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Afghan-Japan Relations: LANDS UNDER THE RISING SUN

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Page 1: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Afghan-Japan Relations:

LANDS UNDER

THE RISING SUN

Page 2: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
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Afghan-Japan Relations:

LANDS UNDER

THE RISING SUN

by

Haron Amin

Commemorating the Centennial Anniversary of

Prince Ayub’s Visit to Japan

&

Celebrating 76 Years of Formal Relations

Commemorating the Centennial Anniversary of

Prince Ayub’s Visit to Japan

&

Celebrating 76 Years of Formal Relations

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Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands of the Rising Sun

Copyright © Haron Amin 2007

Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Tokyo

All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no

part of this publication may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the

form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise

copied for public or private use, without written permission from the publisher.

First published by The Islamic Embassy of Afghanistan in Tokyo in 2007.

Amin, Haron.

Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands of the Rising Sun / Haron Amin

Includes bibliographical references

Published by The Islamic Embassy of Afghanistan in Tokyo

3-37-8-B Nishihara

Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066

Tel: (03) 5465-1219

www.afghanistanembassyjp.com

Printed and bound in Tokyo by Morimoto Printing Company, Ltd.

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD BY LUDWIG ADAMEC� �

PREFACE BY HARON AMIN� xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xii

1. Ancient Influence and the Personification of Buddha…………………2

1.1. Lapis Lazuli………………………………………………………………………..5

1.2. Shared Heritage and Cultural Similarities…………………………………………6

1.3. The Ayyaran: “Group of Secret Gallant Knights”…………………………………7

1.4. Bushido…………………………………………………………………………….9

2. Historical Relations between Japan and Afghanistan………………..10

2.1. Early Afghan-Japanese Ties: Ayub and Togo Celebrate Asian Victories…………11

2.2. Japan’s Victory and the Rise of Nationalism……………………………………..13

2.2.1 The Pan-Islamist and Pan-Asianist Advocates ……………………………..………16

2.3. The Turko-German Mission in Afghanistan ……..………………………………17

2.4. The Revolutionaries………………………………………………………………19

2.4.1. Mahendra Pratap (1886-1979) ……………………………………………………19

2.4.2. Mitsuru Toyama (1855-1944)………………………………………………………21

2.4.3. Rash Bihari Bose (1885-1945) ………………………………………………….…21

2.4.4. Subhas Chandra “Netaji” Bose (1897-1945)……………………………………….22

2.5. The Pan-Asiatic Congress………………………………………………………...23

3. Formal Diplomatic Relations ………………………………………………25

3.1. Bilateral Developments…………………………………………………………...28

3.2. Post 9.11 Relations………………………………………………………………..32

3.2.1. Japan’s Role in the Reconstruction of Post-Conflict Afghanistan…………………….37

3.2.2. Current Status and Future Strategy of Japanese Assistance to Afghanistan ………….38

3.2.3. Breakdown of Japanese Assistance………………………………………………...39

3.3. Future Commitments……………………………………………………………...40

4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….42

TABLE 1: Names of Afghan Officials who visited Japan since 2001

TABLE 2: Names of Japanese VIP Officials who visited Afghanistan since 2001

TABLE 3: Names, Dates and Posts of Afghan Diplomats in Japan

TABLE 4: Names, Dates and Posts of Japanese Diplomats in Afghanistan

TABLE 5: Ambassador in Charge of Afghanistan Assistance based at the Japanese

Foreign Ministry

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PHOTO GALLERY

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Foreword

Afghanistan’s relations with major powers have been adequately

examined, especially relations with Britain, Germany, and the

Soviet Union. Some work has been done on relations with

Pakistan and Italy, but virtually nothing exists on Afghanistan

relations with Japan.

Mr. Haron Amin, Afghanistan’s ambassador to Tokyo, has helped

fill this lacuna with his interesting account of relations with the

“Land of the Rising Sun.” Ambassador Amin points out

interesting parallels in cultural and historical actors which may

very well go back to a common heritage, derived from ancient

contact by way of the Silk Route. Afghanistan, once known as

Khorasan - also translates as “The Abode of the Rising Sun.”

Buddhism spread from Afghanistan to Japan as did elements of

Zoroastianism. He sees a number of other influences in the

cultural development of Afghanistan.

Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese War (1905) showed Afghan

and other Asian rulers that a policy of modernization was needed

to resist the wave of western imperialism. Early contacts,

beginning with Ayub Khan’s visit to Japan in 1907, are detailed

on the basis of archival sources and tables list diplomatic

representatives of both countries. A number of illustrations depict

individuals involved in diplomatic contacts. Mr. Amin has done

an excellent job and it is hoped that it will help inspire further

research into the field of Afghanistan-Japan relations.

Ludwig Adamec

August 2006, Arizona

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Preface

When I first arrived here, the mystique of Japan in those cool

winter days took on a new dimension. I relished the idea of

pursuing the quest for more knowledge and delved myself in

books on Japan. My first book was about Matsuo Basho, the 17th

century master of Haiku. The search proved to be both a

mesmerizing and humbling experience and I began to fall in love

with Japan. Then as time passed on, I began to observe similarities

with my own culture and history – of all sorts – which, I had

neither noticed nor experienced anywhere else during my work

and travels.

As I shared an array of similitude, friends asked me to chronicle

them. When the first few pages were being drafted, I was faced

with disconnected pieces of an interesting puzzle. Fitting those

pieces together suddenly became both fun and rewarding as I

began to discover – apart from culture – interesting historical

parallels between Japan and Afghanistan. When faced with lack of

material and time difference, as well as distance between Japan

and the rest of the world, the research was at times difficult. For

instance, there were occasions when I had to wait more than three

months for a single item such as photo, a date or a newspaper

article. Eventually, the research took over two years as contents

were obtained, among other sources, from the British Archives,

the US Department of State Archives, Afghan National Archives

and experts on Afghanistan. Meanwhile, I established a library

within the Embassy and used those resources for additional

information.

Finally, in July of 2006 - coinciding with the 75th

anniversary of

official bilateral relations - the article was published, after its

translation into Japanese, by Jiyu (trans. as Freedom) Magazine.

Haron Amin

Tokyo

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Acknowledgments

I must first express my gratitude to two people: Professor Ludwig

Adamec for responding to my initial query regarding Prince

Ayub’s visit to Japan, who encouraged me to conduct the research

and reviewed the material compiled and Dr. A. G. Ravan Farhadi

for reading the initial draft and offering me some

recommendations. I also want to thank Mr. Hideaki Kase for the

main text’s publication in Jiyu Magazine’s July 2006 issue, Mr.

Yoshinori Akiyama for arranging the layout process, and friends

of the Embassy for printing this updated version. And finally,

thank you also Jean Tsang, Hassan Sobman, Masao Sekine, Yuko

Ikenishi, Tomie Soude-Nitobe, Dr. Bashir Mohabbat, Jermaine

Scott and some Foreign Ministry officials here in Tokyo for

helping make this publication possible.

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History is past politics; and politics present history.

- John Seely

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Afghan-Japan Relations

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Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

1

Lands Under the Rising Sun

Ernest Renan defined a nation as “a soul, a spiritual principle. Only two

things, actually, constitute this soul, this principle. One is in the past, the

other is in the present. One is the possession in common of a rich legacy

of remembrance; the other is the actual consent, the desire to live

together, the will to continue to value the heritage which all hold in

common.”1

Hence, among the peoples of Asia the peoples of Japan and

Afghanistan possess most of the characteristics which are considered

basic elements of nationhood – national pride, romantic patriotism,

sense of superiority and above all, love for freedom.

It is very interesting that in the 6th

century A.D., inhabitants who resided

in present-day Afghanistan gave their land a new name: Khorāsān,

meaning “The Abode of the Rising Sun.” “Khor” means sun and “āsān”

means abode. It was around the same time that Japan became known as

Nippon or Nihon which means “the sun’s origin,” or where the sun

originates, although, it is always translated as the “Land of the Rising

Sun.”

Both Japan and Afghanistan thwarted foreign infiltration and occupation

for thousands of years. For Japan, the isolation from the mainland –

separated by the sea – provided it security from foreign attacks and an

opportunity to mold its own distinct civilization. Japan successfully

defended against the Mongolian attacks (1274-1281), maintained limited

influence by the Portugese and Spanish traders (16th

-17th

centuries) and

subsequently the Dutch and British merchants, and implemented the

1 Hutchinson, John & Smith, Anthony D. Nationalism. (Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 1994), p. 17

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Haron Amin

2

closure of the country under the Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1850s). It

only opened up after the arrival of Commodore Perry (1853) and

reforms under the Meiji Restoration (1868). Paradoxically, Afghanistan

protected its territory while situated in the heart of the mainland. In fact,

its location at the crossroads of various civilizations enabled it to

contribute to and borrow from those civilizations. Alexander the Great

spent three tiresome years during his Afghan campaign (330-327 B.C.),

Genghis Khan suffered a major blow in Bagram (1221), the British were

defeated in the three Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839), (1880) and (1919) and

the former Soviet Union suffered its first and final defeat in (1979-1989)

since its founding in 1917.

The historical relationship between Afghanistan and Japan is little

known to most. Indeed, it is not widely recognized that Afghanistan has

in fact had a significantly lasting influence on Japan to this day. There is

a firm cultural underpinning for the continuation of the long standing

relations between Afghanistan and Japan. The historical relationship

between the two nations, including their religious, historical, and

diplomatic ties demonstrate the various impacts Afghanistan and Japan

have had on each other thus far.

1. Ancient Influence and the Personification of Buddha

Although perhaps little known to most Japanese, Afghanistan has had a

strong influence on one of the pillars of Japanese religious identity. As

the crossroad of numerous civilizations over many centuries,

Afghanistan served as the hub of the Silk Route with flow of goods and

ideas between Europe and Asia. Both Zoroastrianism and Buddhism

spread eastward from Afghanistan to China although the latter

eventually made it to Korea and finally to Japan.2

But there is no doubt

that many elements from Zoroastrianism in Japan can be traced back to

Afghanistan. The Shunie Otaimatsu Festival in Japan which takes place

every year on March 12th

involves burning of trees for religious

purposes3

. In present-day rural Afghanistan, locals make fire and smoke

2

Whitefield, Susan. Life Along the Silk Road. (London: John Murray Publishers,

2004)

3

Interview with Ikuo Hirayama, renown Japanese Artist and UNESCO Goodwill

Ambassador Volume 2, Issue , May 2005

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3

inside their houses on March 21st

, the beginning of the spring season

which coincides with the Afghan New Year in order to purify the house

from the evil spirits. This practice has been retained from Afghanistan’s

Zoroastrian past. The founder of this religion, Zoroaster, was killed in

northern Afghanistan by invading nomadic tribes from Central Asia in

552 B.C.4

In the period after Ashoka (232 B.C.) and with Brahmanism’s decline in

India, Mahayana Buddhism’s gestation in Gandhara, an area inclusive of

Kabul, Jalalabad and Peshawar, spread along the commercial Silk Route

to Turkestan, Mongolia, China, Korea and subsequently Japan. It came

to Japan around the 6th

century. By the 8th

century, the existing sects

were known as the six sects of Nara. With the coming of Zen Buddhism

from China, two sects known as Rinzai and Soto, were introduced.

These were later further subdivided into numerous schools. Just the

Shingon Sect alone, has been subdivided into 57 sects. While the

majority of Japanese belong to these sects, they can be considered

believers when it comes to funeral rites, which are quite similar to

Afghan funeral rites.5

When I attended the funeral of Mr. Ikeda, former

Japanese Foreign Minister on February 25, 2004 at Aoyama Funeral

Hall, I noted the high level of similarity. The only difference was that

instead of monks chanting Sutras, Mullahs will be reciting verses from

the Holy Qur’an in segregated chambers with men in one room and the

women in another. Also, in most Buddhist and Shinto Shrines, people

offer money which they throw into a wooden box. In Afghanistan, they

donate money to mosques as well, in some cases by depositing it in a

big bowl outside the mosques. Hence, one can conclude that many

similar traditions have been preserved in both places. Yet, in today’s

Japan, while Buddhist and Shinto teachings are deeply entangled in

Japanese everyday life, the Japanese people themselves may not be

aware of them. And in Afghanistan, many customs such as a bow

similar to the Japanese – still common in many places – date back to

ancient times.

Under Kanishka I (125 A.D.), a Kushan ruler known as the “Victorious”

who converted to Buddhism, Gandhara expanded into a vast territory

4

Dupree, Louis. Afghanistan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), p. 272.

5

About Japan Series: Japanese Culture (Tokyo: Foreign Press Center, 1999), pp.

14-15.

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Haron Amin

4

that included parts of the Indus Valley, eastern Afghanistan, central Asia

north to the Aral Sea and parts of present-day north-western China and

became a “Holy Land” dotted with monasteries.6

Statue making

eventually evolved into the first artistic portrayal of the Buddha in

human form derived from Gandhara’s Hellenic past, a direct influence

of the Greeks and the divine entity Apollo. The Kushan Kingdom was

originally founded by Kajula Kadphises (40-78 A.D.) and brought about

a cultural renaissance and the spread of Buddhism in the neighboring

China. It is in the period after this that the Buddha statues were carved

into the Bamiyan hills (5th

century A.D.).7

Therefore, it can be said that

Buddha’s human form, recognized and firmly embedded throughout the

Far East and modern-day Japan, originated in Afghanistan during this

time. The Buddha statues in Nara and Kyoto speak volumes in this

regard. A shared characteristic between them and the Bamiyan Buddha

statues is the likeness of their loosely-fitting robes, which the Chinese

and Japanese sculptors later replicated. Initially, the Bamiyan statues

took their inspiration from the Greek divinity Appolo. These statues

were destroyed in March 2001 by the Taliban, who were not educated in

Afghanistan but were indoctrinated outside the country with

rudimentary teachings and a kind of zeal historically unknown and

unfamiliar to Afghans in general.8

The fact that the statues were

preserved for centuries, albeit Afghans’ conversion to Islam –

throughout the duration of successive Islamic governments – reveals

plenty.

The strongest cultural influence on Japan has come from China.9

China’s T’ang Dynasty had very close relations with Afghanistan.

During the Sui and T’ang dynasties in the seventh Century A.D., a large

number of Afghan Buddhist monks and scholars such as the famous

6

Gandhara flourished from the 1st

to the 5th

centuries A.D.

7

Located along the Silk Route, Bamiyan served as a center of trade, arts and

religious activity in the Zoroastrian, Buddhist as well as Islamic eras. In 1222,

Genghis Khan wreaked havoc on all of Afghanistan and torched Bamiyan after his

grandson was killed by Bamiyan’s defenders.

8

Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia.

(UK: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000), pp. 17-30; Nojumi, Neamatollah, The Rise of the

Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region.

(New York: Palgrave, 2002), pp.122-124.

9

Reischauer, Edwin O. Japan: The Story of a Nation (Boston: Tuttle Publishing,

Fourth Edition, 1990), p. 9.

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5

Hushien and his five companions, as well as craftsmen were sent to

China and set forth on a mission to North America to preach Buddhism

1,000 years before Christopher Columbus.10

In 632, when the Chinese

pilgrim Xuanzang visited Afghanistan’s Balkh, Kunduz, Bamiyan,

Kapisa, Laghman and Kandahar provinces, he recorded 1,230 Buddhist

temples and counted more than 8,000 monks, while there were many

more across the rest of the country. In particular, the majestic splendor

of the Bamiyan Buddha statues completely overwhelmed him.

1.1 Lapis Lazuli

The first object to come to Japan from Afghanistan was the semi-

precious stone Lapis Lazuli – known in Japan as “Ruri” – though no

person is believed to have come to Japan at that time.11

In Buddhism,

Lapis Lazuli is treated as one of the “����meaning “seven treasures”

which shine in heaven. Belts and mirrors decorated with Lapis Lazuli

can be found in Shosoin, an old deposit house of Todaiji Temple in Nara.

More recently, The National Research Institution for Cultural Properties

in Tokyo discovered that Lapis Lazuli was used in the wall painting of

Takamatsuzuka Kofun in Asuka village in Nara.

In addition to Lapis Lazuli, there is proof that gold lace was also brought

to Japan from Afghanistan. In a ruin in Osaka, gold lace was excavated

and found to be exactly the same as a piece of gold lace excavated from

a Shiberghan ruin in northern Afghanistan.12

10

Geddes, Gary. The Kingdom of Ten Thousand Things: An Impossible Journey

from Kabul to Chiapas (Harper Collins Publishers, LTD., 2005)

11

There is no firm evidence as to what language the words “Lapis Lazuli” come

from. Some say that Lapis derives from Latin meaning “stone”. Others say that the

name lapis comes from word pencil in Spanish. Another group argues that it is

called “�������” (lajaward) in Farsi meaning “deep blue sky” while others

argue that lazuli derives from the Arabic word “���� �” (al-lazuwar).

Persian legend says the sky owes its color to a giant slab of lapis upon which the

earth rests. To Buddhists, lapis lazuli brought peace of mind and dispelled evil

thoughts. Yet, what is certain is most important supplies of Lapis Lazuli are found in

Badakhshan, Afghanistan and Ovalle, Chile.

12

The usual word for prefecture in Japanese is ken. But in the case of Osaka, the

Japanese use “fu”.

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6

1.2. Shared Heritage and Cultural Similarities

Unlike Western culture which is guilt-based, both Afghanistan and

Japan share a common culture of shame. According to Ruth Benedict,

the author of The Chrysanthemums and the Sword, “true shame cultures

rely on external sanctions for good behavior, not, as true guilt cultures

do, on an internalized conviction of sin” (1992. Rutland and Tokyo:

Charles E. Tuttle). There are hundreds of common cultural codes that

are identical in many ways between Afghanistan and Japan. Some

examples include Anmoku no Ryokai (“unspoken understanding”),

Ashirau (“the diplomatic brush-off”), Bushido (the way of the warrior),

furusato (“longing for a spiritual home”), Gochisoh Sama (“thanks for

the hospitality”), Kato Kyoso (“compete or die”), Kuchi-Komi (“by

word of mouth”), Menmoku Maru Tsubure (“losing one’s face”),

Otsukare Sama (“above and beyond the call”), Shibutosa (“fight to the

death”), Shido (“a word from big brother”) and Sode no shita (“a little

something up the sleeve”).13

Ambassador Kinichi Komano, the first

Japanese Ambassador to a post-conflict Afghanistan summarized

similarities as such: “First of all, Japanese people have their own very

old culture and civilization, and they are grateful to the Afghan people

because of Buddhism, which entered Japan from India through

Afghanistan, China and Korea. This shared history is well understood

by almost all Japanese people. Also, because of the same experience or

situation that the two nations had in the past century or so, that is, the

complete devastation of the country – due to World War II in the case of

Japan, and the civil war in Afghanistan’s case.14

They showed a great

resilience in their efforts toward reconstruction and rehabilitation of

their own country, their own rights and their own society. Moreover, in

this process most of them have shown an emphasis on education and are

fully aware of the importance of education for the future of the country.

This is of utmost importance. The people of Japan and the people of

Afghanistan also have in common their warm hospitality toward people,

to their friends. The Japanese who are here don't feel isolated or sorry

13

De Mente, Boye Lafayette. Japan’s Cultural Code Words: 233 Key Terms That

Explain the Attitudes and Behavior of the Japanese. (Boston: Tuttle Publishing,

2004).

14

The author’s view is that there was an invasion followed by a foreign-sponsored

occupation.

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about being away from their home country. I think the same holds true

for Afghan people in Japan.”15

It is these ancient parallels between Japan and Afghanistan that have had

a lasting influence to this day with imprints across the region.

1.3. The Ayyārān: “Group of Secret Gallant Knights”

Ayyārān, which literally means “warriors,” was a popular movement

that emerged around the 8th

century A.D. in Afghanistan under the

Abbasid Khilafat when it later ruled major parts of the Eastern Islamic

world.16

The movement took on different names in different countries

within and beyond the region. However, one distinct thing that happened

in Khorasan or present-day Afghanistan, was that it gradually merged

together with Islamic mysticism.17

With the emergence of Ayyārān due to the prevailing political and social

circumstances, the movement eventually posited a sort of non-

institutional national authority in Afghanistan against foreign occupation

and domestic repression.

Ayyārān became an instantaneous grass-root movement where many

formed their circles in opposition to Arab dominance and oppression in

major cities of Afghanistan and Iran. These ancient activists strictly

followed certain codes of honor, while pursuing their moral quest with

fierce loyalty around Jus Ad Bellum.18

The moral codes of an Ayyār

included helping the destitute, persisting patiently through hardship,

acting with a generous heart and telling the truth. Their emphasis on

bravery and fair play were put to the test as they mastered combat skills

such as wrestling, marksmanship, swordsmanship, stick fighting, horse-

riding and so on.

15

Interview with Ambassador Komano for Afghan News, Volume 1, Issue 1, June

2004, Published by the Embassy.

16

Ayyaran is plural for Ayyar, meaning warrior. See definition on p.1585, Anwari,

Fahang-e-Fishordeh Sukhan, Iran.

17

Yaqin, Ghulam Haider. Ayyaran wa Kaka haye Khurasan. (Kabul: Wezarat-e-

Talim wa Tarbia press, 1365 Hijri Shamsi which corresponds to 1986 A.D.) p. 5.

18

Translates as ‘Just Cause’

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8

It did not take long for a group of Ayyārān, gathered under the

leadership of Yaqub Lais ibn Saffār or Saffāri in Sistan, to remove the

Abbasid Governor – who had ruled his domain with a heavy fist – from

western Afghanistan. Led by Yaqub-e- Lais-e Saffārī – who was born in

Zaranj, a district in present-day Nimroz Province – the Ayyārān soon

established the Saffārid Dynasty in Afghanistan and in parts of Iran in

872 A.D. Later, he even challenged the Abassid Khilafat in Baghdad.

In the 8th

and 9th

centuries, the Ayyārān movement existed with specific

organizational structure in the form of political parties.19

It survived

until Amir Abdul Rahman Khan (ruled from 1880 to 1901), also known

as the Iron Amir of Afghanistan, who banned the Ayyaran movement

after a feud between two masters led to disruption of order within Kabul

city.20

Ayyārān also played a very significant role in popular uprising of

the Afghans against foreign occupation and domestic oppression and

social injustices. Although the Ayyārān has disappeared from

Afghanistan, the values emulated by the movement are still revered in

Afghan culture. The great courage and sacrifice with which the Afghans

repelled three British invasions and the Soviet invasion are codes

derived from the Ayyārān movement. During the Soviet invasion alone,

more than one-and-a-half million Afghans lost their lives in the name of

defending their honor, religion and homeland.

Both Abu Muslim Khurasani and the Late Ahmad Shah Massoud,

Afghanistan’s National Hero who was assassinated on September 9th

,

2001, can be called the most noble among the Ayyārān. And

interestingly, certain aspects of their lives mirror those of Saigo

Takamori and Sakamoto Ryoma as followers of Bushido.21

19

Ghobar, Mir Ghulam Muhammad. Afghanistan Dar Maseer-e- Taareekh

(Peshawar: Maiwand Publishers, vol. 1., 2000), p. 90.

20

Yaqin, Ghulam Haider. Ayyaran wa Kaka haye Khurasan. (Kabul: Wezarat-e-

Talim wa Tarbia Press, 1365 Hejri Shamsi which corresponds to 1986 A.D. ), p. 22.

21

Jansen, Marius B. Sakamoto Ryōma and the Meiji Restoration (New York:

Columbia University Press, 1994) and Ravina, Mark. The Last Samurai: The Life

and Battles of Saigo Takamori (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004).

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9

1.4. Bushido

It is said that without understanding Bushido or “the way of the warrior”

and feudalism one will not truly understand Japan.22

According to

Nitobe, Bushido “is the code of moral principles which the knights were

required or instructed to observe. It is not a written code.”23

Although in

existence since 1185, the beginning of feudalism and of the Shogunate

form of government, it was codified by a Confucian scholar named Soko

Yamaga for the first time in mid-1600. This was the period under the

Tokugawa Shogunate which finally ended the constant wars which

drained the Samurai. Known as the Edo period, this era witnessed the

integration of many samurai into government positions.

The most famous story on the subject is The Tale of the Forty-Seven

Ronin, which features a disciple of Yamaga as the lead figure.24

A

master draws his sword against an official of the Shogun who has

insulted him, and the Shogun orders the former to commit seppuku. As a

result, his samurai followers become masterless warriors. Out of loyalty

to their deceased master, they decide to murder the Edo official. They

finally trap the official and kill him. Their sacrifices included the deaths

of parents, wives, and children. Hence, they become the heroes of their

loyalty to their master. Finally out of loyalty to the Shogun, they must

die by seppuku in the name of the highest loyalty of all.

Bushido entails elements from Buddhism, Shintoism, Confucianism,

and Zen teachings. The moral basis and the seven virtues of Bushido

include a highly developed sense of justice or rectitude, courage,

benevolence, politeness, veracity and sincerity, a highly developed sense

of honor, honesty, loyalty to the state and one’s lord, self control and

seppuku.25

If one were to summarize the traits associated with Bushido,

having “integrity” is key to adhering to Bushido.

22

When lecturing to university and school students, the author encourages his

audience to learn Japanese history and not to forget the spirit of Bushido.

23

Nitobe, Inazo. Bushido: The Soul of Japan (Boston, Tuttle Publishing, 2001), p. 5.

24

Allyn, John. The 47 Ronin Story (Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 1970)

25

Nitobe says that “seppuku was not a mere suicidal process. It was an institution,

legal and ceremonial. And invention of Middle Ages, it was a process by which a

warrior could expiate their crimes, apologise for errors, escape from disgrace,

redeem their friends, or prove their sincerity” (p. 116).

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From an early age, the Samurai were taught spear-fighting, sword-

fighting, jujutsu, archery, horsemanship, military tactics, ethics,

literature, history and calligraphy.

With introduction of Western style commercial activities in 1870, “The

Soul of Japan” witnessed a great shock. But the spirit of Bushido

continues to survive in Japan, as the spirit of the Ayyārān still inhabits

the soul of the Afghan people.26

2. Historical Relations between Japan and Afghanistan

There are some shockingly similar historical parallels between

Afghanistan and Japan. In the 1860’s, both Afghanistan and Japan

launched modern reforms. Amir Sher Ali, the ruler of Afghanistan from

1863-66 and 1868-79, introduced a series of modern reforms,

establishing new administrative zones and a new national army similar

to those in Europe. Amir Sher Ali also abolished the feudal system of

tax-farming, set up the postal system, and published the first Afghan

weekly, the Shams al-Nahar (trans. “Sun of the Day”). Unfortunately,

caught between Tsarist Russia and British India, Afghanistan’s

geographical size in the 19th

century struggle known as the Great Game

suffered a series of blows. Under Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, the

Afghan Empire extended from Nishapur (present-day Iran) to Pani Pat

(present-day India), and from Bukhara (present-day Uzbekistan) to

Karachi (present-day Pakistan) or from the Arabian Sea to the Indian

Ocean.

In 1868, Japan adopted a series of modern reforms under what became

known as the ‘Meiji Restoration’ and changed the name for the “year

period” to Meiji, meaning “Enlightened Rule.” The drastic changes were

institutionalized under fukoku kyohei and a Five Article Oath (also

called the Charter Oath), was issued by the Emperor which ruled out

ancient evil customs and sought knowledge all over the world.27

However, both the Japanese Emperor and the Afghan Amir remained

26

De Mente, Boye Lafayette.The Japanese Samurai Code: Classic Strategies for

Success. (Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 2004).

27

Fukoku kyohei translates as “a rich country and a strong military.”

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suspicious of powers which were militarily more advanced and

particularly in the vicinity.

In 1870, Amir Sher Ali Khan issued the first postal stamps.28

Its

commemorative stamp was issued in 1964. Japan followed suit in 1871.

It was the following year, when the word “Afghanistan” appeared for

the first time in Japanese newspapers.29

Later, in 1873, Tokyo Nichi

Nichi Shimbun (the former name of Mainichi Shimbun) published a

story on Afghanistan. In 1887, the Asahi Shimbun wrote an extensive

article on Bamiyan.

2.1. Early Afghan-Japanese Ties: Ayub and Togo Celebrate

Asian Victories

It is interesting that diplomatic relations between Japan and Afghanistan

did not formally occur until the 20th

century. Yet, General Ayub Khan,

the victor in the British defeat during the Second Anglo-Afghan War

was the first Afghan to visit Japan. As Admiral Heihachiro Togo’s guest

of honor, Ayub was well received in celebrations marking Asian

victories over European powers. Togo also was known as a hero for his

role in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). Both the Afghan and

Japanese victories had sent rays of hope for independence to many

colonized countries across the globe.

Sardar (Prince) Ayub Khan, known as ‘Victor of Maiwand,’ was the

great hero of the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1879-1880). A

commander well-versed in modern warfare and an able General, the

Sardar had on July 27, 1880 decisively defeated a British force led by

Brigadier-General George Burrows in an open battle at Maiwand, forty

miles west of Qandahar by virtually wiping out all British forces.30

Ayub’s success laid in seizing high ground before the battle began.

According to Tanner, “the first shock to the British was that the Afghans

28

The stamps were round in shape and printed in black with a lion’s head derived

from the King’s first name, “Sher” meaning “lion,” surrounded by text in Dari.

29

Maeda, Kosaku & Sekine, Masao. Nihon Afghanistan Kanke Zenshi. (Tokyo:

Akashi Shoten, 2006), p. 28.

30

Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game: on Secret Service in High Asia. (London: John

Murray Publishers, Ltd, 1990).

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had thirty well-handled guns to their twelve.”31

Afghan heroine of

Maiwand, Malalai had been heard shouting out the following poem as

she entered the battlefield to hold up the Afghan flag: “Young love! If

you do not fall in the battle of Maiwand, By God, someone is saving

you as a symbol of shame!” Roughly forty years before, the British had

suffered a major defeat that was by far larger in scale. In their first

imperial defeat in the first Anglo-Afghan war (1838-42), the British lost

a total of 16,000 troops with only one survivor, Dr. Brydon. This battle

was known as the “Death March” costing the British 20 million Sterling

Pounds which led to the reshuffling of the cabinet in London. In a final

attempt to have its martial reputation restored, General George Pollack,

in September 1842, wreaked vengeance on Kabul by torching and

plundering the city, which destroyed much of the rest of the city, before

finally leaving with his entire British force. It took many years before

the Forward Policy witnessed a decline.

General Ayub and his entourage, including British Army Major Whyte

and Mr. Aminullah Khan who later became Deputy Justice Minister of

Afghanistan, left Lahore on January 12, 1907 for a long trip to Japan

aboard the “Kawachi Maru” and arrived in Kobe on February 16.32

On

the 18th

, he came to Tokyo to visit the naval academy. Ayub’s long trip

ended on March 20 aboard the “Manila.”33

He arrived back in Lahore

on April 8, 1907.

According to original British archival sources, in Japan the General was

extremely well-received everywhere he went.34

He visited regiments of

the Imperial Guard in their barracks and a military college for officers

where he lunched with the Commandant. In addition, he visited the

principal naval dockyard and was hosted for lunch by Naval

31

Tanner, Stephen. Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the

fall of the Taliban (Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2002), p. 215.

32

Aminullah Khan’s grandfather Arsala Khan had served as the first Foreign

Minister under Amir Sher Ali Khan; and Aminullah’s grandson served as Foreign

Minister in the Mujahideen Government (1992) and has served as Vice-President,

Finance Minister, Senior Adviser and Commerce Minister and currently as the

Senior Cabinet Minister under President Hamid Karzai.

33

Based on Ambassador Tabibi’s letter No. 1335 to Foreign Minister Etemadi dated

21/12/1347 (10 March 1968).

34

Ludwig Adamec’s email to the author dated June 22, 2004 based on original

British archival sources.

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Commander-in-Chief Admiral Hikonojou Kamimura. He was received

by Count Sigenobu Okuma, the Minister of War and Marine, Admiral

Heihachiro Togo, and the Generals Yasukata Oku and Maresuke Nogi.

Admiral Togo was the hero of the Battle of Tsushima (1905) and

General Nogi was the hero of the capture of Port Arthur (1905). 35

In a gesture of empathy and respect for his hosts, the Sardar donated 200

Yen (estimated now to be roughly equal to 1,600,000 Yen ) to “Tokyo

Haihei In,” the Tokyo home for the soldiers disabled in the 1904-5

Russo-Japanese War, which was established in 1907 in Shibuya-ku and

later moved to Sugamo, Toshima-ku.

Ayub never accepted the legitimacy of Amir Abdul Rahman or his

cousin and successor, Amir Habibullah. It was Yaqub Khan, Ayub’s

own brother who had signed the treaty of Gandumak on May 26, 1879

which was to establish “eternal peace and friendship” between

Afghanistan and Great Britain. This treaty, signed in return for full

British support, obligated Yaqub Khan, to conduct “relations with

Foreign States, in accordance with the advice and wishes of the British

Government.” Abdul Rahman had expelled Sardar Ayub to British India.

When Amir Habibullah went to British India in 1907 on an official visit,

it was arranged for Sardar Ayub to travel to any European country or

America due to a concern that the latter might return to Afghanistan in

an attempt to disrupt the situation and take over power. It was Sardar

Ayub who, out of utmost respect due to the Japanese victory in the

Russo-Japanese War, sought to travel to Japan.

2.2. Japan’s Victory and the Rise of Nationalism

Seraj ul-Akhbar (translated as “Torch of the News”), a modernist,

nationalist and anti-imperialist newspaper began publication in Kabul in

1911 under the able Mahmood Tarzi, a writer and journalist who had

lived for years in Constantinople and Damascus. Seraj ul-Akhbar was

read in places such as Turkey, the Caucasus, Turkestan, India and Japan,

where ideas and words were revered as an art unto themselves.

35

On September 13, 1912, the day of the Emperor Meiji’s funeral, out of devotion

General Nogi and his wife committed ritual suicide in order to follow their Emperor

to the grave.

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Focusing on modernization, the paper looked at America and Japan as

successful engines of progress that provided alternatives to the European

models. This he advocated particularly in order to repel the constant

British and Tsarist onslaught. In particular, Tarzi emphasized Japan as a

model for the development of all Asiatic countries, for he explained that

despite wishing to duplicate European progress, the Japanese did not

lose their customs or their way of life. In 1919, Tarzi became Foreign

Minister and under King Amanullah attempted to establish bilateral

relations with Japan. Unfortunately, the Japanese were wrongfully

advised by the British and delayed diplomatic contacts. Seraj-ul-Akhbar

expressed deep sympathy for the Ottoman Empire and went so far as to

call British India “dar-al harb” ‘or the abode of war.’36

Tarzi was deeply influenced by the thoughts of Sayed Jamaluddin

Afghani, known as al-Afghani, who was born in 1838 in Kunar’s

Asadabad District in eastern Afghanistan and died in Constantinople in

1897. Having traveled to India, Iran, Turkey, the Middle East and

Europe, Al-Afghani was in essence the founder of pan-Islamism. A

prominent scholar of Islam and flamboyant anti-colonialist, anti-

absolutist agitator, he clashed with Muslim monarchs. In an exchange of

polemics in Paris in 1883 with the French philosopher, historian and

positivist Ernest Renan, he refuted the latter’s views on the

incompatibility of Islam and modernization and established considerable

fame for himself in the Parisian intellectual circles.37

Renan later wrote:

“The freedom of his thought, his noble and loyal character made me

believe during our conversation that I had before me, brought to life

again, one of my old acquaintances, Avicenna, Averroes, or another of

those great infidels who represented during five centuries the tradition of

the human spirit.”

Afghani’s political initiative of pan-Islamism (ittihad-i islam) envisaged

mobilization of Muslim nations against western imperialism and

ascension to power, particularly military, through modern technology.

Further, Afghani’s advocacy of independence for all Muslim nations has

36

Nawid, Senzil K. Religious Response to Social Change in Afghanistan 1919-29:

King Aman-Allah and the Afghan Ulama. (Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, Inc.,

1999), p. 38.

37

Keddie, N.R. An Islamic Response to Imperialism, Answer of Jamal al-Din to

Renan Journal des Debats (Paris, May 18, 1883), p. 183.

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been a key factor in the development of the so-called “Islamic

nationalism” and influenced such Muslim figures as Muhammad Iqbal,

Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Abul-Kalam Azad in the subcontinent of

India and Namik Kemal, Said Nursi and Mehmet Akif Ersoy in the

Ottoman Turkey. Al-Afghani is considered a pioneer of freedom

movements both in Asia and Africa.

Afghani’s eloquent ideology found an efficient messenger in Tarzi, who

was a mentor to Amir Habibullah’s sons, Amanullah and Enayatullah,

both of whom married Tarzi’s daughters. Amanullah, who succeeded his

father, was particularly influenced by Tarzi’s ideas about modernization

beliefs and favorable opinion about Japanese attempt at modernization

while preserving traditions.

Soon after the Russo-Japanese War, King Habibullah had Tarzi translate

a book from Turkish to Persian, which left a strong and lasting

impression on its Afghan readers.

In Afghanistan, both modernists and nationalists were greatly impressed

with Japan’s success in the Russo-Japanese War especially because it

was Asiatic. Trazi had translated a text from Turkish on the Russo-

Japanese War into local Dari, which was widely read by the intellectuals

as well as Amir Habibullah. They viewed Japan as a country that could

modernize and simultaneously retain its traditions, national culture and

monarchy.38

As a consequence, the modernists and nationalists hoped

for the establishment of formal cordial relations between Afghanistan

and Japan. Furthermore, for modernists, Japan was a clear model for

Afghanistan because it also had strong foundations of independence and

freedom.39

In addition, the end of the Russo-Japanese War and the subsequent

Russian Revolution of 1905 had resounding effects on Asia, increasing

unrest and intensifying nationalist and reformist elements in the

Ottoman Empire, Persia, China, Mongolia, India and Afghanistan.

38

Schinasi, May. Afghanistan at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century:

Nationalism and journalism in Afghanistan; A Study of Seraj ul-Akhbar (1911-1918),

(Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, 1979).

39

Seraj-ul Akhbar, 3rd

Year, No. 2, pp. 7-8.

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Perhaps the biggest trigger for the immediate rise of Afghan nationalism

was the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 on which Amir Habibullah

had not even been consulted.40

It came as a shock to Afghan nationalists

who feared for the future of Afghan independence. They regarded this

agreement as effectively eliminating traditional aggressive rivalry

between the two competing empires, and thought it would spark the

creation of further agreements which would only be detrimental to

Afghanistan.

While diplomatic movements from all sides increased and the anxiety

among the Muslim nations of Asia, Japan’s success with regard to

modernization were a catalyst for revolutionary ideologists. One such

revolutionary was the Indian Muslim known as Maulana Barakatullah

who visited Tokyo in May, 1913.

2.2.1 The Pan-Islamist and Pan-Asianist Advocates

But beyond stirring nationalist sentiments in Afghanistan, Iran or

Turkey, what the Japanese victory against the Russians meant to Muslim

masses under domination by the West was whether Japan could serve as

either “Savior of Islam” or as “Savior of Asia” against Western

colonialism. In fact, some believed that Japan could serve both causes.

The seeds of such advocacy were rooted in an open-minded policy

during the Meiji period in which the belittlement of Muslim civilization

was not well received by certain circles in Japan for they noticed that

such defamation would only justify Western imperialism. As such, the

argument for Japanese Pan-Asianist elements was to foster links with

their Pan-Islamist friends throughout the region. These Muslim elements

met in Kabul, Istanbul, Mecca and Medina, San Francisco and Tokyo.

Highly critical of Westernization and Europeanization of their Muslim

lands, many pan-Islamist intellectuals looked at Japan as an alternative

model to emulate and without losing the fabric of their culture or to

convert to Christianity. Mustafa Kamil and Ahmad Fadzli Beg in Egypt,

Mehmed Akif in Turkey, Mahmud Tarzi in Afghanistan, Maulana

40

This agreement concluded between Russia and Great Britain on August 31, 1907

to “ensure perfect security on their respective frontiers in Central Asia and to

maintain in these regions a solid and lasting peace.” Amir Habibullah was not

informed of the negotiations and saw it as an attempt to manage the affairs of the

region without the countries, especially Afghanistan, involved.

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Barakatullah in British India, Abdul Rasheed Ibrahim, a Tartar in Russia

were among such Muslim intellectuals. In fact, Beg, Barakatullah and

Ibrahim jointly published an English paper in Tokyo called the Islamic

Fraternity, which advanced the Pan-Islamist and Pan-Asianist rhetoric

soon to be stopped under British pressure. However, at the time Japan

and the Islamic world had not established diplomatic relations as the

majority of Muslim lands were under Western Domination.

Among the Pan-Islamist and the Pan-Asianist figures, we will later only

explore the lives of those who were directly or indirectly linked to Kabul.

2.3. The Turko-German Mission in Afghanistan

As the Pan-Islamic movement grew in the Muslim world, the Turks and

the Germans actively sought to draw support from Afghanistan and

Persia. The Hentig-Niedermayer Expedition was conceived in August

1914 by the German general staff for the purpose of revolutionizing

British India, inducing Afghanistan to attack India, and securing Iran as

a bridge from the Ottoman Empire to Afghanistan.41

The delegation

was headed by two Germans, Lieutenant Werner Otto von Hentig and

Captain Oskar von Niedermayer with other members consisting of

Kazem Bey (Ottoman Turk), and Raja Mahendra Pratap (an Indian

Hindu leader).42

“This officer wears a South West African Police slouch

hat (pinned up at the right side with a brass Imperial Crown- although in

photos Niedermeyer himself doesn't pin his hat up), police tunic

(featuring the distinctive green collar but without insignia or cuff

braiding) worn open at the collar and khaki cord riding breeches. He

carries two pistols, one of which is a naval issue long pistol. The

bandolier and rifle appear to be private purchase items.”43

Maulana Barakatullah (an Indian Muslim leader), who had had visited

Tokyo two years before, was also a member of the Expedition. In

September 1915, the expedition entered Afghanistan through Iran and

41

Niedermayer was promoted to the rank of a General during WWII. He was

captured in Berlin during the Nazi defeat and subsequently died in Russian captivity.

42

Pratap was to later play an important role in the Indian movement against the

British, and as a friend of the Afghan King, he appealed to the Japanese

revolutionaries, especially Mitsuru Toyama.

43

http://www.sacktrick.com/igu/germancolonialuniforms/other%20fronts.htm

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stayed until 22 May 1916.44

When they were welcomed by the governor

of Herat in western Afghanistan who immediately ordered new uniforms

for the expedition, they believed that their dignity was partially restored.

With letters of support and credentials from William Wilhelm II,

German Emperor and Mohammed Reshad Khames, the Ottoman Sultan,

the Hentig-Niedermayer delegation attempted to draw Afghanistan into

the war, using religious and moral pressure as well as promising military

and financial assistance. Prior to the arrival of the delegation in

September 1915, probably all of Habibullah’s negotiations with the

Central Powers during World War I simply reflected the usual Afghan

game of positive neutrality, waiting to see which side would win, and

being prepared for either eventuality. After much consideration, the

Amir forced the delegation to agree to a treaty, under which the

Germans agreed to give the Afghans 100,000 rifles, 300 cannon, and

£20 million in gold. However, the expedition’s immediate goal of an

Afghan attack on British India collapsed and the aid never precipitated.

The Amir hinted that he would attack India – but only after the

victorious Expedition entered Afghanistan to lead the assault.45

While the Expedition’s immediate goal of an Afghan attack on British

India collapsed, it was not a complete failure. The Expedition made

Afghan modernists realize that in order for Afghanistan to initiate a

modernization program, they would first have to be completely

independent from British influence. Impacting the political component

of the Anglo-Afghan relations, it also led to deployment of a large

contingent of British forces - amassed at Afghan border – which could

otherwise have been deployed in the European theater of war. This

shows that the Amir indeed took his time while playing both sides. He

eventually proclaimed Afghanistan’s neutrality despite the fact that the

Conservatives, led by Amir’s brother, Nasrullah, and the modernists, led

by Tarzi were supportive of the Hentig-Niedermayer Expedition.46

44

The British Consulate in Mashhad, Iran, had been informed of the Hentig-

Niedermayer Expedition and by the time it reached the border of Afghanistan,

members had been stripped of all their equipment as well as their uniform.

45

P. 94, Adamec 1967.

46

In 1970, King Zahir Shah invited Von Hentig to Kabul as his guest. During an

extravagant reception at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the original copy of the

letter drafted by the British Viceroy in India addressed to King Habibullah asking

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The defeats inflicted on the Ottoman Empire during the Italian-Ottoman

War in 1911, and the War of the Balkan States in 1912 had also led to a

pan-Islamic Movement across Asia, which was further impacted by

World War I. Being a Muslim Empire, the Ottoman losses to the British,

Russian and French were not well received in Afghanistan.

Paradoxically, the fact that the Ottoman Empire and Germany were

close to Japan bode well with Afghans. Afghans – as part of the Muslim

Ummah – viewed the Ottoman Empire to be the center of Islamic

Khilafat. Cognizant of the British defeats by Afghans, the anti-

imperialist, anti-Christian sentiments especially gained momentum

amongst the Muslims of India and encouraged them to mobilize. The

sentiments later also influenced Afghanistan’s own movement to restore

sovereignty over her foreign affairs.

2.4. The Revolutionaries

During its quest for restoring autonomy over her foreign affairs,

Afghanistan attempted to establish contact with various capitals and in

Asia enlisted the help of revolutionaries to help the continent rid itself of

foreign aggression and occupation.

2.4.1. Mahendra Pratap (1886-1979)

Mahendra Pratap received his education under British headmasters and

Muslim teachers in India. After devoting his attention to questions of

social and educational reforms and other constructive activities, Pratap

threw himself into a still higher cause of liberating India from the British.

On December 20, 1914, at the age of 28, he left India for Europe to gain

outside support. He had become a big menace there for the foreign rule

in India, so much so that the British Government of India declared a

reward on his head, attached his entire estate and declared him a fugitive.

the latter not to receive the Turko-German delegation was shown to him. Von

Hentig was astonished and confessed that the letter he carried from the German

Emperor in 1915 to King Habibullah was drafted on a small paper. Yet, despite that,

the Afghan Amir stationed them in the Bagh-e-Babur Garden, one of the most

prestigious Royal sites in Kabul.

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As part of his work in the Hentig-Niedermayer Expedition, Pratap

established the first Provisional Government of India in Kabul in

December 1915 with himself as President. This government carried on

work on various fronts including the diplomatic fronts by establishing

relationships with anti-British governments such as Turkey, Germany,

China as well as Japan. He collaborated with independence movements

in India such as the Ghadar Party.47

He also worked closely with several

Indian revolutionaries including Mohammed Barakatullah, Rash Bihari

Bose and Subhas Chandra Bose.48

Pratap also frequently visited

Germany and the Soviet Union to solicit support and political

recognition.

In order to make preparations for a commercial treaty between

Afghanistan and Japan and seek Japanese support, Pratap was in Japan

from 1922 to 1937. It is here that in 1934 Rash Behari Bose introduced

Pratap to Mitsuru Toyama.49

Known as the Afghan Patriot in Japan,

Pratap was issued an Afghan passport by King Amanullah from 1921 to

1937.50

During the war, the Japanese asked him to help on the invasion

of India by Japan. Pratap made the decision contingent upon formation

of Indian Army from South Asia. Japan rejected. It is because of the

rejection that Subhas Chandra Bose, another influential Indian

revolutionary, was sent from Germany to Japan to form an interim Free

India Government. Based on the archives of the Afghan Embassy in

Tokyo, Pratap stayed in Japan until 1946 and returned to India after

47

The aim of the Ghadar (Mutiny) Party was to overthrow the British rule by using

force and thereby free India from foreign domination.

48

Rash Bihari was one of the founding members of the Ghadar Party (1913-1915) of

which Barakatullah was also a member. In order to gain support from enemies of

the British, Barakatullah was sent to Kabul by the Ghadar Movement to organize

this work. As a close friend of Afghan King Amanullah he joined Pratap and other

anti-British revolutionaries in Kabul and consequently formed the Indian Provisional

Government. Barakatullah was appointed its Prime Minister.

49

Ikawa, Satoshi & Kobayashi, Hiroshi. Hito Arite – Toyama Mitsuru to Genyosha

(2003), p. 188.

50

Amanullah ruled from 1919 to 1928.

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Indian independence.51

Pratap was guest of His Majesty, King Zahir

Shah for ten days in 1960.

2.4.2. Mitsuru Toyama (1855-1944)

It was during Pratap’s visit to Japan in 1922 that he met Mitsuru

Toyama, a renowned Japanese nationalist and a revolutionary. Toyama

was perhaps the most notable leader of the Genyosha, a Japanese

nationalist society based in Fukuoka that was founded in 1881 with the

goal of safeguarding Japan and identifying Russia as the only force

threatening their influence in the region. Japan was not too alarmed

about China as it won the 1894 Sino-Japanese War fought over Korea.

Later Toyama and Ryohei Uchida formed Kokuryukai. Japan won the

Russo-Japanese War. Toyama is also said to have been an opponent of

all established governments in Asia. He welcomed dissidents from

China, India and the Philippines who were known to convene at his

home in Shibuya, Tokyo. Included amongst these were the famous

Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen and Indian revolutionary Rash Bihari

Bose, who fled India and exiled to Japan to escape the colonialist British

government. On the request of Sun Yat-sen, Toyama took Bose in and

helped him shelter in Japan. It was actually through the introduction by

Bose that Pratap and Toyama met. Toyama also tried to reach out to

help Afghanistan against the British. His grandson, Okisuke Toyama, in

addition to being the president of Association for Development of

Agricultural Resources, is a long-time observer of Japanese politics and

advises on a nationalist disposition.

2.4.3. Rash Bihari Bose (1885-1945)

Rash Bihari Bose was a revolutionary leader battling against the British

in India and an organizer of the Indian National Army (INA). He was

involved in revolutionary activities early in his life and his involvement

in these activities aroused the suspicion of the British government until

ultimately he was jailed. He broke from prison and subsequently

appeared in Kabul dressed in traditional Afghan clothes. In Kabul an

51

Afghan Ambassador’s letter to the Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs dated 20

Dalwe 1350 (February 1971) and Pratap’s letter to the Afghan Ambassador in Japan

dated 28 December 1971.

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Afghan entrepreneur named Mr. Sobhan who was married to a German,

provided Bose with a haven. He later moved to Japan where he was

taken in by Mitsuru Toyama.52

Facing enormous pressure by the

British to expel all exiles from Japan, Japanese authorities issued the

order that Bose leave Japan within a week. But following criticism from

public organs and the likes of revolutionaries such as Mitsuru Toyama

for their indecisive attitude, not to mention the fear that the oppressive

British authorities would arrest and execute him, the Japanese

authorities eventually decided to protect Bose’s life.

The Genyosha Society helped Rash Bihari Bose to escape and shelter

himself in Nakamuraya Bakery where he hid for four and a half months.

Whilst there, he met and married Toshiko, the daughter of the couple

owning the bakery. Subsequently, the British government's search for

Rash Bihari Bose came to an end by the abolition of the Anglo-Japanese

Alliance Treaty.

Bose was instrumental in persuading the Japanese authorities to stand by

the Indian nationalists and ultimately to support actively the Indian

freedom struggle abroad. He commanded Indian troops in Burma under

the lead of the Japanese Imperial Army. Bose convened a conference in

Tokyo on March 28-30, 1942, which led to the establishment of the

Indian Independence League. He convened the second conference of

the League at Bangkok on June 22, 1942. It was at this conference that

a resolution was adopted to invite Subhas Chandra Bose to join the

League and take command as its president. On the organizational

foundation work of Rash Bihari Bose, Subhas Chandra Bose declared

the formation of the Indian National Army in 1943.

Before his death the Japanese Government honored Rash Bihari Bose

with the “Second Order of the Merit of the Rising Sun.”

2.4.4. Subhas Chandra “Netaji” Bose (1897-1945)

Subhas Chandra Bose, who was of no relation to Rash Bihari Bose, was

popularly known as Netaji. Despite being a fine scholar he had no

52

Ikawa, Satoshi & Kobayashi, Hiroshi. Hito Arite – Toyama Mitsuru to Genyosha,

(2003) pp. 184-185.

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intention of serving the British. Instead he wanted to participate in the

Nationalist Movement and liberate his Motherland. Mahendra Pratap

was one of Netaji’s heroes.

Bose helped set up a provisional government-in-exile for India

established in Kabul soon after the beginning of the First World War. At

the start of World War II, Bose spent time in Germany where he

succeeded in enlisting German support to organize anti-British

movements. There he formed the Provisional Independent Government

for India, and his ideas spread through regular broadcasts from Berlin.

Backed by the governments of both Germany and Japan, Bose embarked

upon a submarine journey to Japan which helped him establish the

Indian National Army in Myanmar under the Japanese.

Subhas Chandra Bose died on August 19, 1945, when his plane crashed

at Matsuyama Airport in Formosa or present-day Taiwan four days after

WWII ended while on his way back to Japan from Myanmar.

2.5. The Pan-Asiatic Congress

On August 1, 1926 fifty-one delegates from Japan, China, India,

Afghanistan, the Philippines and Korea participated in a three-day

conference called “The Pan-Asiatic Congress” which convened at the

Nagasaki Y.M.C.A. Hall. At the Congress, Professor Lin of Peking

University elaborated on its origin: “Our two immediate purposes are to

spread the intellectual and spiritual fruits of our Oriental Civilisation and

to develop the material resources of Asia. To do this we desire to thwart

imperialism, in order that there may be free and spontaneous

development.”53

However, when the Chinese delegate declared soliciting

support for India’s independence, the Japanese delegate Mr. Imazato,

himself a Member of Parliament who had delivered the opening address

“pointed out that the Japanese authorities might close the conference if it

touched upon subjects tending to injure relations between the Japanese

and foreign governments, a resolution to the foregoing effect submitted

by Mr. Huang of the Chinese delegation was withdrawn.”54

In his

53

The Japan Chronicle, August 5, 1926.

54

U.S. National Archives and Records Administration: Report No. 220 filed by US

Embassy in Tokyo dated August 7, 1926, p.2.

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opening address he had remarked that the nine hundred million Asiatic

peoples were experiencing “one of the most painful of existences.” A

second Chinese delegate stated that the mission is “not to drive the white

people out of Asia but to be on terms of equality with them.”55

At the Congress, Pratap represented Afghanistan while Rash Bihari

Bose was the chief Indian delegate. He declared that “The triumph of

the Asiatic nations…meant the realization of world peace, and the final

object of universal love for which all had been yearning would then be

achieved.”56

The Indian delegation submitted a resolution, subsequently

adopted, stating that the Congress expressed its appreciation to the Amir

of Afghanistan, the Shah of Persia, Kemal Pasha, Dr. Tagore, Gandhi,

Mitsuru Toyama and others who had contributed to the Pan-Asiatic

movement.

At the Congress a Provisional Constitution was submitted whose Article

1 reads as follows: “The object of the Federation is to bring permanent

peace to the world, based on the principle of equality and justice,

eliminating all discrimination, whether social, religious or racial, and

thus to assure liberty and happiness to all the races of the world.”

On the evening of Monday the 2nd

of August, Pratap visited the Osaka

Mainichi and stated that “all Asiatic peoples look upon Japan as the

savior of Asia.”57

However, the Congress did not generate the kind of sensation expected.

On the one hand, a substantial amount of time and energy was spent on

Sino-Japanese debate on ‘Twenty-One Demands,” and on the other,

many Japanese politicians did distance themselves from the conference.

Yet, the conference did succeed in illuminating the feeling of hostility

by Asians against great powers. The fact that the Congress did not

evolve highlights the difficulties before it.

55

The Japan Chronicle, August 5, 1926 “Pan-Asiatic Congress: The White

Domination of the World.”

56

The Japan Chronicle, August 3, 1926.

57

The Tokyo Nichinichi also called the Mainichi, August 4, 1926.

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3. Formal Diplomatic Relations

Although official relations between Afghanistan and Japan were

established in 1931, there were several attempts by Afghan authorities to

establish solid contact with the Meiji Administration long before then.

On February 20, 1919, Amir Habibullah was assassinated on a hunting

trip which led to the accession of his third son King Amanullah to the

throne. Amanullah’s ten-year reign saw much dramatic change in

foreign and domestic politics starting with the declaration of sovereignty

over Afghan foreign affairs in 1919 following the month-long Third

Anglo-Afghan War with Britain. One of the King’s important foreign

policy strategy was to establish new diplomatic relations with external

powers. Japan was one of the first countries to whom the newly modern

Afghanistan – constrained by the Gandumak Treaty – turned for support

and cooperation. Unfortunately though, a message sent by the new

government of Afghanistan was captured by British authorities in India

and never reached Japan. The second attempt to send a special mission

through Russia and China failed because of lack of communications.

Meanwhile, the British – bitter over three military defeats by Afghans –

persuaded the Japanese Government through diplomatic contacts to

delay the establishment of relations with Afghanistan, as they

discouraged others like the United States of America.58

Japan and Afghanistan were on very friendly terms and shared many

exchanges before 1930, the year in which the first Afghan-Japanese

treaty of friendship was concluded. King Habibullah Khan, under a

decree, had donated £1000 (Sterling Pounds) in early 1914 to the

victims of the three earthquakes that occurred in Japan.59

The

earthquakes occurred as follows: January 12th

- Sakurajima (M 7.1 and

35 dead); March 15th

, Akita Senkita (M 7.1, 94 dead and 640 houses

destroyed) and March 28th

, Akita Senkita (M 6.1). Japan was very well

received in Afghanistan and had established a solid commercial

58

Poullada, Leon B. & Poullada, Leila D.J. The Kingdom of Afghanistan and the

United States: 1828-1973. (Omaha: Center for Afghan Studies at the University of

Nebraska at Omaha and Dageforde Publishing, 1995), pp. 35-41

59

The Seraj ul-Akhbar Weekly, dated 25 June 1914 (3rd

Year, No. 20, p. 2).

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presence. There was an ever increasing demand in Afghanistan for

Japanese products such as cloth, chemical products and machinery.60

In 1922, Hisao Tani, a Japanese military officer in India, was the first

Japanese to visit Afghanistan in modern times. This visit to Afghanistan

was followed by that of Yasunosuke Tanabe in October 1925, who after

returning back to Japan, went on to establish the Japan-Afghanistan

Club in 1935.

In December 1927, when King Amanullah along with Queen Soraya

embarked on his European tour, he visited the Embassy of Japan in

London in order to make preparations for the conclusion of a basic

friendship treaty with Japan. Subsequently, on November 19, 1930, the

Afghan-Japanese Treaty of Friendship was signed and exchanged

between Marshall Shah Wali Khan, the Afghan Envoy and Mr. Tsuneo

Matsudaira, the Japanese Ambassador in London. The Treaty of

Friendship signed was drafted in French.

Diplomatic missions were exchanged when Sardar Habibullah Tarzi, the

first Afghan Minister to Japan, realizing the importance of its ever-

growing economic power.61

Traveling aboard the Hakone Maru from

Bombay, he arrived in Kobe and then in Tokyo on October 5, 1933 to

build the first ever Afghan legation. On October 19, he presented his

credentials signed by King Nadir Shah to the Emperor and the first

legation was established in Iikura Azabudai, before moving to Aoba-cho,

Shibuya-ku.62

He remained in this post until March 1939. Subsequent

Afghan ambassadors to Japan include: Mr. Qasim Reshitiya, formerly

Finance Minister; Abdul Majid Khan, formerly Education Minister and

Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi, formerly Justice Minister.

The first Japanese Minister to visit Afghanistan was Mr. Masamoto

Kitada in 1934. On November 6, 1934, Kitada arrived in Kabul with his

60

Gregorian, Vartan. The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics of Reforms

and Modernization. (Stanford University Press, 1969), p. 337.

61

Habibullah was the nephew of Mahmood Tarzi, editor of the Seraj-ul Akhbar

Newspaper.

62

The current Embassy site is also in Iikura, Azabu purchased on March 13, 2006.

Many Japanese involved in the transaction believed that ‘it was meant to be.’

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wife being the daughter of former Prime Minister Hamaguchi. Upon his

return to Japan, Mr. Kitada joined the Japan-Afghanistan Club.

During the 1930s, some twenty or thirty Japanese were living in

Afghanistan. Many cultural and educational exchanges took place as

well. For example, in 1931, the Afghan government invited Takagaki, a

Japanese judo instructor to train Afghan army officers, who stayed for

seven years. Then, in 1932, Japan invited six Afghan students to learn

Japanese and undertake higher learning. They continued their education

throughout WWII and their graduation was done with Japanese clothing,

contrary to the norm. They left Japan through Siberia in October of

1943 and arrived in Afghanistan in December of that year. Of these,

Abdul Hakim Ziayee later became Chief Justice and Abdullah Yaftali

was appointed as the Deputy Prime Minister.

As mentioned already, after returning from Afghanistan, Yasunosuke

Tanabe founded the Japanese-Afghanistan Club in 1935 which would

function as intercessor between the two countries. With the great help

of Torikichi Obata and Masaji Inoue, in June 1935, he held an

inauguration for the founding of the Japanese-Afghanistan Club. 63

He

issued some brief rules of this club and chose approximately ten people

to be committee members. Tanabe was appointed the committee chair.

The main aims of this club were to improve the friendship between the

two nations, publish bulletins several times a year and hold welcome

and farewell parties for officials of both nations as well as tea parties for

exchange students from Afghanistan to facilitate communication with

their Japanese counterparts. From 1935 to 1941, this club was managed

with financial contributions from several leading companies. The

primary contributors included Mitsubishi Joint-Stock Company,

Sumitomo Joint-Stock Company and Mitsui Products. With these

contributions, the Japan-Afghanistan Club was managed for seven years.

In 1941, its name was changed to The Japan-Afghanistan Association

and its scale expanded immensely.64

63

This club enrolled prominent figures in Japanese politics and included Togo

Shigenori, who later was categorized as “A Class Criminal” at the Yasukuni Shrine.

64

The current Chairman of this association is Mr. Kenshiro Matsunami, a member

of the Lower House of the Diet and a former teacher at Kabul University whose son

was born in Afghanistan.

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According to unpublished notes of Mr. Mitsuo Ozaki, a Japanese

government official working in Afghanistan from 1935 to 1938, Japan

was using Afghanistan as a base to spy on the former Soviet Union,

particularly the latter’s combat strength in central Asia, “which irritated

Afghan authorities.”65

During the Second World War, despite declaration of neutrality on

August 17, 1940 by Afghanistan, the British and Russian governments

demanded through diplomatic notes issued on October 9 and 11, 1941

that Afghan authorities hand all Axis (Japanese, German and Italian)

diplomats as well as non-diplomatic members of missions over to the

Allied Forces. The German invasion of the Soviet Union in June of 1941

and vacillation by the Iranian Government not to evacuate Axis

diplomats led to a joint Russo-British invasion of Iran on 25 August

1941. “The Afghan Prime Minister, Mohammad Hashim, even with the

invasion of Iran fresh in the news, considered the Russo-British

ultimatum an insult to traditional Afghan hospitality and neutrality, an

affront to the Muslim custom of sanctuary, and a slap at the growing

national integrity of a small nation. Many Afghans wanted to reject the

note, and, if necessary, fight.”66

At the end, a Loya Jirga or a traditional

Grand Assembly of Afghans was convened on November 5-6, 1941,

which accepted the repatriation of non-diplomatic members only to be

escorted by an Afghan Foreign Ministry delegation through British India

to a neutral country under a free passage.67

Contrary to British and

Russian expectation, all Axis diplomats were permitted to stay.68

3.1. Bilateral Developments

In 1951, a Japanese anthropologist named Shinobu Iwamura traveled to

Afghanistan and visited some villages near Herat in northwestern

Afghanistan known and established that the Mongolian language was

65

Itar-Tass: 29 November 2004.

66

Dupree: 483

67

Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan – Second Edition.

(London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1997), p. 120.

68

Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan – Second Edition.

(London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1997), pp. 122-132.

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spoken among the locals of a few villages called “Moghul Qeshlaq69

and published the finding in the Asahi Shimbun which later was

published as a book called “Afghanistan Kikou.”70

Later, as part of the

Karakorum & Hindukush Gakujyutu Tankentai meaning “Karakorum

and Hindukush Arts and Sciences Expeditionary Party,” Mr. Iwamura

traveled to Afghanistan from May to October 1955 visiting Kabul,

Kandahar, Nuristan and Hazarajat as well as some northern provinces.

The Expedition included Professor Ahmad Ali Motamedi from Kabul

University and Mr. Tadashi Yamazaki who died in April 1956. At the

time some 800 families from Mongolian descent were believed to live in

Ghor Province’s Zarni District who could understand Mongolian but

could not speak it.71

Mr. Iwamura later became a well-known expert on

Mongolian Empire and history of the Silk Road.

1954 saw the first Afghan-Japanese marriage between Abdul Shokur

Shaker and Ms. Mitsuko Yagi.72

In 1959, the Afghan Crown Prince

Sardar Mohammed Daoud visited Japan. In 1960, a Japanese

mountaineering group climbed Nawshākh, the highest mountain in

Afghanistan. In 1962, the first Afghan Commerce Delegation came to

Japan. To celebrate the 1964 Olympics held in Tokyo, Afghanistan

issued commemorative stamps. In 1964, director of Kabul Museum,

Mr. Ali Ahmad Motamedi, member of the Karakorum & Hindukush

Expedition married Ms. Haruko Tsuchiya. She later produced a book on

Kabul Museum in Japanese.

From April 9-15, 1969, Their Majesties King Zahir Shah and Queen

Homaira, with an entourage of senior cabinet members, paid an official

one-week State visit to Japan. The King and Queen were received at

Haneda Airport by The Majesties Emperor Hirohito and Empress

Nagako as well as high ranking officials of the Japanese government.

Then, Prime Minister Eisaku Sato received the King and they exchanged

views on the international situation at that time and the possibilities of

69

Qeshlaq translates as village. Derived from Turkish, it actually means warm

places where one resides during the winter.

70

Iwamura S. and Schurmann, H. Notes on Mongolian Groups in Afghanistan by

the Institute of Research in Humanities at Kyoto University: 1954., pp. 418-515

71

Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan: Vol. 3.

(Austria: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsantalt, Vol. 3., 1975), p. 302.

72

Shaker was a businessman involved in ceramics

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further development of economic and cultural relations between the two

countries. The King and Queen visited sites of economic interest and

cultural and historic places in and around the cities of Tokyo, Osaka,

Nara and Kyoto.

During two separate audiences with His Majesty, the Father of the

Nation in December 2003 and April 2005, the author was acutely

impressed by the mental acuity of His Majesty’s memories as H.M.

recalled over a period of one hour details from their trip to Japan.73

In 1970, Crown Prince Ahmad Shah and Crown Princess Belqis came to

Japan to participate at the Osaka Expo.

The 1969 visit by the Afghan King and Queen was reciprocated in June

1971 by a State visit to Afghanistan by Their Imperial Highnesses

Crown Prince and Princess, now Their Majesties Emperor Akihito and

Empress Michiko. The Japanese Imperial couple arrived in Kabul on 5th

June 1971 for a six-day state visit.74

Afghan Prime Minister Noor

Ahmad Etemadi called on them soon afterwards. Accompanied by

Crown Prince Ahmad Shah and his sister Crown Princess Belqis, the

state-trip included attending dinner receptions hosted by the Afghan

Royal Family in the Gulkhana Palace as well as visits to Bamiyan and

Ai-Khanum, a vast Hellenic period metropolis on the banks of the Oxus

River founded in 327 B.C.75

After their return to Japan, Her Majesty Crown Princess Michiko

composed the following poem:

There at Bamian

Under a moon faintly red

The great stone Buddhas,

73

Under the new Constitution (2004) His Majesty serves as “The Father of the

Nation.”

74

During this trip, the Chief of Protocol Mr. Sa’adullah Ghausy accompanied Their

Imperial Highnesses and later was appointed Charge d’Affaires to Japan in 1978.

75

Mr. Abdullah Yaftali, first Deputy Premier and one of the six initial Afghan

students in Japan in 1930’s served as the interpreter during this trip.

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Their sacred faces shattered,

Are still awesomely standing.76

In March 2001, saddened by the destruction of the Buddha statues, Her

Majesty Empress Michiko wrote another poem.

All unconsciously

Have I too not fired a shot? -

With Spring well along

On the plains of Bamian

The stone Buddhas are no more.77

During the occasion of presenting the Letters of Credence to His

Majesty the Emperor of Japan on April 30, 2004 as well as a Tea

Ceremony with Their Majesties, the Emperor and Empress of Japan on

May 24, 2004, I was deeply moved by Their Majesties’ vivid memories

of Afghanistan, remembering names of Afghan Royal Family members

as well as up-to-date information on Afghanistan. Empress Michiko

even went as far as revealing a quasi-hidden fact by saying: “Last year,

when President Karzai was coming to Japan, my husband was in

hospital. He told the doctor to make sure that he would be out of the

hospital by the time President Karzai would arrive since he wanted to

see him at the Imperial Palace.”

In early 1973, the mayor of the City of Jalalabad, Mr. Habibullah Amin-

Arsala came to Japan as guest of Tokyo Mayor and visited numerous

gardens and parks. During this trip he laid a wreath on the tomb of

Admiral Heihachiro Togo. He was the son of Aminullah Khan, who in

1907 had accompanied General Ayub to Japan. The garden of the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Kabul was designed based on his

observations in Japan.

However, the new era of cooperation and exchange on political,

economic and cultural matters were short-lived as the former Soviet

Union invaded Afghanistan (1979). Japan condemned the invasion and

subsequently suspended all its projects throughout Afghanistan. It also

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withdrew its nationals from Afghanistan. Although Afghanistan

maintained an Embassy in Tokyo, Japan did not receive any

ambassadors. Meanwhile, Japan actively supported the resistance

movement by the Afghan Mujahedeen and generously assisted the

Afghan refugees in Iran and Pakistan, both directly and indirectly

through Japanese and international governmental as well as non-

governmental organizations, including the United Nations. After the

Communist regime (1992), Japan played a mediatory role.

3.2. Post 9.11 Relations

For the first time since World War II, Japan took on a mission by

dispatching Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) vessels to the Indian

Ocean for refueling operations of the Coalition Forces to support

international troops in Afghanistan in the fight on terror under the Basic

Plan of Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law. Also known as “The

Pacific Fleet,” the mission began on November 1, 2001 in order to

topple the Taliban regime.

On the occasion of the Taliban defeat and liberation of Afghanistan, His

Majesty the Emperor composed this poem:

Afghanistan becomes a War Theater

In Kabul City

With the war over at last,

From the people seen

Walking up and down the streets

A great joy is welling up.78

Soon after the Bonn Accord and the announcement of the Interim

Administration on December 22, 2001, and with millions of students

returning back to school and seeing female teachers on the media, Her

Majesty wrote this poem:

A Time of Burgeoning

There in Kabul, too,

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Where the trees are very few,

Buds must be bursting-

With all of those young women

Lifting their blue burkha veils.79

Mrs. Sadako Ogata, appointed as Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi’s

Special Representative to Afghanistan visited Afghanistan in January

2002. On January 21-22, 2002, Japan convened the “International

Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan,” which was

attended by Chairman Hamid Karzai heading a big cabinet delegation.

Known as the Tokyo Conference, it recognized the vital importance of

security and counter-narcotics issues to the success of reconstruction,

and placed special emphasis on providing systematic follow-up and

sufficient assistance to ensure steady and irreversible progress. The

cumulative amount of pledges for Afghanistan was more than 4.5 billion

US Dollars.

At the Diet, the Nihon Afghan Giin Renmei or “Japan-Afghan

Parliamentary League” was expanded to support Afghanistan’s

reconstruction. Japan reopened its Embassy in Kabul in February of

2002 appointing Kinichi Komano as the Charge d’Affaires and later as

first Ambassador after the Soviet Invasion. Foreign Minister Kawaguchi

visited sites where rehabilitation assistance for Afghanistan was being

carried out in May 2002 and conveyed Japan's intention to assist the

Government and people of Afghanistan. She met with then Chairman

Hamid Karzai, Foreign Minister Abdullah and Father of the Nation.

Madame Ogata went to Kabul in June 2002 during the Emergency Loya

Jirga. Her visit was followed by Foreign Minister Abdullah’s trip to

Japan in October 2002. Subsequently, the Afghan Embassy in Tokyo

was reopened in Tokyo in November 2002. The Tokyo Conference on

Consolidation of Peace in Afghanistan was launched in order to promote

the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration process for Afghan

combatants, which was attended by President Hamid Karzai who

delivered a keynote speech. In July 2003, Madame Ogata went to

Afghanistan to review the situation in the country to assess Japanese

assistance and to see implementation of the Ogata Initiative. Then in

November 2003, Mr. Kazunori Tanaka, Parliamentary Secretary for

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Foreign Affairs traveled to Afghanistan and delivered a personal letter

from Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi addressed to Mr. Hamid Karzai,

President of the Transitional Administration of Afghanistan. During his

stay in that country, Mr. Tanaka exchanged views with dignitaries of the

Transitional Administration about reconstruction assistance and the

country's political process. In March 2004, Madame Ogata attended an

International Conference on Afghan Reconstruction. During the UN

General Assembly, Prime Minister Koizumi and President Karzai met in

September 2004. On April 5, 2005, Minister for Foreign Affairs,

Nobutaka Machimura, paid an official trip to Kabul and met with

President Hamid Karzai and had a working lunch with Minister of

Foreign Affairs, Dr. Abdullah, as well as some other Cabinet Ministers.

This trip coincided with the second day of the Afghan Development

Conference. During the meeting, President Karzai expressed his

gratitude for Japan’s assistance, noting the disarmament, demobilization

and reintegration (DDR) process of ex-combatants and the fueling

activities by Self-Defense Force (SDF) vessels in the Indian Ocean. In

May 2005, Foreign Minister Abdullah visited Japan and had meetings

with Prime Minister Koizumi and Foreign Minister Machimura and had

lunch with members of the Japan-Afghan Parliamentary League. Mrs.

Habiba Sarabi, governor of Bamiyan visited Japan from August 22-29,

2005, followed by a visit from Afghan Information and Culture Minister

Makhdoom Raheen and Prince Mirwais, Advisor to the Ministry. On

January 18-20, 2006, Finance Minister Anwar-ul Haq Ahadi and Deputy

Foreign Minister Mahmoud Saikal visited Japan and had fruitful

discussions with Finance Minister Tanigaki, Foreign Minister Taro Aso

and Senior Vice Minister Katsutoshi Kaneda. Senior Vice Minister

Kaneda headed the Japanese delegation to the London Conference

where the Afghanistan Compact was signed between Afghanistan and

the international community accompanied by Ambassador Ryuichi

Tanabe who was in charge of aid coordination for Afghanistan.

After more than two years of efforts, but only after 73 years of attempts

by numerous ambassadors aimed at buying a permanent Chancery and

Residence, finally the contract for a dignified property at Iikura,

Azabudai was concluded on March 13, 2006. Its redevelopment will

take some time and it will be ready for inhabitation in the summer of

2007, which will coincide with 100th

anniversary of Prince Ayub’s visit

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to Japan.80

On May 24, 2006, the first session of Development Policy Dialogue

(DPD) between Japan and Afghanistan took place at the Ministry of

Foreign Affairs in Kabul. The DPD was a mutual initiative drawing

parallel lessons from Japanese development assistance in the Far East

and elsewhere in order to determine development priorities in

Afghanistan.81

Foreign Minister Dr. Rangeen Dadfar Spanta participated as a Guest at

the Second Foreign Ministers’ Meeting of the “Central Asia plus Japan”

Dialogue on June 5, 2006 also attended by the Foreign Ministers of

Japan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic

of Uzbekistan as well as the Special Envoy of the Republic of

Kazakhstan.82

The aim of this Dialogue is democratization of the

societies, the promotion of market economy, the improvement of the

people’s standard of living, the eradication of terrorism and poverty and

the protection of human rights and the environment. During his trip, Dr.

Spanta had fruitful discussions with Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi,

Foreign Minister Taro Aso and Afghan-Japan Parliamentary League.

What is significant about Central Asia plus Japan Dialogue is that in his

book “Utsukushii kuni he” (translated as Towards a Beautiful Country)

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe advocates the establishment of a strategic

diplomacy with the Central Asian Countries.83

From June 11-18, 2006, the Japanese House of Councillors invited the

first group from the Afghan Parliament headed by Mr. Sayed Hamid

Gilani, First Deputy President of the Meshrano Jirga (Upper House).

The delegation was on a study visit to learn the importance of decision-

making process through parliaments, separation of power between

legislature and government, significance of bicameral system, electoral

80

On October 11, 2006, a procurement team was dispatched by the Afghan

Reconstruction and Development Services (ARDS) to Tokyo to launch the

redevelopment of the new embassy in Iikura. The project was approved by the

World Bank and the funds for it came from the international donor community.

81

This initiative was the result of mutual efforts by Ambassadors Riyuchi Tanabe

and the author.

82

Efforts are underway to make Afghanistan a full member of this Dialogue.

83

Shinzo Abe became Prime Minister on September 26, 2006.

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system (including party politics), legislative process (including

budgetary debates), oversight of administration including promotion of

transparency and accountability and fighting corruption, parliamentary

affairs such as research, legislation, administration and operation) as

well as gender and human rights in parliamentary procedures.

Ambassador Riyuchi Tanabe headed the Japanese delegation at the

Conference in Moscow from June 27-29, 2006 and Japan pledged five-

million Dollars to the Counter-Nartcotics Trust Fund (CNTF) to provide

funding for alternative livelihood initiatives in Afghanistan.

President Hamid Karzai headed an Afghan delegation to attend the

“Tokyo Conference II: Consolidation of Peace in Afghanistan” as well

as a Working Official visit to Japan from July 4-7, 2006. The

Conference was inaugurated by H.E. Mr. Taro Aso, Minister for Foreign

Affairs of Japan with the opening statement given by President Karzai

and attended by representatives from 53 states and 15 international

organizations. Japan pledged 60 million Dollars as part of its total

contribution announced in London towards comprehensive rural

development, improvement of security as well as counter-narcotics

initiatives within the greater goal of development throughout

Afghanistan. The conference highlighted the successful completion of

the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration process known as

the DDR, which successfully disarmed over 60,000 former combatants

and invigorated the Disbandment of Illegal Armed Groups (DIAG). The

President also had an audience with His Majesty the Emperor of Japan

and met with Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, Mr. Kanzaki, Head of

Komei-Party, members of the Committee on Prevention of International

Terrorism and Support at the House of Representatives, Mrs. Chikage

Oogi, Speaker of the House of Councillors, Mr. Hata, Super Adviser of

the Democratic Party, as well as the Afghan-Japan Parliamentary

Friendship League. On July 6th

, he left aboard shinkansen or bullet train

for the beautiful city of Kyoto, and visited Kiyomizudera Temple as

well as Sento Gosho, the Imperial Household which Their Majesties the

Emperor and Empress of Japan still reside in when visiting Kyoto. In the

evening, the Governor of Kyoto welcomed the President and honored

him with a Haori, and in return the President gave his Chapan as a gift.

Later, the Governor hosted a Tea Ceremony followed by dinner

complete with a Koto performance for the President and his delegation.

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Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

37

On November 20, 2006, Mr. Masakazu Sekiguchi, Japan's Vice-

Minister for Foreign Affairs met with President Hamid Karzai at the

Presidential Palace in Kabul. Bilateral relations, regional security, the

fight against terrorism, the Jirgas on both sides of the Durrand Line, and

the Second Regional Economic Cooperation Conference (RECC)

recently held in New Delhi were among the topics discussed. The Vice-

Minister conveyed a message from Japan’s newly elected Prime

Minister, Shinzo Abe, to President Karzai saying, "Though the

leadership in Japan has changed, there will be no change in the policy of

the government of Japan towards Afghanistan." Later, both the President

and Vice-Minister laid a foundation stone for the construction of a

terminal at the Kabul International Airport, which Japan is funding at a

cost of roughly $35 million.

An eight member Afghan parliamentary delegation headed by Professor

Sibghatullah Mojadedi, President of the Upper House known as the

Meshrano Jirga, visited Tokyo on December 4-5, 2006 to attend the

PGA 28th

Annual Parliamentary Forum on Human Security as part of an

initiative by the Parliamentarians for Global Action. The delegation also

included Mr. Aref Noorzai, Deputy President of the Lower House

known as the Welasi Jirga.

3.2.1. Japan’s Role in the Reconstruction of Post-Conflict

Afghanistan

Since 2001, Japan has committed over 1.1 billion US Dollars over seven

years and has effectively delivered more than 1.1 billion so far for the

reconstruction and development of Afghanistan. This includes the recent

pledge by Japan at the London Conference January 31 and February 1,

2006. Japan announced the Ogata Initiative under Japan's Regional

Comprehensive Development Assistance to Afghanistan within the

context of "human security."84

The initiative concentrates on

reconstruction at the provincial community level and made its start by

assisting the reintegration of returnees and Internally Displaced Persons

(IDP). Some of the underlying concepts include smooth transition from

humanitarian assistance to recovery and reconstruction assistance and

84

The evolution of the ‘Ogata Initiative” had its roots in Madame Ogata’s June 2002

trip and her discussions with the ordinary people.

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Haron Amin

38

later a comprehensive development plan for priority regions, namely the

Provinces of Kandahar, Jalalabad, Mazar-i-Sharif and Bamiyan.

3.2.2. Current Status and Future Strategy of Japanese Assistance

to Afghanistan

1. Phase One (August, 2002)

� Focus on refugee reintegration, IDPS

- UNHCR (shelter materials, potable water, crop

production)

- UNICEF (distribution of educational items for

children and teachers, provision of temporary

educational facilities, etc.)

- ICRC (distribution of food to inaccessible areas)

2. Phase Two (November, 2002)

� Expand to target local communities as well as refugees

and IDPS

� Income generation, medical care, sanitation and capacity

building for education, labor-intensive projects

(rehabilitation of basic infrastructure); and mine actions

� Specific Kandahar assistance –

- Reconstruction of principal roads between Kabul and

Kandahar / Kandahar and Spin Boldak

- Various assistance projects inside and around

Kandahar city. (Positive results have led to the same

programs being implemented in Mazari-sharif)

3. Phase Three

� Support to ex-combatants for re-integration into society

through vocational training, job placement, farming,

small business, de-mining

� ANBP (Afghanistan New Beginnings Program)

establishment as focal point for DDR program

� July, 2005 - completion of disarmament phase of the

DDR Programme for Afghanistan Military Forces (over

60,000 soldiers), assistance to disarmed and demobilized

soldiers for their reintegration will continue until June

2006

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Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

39

4. Phase Four (March, 2004)

� Projects to support Kapisa Province, in addition to three

previous areas

� UNHCR will engage in improving the supply of water,

irrigation, road construction (income generation) and

vocational training in the areas where returnees

repatriate; training for teachers, rural-driven educational

infrastructure improvement, improvement of potable

water and public hygiene in schools and communities and

rehabilitation of young soldiers;

� Clearing of land mines in designated areas

� Aid collaboration with UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP under

coordination of UNAMA (United Nations Assistance

Mission to Afghanistan)

Japan’s role: Despite some humanitarian assistance, most contributions

went towards reconstruction assistance in the following areas:

� Political process and governance

- media support, election support, administration,

capacity building, etc.

� Security improvements

- de-mining, police reconstruction, DDR and DIAG,

counter-narcotics, etc.

� Reconstruction

- roads, health and medical, infrastructure, education,

agriculture and rural development, etc.

3.2.3. Breakdown of Japanese Assistance

Following are Japan’s commitments in these areas (all US $): (1) $152

million for the political process and governance ($95 million for budget

assistance for the Afghan Interim and Transitional Administrations, $26

million for media support and $30 million for elections support; (2)

$209 million for security improvement ($135 million for DDR and

DIAG, $58 million for de-mining, $11.5 million for counter-narcotics

and $4.2 million for police reform; (3) $655 million for reconstruction

($205 million for primary and other road, $46 million for health and

medical care, $29 million for education, $88 million for refugees and

resettlement of IDPs, $30 million for infrastructure excluding roads, $82

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Haron Amin

40

million for agriculture and rural development, $49 million for grass

roots and human security grant assistance and $127 million for other

including technical assistance. An additional $161million were spent on

humanitarian assistance immediately after September 2001.85

Military Assistance

The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force supports the international peace

keeping forces in Afghanistan with ships in the Indian Ocean by

refueling coalition planes and jets.86

3.3. Future Commitments

In his speech entitled “Japan and NATO: Toward Future Collaboration,”

at the NAC on January 12, 2007, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said:

“Concerning Afghanistan, I for one recognize the imminent challenges

of the task at hand, and I am aware of the obstacles that must be

overcome. Still, I will continue to convey to my fellow Japanese citizens

a very simple message: Japan is investing in the future of Afghanistan

because its stability is vital to Japan and the world.

In the Indian Ocean, Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force vessels

have been providing fuel to countries participating in Operation

Enduring Freedom, including nine NATO member states.

Japan has donated 1.1 billion US dollars for reconstruction assistance.

We have provided Kaboul, Kandahar and Bamian, to name a few, with

hundreds of classrooms. We do this because we know that every school

we rebuild is another ray of hope for the children of Afghanistan.

The International Security Assistance Force and Japan have combined

resources to reintegrate into civilian life 60,000 former Afghan soldiers.

Every father who returns home as a result is a beacon of hope for

Afghan families.

Our next task is to dismantle the illegal militias of more than 125,000

fighters.

I fully agree with much of what the NATO Riga Summit has declared,

and share your opinion that there can be no security in Afghanistan

85

As of January, 2007 (Source: Japanese MoFA)

86

Known as OEF-MIO (Operation Enduring Freedom-Maritime Interdiction

Operation) in the Indian Ocean to prevent free movement of terrorists and their

related materials such as weapons and ammunition at sea.

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Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

41

without development. I also share your view on the need to enhance

collaboration between NATO and its partners, including Japan.

On this basis, I would like to reaffirm Japan's solid commitment to

Afghanistan.

First, we will implement further assistance equivalent to 300 million US

dollars to complete our commitment made at the London Conference.

This is to support the Afghan National Development Strategy in areas

such as road and airport construction as well as agricultural

development.

Second, we will enhance assistance in the area of security. Working

closely with NATO, we will carry out vigorously the Disbandment of

Illegal Armed Groups. We will also put emphasis on capacity building

for the Afghan police forces.

Third, we will intensify cooperation with NATO's Provincial

Reconstruction Teams' humanitarian activities. My government highly

commends the important role that PRTs are playing in remote areas of

Afghanistan. Japan will further explore deeper synergies between our

assistance activities and those led by PRTs in such areas as basic

education, as well as medical and health care. For this purpose, Japan

will actively take part in the Contact Group on Afghanistan, whose

establishment was proposed at the Riga summit.

Fourth, we will play a greater role in the fight against narcotics and

terrorism by reinforcing the border control capabilities of the Afghan

government, in collaboration with Germany, the U.S. and the EU.”87

Later in the month, the same sentiments were echoed by Foreign

Minister Taro Aso during a policy speech before the 166th

Session of the

Diet on January 26, 2007: “In Afghanistan, together with efforts to

improve order and stability, progress needs to be made in social and

economic reconstruction and development assistance. For the success of

these undertakings, it is essential that all illegal armed groups be

dissolved. We ask ourselves: What can Japan do to build peace in

Afghanistan? Our actions are being closely watched by our NATO

friends. Let me state that Japan is not at all thinking of slackening our

commitment to peace in Afghanistan.

87

http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/europe/pmv0701/nato.html

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Haron Amin

42

International efforts to eliminate and control the threat presented by

terrorism are still ongoing in Afghanistan and the surrounding areas.

Japan will continue its cooperation in these efforts including the

assistance activities of the Maritime Self-Defense Force based on the

Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law.”88

4. Conclusion

In conclusion, cultural, religious, historical, and diplomatic ties between

Japan and Afghanistan were established a long time ago. Although not

well-known, relations between Japan and Afghanistan have been

steadily maintained throughout history based on various cultural and

historic parallels. One cannot consider all the parallels to be coincidental,

although some events may have occurred simultaneously. The

underpinnings which have caused the similarities are rooted in a

common heritage, which was the product of the Silk Route, a passage

which connected Europe with Asia. There is thus a strong basis for

future cultural and diplomatic ties between Japan and Afghanistan that

continue to thrive and expand for the benefit of both nations. It is my

earnest hope – since my research has primarily, and for obvious reasons,

focused on compiling historical facts rather than presenting analysis –

that I have inspired a few to further research Afghan-Japan relations. It

is only through appropriate understanding of each other as members of

the global community – as to solidify correct perception as well as

conception – that we can turn this world into a global village filled with

prosperity, human security and at peace with both itself and nature.

88

http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/fm/aso/speech0701.html

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Table 1

Names of Afghan Officials who visited Japan since 2001

Date Visitor Title Purpose

2002 Jan. President Karzai

20 governmental

officials

International

Conference on the

Reconstruction of

Afghanistan

2002 Apr. Minister Rasoul Amin Minister of Education Meeting with

Minister

2002 Jul. Minister Makhdoom

Raheen

Minister of Information and

Culture

Symposium

“Culture of

Afghanistan”

2002 Oct. Minister Abdullah

Abdullah

Minister of Foreign Affairs Japan extended a

new assistance

package of more

than a total of

about $136

million for peace

& reconstruction

during Minister

Abdullah’s visit

2003 Feb. President Karzai

Minister Abdullah

and some

governmental officials

The Tokyo

Conference on

Consolidation of

Peace (DDR) in

Afghanistan –

Change of Order

“from Guns to

Plows”

2003 Aug. Mr. Shinwari Chief Justice of Supreme Court

2004 Feb. Mr. Wardak Minister of Disabled, Martyrs and

Social Affairs

Invited by

Yamatogishi

Seisakujo, a

company dealing

with artificial limbs

2004 Mar. 3-6 Minister Mohammad

Yunus Qanoni

Minister of Education of

Afghanistan

Mr. Abdul Gafoor

Ghaznawi

Executive Director of the

Academic Council of Education

Meeting with

Minister of

Education, Chief

Cabinet Secretary

Fukuda, Madame

Ogata, Presidents

of some

universities

Dr. Ashraf Ghani Minister of Finance 2004 Mar. 7-10

Mr. Adib Farhadi Director of Economics, MOFA

Meeting with

Ministers of

Finance Tanigaki &

Foreign Affairs

Kawaguchi,

Madame Ogata

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2004 Aug. 2-15 Dr. Sharif Fayez Minister of Higher Education Meeting with

Minister of MEXT.

JICA, Signing

Ceremony for

Contract

Mr. Nazif Director of Foreign Relations

Department

Dr. Popal President of Kabul University

Dr. Rawosh President of University of

Education

2005 Jan. 18-22 Minister Pashtun Minister of Urban Development World Conference

on Disaster

Reduction, Kobe,

Hyogo

2005 Mar. 1-3 Former Minister

Stanekzai

Former Minister for

Communication of Afghanistan

Panelist of JIIA

symposium

“Post-election

Afghanistan and

Peacebuilding

Support”

Dr. Ishaq Nadiri Professor, New York University

2005 Mar. 22-31 General. Ustad

Mohammad Atta

Governor of Balkh Province Meeting with

Deputy Minsiter

Aisawa,

Ambassador

Komano

Mr. Mohammad

Akbar Akramzadeh

Head, Department of

Economics, Balkh Province

2005 Apr. 10 Commanders�

who laid down their

weapons to join DDR

Invited by MOFA

to see how Japan

recovered from war

2005 May 17-19 Minister Abdullah Minister of Foreign Affairs

Dr. Ishaq Nadiri

Mr. Mohammad

Farooq Baraki

Acting Director-General,

Economic Affairs Department,

MOFA

Meeting with Prime

Minister Koizumi,

Foreign Minister

Machimura, JICA,

Parliament League,

Signing Ceremony

on Technical

Cooperation

Agreement,

subsequently,

Grant Aid to

Afghanistan for the

"Project for

Construction of the

Terminal of Kabul

International

Airport"

Mr. Abdul Samay

Walizada

Deputy of First Political

Department of MOFA

2005 Aug. 22-29 Ms. Habiba Sarabi Governor of Bamiyan Attend “The

Shirakawa-go 10th

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Anniversary

International

Forum on World,”

Meeting with

Madame Ogata

2005 Oct. 31-Nov. 3 Minister Makhdoom

Raheen

Minister of Information and

Culture

Attend the Press

Conference on

Bamiyan

Afghanistan Laser

Project

Mr. Mirwais Advisor to Ministry of

Information and Culture

Mr. Akbari Vice Governor of Bamiyan

2005 Dec. 14 Mr. Khalid Governor of Kandahar� Invited by MOFA

on how to expedite

development and

improve security in

Qandahar

2006 Jan. 18-20 Minister Ahadi Minister of Finance Meeting with

Ministers Tanigaki

& Aso, Deputy

Foreign Minister

Kaneda, and

Madame Ogata

Mr. Mahmoud

Saikal

Deputy Minister of Foreign

Affairs

2006 June 5 Dr. Rangeen Dadfar

Spanta

Foreign Minister The Second

"Central Asia plus

Japan" Intellectual

Dialogue Attend

the Second Foreign

Ministers’ Meeting

2006 June 11-18 Mr. Sayed Hamid

Gilani

First Deputy President of the

Meshrano Jirga (Upper House)

Study visit invited

by the Japanese

House of

Councillors

2006 Jul. 4-7 Mr. Hamid Karzai

other high-ranking

officials of the

Afghan government

President of Afghanistan Attend the “Tokyo

Conference II:

Consolidation of

Peace in

Afghanistan"

2006 Dec. 4-5 Professor Sibghatullah

Mojadedi

President of the Upper House Attend the PGA

28th

Annual

Parliamentary

Forum on Human

Security

Mr. Aref Noorzai Deputy President of the Lower

House

Page 64: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

2007 Jan. 21-23 Dr. Ashraf Ghani Chancellor of Kabul University Deliver a lecture

organized by JBIC

2007 Jan. 28-Feb. 3 General Mohammad

Dawood

Deputy Minister of Interior Attend the Twelfth

Asia-Pacific

Operational Drug

Enforcement

Conference

2007 Feb 11-19 Mr. Masoom

Stanekzai

Advisor to President Hamid

Karzai

Invited by MOFA

to access the

implementation of

DIAG Program in

Afghanistan

2007 Mar. 18-24 Mr. Sayed Ishaq

Gailani and Mr.

Sibghatullah Zaki

Members of the Wolesi Jirga

(Lower House)

Invited by MOFA

to discuss bilateral

issues and to have a

study visit

Page 65: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Table 2

Names of Japanese Officials who visited Afghanistan since 2001

2002 Dec. Mr. Uetake, Senior Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs

2002 Jan. Mrs. Sadako Ogata, Prime Minister’s Special Representative

for Assistance to Afghanistan

2002 Apr. Mr. Matsunami, Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs

2002 May Mrs. Yoriko Kawaguchi, Minister of Foreign Affairs

2002 May Mr. Fumio Kishida, Senior Vice-Minister, Ministry

of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

2002 June Mrs. Sadako Ogata, Prime Minister’s Special Representative

for Assistance to Afghanistan

2002 Aug. Mr. Toshimitsu Motegi, Director-General, Foreign Relations

of Liberal Democratic Party

2002 Aug. Mr. Kozo Watanabe

Mr. Matsunami, Parliamentary Secretary

2002 Sep. Mr. Sugiura, Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs

2002 Dec. Mr. Shindo, Parliamentary Secretary of Foreign Affairs

2003 Jul. Mrs. Sadako Ogata, Prime Minister’s Special Representative

for Assistance to Afghanistan

2003 Nov. Mr. Kazunori Tanaka, Parliamentary Secretary of Foreign

Affairs

2004 Jul. Mr. Aizawa, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs

2004 Dec. Mrs. Sadako Ogata, Prime Minister’s Special Representative

for Assistance to Afghanistan

2005 Apr. Mr. Nobutaka Machimura, Minister of Foreign Affairs

2006 Nov. Mr. Masakazu Sekiguchi, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs,

attended the Second Regional Economic Conference on

Afghanistan (India) and visited Afghanistan.

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Page 67: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Table 3

Names, Dates and Posts of Afghan Diplomats in Japan

Dates of Presentation

of Credentials

Post Name

Oct. 19, 1933 Ambassador Mr. Habibullah Khan Tarzi

May, 1939 Carge d'affaires Mr. Abdul Rauf Khan

Jul. 12, 1939 Ambassador Mr. Zul Facar Khan

�The Afghan Embassy was closed in August 1945�

(Embassy began normal functions on May 23, 1956)

May 31, 1956 Ambassador Dr. Abdul Majid Khan

Jul. 03, 1963 Charge d'affaires Mr. Eid M. Mohabbat

Mar. 17, 1965 Ambassador Mr. Abdul Rahim

Apr. 13, 1967 Charge d'affaires Mr. Abdul Aziz Ali

May 22, 1967 Ambassador Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi

Aug. 28, 1970 Charge d'affaires Mr. Abdul Ahad Mahmoud

Sep. 22, 1970 Ambassador Mr. Said Kassim Rishtya

Sep. 27, 1973 Charge d'affaires

Mr. Mohamad Sarwar

Damani

Oct. 24, 1974 Ambassador Mr. Ali Ahmad Popal

Nov. 11, 1976 Charge d'affaires Dr. Sa’adullah Ghausy

June 10, 1977 Ambassador

Dr. Mohammad Hassan

Sharq

May 12, 1978 Charge d'affaires Dr. Sa’adullah Ghausy

Jul. 10, 1978 Ambassador Eng. Abdul Hamid Muhtat

Japanese government lowered the status of its relations with the new Communist

regime established through a coup d’etat in on April 28, 1978 and supported the

Afghanistan resistance against the Soviet invasion of December 27, 1979.

Afterwards, the Afghan Embassy in Tokyo had limited connection

Sep. 8, 1987 Charge d'affaires Mr. Shir Rahman

Nov. 17, 1987 Charge d'affaires Mr. Mahammad Naim

Page 68: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Mar. 21, 190 Charge d'affaires

Mr. Mohammad Rahim

Robin

Aug. 30, 1992 Charge d'affaires

Mr.Mohammad Asif

Hassani

May 27, 1993 Charge d'affaires Mr. Mohamoud Saikal

Apr. 7, 1994 Charge d'affaires Mr. Doulat Khan Ahmadzai

Apr. 30, 1994 Charge d'affaires Mr. Amir M. Mohabbat

Jul. 24, 1996 Charge d'affaires Mr. Rahmatullah Amir

The Embassy activities were suspended in November 1997 after the acting

Charge d'affaires, Mr. Rahmatullah Amir left Japan.

Nov. 27, 2002 Charge d'affaires

Mr. Mohammad Noor

Akbary

Apr. 30, 2004 Ambassador Mr. Haron Amin

Page 69: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Table 4

Names, Dates and Posts of Japanese Diplomats in Afghanistan

(Established in November, 1934)

Dates of

Presentation of

Credentials

Post Name

Nov. 6, 1934 Envoy extraordinary and minister

plenipotentiary

Mr. Masamoto KITADA

June 9, 1938 Envoy extraordinary and minister

plenipotentiary

Mr. Warou MORIYA

Sep. 23, 1941 Envoy extraordinary and minister

plenipotentiary

Mr. Kikuo KOBAYASHI

(died in Kabul in 1941)

Sep. 21, 1943 Envoy extraordinary and minister

plenipotentiary

Mr. Motoharu SHICHIDA

Legation in Afghanistan was closed in January 27, 1946

Embassy began normal functions on December 23, 1955

Dec. 28, 1955 Ambassador Mr. Kazuichi MIURA

Jul. 12, 1958 Ambassador Mr. Kenji NAKAUCHI

Feb. 3, 1962 Ambassador Mr. Sadao HIROSE

June 4, 1964 Ambassador � Mr. Hideki MASAKI

June 6, 1968 Ambassador Mr. Sashichirou MATSUI

Mar. 31, 1971 Ambassador Mr. Kenji NAKAO

Nov. 22, 1973 Ambassador Mr. Junji YAMADA

Feb. 16, 1978 Ambassador Mr. Toshikazu MAEDA

Embassy activities were suspended in June, 1989

Embassy was reopened in April 27, 2002

Feb. 19, 2002 Charge d'affaires Mr. Kinichi KOMANO

Apr. 27, 2002 Ambassador Mr. Kinichi KOMANO

Sep. 8, 2004 Ambassador Mr. Norihiro OKUDA

Jul. 18, 2006 Ambassador Mr. Junichi KOSUGE

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Table 5

Ambassador in Charge of Afghanistan Assistance Based at

the Japanese Foreign Ministry

Name Date of appointment

Ambassador Mutsuyoshi NISHIMURA Aug. 1, 2002

Ambassador Takahiko HORIMURA Apr. 4, 2003

Ambassador Yoshiyuki MOTOMURA Apr. 2, 2004

Ambassador Kinichi KOMANO Sep. 10, 2004

Ambassador Ryuichi TANABE Sep. 16, 2005

Ambassador Yoshiki MINE Dec. 19, 2006

Ambassador Gotaro OGAWA March 31, 2007

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His Majesty King Zahir Shah and Queen Homaira shaking hands with members of the Japanese Cabinet at Haneda

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Page 77: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Sardar Ayub, Victor of Maiwand who visited Japan in

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Page 78: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 79: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Pratap’s letter to the Afghan Ambassador dated

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Page 80: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 81: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

The uniform worn by members of the Hentig-Niedernmayer

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The commemorative postage (1964) of the first

Afghan stamp issued in 1870 with a lion’s head

derived from the King’s first name, “Sher,” and

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Page 82: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 83: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Text of King Habibullah’s decree to donate £1000 to the

victims of three earthquakes in 1914 in Japan

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Editor-in-Chief of Seraj-ul Akhbar, Mahmood Tarzi who

became Foreign Minister in 1919.

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Page 85: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

It was during this trip that King Amanullah visited the Japanese Embassy in London in order to conclude a basic

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King Amanullah (below) and Queen Soraya (above) with King George VI and Queen Mary in London, March 1928.

[The Illustrated London News Picture Library]

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Page 87: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Kitada Masamoto, the first Japanese Ambassador to

Afghanistan. [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]

Marshall Shah Wali Khan, the Afghan Envoy to London who

signed the Afghan-Japanese Treaty of Friendship in 1930.

Page 88: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 89: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

"Remember Bamiyan" as painted by famous Japanese Artist, Mr. Hirayama.

Page 90: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 91: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

A vase made out of Lapis Lazuli. Afghanistan possesses the world’s

largest Lapis mines and traces of its use date back to the Babylonian

(circa 2600 B.C.) and Sumerian (circa 2500 B.C.) civilizations. [Gary W. Bowersox. "The Gem Hunter"]

Page 92: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 93: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Prime Minister Koizumi, President Karzai and Foreign Minister Abdullah (January 2002). [Cabinet Public Relations Office]

His Majesty Father of the Nation Zahir Shah with Foreign Minister Yoriko Kawaguchi on May 2, 2002

at the King’s Palace. [AP/WWP]

Page 94: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 95: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

President Karzai shaking hands with Madame Sadako Ogata on July 10, 2003 at the Presidential Palace in

Kabul. Japan’s Ambassador to Afghanistan, Mr. Komano, is in the center. [AP/WWP]

Madame Ogata at the completion ceremony of the Kandahar Road which Afghan officials named after her.

[Kandahar Governor’s Office]

Page 96: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 97: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Foreign Minister Abdullah received by Prime Minister Koizumi on May 18, 2005 at his official residence. [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]

Foreign Minister Spanta received by Prime Minister

Koizumi on June 5, 2006 at his official residence.

[Embassy Archives]

Page 98: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 99: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Japan’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Taro Aso, with Afghan Foreign Minister Spanta on June 5, 2006.

[Embassy Archives]

Japan’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Taro Aso, and President Karzai attending the Tokyo Conference II:

Consolidation of Peace in Afghanistan, from July 5, 2006. [Embassy Archives]

Page 100: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 101: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Their Imperial Highness Crown Prince Akihito and Princess Michiko received by Their Royal Highnesses Prince

Ahmad Shah and Princess Belqis at a reception at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during their official visit to

Afghanistan in 1971. [Embassy Archives]

H.I.H. of Japan, Princess Michiko, attending an Afghan Fashion Show at the Women’s Welfare Society in Kabul

while visiting Afghanistan in 1971. [Embassy Archives]

Page 102: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 103: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

President Karzai and His Majesty Emperor Akihito at the Imperial Palace on July 6, 2006. [Embassy Archives]

Page 104: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 105: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

President Karzai, Ambassador Okuda and Ambassador Amin at the Imperial Palace in Kyoto, July 6, 2006.

[Embassy Archives]

President Karzai at Kiyomizu Temple in Kyoto on

July 6, 2006. [Embassy Archives]

Page 106: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 107: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Ambassador Amin standing with Master of Ceremonies of the Imperial Household, Mr. Kawashima, at the Imperial

Palace on April 30, 2004. [Imperial Household]

Ambassador Amin arriving for the Credentials Ceremony at the Imperial Palace on April 30, 2004.

[Imperial Household]

Page 108: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 109: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

President Karzai and Foreign Vice-Minister Masakazu Sekiguchi inaugurating the construction of a new terminal at

Kabul International Airport on November 20, 2006. [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]

Ambassador Amin presenting his Letters of Credence to H. M. Emperor Akihito with Minister Takenaka (far right)

on April 30, 2004. [Imperial Household]

Page 110: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 111: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Mr. Yohei KONO (center), Speaker of Lower House of the Diet with Mr. Sebghatullah Mojaddedi (to his left),

President of the Upper House and Mr. Aref Noorzai (3rd person to his right), Deputy President of the Lower House

and other Parliamentarians invited to his Official Residence on December 5, 2006. The Afghan delegation was in

Japan to attend the “Parliamentarians for Global Action: 28th Annual Parliamentary Forum on Human Security.”

[Embassy Archives]

Ambassador Amin meeting the Japanese Prime Minister Abe and his wife, Mrs. Akie Abe, in Tokyo, 2006.

[Office of the Prime Minister]

Page 112: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 113: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Photos of Japanese Ambassadors to Afghanistan

Mr. Warou MORIYA,

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary

Mr. Kikuo KOBAYASHI,

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary

Mr. Motoharu SHICHIDA,

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary

Mr. Kazuichi MIURA,

Ambassador

Mr. Kenji NAKAUCHI,

Ambassador

Mr. Sadao HIROSE,

Ambassador

Mr. Kinichi KOMANO,

Ambassador Mr. Sashichirou MATSUI,

Ambassador

Mr. Kenji NAKAO,

Ambassador

Photos provided by the Diplomatic Record Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan

Page 114: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 115: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

Photos of some Afghan Ambassadors to Japan

Mr. Habibullah Khan Tarzi,

Ambassador

Mr. Zul Facar Khan,

Ambassador

Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi,

Ambassador

Mr. Said Kassim Rishtya,

Ambassador

Mr. Ali Ahmad Popal,

Ambassador

Dr. Mohammad Hassan Sharq,

Ambassador

Mr. Abdul Hakim Ziayi

Member of the first group of

Afghan students in Japan

Mr. Abudullah Yaftali

Member of the first group of

Afghan students in Japan

Page 116: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 117: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 118: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

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Page 119: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
Page 120: Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”

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