
c f ^ vmcTT 2:fT cpftf^ ^ ^ g ^ ^T?! 3TT eFTcTT STTI ^»JfR I M l ^ H c^ ^5i^ ^ ^ ^
^ f rWt ^ chmiilcbeM ^ sTTeft cf t W ^ f ^ ^ T M STT, cR TTcT ^ ^1??^ ^ ^ 5 ^ ^
^c|fcl4l 6[Teff c^ >HvTllcil sff, i^Kdchld ^ 3TeT^ c^ HcjMldcTi ^ TfTeTTafli ^
i [ F F e ^ ^ Sfk qc [^ ^ cHeft elcfT 11 eftcf ^ ^ ^TH ^ 3Tf$rfln
1. ^H-^^ I J|-<**c1lc|d <^l!i^-MM^>l^J|d^mi) I TTTOfcTO, 5 / 3 5 6
T^ •?lelMdctitc|!^|'|ct>*||
5^7 xT Tgc^ Hcl^fedcbl-Ml: |
W-MlPrl cfJTf^ n^KT^SHHPT I I ^Jtg^fTFR, 6 / 6
3. 31J|'^>^x!p^MH'lRcl' cji^mii^HJ
J|lcHcl«^>y*1Hld c^[5r|c1lij' c [ ^ ^ I ^Jtg^TFN, 5 / 1 2
4. H<45e1^clfcl!Jll^l4)e1l TrTJT^sjtf ^chmcldcf i i j ' i ) 1 ) fcf?Ftfo, 4 / 4 5
^JcNft Sm^ c M cpt H^ fR c ^ ^ ^ ^g^rf uKT c?)^ sfri
O
^^^Pfj ^»jf i^ cfjfcTift cfJT ft^ ^ar ^^ 11 TTTeff^r^mW^ ^^TT^^ ^ W r ,
3vJTer Sft^ eTIef ^ ^ cg^efcfj c x ^ ^ f ^ ^ ^ I R Rl^cbl^ c f , ^ sft p
1. cf^, 4 / 6 1
2. ^ofcTO, 3 / 5
3. ^-Wli^llchv^-cll fcr?t%r5nft R*^|t)>!le)<WcF): | | cf^, 3 / 5
4. 3j|jblTll Rlelct^f^iJI W fcTeTc^ctRflHloGT^: | cf^, 3 / 5
YTvm eiW ^'JfR ^R^ ^1
1. 3T0^0, 4 / 5 2. cffTTT^ ^ r ix juiymi j i||c|c>HMcMch; | TTTofcTo 3 / 2 9 9
3. Mfcl^cJclf^cj^HlellfSwdlcHcbl. I I fcfffjjfro, 3 / 1 2
4. c M cj7|^zjHM<y^u[c|7[t|!il £JHiR|tlchRhi||| 3T0?TT0 7 / 1 2
^ffhr 3T^n^
cTFRT c F ^ t , ^ M ^ f ^ ^ cTSfT HldRlcbl ^?M# 11 3TcT: 1 ^ - 1 ^ ^ cpf Ft^
yi Ri<*>-3Tr>-x^snJT
^5iTyf^isniT-(ft[fr^)
f M ^ ^ f^TM chifeKKH gRT ^ r f ^ ^ sfk faft ^ wfif^ ^^^\^Q\ ^
1. cT , 1 / 4
2. *11clf^cw ^ fxicT 4edc)lcJcJ>Hl MKH!^l1chli| yfl^jfrfrr I
3TKRT ^fM^TTcRT ^ p ^ | TTfofcTo, 3 / 1 6 , iJO 307
ciHy tMHIdl
H-ciKHIdl
^vil^-dl TTelT
TTTeTT ^ t l
jTTcT ^fRfcT ^f^jct^ cf?T ^cRnpfT^ sftY ch|ci|lMchx|U| ^ ^ t | ^||cj7n1d ^
1%^ TR W ^ cTT i j W f ^ ^'^IHf^l, XIHVJIM, ^ C W M M 3fr^ f ^ 5 ^
1. ^JTcpfrt : cHynjHMItllRuJK^: | | 3TO?nO, 2 / ^ 0 27
2. cr^, 7 / ^ 0 128
3. f c f ^ O , 1 /7
4. 310^0, 3 /16
5. cf^, 3 / 7
U % 5 sir I ^ ^ FT? cT g^fmcrc?r, W^ ^ c[eW W^ ^ ^ l # ) ^ 3 T M % ^
w^ cf5t ijaTT g^>^ 3fk l ^ r f ^ ^pfr mc?r t M f r cbifeic KH ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ T ^
tejfr rRuff ^ qTJTeT -^] ^ £TK^ c f ) ^ aff I Hld[^4)|RHf4^-?| ^ HIdRlcbl
f ^ r n ^ f ^ ^ cf)T 3TFTT-urRT TttcTcT FtcIT 11 ?RT, cTT, srfT^RRiJT 3TTf STcTfRf ^7
1. ^PW'tJHIcI ct5H<^c|e)i|' cl#, 3 / 1 1
2. fctfpTfTO 1 / 1 5
3. ^ rk lP lc1c |d4 . . . . I I TTTofcTO, 2 / 6
4. cf^, 3 / 2 1
* * *
^IcRfaiCZIRT
cbM'Hl'<4''^f^rf^^^rrr^
1. 'TM
2. t^ 3. ^
4. >RT
5. 15^
6. 3 ld*K
7. y ^
^^ 3 f ^ ^ ^icq ^ ^ 3 ^ f Tczi cf i rg^ t f ^ P ^ 11 f ^ y f>N ?fw ^ g ^ nr
f^ I chllelcim ^ 3Tq^ 0|oLjchdl cf^ ^nvJn^-^lHclK^ ^ fen? ^ f^rfcl^ ^
^^ t ^ fr 11 fm] ^ t ^ Tf^ ^[^ Y ^ ^ ^ ^ f ^ ^^^^^ (''^^) ^
fprr t l ^^id^Pi ^ fcmr? ^ ^TT^ ^ sifrPTM, STFJ^TT , ^ifci'^mi CTSTT
cfJT W ^ ^ TR5K cfJT ^ t - ^fTF^^ rfSTT 3TT^ I ^Jl^lKlxllR ^ TRf M ) R c
^m<^ eflcT 11
'TTerf^rwP^TteFT cblfeJcilxH cf5t HSTTT WT f? TcPTT t f ^ ' f t Hieij^lcl l cf
T f ^ cll^dch, W ^ (HIC^JJC^), HieiJ|xJl4 JjUKKH TTcf ^^^^;^ cTSTT cldifejcb
^ m ^ ' T M ^ ; T ^ c f j ^ 11 5 ^ ^ W f ^ YfuTT cfTT te f ^ r ^ W (%ffT) cfSTT
^ e n f M cFJT " ^ >HK>Mcb' # ? # % mcfcT cfteT^ 11 ^F^TToff ^f qRfllf^chl ^
ch|oq>H'ln^4 -^ 3 T ^ Hiech"!^ f^b^l^lldcll ITf? W^ ^ f ^ M ^ ^ 11 f ^ ^ ^ T ^ ^
^ M cf>t ?3ef ^ ^RRY ^ ^ t ' P ? ^ efR ^ ^ ^ T T ? M T J f u ^ m ^
eft -^^ ^ cT#JTT ^ S T T R t ' I'
^ 11 W^ ^ ^ 3 ^ c^ f ^ l ^ f ^ ^ ^f^T^^ ^3^^f^ f -erfcT A 5^S^^ ^
' T M cf?r - ^ ^ z r f r ^ teFT ^ ^ ^ s f 3 1 ^ ^ chllelc^m cf)t c feT
^ TTH^ I T 3 ^ " ^ cR) t - TiaFf ^ T cTT 3 T W ^ sfleTcTT t v?ft xHHM f RTH ^
f ^ m ^ t ( ^ ^ F R ^ sftcPTT ^^n%) I ^TRT cfcf7 t f ^ ^ 2 ? 3?^ cf t fm\, t ^
mcl^-WJ 1 TfTofcTo, 5 / 3 3 8
2. qfT%rrf T -(?ff TT?rfT) aicrgqiern^ i ^ ^ ^ m^ ^H^Han i '^, 1 /273 3. J|"KI>H:- 3 R Tf ^ TTRTGRTTf ^ c ^ ?c^?f?Tl^: I ^ , 1 / ^ 0 271
4. ? Y ^ T T : - 3 T ^ ffcIcT: f^fjcf T R ZT >HyriM(?c|di)^Rc||n1>;f^frl | cf^, 1 /^O 271
^yf f rfwrar ^fw^??^^ f^cr^ ftfar irf w^ ^^11 feFfto, jo 4/45
^^TR ,' ^>hv!cii cfJT g ^ arrgif, a r^ i^Tcn^ " ^ m^m c ^ ^ ^ , ^T^crgf^ cf r t ^
n ^ ^Rcft 11 MRfiiluicbi ^fRcp if sfteTcfr t r°
3mTc[, f^<T^ ^rHT X^ c f j f ^ y # r f t cfJT ^ S ^ c TFT f ^ ^ fRT 11 M,^H\< ^
2. trf^qj?^:- ^Mi am'Tf^i cr , i/ijo 153 3. f ^ r a ^ : - i^cKlAdd I ST^rff^: ^ fcljbHlel^-l<: I ci#, ^o 163
4. ^=17^:- ^?r3H I prcTFT ^#5^ fT^ : I c # , ^0 254
5. ^ H R : - (VHR^CIH) CTTCT ^ I cf^, 5/ iJO 247
6. cpfcf?r- ZITcr^ f^RfprTTT^ c f > ^ I c l ^ , 5 /YO 243
7. ^TTc fcr:- fT tT^Tcf fJm fcf ^ cfFPT^: | cffr, 3 / ^ 0 192
8. Rcj^qcp:- ^ ^ ^ : TTi ^ ^^TJ^grfk^P^^ft^ v j f ^ ^?MT fBulldlHH^ I cf^, 3 / ^ 0 197
9. ^efcT.- ^ ^ ?R fnn«TT^ I H^-^"l ^Hx i jJ j^d l I cf^, 3 / ^ 0 193
10. ^f^Wf g y j c ^ yRf: #?^^^^mEr^ I c{ |>tnL|cf,, 2 / ^ 0 201
11. f^fFfrO, 1 / ^ 0 159
^ cfT^ ^ t ^ oftR cgTTN, cfJUcT z^ f l M ^ll^-<c| 3fh? ^TNgcT, % m cMT ^ T ^ ,
cfr?^ f I JcT^W (TTT^CZT), -^^cpcf cfJT ^ fR^ (>H4<HH), ^ 5 ^ T ^ %f>^ ^KMId
cTcR cfTt JTRPTT C^ fTTST f)F=TT ^ % T fR?TT t l vJM ^^ZHT ^T^^rTefT ^ ^fT^
^FRJJTT ^ ^ ^m^T^ sn TT t f ^ !^|c{>'Tldl SIIVJTICH dMR-cl-Tl ^ ^ f M ^3^fT^
fcTcTTF ^ "i^? eft cJF ^ 3T?^ c^ ^ ^ ^ TJWT t T ^Ict^n^dl cf t RTcT TTCT
1. cl^, 1 /^0 160
2. MNI'W ^ ?Tf^: >y^iJpd fTT
CC|C>H -AH H^drlRciij^clH 11 cf^, 3 /20
chHct>P|c|7 6iR trT R^RVlill ^ IT f f lM I I cl^, 4 / 7
^ ^RM m ^ ^ ^ 1 feRif ^ ^3^ W^ m c ^ sfleR^ # f f t I W ^ ^ ^
T r t ^ ^ ^H^F^ cMT ^ m^ft ^ m c ^ cf)T RTTn" l ' JFTT 11 3 N ^ ? cf5t cf^
>Hlc|yi^ eRrit t l
LiK'mRch m^ f i TFT ( ^ ) 11 ^ ^ ^ t ^TN ^ ^CT ^ ^ cf>Rtjr (^tfM)
1. t ^ 3fr? 2. ffMt
3 R ^ R T ^ Tif^aFTcrwnTT%T?t Plc|c>Wfrr m eiRu|l-^Hl(5r: l l 3T0?TT0, 1 / 2 5
2. cT^, 4 / ^ 0 , 61
W!2f3rsm^ 83
R^clHiar ^ r [R ^ tfcRTf cf>T vieri^y f ^ ^ t ' - t ^ , ^ ^ M , MNIc^l cTSTT efT^T I
TTcf sftgTTT^ ci:j;:s^^[cfi ffc?r 11 ? ^ effeTcf, MRt^d, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ' ^ ^ ^
• ^ cmcJRxRT cfJT U M 11 c2T355Tcf) ch'lHd cpJlf c^ wfFJ cTan ^ WW^ ^
3mTcr ^ cf j i leRm cf t ^fTR^ c ^ f M ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
y-dfcid t -
^ ^ ^ TcHR HM mi Rich, ^fK^, ^g^xfY cTTT ete^rRj 11 3Tf^5lH^lci^^d i> V!^J[^
1. <t>ici)yc}>i i, g / ' g o 436
2. TTi 4oiJov,ic|>c|uj'] y:7:HMfcHdlfcHc}7| |
anf f rReq^f rmt t ^ « felRbiJcl I I ^ 0 ^ 0 , 9 / 2 / 3
3. fcRTT TTg^cpiTRH " q ^ PifcjcliJIl f ^ : |
Chile!c KH ^ ^ ^ ^ M W T ^|cJli^ci|ovjH|S^ t^-^lcHch ^^R^ ^
M ^ t l chlfeKKH czrs SRT ^ epfr 11 ^ ftcft ^ ^KT ^ ? ^ 3 T F d ^ ^
f!f^^ iTTcff cfJt erf fr -^M^ ^ 9 R ^ TTKR ^ STter^RT W^\ % I v ^ ^ ^ T ^
! j | 0 ^ d l cf ^^^3cR W^ TTcfj cTTcfq ^ 3{q^ I^ff^f^ ^ IJ^fiS fvf ^ t - '3TJt o
I M MTS ^ f ^ t P
cfFR ^ ST^^TR ' " ^Te^ ^ ? f 1 ^ ^ ? q ^ cf)^ cfT^ ^ ^ ^ ^ c f )^ f |
? ^ ( ^ c ) amjcT Tf STef^JN cfJTcZT cf?r ^f t^ ^3?q^ ^ cfj ^M5^ I'" c|H-1lR
^ ^ ^ ^ er4 TfHT 11 c R ^ : 7ja[ ^ ( ^ l i ^ Tcf ^ cf5T cr4 11
f ^ FTTST 3TTf ^ ^Rl^, 3fK?T ^ STflK ^ # ^ ^ ^ FcfTcfjR ftfjin
11 cblle|cil>H -^ TcT TT ff ^ 'ft 3MK, ^ n ^ ircf sftv^ 7]TJ[ [ ^ ^ H M 11 MfT^ i ^
TfT54 c{ft 3T^Srr sftuT ^ cg^ cfj r f | -^^ -^^q^ ^ ^^^ ^^^ T ^ C^ vdcil Njui
3fh? efSFT ^ l ^m^ t -
1. 3T0^0, 1/12
2. cf , 3/130 43
3. cm ^ JTT W^ W^ ^•. ^PF?t f^s f^ xJlf HfL) I
f^r^! cTqfcT «lc?1i|vkt|R) frffFTt^arRJfrf^ I I c # , 3 / 1 4
4. cf)TcI[lcicf>rf?p-3/1/1-2
STefc^cRf r ^ M ^ c f ^ f^jT^ -J^^ 1
ciywidlelc) T^Wt FRt ^>TRT^ ^q^ | | 3|RHi y!|U| 1 / 3 / 3 4 6
^\m- f^\^ ^ ^ FWRT cfJT aww ^??^ ^mftr? r
FtcTTtP
fcT^ ' H l ^ ' cb^dldl 11 ^ ^fri#fT ^"ffR ^, ^^^ sr^c^ cF5^^ ^ 3 i ^ v J ^
s f M ^ ^ TFTTH cf?r sigeidl Ftcit 11
1. cJvlcillel'ch'N, 2 / 3
2. KR^neft^, 2 / 7
3. Ritlricfl-HlclH-lil f l ^ Tji^^g^ZJ^ I
W^ WU^ fcflTern^ ? T P ^ S l ^ Jf^J^ I I ^ 0 ^ 0 , 8 / 2
4. 3T0?TT0, 1 /20
5. cfpt ^ R d P l d c l d i i -ll>k1 'W' I TcF .... I TTTotcTO, 2 / 6
6. 3TTfRTJR !TPTM y TTERfcJ r: IRTTERfcNt :... | RjbHlo, 2 / 3
cil^^'^k^i^H'UlW'WlRicW wip\ Tf I I cf>TOPro, 8 /69
wi^sTsum 86
f c R ^ 3TSTcfT \5WJ|c1l 1 1 ^ cjt^ ^?^ ^ , ^ 3 ^ e f^^R cJV^R^ ^ cTTT W^ ' ^
^^J^^ Ft^^ ^t??^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ cf ^?^ t -
TT^T^- f ^ 3? f5N ^3o cfJT^ 3 T f ^ c T, ^fcpc^ 3Tef ^ H cf^ 3 ^ ^ ^
cZTRT FT vJTRft t f ^ cf?? ^ Jx fr efcf^it ^ STR I ^ Y ^ ^fn% ^ ^ TERT3tt
^ C2TRT ?BcTT t l ' 3Tf^5lM^l lch'TldH cT TT ^ H R C W R H P I - P I H ^ PlHfelRsJcl
1. silujl^xJol^KI fclWl>!' )4 crik1cc| -»4(Jl I
c ik^Tr f l^ t t^ jh>^u||| c|-ij4 ,( g I I ^ 0 ^ 0 , 8 / 4
2. 3T0?TT0, 6 /28
3. fctSRto, 5 / 1
4. chMld'cbK, 2 / 3
5. g c ^ 7Tf "= TcR rg OXiTefcRT ^fr?% ^: I
ciJlH'lc^'^ct y^HK^b^l T T ^ |clf^dR«rfcr: I i ^ 0 ^ 0 , 8 /70
6. f ^ oi)|H^(?| ^ : % i ^ ^ ^ H R C I H C I : |
^ y^TK: ^ fF f f^ ^ ? ^ ^?xRT^ xf | | ^o^O, 8 / 7 - 8
vJTnft THR f^?K: y^>Ff yryl^d^ym ^m^xRTc^ I T
^ IJ^mY FT ^ ^ f f ^ ^mfef^m ^ ^mm ^ Y ^ ^ ^Tf ^cT 11 H^TK
Y T ^ ^ ^ T ^ TeHT3ff cf5t f ^ Rf^ lk id l 11 erfcTcT ^ f T^^TRT ^ ^TT^ ^ cfSTT
^g^^ 3ft7 -^{^ fNeT, ^gefi 1^ 3MK ^ g ^ 11
1. - ^ J ^ 2. ^f>^^ 3. W^^
1. 3T0^0, 4 / 2 2
2. ^ofcTO, 4 / 6
3. ^ 0 ^ 0 , ^0 228
4. c f f r r M q f ^ , f l^H-^clerTl/z
4. ^ 5. ^ 6. -HiiHdp
7. '^r^^ 8. 3 T ^ ^ 9. m^
>HHKI PT t -
cTcfJ f c f ^ WW3] W^ ^ ^ vJTT cT6[ cT^ ^ 3 N ^ ^TT^-^nf^n" ^ TRK=T ^
TTFTcTT t l ^-^Ht fcT ftraTT ^T^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ txfrT 3 M fcT^ ^ siRl^qmi^cjxi
3(l^^r^ ^ M 'iiciiiyiiVi ^ g ^ ^ j ^ W ^ fnTTTfuR^ cf5t 3Tq^ cg?M ^Tfrm
^ ^ vH'l-^ilf^i'Jjfrr cfJT ^ f ^ iTT^ ^ 'ft ^ R ^ t?3^ cf tecTT t (
1. TRTofcTO, 1 /4
WcfcKsPr f^dHHIrHWjyc>yii ^ : I I 3T0?1T0, 1 / 2
cf?^^, ^JVKU ¥^fe»FT, ' R ^ 3TTf W^ SrjmcT t , STTeTRf cTSTT v JJ,W4l ^
t l 45HK>H'^ cf)T S [ ^ ^ ^ ^ Tcf>T vjcil^xiui t l
RlMd^T ^'JfR cf5t arf^^'cZTf^ f ^ , Tefif^^ ^fz^^ 3 j ^ ^ s^^ f%p^^
affrgcPT, -Rr T, ^F^FT, W^, ^ ^ ^ T K ^rq^'TR, U T T ^ CTSTT ^R^ snf^ FTcfr 11
cblfejc^m ^ c M ^?)Wf ^ fclyernr ^ " J ^ cfJT g ^ ^ LjRMIcb |3TT 1 1 ^TT^^rTef ^j
1. ^ofcTO, 2 / 8
t # ? v3^ J^lc^-Tldl cfJT fcRTK fTcTT eFTcTT 11 ^^JPvT ^ * ^ STTeJt f^Jffl^
c^ W T ^ MRu|d Ft rt I ^?MT g^^RciT T 3 ^ fMTT ^ ^^^fm ! M N fRcTT t ^
ST jqcFT, f^tefN, ^x!£l^llt|U|, t i- ^TRT, ^Pjfctf^teftq STlf^ c^ W^ cfjf 1^f^ ^^TT^^RTT^
ii %ZIT TRIT t l
1. yvjilJl'<lfryc '4^c1>k1>Hll: I 3T0^0, 6 /22
1cf?FfT0, 4 / ^ 0 214
3. ft^Tccf cfvWr 1^: I ^0?TTO, 6 /39
^>T^: 'klNc1c||6M«jRlcbci«^RT^-c1M>^' ^ ^ 1
^ fcHTTcIcT: ^g^ TcTcf? 7 ^ 11 ^ ^ T ^ cgcqfrT ^ ^T? ^ HP% ^ 11 W^
f8Tpfr mc[ 'm^' % I ^ ^^^ snfcTHtcr arrcr^Rfcfc^, CIMIRCI^RI, ^teiRlci^fri, S T S M
3 H T t ^ Vi^m cf?t fclcl^frlijli' c^ Srf^^R^ ^ tcTT 11 I ^ T ^ 3 J l d H ^ cT? c2Tf^ ^
t fuHcfTt 3ncT)R, cHTjfr 3 l k ^ ^ ^ ^ cR c#fT f^ % I FTfmWcT o i r f ^ cfTt
^ f e ^ ^ vJc^41m ?tc^ f I 3neR^, cf^, f ^ , -^^M. ^T^T, # ^ (f^F^Tf^Tte)
TRTT 11 RlfbHl4^T|i|H c^ g r i k 3T^ ^ ^ TW ^^n^cfT ^ ^ fJ cTT t f% ' ^ ^ 3 ^ ^
^fFiRT ^ i cTJRT ^ ^cTefpfr V f r 6fT?r ^ r n ^ ftcTFT ^ ^ ^f?^ Wf)^ %' cR RcJ tjcb
MR^KH C^ ^ 2 T cfJ cTT 1 1 % ' g ^ ^ uR ? f M ^ ^ TTRT cfTT iTtuPT ^ tecTT
1. 3T0?[T0, 4 / 6
2. fcmjrfro, 3/TJO 201
c^T ^3 fcT P ^ ^ ^ H ^ ^ mTFT 3rff^ ^RT ^ J ^ ^ FtcTT t l ^ SIMMH
TmePfT 3TTf a r j ^ ^ ITRT ftf)l[T vJncTT 1 1 ^ % , ^3c^lT?, SIT^ , s M ,
fo!?T ^ fefV efFT ^^T?TT t T ? ^ f t ^ ^?^ ^ MRMIC^ ^3TT 11
^ ^ ^ ^3TrfT y c ^ cfleTT, ' JoHTF' feTF?r ^ N l ^ c i i ^ f I ? ^ S H e P ^
f^MR (clv^doll ?T^ 3TTf f CT8TT f ^ f v ^ ?T^ 3TTft ^ ^ ^ T ^ vic^cflm fctTTTcT
f I ^ MC^CMHHRICCI, ^ ^ , ^[er, iRT?frfT, ^ l%r, ^RIFT, Wm 3nf^ fcTmcff ^RT
v3cq^ FtcTf 11 ? ^ 7 ^ 3{1T^R^ f ^RcTT, ^ , "?M, ? TFT, W T ^ Snf^ STg TFTli ^ M
fvHT ^mf%^ I ? ^ ^ , TffrT, , 7tT[m snf^ w ^ mcT ^ f I arteFmr^^tfeT
^ TSTTf 3tcf c^ 3TRWT ^ ^ ^ 3 T R | ^ cfR^ ^ ?Tufr ^ ^rfTTF ^^Tm^ f8TP?r T R
cfJT ^f^^f^ f TeRTT t , 3TcT: ^ ' # ? " ^ ' 11 ^cfr^T 3T^ ^ 3TRwr ^ ^ M T ^^Jr?f
1. 3?0^0, 6 /28
2. cf^, 3 / 1
3 i l d H H ^ t cTSTT ^ 3 ^ T ^ ' f T ^ ^ T ^ vic^4lMH ^ f TTT ^ f ^ ^ f I
^ ? ^ , ^ 3n f ^ ^ ^ STTeFePT IcmTcT f | ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ vJc\c^Nl
cf)^^ rnftxT I zf^ a rg^^ CTSTT 3 # ^ ^KTSA C ^ ^ , s r f ^ ^sr^ 3nf^ fcmicft
^NT ^j?q^ rtcTT 11 w ^ s\^^:^m. ^5p\, s n ^ , % , cml^ CTSTT ^ K ^ arrf^
1. cf^, 1/31
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116
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^1<a*<ll ^0^0 ^fR<p n =STH, eR^^M,
3^0^0-1997
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3FT?cf5t?T
cHrTFR Ff
clulil^cbl^l
^ftWcT-fl^-cfTm
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119
Santayana, George; Doner Publication,
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te, sTFR; ocrro (^rrdt), "^rte^R; weT
f%, 3FR; ^ 0 , a?f J f<n ; ^ strf^^R^
^cf, 1 ^ , Tp--1913
1925
^•T^CTFJ, ^ cTNFTRT cRff cn^R^fct;
-cfl^y^l ^fR<^ >!?|RVJ1, crNm^-1962
ychl^lNl4, (^ ) ^m cT; 4l^lsl^l TR<p
^J?fto 3TTf^, c[RPR?r-1971
3TT , mn^ f^TcRm; Hleildld s R N ^
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^t(^il'*H-^]lwf'
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