afghan-japan relations: lands under “the rising sun”
TRANSCRIPT
Afghan-Japan Relations:
LANDS UNDER
THE RISING SUN
Afghan-Japan Relations:
LANDS UNDER
THE RISING SUN
by
Haron Amin
Commemorating the Centennial Anniversary of
Prince Ayub’s Visit to Japan
&
Celebrating 76 Years of Formal Relations
Commemorating the Centennial Anniversary of
Prince Ayub’s Visit to Japan
&
Celebrating 76 Years of Formal Relations
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands of the Rising Sun
Copyright © Haron Amin 2007
Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Tokyo
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no
part of this publication may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the
form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise
copied for public or private use, without written permission from the publisher.
First published by The Islamic Embassy of Afghanistan in Tokyo in 2007.
Amin, Haron.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands of the Rising Sun / Haron Amin
Includes bibliographical references
Published by The Islamic Embassy of Afghanistan in Tokyo
3-37-8-B Nishihara
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066
Tel: (03) 5465-1219
www.afghanistanembassyjp.com
Printed and bound in Tokyo by Morimoto Printing Company, Ltd.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD BY LUDWIG ADAMEC� �
PREFACE BY HARON AMIN� xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xii
1. Ancient Influence and the Personification of Buddha…………………2
1.1. Lapis Lazuli………………………………………………………………………..5
1.2. Shared Heritage and Cultural Similarities…………………………………………6
1.3. The Ayyaran: “Group of Secret Gallant Knights”…………………………………7
1.4. Bushido…………………………………………………………………………….9
2. Historical Relations between Japan and Afghanistan………………..10
2.1. Early Afghan-Japanese Ties: Ayub and Togo Celebrate Asian Victories…………11
2.2. Japan’s Victory and the Rise of Nationalism……………………………………..13
2.2.1 The Pan-Islamist and Pan-Asianist Advocates ……………………………..………16
2.3. The Turko-German Mission in Afghanistan ……..………………………………17
2.4. The Revolutionaries………………………………………………………………19
2.4.1. Mahendra Pratap (1886-1979) ……………………………………………………19
2.4.2. Mitsuru Toyama (1855-1944)………………………………………………………21
2.4.3. Rash Bihari Bose (1885-1945) ………………………………………………….…21
2.4.4. Subhas Chandra “Netaji” Bose (1897-1945)……………………………………….22
2.5. The Pan-Asiatic Congress………………………………………………………...23
3. Formal Diplomatic Relations ………………………………………………25
3.1. Bilateral Developments…………………………………………………………...28
3.2. Post 9.11 Relations………………………………………………………………..32
3.2.1. Japan’s Role in the Reconstruction of Post-Conflict Afghanistan…………………….37
3.2.2. Current Status and Future Strategy of Japanese Assistance to Afghanistan ………….38
3.2.3. Breakdown of Japanese Assistance………………………………………………...39
3.3. Future Commitments……………………………………………………………...40
4. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….42
TABLE 1: Names of Afghan Officials who visited Japan since 2001
TABLE 2: Names of Japanese VIP Officials who visited Afghanistan since 2001
TABLE 3: Names, Dates and Posts of Afghan Diplomats in Japan
TABLE 4: Names, Dates and Posts of Japanese Diplomats in Afghanistan
TABLE 5: Ambassador in Charge of Afghanistan Assistance based at the Japanese
Foreign Ministry
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PHOTO GALLERY
Foreword
Afghanistan’s relations with major powers have been adequately
examined, especially relations with Britain, Germany, and the
Soviet Union. Some work has been done on relations with
Pakistan and Italy, but virtually nothing exists on Afghanistan
relations with Japan.
Mr. Haron Amin, Afghanistan’s ambassador to Tokyo, has helped
fill this lacuna with his interesting account of relations with the
“Land of the Rising Sun.” Ambassador Amin points out
interesting parallels in cultural and historical actors which may
very well go back to a common heritage, derived from ancient
contact by way of the Silk Route. Afghanistan, once known as
Khorasan - also translates as “The Abode of the Rising Sun.”
Buddhism spread from Afghanistan to Japan as did elements of
Zoroastianism. He sees a number of other influences in the
cultural development of Afghanistan.
Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese War (1905) showed Afghan
and other Asian rulers that a policy of modernization was needed
to resist the wave of western imperialism. Early contacts,
beginning with Ayub Khan’s visit to Japan in 1907, are detailed
on the basis of archival sources and tables list diplomatic
representatives of both countries. A number of illustrations depict
individuals involved in diplomatic contacts. Mr. Amin has done
an excellent job and it is hoped that it will help inspire further
research into the field of Afghanistan-Japan relations.
Ludwig Adamec
August 2006, Arizona
�
Preface
When I first arrived here, the mystique of Japan in those cool
winter days took on a new dimension. I relished the idea of
pursuing the quest for more knowledge and delved myself in
books on Japan. My first book was about Matsuo Basho, the 17th
century master of Haiku. The search proved to be both a
mesmerizing and humbling experience and I began to fall in love
with Japan. Then as time passed on, I began to observe similarities
with my own culture and history – of all sorts – which, I had
neither noticed nor experienced anywhere else during my work
and travels.
As I shared an array of similitude, friends asked me to chronicle
them. When the first few pages were being drafted, I was faced
with disconnected pieces of an interesting puzzle. Fitting those
pieces together suddenly became both fun and rewarding as I
began to discover – apart from culture – interesting historical
parallels between Japan and Afghanistan. When faced with lack of
material and time difference, as well as distance between Japan
and the rest of the world, the research was at times difficult. For
instance, there were occasions when I had to wait more than three
months for a single item such as photo, a date or a newspaper
article. Eventually, the research took over two years as contents
were obtained, among other sources, from the British Archives,
the US Department of State Archives, Afghan National Archives
and experts on Afghanistan. Meanwhile, I established a library
within the Embassy and used those resources for additional
information.
Finally, in July of 2006 - coinciding with the 75th
anniversary of
official bilateral relations - the article was published, after its
translation into Japanese, by Jiyu (trans. as Freedom) Magazine.
Haron Amin
Tokyo
�
Acknowledgments
I must first express my gratitude to two people: Professor Ludwig
Adamec for responding to my initial query regarding Prince
Ayub’s visit to Japan, who encouraged me to conduct the research
and reviewed the material compiled and Dr. A. G. Ravan Farhadi
for reading the initial draft and offering me some
recommendations. I also want to thank Mr. Hideaki Kase for the
main text’s publication in Jiyu Magazine’s July 2006 issue, Mr.
Yoshinori Akiyama for arranging the layout process, and friends
of the Embassy for printing this updated version. And finally,
thank you also Jean Tsang, Hassan Sobman, Masao Sekine, Yuko
Ikenishi, Tomie Soude-Nitobe, Dr. Bashir Mohabbat, Jermaine
Scott and some Foreign Ministry officials here in Tokyo for
helping make this publication possible.
�
History is past politics; and politics present history.
- John Seely
Afghan-Japan Relations
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
1
Lands Under the Rising Sun
Ernest Renan defined a nation as “a soul, a spiritual principle. Only two
things, actually, constitute this soul, this principle. One is in the past, the
other is in the present. One is the possession in common of a rich legacy
of remembrance; the other is the actual consent, the desire to live
together, the will to continue to value the heritage which all hold in
common.”1
Hence, among the peoples of Asia the peoples of Japan and
Afghanistan possess most of the characteristics which are considered
basic elements of nationhood – national pride, romantic patriotism,
sense of superiority and above all, love for freedom.
It is very interesting that in the 6th
century A.D., inhabitants who resided
in present-day Afghanistan gave their land a new name: Khorāsān,
meaning “The Abode of the Rising Sun.” “Khor” means sun and “āsān”
means abode. It was around the same time that Japan became known as
Nippon or Nihon which means “the sun’s origin,” or where the sun
originates, although, it is always translated as the “Land of the Rising
Sun.”
Both Japan and Afghanistan thwarted foreign infiltration and occupation
for thousands of years. For Japan, the isolation from the mainland –
separated by the sea – provided it security from foreign attacks and an
opportunity to mold its own distinct civilization. Japan successfully
defended against the Mongolian attacks (1274-1281), maintained limited
influence by the Portugese and Spanish traders (16th
-17th
centuries) and
subsequently the Dutch and British merchants, and implemented the
1 Hutchinson, John & Smith, Anthony D. Nationalism. (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1994), p. 17
Haron Amin
2
closure of the country under the Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1850s). It
only opened up after the arrival of Commodore Perry (1853) and
reforms under the Meiji Restoration (1868). Paradoxically, Afghanistan
protected its territory while situated in the heart of the mainland. In fact,
its location at the crossroads of various civilizations enabled it to
contribute to and borrow from those civilizations. Alexander the Great
spent three tiresome years during his Afghan campaign (330-327 B.C.),
Genghis Khan suffered a major blow in Bagram (1221), the British were
defeated in the three Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839), (1880) and (1919) and
the former Soviet Union suffered its first and final defeat in (1979-1989)
since its founding in 1917.
The historical relationship between Afghanistan and Japan is little
known to most. Indeed, it is not widely recognized that Afghanistan has
in fact had a significantly lasting influence on Japan to this day. There is
a firm cultural underpinning for the continuation of the long standing
relations between Afghanistan and Japan. The historical relationship
between the two nations, including their religious, historical, and
diplomatic ties demonstrate the various impacts Afghanistan and Japan
have had on each other thus far.
1. Ancient Influence and the Personification of Buddha
Although perhaps little known to most Japanese, Afghanistan has had a
strong influence on one of the pillars of Japanese religious identity. As
the crossroad of numerous civilizations over many centuries,
Afghanistan served as the hub of the Silk Route with flow of goods and
ideas between Europe and Asia. Both Zoroastrianism and Buddhism
spread eastward from Afghanistan to China although the latter
eventually made it to Korea and finally to Japan.2
But there is no doubt
that many elements from Zoroastrianism in Japan can be traced back to
Afghanistan. The Shunie Otaimatsu Festival in Japan which takes place
every year on March 12th
involves burning of trees for religious
purposes3
. In present-day rural Afghanistan, locals make fire and smoke
2
Whitefield, Susan. Life Along the Silk Road. (London: John Murray Publishers,
2004)
3
Interview with Ikuo Hirayama, renown Japanese Artist and UNESCO Goodwill
Ambassador Volume 2, Issue , May 2005
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
3
inside their houses on March 21st
, the beginning of the spring season
which coincides with the Afghan New Year in order to purify the house
from the evil spirits. This practice has been retained from Afghanistan’s
Zoroastrian past. The founder of this religion, Zoroaster, was killed in
northern Afghanistan by invading nomadic tribes from Central Asia in
552 B.C.4
In the period after Ashoka (232 B.C.) and with Brahmanism’s decline in
India, Mahayana Buddhism’s gestation in Gandhara, an area inclusive of
Kabul, Jalalabad and Peshawar, spread along the commercial Silk Route
to Turkestan, Mongolia, China, Korea and subsequently Japan. It came
to Japan around the 6th
century. By the 8th
century, the existing sects
were known as the six sects of Nara. With the coming of Zen Buddhism
from China, two sects known as Rinzai and Soto, were introduced.
These were later further subdivided into numerous schools. Just the
Shingon Sect alone, has been subdivided into 57 sects. While the
majority of Japanese belong to these sects, they can be considered
believers when it comes to funeral rites, which are quite similar to
Afghan funeral rites.5
When I attended the funeral of Mr. Ikeda, former
Japanese Foreign Minister on February 25, 2004 at Aoyama Funeral
Hall, I noted the high level of similarity. The only difference was that
instead of monks chanting Sutras, Mullahs will be reciting verses from
the Holy Qur’an in segregated chambers with men in one room and the
women in another. Also, in most Buddhist and Shinto Shrines, people
offer money which they throw into a wooden box. In Afghanistan, they
donate money to mosques as well, in some cases by depositing it in a
big bowl outside the mosques. Hence, one can conclude that many
similar traditions have been preserved in both places. Yet, in today’s
Japan, while Buddhist and Shinto teachings are deeply entangled in
Japanese everyday life, the Japanese people themselves may not be
aware of them. And in Afghanistan, many customs such as a bow
similar to the Japanese – still common in many places – date back to
ancient times.
Under Kanishka I (125 A.D.), a Kushan ruler known as the “Victorious”
who converted to Buddhism, Gandhara expanded into a vast territory
4
Dupree, Louis. Afghanistan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), p. 272.
5
About Japan Series: Japanese Culture (Tokyo: Foreign Press Center, 1999), pp.
14-15.
Haron Amin
4
that included parts of the Indus Valley, eastern Afghanistan, central Asia
north to the Aral Sea and parts of present-day north-western China and
became a “Holy Land” dotted with monasteries.6
Statue making
eventually evolved into the first artistic portrayal of the Buddha in
human form derived from Gandhara’s Hellenic past, a direct influence
of the Greeks and the divine entity Apollo. The Kushan Kingdom was
originally founded by Kajula Kadphises (40-78 A.D.) and brought about
a cultural renaissance and the spread of Buddhism in the neighboring
China. It is in the period after this that the Buddha statues were carved
into the Bamiyan hills (5th
century A.D.).7
Therefore, it can be said that
Buddha’s human form, recognized and firmly embedded throughout the
Far East and modern-day Japan, originated in Afghanistan during this
time. The Buddha statues in Nara and Kyoto speak volumes in this
regard. A shared characteristic between them and the Bamiyan Buddha
statues is the likeness of their loosely-fitting robes, which the Chinese
and Japanese sculptors later replicated. Initially, the Bamiyan statues
took their inspiration from the Greek divinity Appolo. These statues
were destroyed in March 2001 by the Taliban, who were not educated in
Afghanistan but were indoctrinated outside the country with
rudimentary teachings and a kind of zeal historically unknown and
unfamiliar to Afghans in general.8
The fact that the statues were
preserved for centuries, albeit Afghans’ conversion to Islam –
throughout the duration of successive Islamic governments – reveals
plenty.
The strongest cultural influence on Japan has come from China.9
China’s T’ang Dynasty had very close relations with Afghanistan.
During the Sui and T’ang dynasties in the seventh Century A.D., a large
number of Afghan Buddhist monks and scholars such as the famous
6
Gandhara flourished from the 1st
to the 5th
centuries A.D.
7
Located along the Silk Route, Bamiyan served as a center of trade, arts and
religious activity in the Zoroastrian, Buddhist as well as Islamic eras. In 1222,
Genghis Khan wreaked havoc on all of Afghanistan and torched Bamiyan after his
grandson was killed by Bamiyan’s defenders.
8
Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia.
(UK: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000), pp. 17-30; Nojumi, Neamatollah, The Rise of the
Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region.
(New York: Palgrave, 2002), pp.122-124.
9
Reischauer, Edwin O. Japan: The Story of a Nation (Boston: Tuttle Publishing,
Fourth Edition, 1990), p. 9.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
5
Hushien and his five companions, as well as craftsmen were sent to
China and set forth on a mission to North America to preach Buddhism
1,000 years before Christopher Columbus.10
In 632, when the Chinese
pilgrim Xuanzang visited Afghanistan’s Balkh, Kunduz, Bamiyan,
Kapisa, Laghman and Kandahar provinces, he recorded 1,230 Buddhist
temples and counted more than 8,000 monks, while there were many
more across the rest of the country. In particular, the majestic splendor
of the Bamiyan Buddha statues completely overwhelmed him.
1.1 Lapis Lazuli
The first object to come to Japan from Afghanistan was the semi-
precious stone Lapis Lazuli – known in Japan as “Ruri” – though no
person is believed to have come to Japan at that time.11
In Buddhism,
Lapis Lazuli is treated as one of the “����meaning “seven treasures”
which shine in heaven. Belts and mirrors decorated with Lapis Lazuli
can be found in Shosoin, an old deposit house of Todaiji Temple in Nara.
More recently, The National Research Institution for Cultural Properties
in Tokyo discovered that Lapis Lazuli was used in the wall painting of
Takamatsuzuka Kofun in Asuka village in Nara.
In addition to Lapis Lazuli, there is proof that gold lace was also brought
to Japan from Afghanistan. In a ruin in Osaka, gold lace was excavated
and found to be exactly the same as a piece of gold lace excavated from
a Shiberghan ruin in northern Afghanistan.12
10
Geddes, Gary. The Kingdom of Ten Thousand Things: An Impossible Journey
from Kabul to Chiapas (Harper Collins Publishers, LTD., 2005)
11
There is no firm evidence as to what language the words “Lapis Lazuli” come
from. Some say that Lapis derives from Latin meaning “stone”. Others say that the
name lapis comes from word pencil in Spanish. Another group argues that it is
called “�������” (lajaward) in Farsi meaning “deep blue sky” while others
argue that lazuli derives from the Arabic word “���� �” (al-lazuwar).
Persian legend says the sky owes its color to a giant slab of lapis upon which the
earth rests. To Buddhists, lapis lazuli brought peace of mind and dispelled evil
thoughts. Yet, what is certain is most important supplies of Lapis Lazuli are found in
Badakhshan, Afghanistan and Ovalle, Chile.
12
The usual word for prefecture in Japanese is ken. But in the case of Osaka, the
Japanese use “fu”.
Haron Amin
6
1.2. Shared Heritage and Cultural Similarities
Unlike Western culture which is guilt-based, both Afghanistan and
Japan share a common culture of shame. According to Ruth Benedict,
the author of The Chrysanthemums and the Sword, “true shame cultures
rely on external sanctions for good behavior, not, as true guilt cultures
do, on an internalized conviction of sin” (1992. Rutland and Tokyo:
Charles E. Tuttle). There are hundreds of common cultural codes that
are identical in many ways between Afghanistan and Japan. Some
examples include Anmoku no Ryokai (“unspoken understanding”),
Ashirau (“the diplomatic brush-off”), Bushido (the way of the warrior),
furusato (“longing for a spiritual home”), Gochisoh Sama (“thanks for
the hospitality”), Kato Kyoso (“compete or die”), Kuchi-Komi (“by
word of mouth”), Menmoku Maru Tsubure (“losing one’s face”),
Otsukare Sama (“above and beyond the call”), Shibutosa (“fight to the
death”), Shido (“a word from big brother”) and Sode no shita (“a little
something up the sleeve”).13
Ambassador Kinichi Komano, the first
Japanese Ambassador to a post-conflict Afghanistan summarized
similarities as such: “First of all, Japanese people have their own very
old culture and civilization, and they are grateful to the Afghan people
because of Buddhism, which entered Japan from India through
Afghanistan, China and Korea. This shared history is well understood
by almost all Japanese people. Also, because of the same experience or
situation that the two nations had in the past century or so, that is, the
complete devastation of the country – due to World War II in the case of
Japan, and the civil war in Afghanistan’s case.14
They showed a great
resilience in their efforts toward reconstruction and rehabilitation of
their own country, their own rights and their own society. Moreover, in
this process most of them have shown an emphasis on education and are
fully aware of the importance of education for the future of the country.
This is of utmost importance. The people of Japan and the people of
Afghanistan also have in common their warm hospitality toward people,
to their friends. The Japanese who are here don't feel isolated or sorry
13
De Mente, Boye Lafayette. Japan’s Cultural Code Words: 233 Key Terms That
Explain the Attitudes and Behavior of the Japanese. (Boston: Tuttle Publishing,
2004).
14
The author’s view is that there was an invasion followed by a foreign-sponsored
occupation.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
7
about being away from their home country. I think the same holds true
for Afghan people in Japan.”15
It is these ancient parallels between Japan and Afghanistan that have had
a lasting influence to this day with imprints across the region.
1.3. The Ayyārān: “Group of Secret Gallant Knights”
Ayyārān, which literally means “warriors,” was a popular movement
that emerged around the 8th
century A.D. in Afghanistan under the
Abbasid Khilafat when it later ruled major parts of the Eastern Islamic
world.16
The movement took on different names in different countries
within and beyond the region. However, one distinct thing that happened
in Khorasan or present-day Afghanistan, was that it gradually merged
together with Islamic mysticism.17
With the emergence of Ayyārān due to the prevailing political and social
circumstances, the movement eventually posited a sort of non-
institutional national authority in Afghanistan against foreign occupation
and domestic repression.
Ayyārān became an instantaneous grass-root movement where many
formed their circles in opposition to Arab dominance and oppression in
major cities of Afghanistan and Iran. These ancient activists strictly
followed certain codes of honor, while pursuing their moral quest with
fierce loyalty around Jus Ad Bellum.18
The moral codes of an Ayyār
included helping the destitute, persisting patiently through hardship,
acting with a generous heart and telling the truth. Their emphasis on
bravery and fair play were put to the test as they mastered combat skills
such as wrestling, marksmanship, swordsmanship, stick fighting, horse-
riding and so on.
15
Interview with Ambassador Komano for Afghan News, Volume 1, Issue 1, June
2004, Published by the Embassy.
16
Ayyaran is plural for Ayyar, meaning warrior. See definition on p.1585, Anwari,
Fahang-e-Fishordeh Sukhan, Iran.
17
Yaqin, Ghulam Haider. Ayyaran wa Kaka haye Khurasan. (Kabul: Wezarat-e-
Talim wa Tarbia press, 1365 Hijri Shamsi which corresponds to 1986 A.D.) p. 5.
18
Translates as ‘Just Cause’
Haron Amin
8
It did not take long for a group of Ayyārān, gathered under the
leadership of Yaqub Lais ibn Saffār or Saffāri in Sistan, to remove the
Abbasid Governor – who had ruled his domain with a heavy fist – from
western Afghanistan. Led by Yaqub-e- Lais-e Saffārī – who was born in
Zaranj, a district in present-day Nimroz Province – the Ayyārān soon
established the Saffārid Dynasty in Afghanistan and in parts of Iran in
872 A.D. Later, he even challenged the Abassid Khilafat in Baghdad.
In the 8th
and 9th
centuries, the Ayyārān movement existed with specific
organizational structure in the form of political parties.19
It survived
until Amir Abdul Rahman Khan (ruled from 1880 to 1901), also known
as the Iron Amir of Afghanistan, who banned the Ayyaran movement
after a feud between two masters led to disruption of order within Kabul
city.20
Ayyārān also played a very significant role in popular uprising of
the Afghans against foreign occupation and domestic oppression and
social injustices. Although the Ayyārān has disappeared from
Afghanistan, the values emulated by the movement are still revered in
Afghan culture. The great courage and sacrifice with which the Afghans
repelled three British invasions and the Soviet invasion are codes
derived from the Ayyārān movement. During the Soviet invasion alone,
more than one-and-a-half million Afghans lost their lives in the name of
defending their honor, religion and homeland.
Both Abu Muslim Khurasani and the Late Ahmad Shah Massoud,
Afghanistan’s National Hero who was assassinated on September 9th
,
2001, can be called the most noble among the Ayyārān. And
interestingly, certain aspects of their lives mirror those of Saigo
Takamori and Sakamoto Ryoma as followers of Bushido.21
19
Ghobar, Mir Ghulam Muhammad. Afghanistan Dar Maseer-e- Taareekh
(Peshawar: Maiwand Publishers, vol. 1., 2000), p. 90.
20
Yaqin, Ghulam Haider. Ayyaran wa Kaka haye Khurasan. (Kabul: Wezarat-e-
Talim wa Tarbia Press, 1365 Hejri Shamsi which corresponds to 1986 A.D. ), p. 22.
21
Jansen, Marius B. Sakamoto Ryōma and the Meiji Restoration (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1994) and Ravina, Mark. The Last Samurai: The Life
and Battles of Saigo Takamori (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004).
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
9
1.4. Bushido
It is said that without understanding Bushido or “the way of the warrior”
and feudalism one will not truly understand Japan.22
According to
Nitobe, Bushido “is the code of moral principles which the knights were
required or instructed to observe. It is not a written code.”23
Although in
existence since 1185, the beginning of feudalism and of the Shogunate
form of government, it was codified by a Confucian scholar named Soko
Yamaga for the first time in mid-1600. This was the period under the
Tokugawa Shogunate which finally ended the constant wars which
drained the Samurai. Known as the Edo period, this era witnessed the
integration of many samurai into government positions.
The most famous story on the subject is The Tale of the Forty-Seven
Ronin, which features a disciple of Yamaga as the lead figure.24
A
master draws his sword against an official of the Shogun who has
insulted him, and the Shogun orders the former to commit seppuku. As a
result, his samurai followers become masterless warriors. Out of loyalty
to their deceased master, they decide to murder the Edo official. They
finally trap the official and kill him. Their sacrifices included the deaths
of parents, wives, and children. Hence, they become the heroes of their
loyalty to their master. Finally out of loyalty to the Shogun, they must
die by seppuku in the name of the highest loyalty of all.
Bushido entails elements from Buddhism, Shintoism, Confucianism,
and Zen teachings. The moral basis and the seven virtues of Bushido
include a highly developed sense of justice or rectitude, courage,
benevolence, politeness, veracity and sincerity, a highly developed sense
of honor, honesty, loyalty to the state and one’s lord, self control and
seppuku.25
If one were to summarize the traits associated with Bushido,
having “integrity” is key to adhering to Bushido.
22
When lecturing to university and school students, the author encourages his
audience to learn Japanese history and not to forget the spirit of Bushido.
23
Nitobe, Inazo. Bushido: The Soul of Japan (Boston, Tuttle Publishing, 2001), p. 5.
24
Allyn, John. The 47 Ronin Story (Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 1970)
25
Nitobe says that “seppuku was not a mere suicidal process. It was an institution,
legal and ceremonial. And invention of Middle Ages, it was a process by which a
warrior could expiate their crimes, apologise for errors, escape from disgrace,
redeem their friends, or prove their sincerity” (p. 116).
Haron Amin
10
From an early age, the Samurai were taught spear-fighting, sword-
fighting, jujutsu, archery, horsemanship, military tactics, ethics,
literature, history and calligraphy.
With introduction of Western style commercial activities in 1870, “The
Soul of Japan” witnessed a great shock. But the spirit of Bushido
continues to survive in Japan, as the spirit of the Ayyārān still inhabits
the soul of the Afghan people.26
2. Historical Relations between Japan and Afghanistan
There are some shockingly similar historical parallels between
Afghanistan and Japan. In the 1860’s, both Afghanistan and Japan
launched modern reforms. Amir Sher Ali, the ruler of Afghanistan from
1863-66 and 1868-79, introduced a series of modern reforms,
establishing new administrative zones and a new national army similar
to those in Europe. Amir Sher Ali also abolished the feudal system of
tax-farming, set up the postal system, and published the first Afghan
weekly, the Shams al-Nahar (trans. “Sun of the Day”). Unfortunately,
caught between Tsarist Russia and British India, Afghanistan’s
geographical size in the 19th
century struggle known as the Great Game
suffered a series of blows. Under Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, the
Afghan Empire extended from Nishapur (present-day Iran) to Pani Pat
(present-day India), and from Bukhara (present-day Uzbekistan) to
Karachi (present-day Pakistan) or from the Arabian Sea to the Indian
Ocean.
In 1868, Japan adopted a series of modern reforms under what became
known as the ‘Meiji Restoration’ and changed the name for the “year
period” to Meiji, meaning “Enlightened Rule.” The drastic changes were
institutionalized under fukoku kyohei and a Five Article Oath (also
called the Charter Oath), was issued by the Emperor which ruled out
ancient evil customs and sought knowledge all over the world.27
However, both the Japanese Emperor and the Afghan Amir remained
26
De Mente, Boye Lafayette.The Japanese Samurai Code: Classic Strategies for
Success. (Boston: Tuttle Publishing, 2004).
27
Fukoku kyohei translates as “a rich country and a strong military.”
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
11
suspicious of powers which were militarily more advanced and
particularly in the vicinity.
In 1870, Amir Sher Ali Khan issued the first postal stamps.28
Its
commemorative stamp was issued in 1964. Japan followed suit in 1871.
It was the following year, when the word “Afghanistan” appeared for
the first time in Japanese newspapers.29
Later, in 1873, Tokyo Nichi
Nichi Shimbun (the former name of Mainichi Shimbun) published a
story on Afghanistan. In 1887, the Asahi Shimbun wrote an extensive
article on Bamiyan.
2.1. Early Afghan-Japanese Ties: Ayub and Togo Celebrate
Asian Victories
It is interesting that diplomatic relations between Japan and Afghanistan
did not formally occur until the 20th
century. Yet, General Ayub Khan,
the victor in the British defeat during the Second Anglo-Afghan War
was the first Afghan to visit Japan. As Admiral Heihachiro Togo’s guest
of honor, Ayub was well received in celebrations marking Asian
victories over European powers. Togo also was known as a hero for his
role in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). Both the Afghan and
Japanese victories had sent rays of hope for independence to many
colonized countries across the globe.
Sardar (Prince) Ayub Khan, known as ‘Victor of Maiwand,’ was the
great hero of the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1879-1880). A
commander well-versed in modern warfare and an able General, the
Sardar had on July 27, 1880 decisively defeated a British force led by
Brigadier-General George Burrows in an open battle at Maiwand, forty
miles west of Qandahar by virtually wiping out all British forces.30
Ayub’s success laid in seizing high ground before the battle began.
According to Tanner, “the first shock to the British was that the Afghans
28
The stamps were round in shape and printed in black with a lion’s head derived
from the King’s first name, “Sher” meaning “lion,” surrounded by text in Dari.
29
Maeda, Kosaku & Sekine, Masao. Nihon Afghanistan Kanke Zenshi. (Tokyo:
Akashi Shoten, 2006), p. 28.
30
Hopkirk, Peter. The Great Game: on Secret Service in High Asia. (London: John
Murray Publishers, Ltd, 1990).
Haron Amin
12
had thirty well-handled guns to their twelve.”31
Afghan heroine of
Maiwand, Malalai had been heard shouting out the following poem as
she entered the battlefield to hold up the Afghan flag: “Young love! If
you do not fall in the battle of Maiwand, By God, someone is saving
you as a symbol of shame!” Roughly forty years before, the British had
suffered a major defeat that was by far larger in scale. In their first
imperial defeat in the first Anglo-Afghan war (1838-42), the British lost
a total of 16,000 troops with only one survivor, Dr. Brydon. This battle
was known as the “Death March” costing the British 20 million Sterling
Pounds which led to the reshuffling of the cabinet in London. In a final
attempt to have its martial reputation restored, General George Pollack,
in September 1842, wreaked vengeance on Kabul by torching and
plundering the city, which destroyed much of the rest of the city, before
finally leaving with his entire British force. It took many years before
the Forward Policy witnessed a decline.
General Ayub and his entourage, including British Army Major Whyte
and Mr. Aminullah Khan who later became Deputy Justice Minister of
Afghanistan, left Lahore on January 12, 1907 for a long trip to Japan
aboard the “Kawachi Maru” and arrived in Kobe on February 16.32
On
the 18th
, he came to Tokyo to visit the naval academy. Ayub’s long trip
ended on March 20 aboard the “Manila.”33
He arrived back in Lahore
on April 8, 1907.
According to original British archival sources, in Japan the General was
extremely well-received everywhere he went.34
He visited regiments of
the Imperial Guard in their barracks and a military college for officers
where he lunched with the Commandant. In addition, he visited the
principal naval dockyard and was hosted for lunch by Naval
31
Tanner, Stephen. Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the
fall of the Taliban (Cambridge: Da Capo Press, 2002), p. 215.
32
Aminullah Khan’s grandfather Arsala Khan had served as the first Foreign
Minister under Amir Sher Ali Khan; and Aminullah’s grandson served as Foreign
Minister in the Mujahideen Government (1992) and has served as Vice-President,
Finance Minister, Senior Adviser and Commerce Minister and currently as the
Senior Cabinet Minister under President Hamid Karzai.
33
Based on Ambassador Tabibi’s letter No. 1335 to Foreign Minister Etemadi dated
21/12/1347 (10 March 1968).
34
Ludwig Adamec’s email to the author dated June 22, 2004 based on original
British archival sources.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
13
Commander-in-Chief Admiral Hikonojou Kamimura. He was received
by Count Sigenobu Okuma, the Minister of War and Marine, Admiral
Heihachiro Togo, and the Generals Yasukata Oku and Maresuke Nogi.
Admiral Togo was the hero of the Battle of Tsushima (1905) and
General Nogi was the hero of the capture of Port Arthur (1905). 35
In a gesture of empathy and respect for his hosts, the Sardar donated 200
Yen (estimated now to be roughly equal to 1,600,000 Yen ) to “Tokyo
Haihei In,” the Tokyo home for the soldiers disabled in the 1904-5
Russo-Japanese War, which was established in 1907 in Shibuya-ku and
later moved to Sugamo, Toshima-ku.
Ayub never accepted the legitimacy of Amir Abdul Rahman or his
cousin and successor, Amir Habibullah. It was Yaqub Khan, Ayub’s
own brother who had signed the treaty of Gandumak on May 26, 1879
which was to establish “eternal peace and friendship” between
Afghanistan and Great Britain. This treaty, signed in return for full
British support, obligated Yaqub Khan, to conduct “relations with
Foreign States, in accordance with the advice and wishes of the British
Government.” Abdul Rahman had expelled Sardar Ayub to British India.
When Amir Habibullah went to British India in 1907 on an official visit,
it was arranged for Sardar Ayub to travel to any European country or
America due to a concern that the latter might return to Afghanistan in
an attempt to disrupt the situation and take over power. It was Sardar
Ayub who, out of utmost respect due to the Japanese victory in the
Russo-Japanese War, sought to travel to Japan.
2.2. Japan’s Victory and the Rise of Nationalism
Seraj ul-Akhbar (translated as “Torch of the News”), a modernist,
nationalist and anti-imperialist newspaper began publication in Kabul in
1911 under the able Mahmood Tarzi, a writer and journalist who had
lived for years in Constantinople and Damascus. Seraj ul-Akhbar was
read in places such as Turkey, the Caucasus, Turkestan, India and Japan,
where ideas and words were revered as an art unto themselves.
35
On September 13, 1912, the day of the Emperor Meiji’s funeral, out of devotion
General Nogi and his wife committed ritual suicide in order to follow their Emperor
to the grave.
Haron Amin
14
Focusing on modernization, the paper looked at America and Japan as
successful engines of progress that provided alternatives to the European
models. This he advocated particularly in order to repel the constant
British and Tsarist onslaught. In particular, Tarzi emphasized Japan as a
model for the development of all Asiatic countries, for he explained that
despite wishing to duplicate European progress, the Japanese did not
lose their customs or their way of life. In 1919, Tarzi became Foreign
Minister and under King Amanullah attempted to establish bilateral
relations with Japan. Unfortunately, the Japanese were wrongfully
advised by the British and delayed diplomatic contacts. Seraj-ul-Akhbar
expressed deep sympathy for the Ottoman Empire and went so far as to
call British India “dar-al harb” ‘or the abode of war.’36
Tarzi was deeply influenced by the thoughts of Sayed Jamaluddin
Afghani, known as al-Afghani, who was born in 1838 in Kunar’s
Asadabad District in eastern Afghanistan and died in Constantinople in
1897. Having traveled to India, Iran, Turkey, the Middle East and
Europe, Al-Afghani was in essence the founder of pan-Islamism. A
prominent scholar of Islam and flamboyant anti-colonialist, anti-
absolutist agitator, he clashed with Muslim monarchs. In an exchange of
polemics in Paris in 1883 with the French philosopher, historian and
positivist Ernest Renan, he refuted the latter’s views on the
incompatibility of Islam and modernization and established considerable
fame for himself in the Parisian intellectual circles.37
Renan later wrote:
“The freedom of his thought, his noble and loyal character made me
believe during our conversation that I had before me, brought to life
again, one of my old acquaintances, Avicenna, Averroes, or another of
those great infidels who represented during five centuries the tradition of
the human spirit.”
Afghani’s political initiative of pan-Islamism (ittihad-i islam) envisaged
mobilization of Muslim nations against western imperialism and
ascension to power, particularly military, through modern technology.
Further, Afghani’s advocacy of independence for all Muslim nations has
36
Nawid, Senzil K. Religious Response to Social Change in Afghanistan 1919-29:
King Aman-Allah and the Afghan Ulama. (Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, Inc.,
1999), p. 38.
37
Keddie, N.R. An Islamic Response to Imperialism, Answer of Jamal al-Din to
Renan Journal des Debats (Paris, May 18, 1883), p. 183.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
15
been a key factor in the development of the so-called “Islamic
nationalism” and influenced such Muslim figures as Muhammad Iqbal,
Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Abul-Kalam Azad in the subcontinent of
India and Namik Kemal, Said Nursi and Mehmet Akif Ersoy in the
Ottoman Turkey. Al-Afghani is considered a pioneer of freedom
movements both in Asia and Africa.
Afghani’s eloquent ideology found an efficient messenger in Tarzi, who
was a mentor to Amir Habibullah’s sons, Amanullah and Enayatullah,
both of whom married Tarzi’s daughters. Amanullah, who succeeded his
father, was particularly influenced by Tarzi’s ideas about modernization
beliefs and favorable opinion about Japanese attempt at modernization
while preserving traditions.
Soon after the Russo-Japanese War, King Habibullah had Tarzi translate
a book from Turkish to Persian, which left a strong and lasting
impression on its Afghan readers.
In Afghanistan, both modernists and nationalists were greatly impressed
with Japan’s success in the Russo-Japanese War especially because it
was Asiatic. Trazi had translated a text from Turkish on the Russo-
Japanese War into local Dari, which was widely read by the intellectuals
as well as Amir Habibullah. They viewed Japan as a country that could
modernize and simultaneously retain its traditions, national culture and
monarchy.38
As a consequence, the modernists and nationalists hoped
for the establishment of formal cordial relations between Afghanistan
and Japan. Furthermore, for modernists, Japan was a clear model for
Afghanistan because it also had strong foundations of independence and
freedom.39
In addition, the end of the Russo-Japanese War and the subsequent
Russian Revolution of 1905 had resounding effects on Asia, increasing
unrest and intensifying nationalist and reformist elements in the
Ottoman Empire, Persia, China, Mongolia, India and Afghanistan.
38
Schinasi, May. Afghanistan at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century:
Nationalism and journalism in Afghanistan; A Study of Seraj ul-Akhbar (1911-1918),
(Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, 1979).
39
Seraj-ul Akhbar, 3rd
Year, No. 2, pp. 7-8.
Haron Amin
16
Perhaps the biggest trigger for the immediate rise of Afghan nationalism
was the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 on which Amir Habibullah
had not even been consulted.40
It came as a shock to Afghan nationalists
who feared for the future of Afghan independence. They regarded this
agreement as effectively eliminating traditional aggressive rivalry
between the two competing empires, and thought it would spark the
creation of further agreements which would only be detrimental to
Afghanistan.
While diplomatic movements from all sides increased and the anxiety
among the Muslim nations of Asia, Japan’s success with regard to
modernization were a catalyst for revolutionary ideologists. One such
revolutionary was the Indian Muslim known as Maulana Barakatullah
who visited Tokyo in May, 1913.
2.2.1 The Pan-Islamist and Pan-Asianist Advocates
But beyond stirring nationalist sentiments in Afghanistan, Iran or
Turkey, what the Japanese victory against the Russians meant to Muslim
masses under domination by the West was whether Japan could serve as
either “Savior of Islam” or as “Savior of Asia” against Western
colonialism. In fact, some believed that Japan could serve both causes.
The seeds of such advocacy were rooted in an open-minded policy
during the Meiji period in which the belittlement of Muslim civilization
was not well received by certain circles in Japan for they noticed that
such defamation would only justify Western imperialism. As such, the
argument for Japanese Pan-Asianist elements was to foster links with
their Pan-Islamist friends throughout the region. These Muslim elements
met in Kabul, Istanbul, Mecca and Medina, San Francisco and Tokyo.
Highly critical of Westernization and Europeanization of their Muslim
lands, many pan-Islamist intellectuals looked at Japan as an alternative
model to emulate and without losing the fabric of their culture or to
convert to Christianity. Mustafa Kamil and Ahmad Fadzli Beg in Egypt,
Mehmed Akif in Turkey, Mahmud Tarzi in Afghanistan, Maulana
40
This agreement concluded between Russia and Great Britain on August 31, 1907
to “ensure perfect security on their respective frontiers in Central Asia and to
maintain in these regions a solid and lasting peace.” Amir Habibullah was not
informed of the negotiations and saw it as an attempt to manage the affairs of the
region without the countries, especially Afghanistan, involved.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
17
Barakatullah in British India, Abdul Rasheed Ibrahim, a Tartar in Russia
were among such Muslim intellectuals. In fact, Beg, Barakatullah and
Ibrahim jointly published an English paper in Tokyo called the Islamic
Fraternity, which advanced the Pan-Islamist and Pan-Asianist rhetoric
soon to be stopped under British pressure. However, at the time Japan
and the Islamic world had not established diplomatic relations as the
majority of Muslim lands were under Western Domination.
Among the Pan-Islamist and the Pan-Asianist figures, we will later only
explore the lives of those who were directly or indirectly linked to Kabul.
2.3. The Turko-German Mission in Afghanistan
As the Pan-Islamic movement grew in the Muslim world, the Turks and
the Germans actively sought to draw support from Afghanistan and
Persia. The Hentig-Niedermayer Expedition was conceived in August
1914 by the German general staff for the purpose of revolutionizing
British India, inducing Afghanistan to attack India, and securing Iran as
a bridge from the Ottoman Empire to Afghanistan.41
The delegation
was headed by two Germans, Lieutenant Werner Otto von Hentig and
Captain Oskar von Niedermayer with other members consisting of
Kazem Bey (Ottoman Turk), and Raja Mahendra Pratap (an Indian
Hindu leader).42
“This officer wears a South West African Police slouch
hat (pinned up at the right side with a brass Imperial Crown- although in
photos Niedermeyer himself doesn't pin his hat up), police tunic
(featuring the distinctive green collar but without insignia or cuff
braiding) worn open at the collar and khaki cord riding breeches. He
carries two pistols, one of which is a naval issue long pistol. The
bandolier and rifle appear to be private purchase items.”43
Maulana Barakatullah (an Indian Muslim leader), who had had visited
Tokyo two years before, was also a member of the Expedition. In
September 1915, the expedition entered Afghanistan through Iran and
41
Niedermayer was promoted to the rank of a General during WWII. He was
captured in Berlin during the Nazi defeat and subsequently died in Russian captivity.
42
Pratap was to later play an important role in the Indian movement against the
British, and as a friend of the Afghan King, he appealed to the Japanese
revolutionaries, especially Mitsuru Toyama.
43
http://www.sacktrick.com/igu/germancolonialuniforms/other%20fronts.htm
Haron Amin
18
stayed until 22 May 1916.44
When they were welcomed by the governor
of Herat in western Afghanistan who immediately ordered new uniforms
for the expedition, they believed that their dignity was partially restored.
With letters of support and credentials from William Wilhelm II,
German Emperor and Mohammed Reshad Khames, the Ottoman Sultan,
the Hentig-Niedermayer delegation attempted to draw Afghanistan into
the war, using religious and moral pressure as well as promising military
and financial assistance. Prior to the arrival of the delegation in
September 1915, probably all of Habibullah’s negotiations with the
Central Powers during World War I simply reflected the usual Afghan
game of positive neutrality, waiting to see which side would win, and
being prepared for either eventuality. After much consideration, the
Amir forced the delegation to agree to a treaty, under which the
Germans agreed to give the Afghans 100,000 rifles, 300 cannon, and
£20 million in gold. However, the expedition’s immediate goal of an
Afghan attack on British India collapsed and the aid never precipitated.
The Amir hinted that he would attack India – but only after the
victorious Expedition entered Afghanistan to lead the assault.45
While the Expedition’s immediate goal of an Afghan attack on British
India collapsed, it was not a complete failure. The Expedition made
Afghan modernists realize that in order for Afghanistan to initiate a
modernization program, they would first have to be completely
independent from British influence. Impacting the political component
of the Anglo-Afghan relations, it also led to deployment of a large
contingent of British forces - amassed at Afghan border – which could
otherwise have been deployed in the European theater of war. This
shows that the Amir indeed took his time while playing both sides. He
eventually proclaimed Afghanistan’s neutrality despite the fact that the
Conservatives, led by Amir’s brother, Nasrullah, and the modernists, led
by Tarzi were supportive of the Hentig-Niedermayer Expedition.46
44
The British Consulate in Mashhad, Iran, had been informed of the Hentig-
Niedermayer Expedition and by the time it reached the border of Afghanistan,
members had been stripped of all their equipment as well as their uniform.
45
P. 94, Adamec 1967.
46
In 1970, King Zahir Shah invited Von Hentig to Kabul as his guest. During an
extravagant reception at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the original copy of the
letter drafted by the British Viceroy in India addressed to King Habibullah asking
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
19
The defeats inflicted on the Ottoman Empire during the Italian-Ottoman
War in 1911, and the War of the Balkan States in 1912 had also led to a
pan-Islamic Movement across Asia, which was further impacted by
World War I. Being a Muslim Empire, the Ottoman losses to the British,
Russian and French were not well received in Afghanistan.
Paradoxically, the fact that the Ottoman Empire and Germany were
close to Japan bode well with Afghans. Afghans – as part of the Muslim
Ummah – viewed the Ottoman Empire to be the center of Islamic
Khilafat. Cognizant of the British defeats by Afghans, the anti-
imperialist, anti-Christian sentiments especially gained momentum
amongst the Muslims of India and encouraged them to mobilize. The
sentiments later also influenced Afghanistan’s own movement to restore
sovereignty over her foreign affairs.
2.4. The Revolutionaries
During its quest for restoring autonomy over her foreign affairs,
Afghanistan attempted to establish contact with various capitals and in
Asia enlisted the help of revolutionaries to help the continent rid itself of
foreign aggression and occupation.
2.4.1. Mahendra Pratap (1886-1979)
Mahendra Pratap received his education under British headmasters and
Muslim teachers in India. After devoting his attention to questions of
social and educational reforms and other constructive activities, Pratap
threw himself into a still higher cause of liberating India from the British.
On December 20, 1914, at the age of 28, he left India for Europe to gain
outside support. He had become a big menace there for the foreign rule
in India, so much so that the British Government of India declared a
reward on his head, attached his entire estate and declared him a fugitive.
the latter not to receive the Turko-German delegation was shown to him. Von
Hentig was astonished and confessed that the letter he carried from the German
Emperor in 1915 to King Habibullah was drafted on a small paper. Yet, despite that,
the Afghan Amir stationed them in the Bagh-e-Babur Garden, one of the most
prestigious Royal sites in Kabul.
Haron Amin
20
As part of his work in the Hentig-Niedermayer Expedition, Pratap
established the first Provisional Government of India in Kabul in
December 1915 with himself as President. This government carried on
work on various fronts including the diplomatic fronts by establishing
relationships with anti-British governments such as Turkey, Germany,
China as well as Japan. He collaborated with independence movements
in India such as the Ghadar Party.47
He also worked closely with several
Indian revolutionaries including Mohammed Barakatullah, Rash Bihari
Bose and Subhas Chandra Bose.48
Pratap also frequently visited
Germany and the Soviet Union to solicit support and political
recognition.
In order to make preparations for a commercial treaty between
Afghanistan and Japan and seek Japanese support, Pratap was in Japan
from 1922 to 1937. It is here that in 1934 Rash Behari Bose introduced
Pratap to Mitsuru Toyama.49
Known as the Afghan Patriot in Japan,
Pratap was issued an Afghan passport by King Amanullah from 1921 to
1937.50
During the war, the Japanese asked him to help on the invasion
of India by Japan. Pratap made the decision contingent upon formation
of Indian Army from South Asia. Japan rejected. It is because of the
rejection that Subhas Chandra Bose, another influential Indian
revolutionary, was sent from Germany to Japan to form an interim Free
India Government. Based on the archives of the Afghan Embassy in
Tokyo, Pratap stayed in Japan until 1946 and returned to India after
47
The aim of the Ghadar (Mutiny) Party was to overthrow the British rule by using
force and thereby free India from foreign domination.
48
Rash Bihari was one of the founding members of the Ghadar Party (1913-1915) of
which Barakatullah was also a member. In order to gain support from enemies of
the British, Barakatullah was sent to Kabul by the Ghadar Movement to organize
this work. As a close friend of Afghan King Amanullah he joined Pratap and other
anti-British revolutionaries in Kabul and consequently formed the Indian Provisional
Government. Barakatullah was appointed its Prime Minister.
49
Ikawa, Satoshi & Kobayashi, Hiroshi. Hito Arite – Toyama Mitsuru to Genyosha
(2003), p. 188.
50
Amanullah ruled from 1919 to 1928.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
21
Indian independence.51
Pratap was guest of His Majesty, King Zahir
Shah for ten days in 1960.
2.4.2. Mitsuru Toyama (1855-1944)
It was during Pratap’s visit to Japan in 1922 that he met Mitsuru
Toyama, a renowned Japanese nationalist and a revolutionary. Toyama
was perhaps the most notable leader of the Genyosha, a Japanese
nationalist society based in Fukuoka that was founded in 1881 with the
goal of safeguarding Japan and identifying Russia as the only force
threatening their influence in the region. Japan was not too alarmed
about China as it won the 1894 Sino-Japanese War fought over Korea.
Later Toyama and Ryohei Uchida formed Kokuryukai. Japan won the
Russo-Japanese War. Toyama is also said to have been an opponent of
all established governments in Asia. He welcomed dissidents from
China, India and the Philippines who were known to convene at his
home in Shibuya, Tokyo. Included amongst these were the famous
Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen and Indian revolutionary Rash Bihari
Bose, who fled India and exiled to Japan to escape the colonialist British
government. On the request of Sun Yat-sen, Toyama took Bose in and
helped him shelter in Japan. It was actually through the introduction by
Bose that Pratap and Toyama met. Toyama also tried to reach out to
help Afghanistan against the British. His grandson, Okisuke Toyama, in
addition to being the president of Association for Development of
Agricultural Resources, is a long-time observer of Japanese politics and
advises on a nationalist disposition.
2.4.3. Rash Bihari Bose (1885-1945)
Rash Bihari Bose was a revolutionary leader battling against the British
in India and an organizer of the Indian National Army (INA). He was
involved in revolutionary activities early in his life and his involvement
in these activities aroused the suspicion of the British government until
ultimately he was jailed. He broke from prison and subsequently
appeared in Kabul dressed in traditional Afghan clothes. In Kabul an
51
Afghan Ambassador’s letter to the Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs dated 20
Dalwe 1350 (February 1971) and Pratap’s letter to the Afghan Ambassador in Japan
dated 28 December 1971.
Haron Amin
22
Afghan entrepreneur named Mr. Sobhan who was married to a German,
provided Bose with a haven. He later moved to Japan where he was
taken in by Mitsuru Toyama.52
Facing enormous pressure by the
British to expel all exiles from Japan, Japanese authorities issued the
order that Bose leave Japan within a week. But following criticism from
public organs and the likes of revolutionaries such as Mitsuru Toyama
for their indecisive attitude, not to mention the fear that the oppressive
British authorities would arrest and execute him, the Japanese
authorities eventually decided to protect Bose’s life.
The Genyosha Society helped Rash Bihari Bose to escape and shelter
himself in Nakamuraya Bakery where he hid for four and a half months.
Whilst there, he met and married Toshiko, the daughter of the couple
owning the bakery. Subsequently, the British government's search for
Rash Bihari Bose came to an end by the abolition of the Anglo-Japanese
Alliance Treaty.
Bose was instrumental in persuading the Japanese authorities to stand by
the Indian nationalists and ultimately to support actively the Indian
freedom struggle abroad. He commanded Indian troops in Burma under
the lead of the Japanese Imperial Army. Bose convened a conference in
Tokyo on March 28-30, 1942, which led to the establishment of the
Indian Independence League. He convened the second conference of
the League at Bangkok on June 22, 1942. It was at this conference that
a resolution was adopted to invite Subhas Chandra Bose to join the
League and take command as its president. On the organizational
foundation work of Rash Bihari Bose, Subhas Chandra Bose declared
the formation of the Indian National Army in 1943.
Before his death the Japanese Government honored Rash Bihari Bose
with the “Second Order of the Merit of the Rising Sun.”
2.4.4. Subhas Chandra “Netaji” Bose (1897-1945)
Subhas Chandra Bose, who was of no relation to Rash Bihari Bose, was
popularly known as Netaji. Despite being a fine scholar he had no
52
Ikawa, Satoshi & Kobayashi, Hiroshi. Hito Arite – Toyama Mitsuru to Genyosha,
(2003) pp. 184-185.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
23
intention of serving the British. Instead he wanted to participate in the
Nationalist Movement and liberate his Motherland. Mahendra Pratap
was one of Netaji’s heroes.
Bose helped set up a provisional government-in-exile for India
established in Kabul soon after the beginning of the First World War. At
the start of World War II, Bose spent time in Germany where he
succeeded in enlisting German support to organize anti-British
movements. There he formed the Provisional Independent Government
for India, and his ideas spread through regular broadcasts from Berlin.
Backed by the governments of both Germany and Japan, Bose embarked
upon a submarine journey to Japan which helped him establish the
Indian National Army in Myanmar under the Japanese.
Subhas Chandra Bose died on August 19, 1945, when his plane crashed
at Matsuyama Airport in Formosa or present-day Taiwan four days after
WWII ended while on his way back to Japan from Myanmar.
2.5. The Pan-Asiatic Congress
On August 1, 1926 fifty-one delegates from Japan, China, India,
Afghanistan, the Philippines and Korea participated in a three-day
conference called “The Pan-Asiatic Congress” which convened at the
Nagasaki Y.M.C.A. Hall. At the Congress, Professor Lin of Peking
University elaborated on its origin: “Our two immediate purposes are to
spread the intellectual and spiritual fruits of our Oriental Civilisation and
to develop the material resources of Asia. To do this we desire to thwart
imperialism, in order that there may be free and spontaneous
development.”53
However, when the Chinese delegate declared soliciting
support for India’s independence, the Japanese delegate Mr. Imazato,
himself a Member of Parliament who had delivered the opening address
“pointed out that the Japanese authorities might close the conference if it
touched upon subjects tending to injure relations between the Japanese
and foreign governments, a resolution to the foregoing effect submitted
by Mr. Huang of the Chinese delegation was withdrawn.”54
In his
53
The Japan Chronicle, August 5, 1926.
54
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration: Report No. 220 filed by US
Embassy in Tokyo dated August 7, 1926, p.2.
Haron Amin
24
opening address he had remarked that the nine hundred million Asiatic
peoples were experiencing “one of the most painful of existences.” A
second Chinese delegate stated that the mission is “not to drive the white
people out of Asia but to be on terms of equality with them.”55
At the Congress, Pratap represented Afghanistan while Rash Bihari
Bose was the chief Indian delegate. He declared that “The triumph of
the Asiatic nations…meant the realization of world peace, and the final
object of universal love for which all had been yearning would then be
achieved.”56
The Indian delegation submitted a resolution, subsequently
adopted, stating that the Congress expressed its appreciation to the Amir
of Afghanistan, the Shah of Persia, Kemal Pasha, Dr. Tagore, Gandhi,
Mitsuru Toyama and others who had contributed to the Pan-Asiatic
movement.
At the Congress a Provisional Constitution was submitted whose Article
1 reads as follows: “The object of the Federation is to bring permanent
peace to the world, based on the principle of equality and justice,
eliminating all discrimination, whether social, religious or racial, and
thus to assure liberty and happiness to all the races of the world.”
On the evening of Monday the 2nd
of August, Pratap visited the Osaka
Mainichi and stated that “all Asiatic peoples look upon Japan as the
savior of Asia.”57
However, the Congress did not generate the kind of sensation expected.
On the one hand, a substantial amount of time and energy was spent on
Sino-Japanese debate on ‘Twenty-One Demands,” and on the other,
many Japanese politicians did distance themselves from the conference.
Yet, the conference did succeed in illuminating the feeling of hostility
by Asians against great powers. The fact that the Congress did not
evolve highlights the difficulties before it.
55
The Japan Chronicle, August 5, 1926 “Pan-Asiatic Congress: The White
Domination of the World.”
56
The Japan Chronicle, August 3, 1926.
57
The Tokyo Nichinichi also called the Mainichi, August 4, 1926.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
25
3. Formal Diplomatic Relations
Although official relations between Afghanistan and Japan were
established in 1931, there were several attempts by Afghan authorities to
establish solid contact with the Meiji Administration long before then.
On February 20, 1919, Amir Habibullah was assassinated on a hunting
trip which led to the accession of his third son King Amanullah to the
throne. Amanullah’s ten-year reign saw much dramatic change in
foreign and domestic politics starting with the declaration of sovereignty
over Afghan foreign affairs in 1919 following the month-long Third
Anglo-Afghan War with Britain. One of the King’s important foreign
policy strategy was to establish new diplomatic relations with external
powers. Japan was one of the first countries to whom the newly modern
Afghanistan – constrained by the Gandumak Treaty – turned for support
and cooperation. Unfortunately though, a message sent by the new
government of Afghanistan was captured by British authorities in India
and never reached Japan. The second attempt to send a special mission
through Russia and China failed because of lack of communications.
Meanwhile, the British – bitter over three military defeats by Afghans –
persuaded the Japanese Government through diplomatic contacts to
delay the establishment of relations with Afghanistan, as they
discouraged others like the United States of America.58
Japan and Afghanistan were on very friendly terms and shared many
exchanges before 1930, the year in which the first Afghan-Japanese
treaty of friendship was concluded. King Habibullah Khan, under a
decree, had donated £1000 (Sterling Pounds) in early 1914 to the
victims of the three earthquakes that occurred in Japan.59
The
earthquakes occurred as follows: January 12th
- Sakurajima (M 7.1 and
35 dead); March 15th
, Akita Senkita (M 7.1, 94 dead and 640 houses
destroyed) and March 28th
, Akita Senkita (M 6.1). Japan was very well
received in Afghanistan and had established a solid commercial
58
Poullada, Leon B. & Poullada, Leila D.J. The Kingdom of Afghanistan and the
United States: 1828-1973. (Omaha: Center for Afghan Studies at the University of
Nebraska at Omaha and Dageforde Publishing, 1995), pp. 35-41
59
The Seraj ul-Akhbar Weekly, dated 25 June 1914 (3rd
Year, No. 20, p. 2).
Haron Amin
26
presence. There was an ever increasing demand in Afghanistan for
Japanese products such as cloth, chemical products and machinery.60
In 1922, Hisao Tani, a Japanese military officer in India, was the first
Japanese to visit Afghanistan in modern times. This visit to Afghanistan
was followed by that of Yasunosuke Tanabe in October 1925, who after
returning back to Japan, went on to establish the Japan-Afghanistan
Club in 1935.
In December 1927, when King Amanullah along with Queen Soraya
embarked on his European tour, he visited the Embassy of Japan in
London in order to make preparations for the conclusion of a basic
friendship treaty with Japan. Subsequently, on November 19, 1930, the
Afghan-Japanese Treaty of Friendship was signed and exchanged
between Marshall Shah Wali Khan, the Afghan Envoy and Mr. Tsuneo
Matsudaira, the Japanese Ambassador in London. The Treaty of
Friendship signed was drafted in French.
Diplomatic missions were exchanged when Sardar Habibullah Tarzi, the
first Afghan Minister to Japan, realizing the importance of its ever-
growing economic power.61
Traveling aboard the Hakone Maru from
Bombay, he arrived in Kobe and then in Tokyo on October 5, 1933 to
build the first ever Afghan legation. On October 19, he presented his
credentials signed by King Nadir Shah to the Emperor and the first
legation was established in Iikura Azabudai, before moving to Aoba-cho,
Shibuya-ku.62
He remained in this post until March 1939. Subsequent
Afghan ambassadors to Japan include: Mr. Qasim Reshitiya, formerly
Finance Minister; Abdul Majid Khan, formerly Education Minister and
Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi, formerly Justice Minister.
The first Japanese Minister to visit Afghanistan was Mr. Masamoto
Kitada in 1934. On November 6, 1934, Kitada arrived in Kabul with his
60
Gregorian, Vartan. The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics of Reforms
and Modernization. (Stanford University Press, 1969), p. 337.
61
Habibullah was the nephew of Mahmood Tarzi, editor of the Seraj-ul Akhbar
Newspaper.
62
The current Embassy site is also in Iikura, Azabu purchased on March 13, 2006.
Many Japanese involved in the transaction believed that ‘it was meant to be.’
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
27
wife being the daughter of former Prime Minister Hamaguchi. Upon his
return to Japan, Mr. Kitada joined the Japan-Afghanistan Club.
During the 1930s, some twenty or thirty Japanese were living in
Afghanistan. Many cultural and educational exchanges took place as
well. For example, in 1931, the Afghan government invited Takagaki, a
Japanese judo instructor to train Afghan army officers, who stayed for
seven years. Then, in 1932, Japan invited six Afghan students to learn
Japanese and undertake higher learning. They continued their education
throughout WWII and their graduation was done with Japanese clothing,
contrary to the norm. They left Japan through Siberia in October of
1943 and arrived in Afghanistan in December of that year. Of these,
Abdul Hakim Ziayee later became Chief Justice and Abdullah Yaftali
was appointed as the Deputy Prime Minister.
As mentioned already, after returning from Afghanistan, Yasunosuke
Tanabe founded the Japanese-Afghanistan Club in 1935 which would
function as intercessor between the two countries. With the great help
of Torikichi Obata and Masaji Inoue, in June 1935, he held an
inauguration for the founding of the Japanese-Afghanistan Club. 63
He
issued some brief rules of this club and chose approximately ten people
to be committee members. Tanabe was appointed the committee chair.
The main aims of this club were to improve the friendship between the
two nations, publish bulletins several times a year and hold welcome
and farewell parties for officials of both nations as well as tea parties for
exchange students from Afghanistan to facilitate communication with
their Japanese counterparts. From 1935 to 1941, this club was managed
with financial contributions from several leading companies. The
primary contributors included Mitsubishi Joint-Stock Company,
Sumitomo Joint-Stock Company and Mitsui Products. With these
contributions, the Japan-Afghanistan Club was managed for seven years.
In 1941, its name was changed to The Japan-Afghanistan Association
and its scale expanded immensely.64
63
This club enrolled prominent figures in Japanese politics and included Togo
Shigenori, who later was categorized as “A Class Criminal” at the Yasukuni Shrine.
64
The current Chairman of this association is Mr. Kenshiro Matsunami, a member
of the Lower House of the Diet and a former teacher at Kabul University whose son
was born in Afghanistan.
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28
According to unpublished notes of Mr. Mitsuo Ozaki, a Japanese
government official working in Afghanistan from 1935 to 1938, Japan
was using Afghanistan as a base to spy on the former Soviet Union,
particularly the latter’s combat strength in central Asia, “which irritated
Afghan authorities.”65
During the Second World War, despite declaration of neutrality on
August 17, 1940 by Afghanistan, the British and Russian governments
demanded through diplomatic notes issued on October 9 and 11, 1941
that Afghan authorities hand all Axis (Japanese, German and Italian)
diplomats as well as non-diplomatic members of missions over to the
Allied Forces. The German invasion of the Soviet Union in June of 1941
and vacillation by the Iranian Government not to evacuate Axis
diplomats led to a joint Russo-British invasion of Iran on 25 August
1941. “The Afghan Prime Minister, Mohammad Hashim, even with the
invasion of Iran fresh in the news, considered the Russo-British
ultimatum an insult to traditional Afghan hospitality and neutrality, an
affront to the Muslim custom of sanctuary, and a slap at the growing
national integrity of a small nation. Many Afghans wanted to reject the
note, and, if necessary, fight.”66
At the end, a Loya Jirga or a traditional
Grand Assembly of Afghans was convened on November 5-6, 1941,
which accepted the repatriation of non-diplomatic members only to be
escorted by an Afghan Foreign Ministry delegation through British India
to a neutral country under a free passage.67
Contrary to British and
Russian expectation, all Axis diplomats were permitted to stay.68
3.1. Bilateral Developments
In 1951, a Japanese anthropologist named Shinobu Iwamura traveled to
Afghanistan and visited some villages near Herat in northwestern
Afghanistan known and established that the Mongolian language was
65
Itar-Tass: 29 November 2004.
66
Dupree: 483
67
Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan – Second Edition.
(London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1997), p. 120.
68
Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan – Second Edition.
(London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1997), pp. 122-132.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
29
spoken among the locals of a few villages called “Moghul Qeshlaq69
”
and published the finding in the Asahi Shimbun which later was
published as a book called “Afghanistan Kikou.”70
Later, as part of the
Karakorum & Hindukush Gakujyutu Tankentai meaning “Karakorum
and Hindukush Arts and Sciences Expeditionary Party,” Mr. Iwamura
traveled to Afghanistan from May to October 1955 visiting Kabul,
Kandahar, Nuristan and Hazarajat as well as some northern provinces.
The Expedition included Professor Ahmad Ali Motamedi from Kabul
University and Mr. Tadashi Yamazaki who died in April 1956. At the
time some 800 families from Mongolian descent were believed to live in
Ghor Province’s Zarni District who could understand Mongolian but
could not speak it.71
Mr. Iwamura later became a well-known expert on
Mongolian Empire and history of the Silk Road.
1954 saw the first Afghan-Japanese marriage between Abdul Shokur
Shaker and Ms. Mitsuko Yagi.72
In 1959, the Afghan Crown Prince
Sardar Mohammed Daoud visited Japan. In 1960, a Japanese
mountaineering group climbed Nawshākh, the highest mountain in
Afghanistan. In 1962, the first Afghan Commerce Delegation came to
Japan. To celebrate the 1964 Olympics held in Tokyo, Afghanistan
issued commemorative stamps. In 1964, director of Kabul Museum,
Mr. Ali Ahmad Motamedi, member of the Karakorum & Hindukush
Expedition married Ms. Haruko Tsuchiya. She later produced a book on
Kabul Museum in Japanese.
From April 9-15, 1969, Their Majesties King Zahir Shah and Queen
Homaira, with an entourage of senior cabinet members, paid an official
one-week State visit to Japan. The King and Queen were received at
Haneda Airport by The Majesties Emperor Hirohito and Empress
Nagako as well as high ranking officials of the Japanese government.
Then, Prime Minister Eisaku Sato received the King and they exchanged
views on the international situation at that time and the possibilities of
69
Qeshlaq translates as village. Derived from Turkish, it actually means warm
places where one resides during the winter.
70
Iwamura S. and Schurmann, H. Notes on Mongolian Groups in Afghanistan by
the Institute of Research in Humanities at Kyoto University: 1954., pp. 418-515
71
Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan: Vol. 3.
(Austria: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsantalt, Vol. 3., 1975), p. 302.
72
Shaker was a businessman involved in ceramics
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30
further development of economic and cultural relations between the two
countries. The King and Queen visited sites of economic interest and
cultural and historic places in and around the cities of Tokyo, Osaka,
Nara and Kyoto.
During two separate audiences with His Majesty, the Father of the
Nation in December 2003 and April 2005, the author was acutely
impressed by the mental acuity of His Majesty’s memories as H.M.
recalled over a period of one hour details from their trip to Japan.73
In 1970, Crown Prince Ahmad Shah and Crown Princess Belqis came to
Japan to participate at the Osaka Expo.
The 1969 visit by the Afghan King and Queen was reciprocated in June
1971 by a State visit to Afghanistan by Their Imperial Highnesses
Crown Prince and Princess, now Their Majesties Emperor Akihito and
Empress Michiko. The Japanese Imperial couple arrived in Kabul on 5th
June 1971 for a six-day state visit.74
Afghan Prime Minister Noor
Ahmad Etemadi called on them soon afterwards. Accompanied by
Crown Prince Ahmad Shah and his sister Crown Princess Belqis, the
state-trip included attending dinner receptions hosted by the Afghan
Royal Family in the Gulkhana Palace as well as visits to Bamiyan and
Ai-Khanum, a vast Hellenic period metropolis on the banks of the Oxus
River founded in 327 B.C.75
After their return to Japan, Her Majesty Crown Princess Michiko
composed the following poem:
There at Bamian
Under a moon faintly red
The great stone Buddhas,
73
Under the new Constitution (2004) His Majesty serves as “The Father of the
Nation.”
74
During this trip, the Chief of Protocol Mr. Sa’adullah Ghausy accompanied Their
Imperial Highnesses and later was appointed Charge d’Affaires to Japan in 1978.
75
Mr. Abdullah Yaftali, first Deputy Premier and one of the six initial Afghan
students in Japan in 1930’s served as the interpreter during this trip.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
31
Their sacred faces shattered,
Are still awesomely standing.76
In March 2001, saddened by the destruction of the Buddha statues, Her
Majesty Empress Michiko wrote another poem.
All unconsciously
Have I too not fired a shot? -
With Spring well along
On the plains of Bamian
The stone Buddhas are no more.77
During the occasion of presenting the Letters of Credence to His
Majesty the Emperor of Japan on April 30, 2004 as well as a Tea
Ceremony with Their Majesties, the Emperor and Empress of Japan on
May 24, 2004, I was deeply moved by Their Majesties’ vivid memories
of Afghanistan, remembering names of Afghan Royal Family members
as well as up-to-date information on Afghanistan. Empress Michiko
even went as far as revealing a quasi-hidden fact by saying: “Last year,
when President Karzai was coming to Japan, my husband was in
hospital. He told the doctor to make sure that he would be out of the
hospital by the time President Karzai would arrive since he wanted to
see him at the Imperial Palace.”
In early 1973, the mayor of the City of Jalalabad, Mr. Habibullah Amin-
Arsala came to Japan as guest of Tokyo Mayor and visited numerous
gardens and parks. During this trip he laid a wreath on the tomb of
Admiral Heihachiro Togo. He was the son of Aminullah Khan, who in
1907 had accompanied General Ayub to Japan. The garden of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Kabul was designed based on his
observations in Japan.
However, the new era of cooperation and exchange on political,
economic and cultural matters were short-lived as the former Soviet
Union invaded Afghanistan (1979). Japan condemned the invasion and
subsequently suspended all its projects throughout Afghanistan. It also
76
http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/eindex.html
77
http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/egyosei/egyosei-h13.html
Haron Amin
32
withdrew its nationals from Afghanistan. Although Afghanistan
maintained an Embassy in Tokyo, Japan did not receive any
ambassadors. Meanwhile, Japan actively supported the resistance
movement by the Afghan Mujahedeen and generously assisted the
Afghan refugees in Iran and Pakistan, both directly and indirectly
through Japanese and international governmental as well as non-
governmental organizations, including the United Nations. After the
Communist regime (1992), Japan played a mediatory role.
3.2. Post 9.11 Relations
For the first time since World War II, Japan took on a mission by
dispatching Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) vessels to the Indian
Ocean for refueling operations of the Coalition Forces to support
international troops in Afghanistan in the fight on terror under the Basic
Plan of Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law. Also known as “The
Pacific Fleet,” the mission began on November 1, 2001 in order to
topple the Taliban regime.
On the occasion of the Taliban defeat and liberation of Afghanistan, His
Majesty the Emperor composed this poem:
Afghanistan becomes a War Theater
In Kabul City
With the war over at last,
From the people seen
Walking up and down the streets
A great joy is welling up.78
Soon after the Bonn Accord and the announcement of the Interim
Administration on December 22, 2001, and with millions of students
returning back to school and seeing female teachers on the media, Her
Majesty wrote this poem:
A Time of Burgeoning
There in Kabul, too,
78
http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/gyosei/5syu3syuh13-01.html
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
33
Where the trees are very few,
Buds must be bursting-
With all of those young women
Lifting their blue burkha veils.79
Mrs. Sadako Ogata, appointed as Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi’s
Special Representative to Afghanistan visited Afghanistan in January
2002. On January 21-22, 2002, Japan convened the “International
Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan,” which was
attended by Chairman Hamid Karzai heading a big cabinet delegation.
Known as the Tokyo Conference, it recognized the vital importance of
security and counter-narcotics issues to the success of reconstruction,
and placed special emphasis on providing systematic follow-up and
sufficient assistance to ensure steady and irreversible progress. The
cumulative amount of pledges for Afghanistan was more than 4.5 billion
US Dollars.
At the Diet, the Nihon Afghan Giin Renmei or “Japan-Afghan
Parliamentary League” was expanded to support Afghanistan’s
reconstruction. Japan reopened its Embassy in Kabul in February of
2002 appointing Kinichi Komano as the Charge d’Affaires and later as
first Ambassador after the Soviet Invasion. Foreign Minister Kawaguchi
visited sites where rehabilitation assistance for Afghanistan was being
carried out in May 2002 and conveyed Japan's intention to assist the
Government and people of Afghanistan. She met with then Chairman
Hamid Karzai, Foreign Minister Abdullah and Father of the Nation.
Madame Ogata went to Kabul in June 2002 during the Emergency Loya
Jirga. Her visit was followed by Foreign Minister Abdullah’s trip to
Japan in October 2002. Subsequently, the Afghan Embassy in Tokyo
was reopened in Tokyo in November 2002. The Tokyo Conference on
Consolidation of Peace in Afghanistan was launched in order to promote
the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration process for Afghan
combatants, which was attended by President Hamid Karzai who
delivered a keynote speech. In July 2003, Madame Ogata went to
Afghanistan to review the situation in the country to assess Japanese
assistance and to see implementation of the Ogata Initiative. Then in
November 2003, Mr. Kazunori Tanaka, Parliamentary Secretary for
79
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34
Foreign Affairs traveled to Afghanistan and delivered a personal letter
from Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi addressed to Mr. Hamid Karzai,
President of the Transitional Administration of Afghanistan. During his
stay in that country, Mr. Tanaka exchanged views with dignitaries of the
Transitional Administration about reconstruction assistance and the
country's political process. In March 2004, Madame Ogata attended an
International Conference on Afghan Reconstruction. During the UN
General Assembly, Prime Minister Koizumi and President Karzai met in
September 2004. On April 5, 2005, Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Nobutaka Machimura, paid an official trip to Kabul and met with
President Hamid Karzai and had a working lunch with Minister of
Foreign Affairs, Dr. Abdullah, as well as some other Cabinet Ministers.
This trip coincided with the second day of the Afghan Development
Conference. During the meeting, President Karzai expressed his
gratitude for Japan’s assistance, noting the disarmament, demobilization
and reintegration (DDR) process of ex-combatants and the fueling
activities by Self-Defense Force (SDF) vessels in the Indian Ocean. In
May 2005, Foreign Minister Abdullah visited Japan and had meetings
with Prime Minister Koizumi and Foreign Minister Machimura and had
lunch with members of the Japan-Afghan Parliamentary League. Mrs.
Habiba Sarabi, governor of Bamiyan visited Japan from August 22-29,
2005, followed by a visit from Afghan Information and Culture Minister
Makhdoom Raheen and Prince Mirwais, Advisor to the Ministry. On
January 18-20, 2006, Finance Minister Anwar-ul Haq Ahadi and Deputy
Foreign Minister Mahmoud Saikal visited Japan and had fruitful
discussions with Finance Minister Tanigaki, Foreign Minister Taro Aso
and Senior Vice Minister Katsutoshi Kaneda. Senior Vice Minister
Kaneda headed the Japanese delegation to the London Conference
where the Afghanistan Compact was signed between Afghanistan and
the international community accompanied by Ambassador Ryuichi
Tanabe who was in charge of aid coordination for Afghanistan.
After more than two years of efforts, but only after 73 years of attempts
by numerous ambassadors aimed at buying a permanent Chancery and
Residence, finally the contract for a dignified property at Iikura,
Azabudai was concluded on March 13, 2006. Its redevelopment will
take some time and it will be ready for inhabitation in the summer of
2007, which will coincide with 100th
anniversary of Prince Ayub’s visit
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
35
to Japan.80
On May 24, 2006, the first session of Development Policy Dialogue
(DPD) between Japan and Afghanistan took place at the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs in Kabul. The DPD was a mutual initiative drawing
parallel lessons from Japanese development assistance in the Far East
and elsewhere in order to determine development priorities in
Afghanistan.81
Foreign Minister Dr. Rangeen Dadfar Spanta participated as a Guest at
the Second Foreign Ministers’ Meeting of the “Central Asia plus Japan”
Dialogue on June 5, 2006 also attended by the Foreign Ministers of
Japan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic
of Uzbekistan as well as the Special Envoy of the Republic of
Kazakhstan.82
The aim of this Dialogue is democratization of the
societies, the promotion of market economy, the improvement of the
people’s standard of living, the eradication of terrorism and poverty and
the protection of human rights and the environment. During his trip, Dr.
Spanta had fruitful discussions with Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi,
Foreign Minister Taro Aso and Afghan-Japan Parliamentary League.
What is significant about Central Asia plus Japan Dialogue is that in his
book “Utsukushii kuni he” (translated as Towards a Beautiful Country)
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe advocates the establishment of a strategic
diplomacy with the Central Asian Countries.83
From June 11-18, 2006, the Japanese House of Councillors invited the
first group from the Afghan Parliament headed by Mr. Sayed Hamid
Gilani, First Deputy President of the Meshrano Jirga (Upper House).
The delegation was on a study visit to learn the importance of decision-
making process through parliaments, separation of power between
legislature and government, significance of bicameral system, electoral
80
On October 11, 2006, a procurement team was dispatched by the Afghan
Reconstruction and Development Services (ARDS) to Tokyo to launch the
redevelopment of the new embassy in Iikura. The project was approved by the
World Bank and the funds for it came from the international donor community.
81
This initiative was the result of mutual efforts by Ambassadors Riyuchi Tanabe
and the author.
82
Efforts are underway to make Afghanistan a full member of this Dialogue.
83
Shinzo Abe became Prime Minister on September 26, 2006.
Haron Amin
36
system (including party politics), legislative process (including
budgetary debates), oversight of administration including promotion of
transparency and accountability and fighting corruption, parliamentary
affairs such as research, legislation, administration and operation) as
well as gender and human rights in parliamentary procedures.
Ambassador Riyuchi Tanabe headed the Japanese delegation at the
Conference in Moscow from June 27-29, 2006 and Japan pledged five-
million Dollars to the Counter-Nartcotics Trust Fund (CNTF) to provide
funding for alternative livelihood initiatives in Afghanistan.
President Hamid Karzai headed an Afghan delegation to attend the
“Tokyo Conference II: Consolidation of Peace in Afghanistan” as well
as a Working Official visit to Japan from July 4-7, 2006. The
Conference was inaugurated by H.E. Mr. Taro Aso, Minister for Foreign
Affairs of Japan with the opening statement given by President Karzai
and attended by representatives from 53 states and 15 international
organizations. Japan pledged 60 million Dollars as part of its total
contribution announced in London towards comprehensive rural
development, improvement of security as well as counter-narcotics
initiatives within the greater goal of development throughout
Afghanistan. The conference highlighted the successful completion of
the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration process known as
the DDR, which successfully disarmed over 60,000 former combatants
and invigorated the Disbandment of Illegal Armed Groups (DIAG). The
President also had an audience with His Majesty the Emperor of Japan
and met with Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, Mr. Kanzaki, Head of
Komei-Party, members of the Committee on Prevention of International
Terrorism and Support at the House of Representatives, Mrs. Chikage
Oogi, Speaker of the House of Councillors, Mr. Hata, Super Adviser of
the Democratic Party, as well as the Afghan-Japan Parliamentary
Friendship League. On July 6th
, he left aboard shinkansen or bullet train
for the beautiful city of Kyoto, and visited Kiyomizudera Temple as
well as Sento Gosho, the Imperial Household which Their Majesties the
Emperor and Empress of Japan still reside in when visiting Kyoto. In the
evening, the Governor of Kyoto welcomed the President and honored
him with a Haori, and in return the President gave his Chapan as a gift.
Later, the Governor hosted a Tea Ceremony followed by dinner
complete with a Koto performance for the President and his delegation.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
37
On November 20, 2006, Mr. Masakazu Sekiguchi, Japan's Vice-
Minister for Foreign Affairs met with President Hamid Karzai at the
Presidential Palace in Kabul. Bilateral relations, regional security, the
fight against terrorism, the Jirgas on both sides of the Durrand Line, and
the Second Regional Economic Cooperation Conference (RECC)
recently held in New Delhi were among the topics discussed. The Vice-
Minister conveyed a message from Japan’s newly elected Prime
Minister, Shinzo Abe, to President Karzai saying, "Though the
leadership in Japan has changed, there will be no change in the policy of
the government of Japan towards Afghanistan." Later, both the President
and Vice-Minister laid a foundation stone for the construction of a
terminal at the Kabul International Airport, which Japan is funding at a
cost of roughly $35 million.
An eight member Afghan parliamentary delegation headed by Professor
Sibghatullah Mojadedi, President of the Upper House known as the
Meshrano Jirga, visited Tokyo on December 4-5, 2006 to attend the
PGA 28th
Annual Parliamentary Forum on Human Security as part of an
initiative by the Parliamentarians for Global Action. The delegation also
included Mr. Aref Noorzai, Deputy President of the Lower House
known as the Welasi Jirga.
3.2.1. Japan’s Role in the Reconstruction of Post-Conflict
Afghanistan
Since 2001, Japan has committed over 1.1 billion US Dollars over seven
years and has effectively delivered more than 1.1 billion so far for the
reconstruction and development of Afghanistan. This includes the recent
pledge by Japan at the London Conference January 31 and February 1,
2006. Japan announced the Ogata Initiative under Japan's Regional
Comprehensive Development Assistance to Afghanistan within the
context of "human security."84
The initiative concentrates on
reconstruction at the provincial community level and made its start by
assisting the reintegration of returnees and Internally Displaced Persons
(IDP). Some of the underlying concepts include smooth transition from
humanitarian assistance to recovery and reconstruction assistance and
84
The evolution of the ‘Ogata Initiative” had its roots in Madame Ogata’s June 2002
trip and her discussions with the ordinary people.
Haron Amin
38
later a comprehensive development plan for priority regions, namely the
Provinces of Kandahar, Jalalabad, Mazar-i-Sharif and Bamiyan.
3.2.2. Current Status and Future Strategy of Japanese Assistance
to Afghanistan
1. Phase One (August, 2002)
� Focus on refugee reintegration, IDPS
- UNHCR (shelter materials, potable water, crop
production)
- UNICEF (distribution of educational items for
children and teachers, provision of temporary
educational facilities, etc.)
- ICRC (distribution of food to inaccessible areas)
2. Phase Two (November, 2002)
� Expand to target local communities as well as refugees
and IDPS
� Income generation, medical care, sanitation and capacity
building for education, labor-intensive projects
(rehabilitation of basic infrastructure); and mine actions
� Specific Kandahar assistance –
- Reconstruction of principal roads between Kabul and
Kandahar / Kandahar and Spin Boldak
- Various assistance projects inside and around
Kandahar city. (Positive results have led to the same
programs being implemented in Mazari-sharif)
3. Phase Three
� Support to ex-combatants for re-integration into society
through vocational training, job placement, farming,
small business, de-mining
� ANBP (Afghanistan New Beginnings Program)
establishment as focal point for DDR program
� July, 2005 - completion of disarmament phase of the
DDR Programme for Afghanistan Military Forces (over
60,000 soldiers), assistance to disarmed and demobilized
soldiers for their reintegration will continue until June
2006
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
39
4. Phase Four (March, 2004)
� Projects to support Kapisa Province, in addition to three
previous areas
� UNHCR will engage in improving the supply of water,
irrigation, road construction (income generation) and
vocational training in the areas where returnees
repatriate; training for teachers, rural-driven educational
infrastructure improvement, improvement of potable
water and public hygiene in schools and communities and
rehabilitation of young soldiers;
� Clearing of land mines in designated areas
� Aid collaboration with UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP under
coordination of UNAMA (United Nations Assistance
Mission to Afghanistan)
Japan’s role: Despite some humanitarian assistance, most contributions
went towards reconstruction assistance in the following areas:
� Political process and governance
- media support, election support, administration,
capacity building, etc.
� Security improvements
- de-mining, police reconstruction, DDR and DIAG,
counter-narcotics, etc.
� Reconstruction
- roads, health and medical, infrastructure, education,
agriculture and rural development, etc.
3.2.3. Breakdown of Japanese Assistance
Following are Japan’s commitments in these areas (all US $): (1) $152
million for the political process and governance ($95 million for budget
assistance for the Afghan Interim and Transitional Administrations, $26
million for media support and $30 million for elections support; (2)
$209 million for security improvement ($135 million for DDR and
DIAG, $58 million for de-mining, $11.5 million for counter-narcotics
and $4.2 million for police reform; (3) $655 million for reconstruction
($205 million for primary and other road, $46 million for health and
medical care, $29 million for education, $88 million for refugees and
resettlement of IDPs, $30 million for infrastructure excluding roads, $82
Haron Amin
40
million for agriculture and rural development, $49 million for grass
roots and human security grant assistance and $127 million for other
including technical assistance. An additional $161million were spent on
humanitarian assistance immediately after September 2001.85
Military Assistance
The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force supports the international peace
keeping forces in Afghanistan with ships in the Indian Ocean by
refueling coalition planes and jets.86
3.3. Future Commitments
In his speech entitled “Japan and NATO: Toward Future Collaboration,”
at the NAC on January 12, 2007, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said:
“Concerning Afghanistan, I for one recognize the imminent challenges
of the task at hand, and I am aware of the obstacles that must be
overcome. Still, I will continue to convey to my fellow Japanese citizens
a very simple message: Japan is investing in the future of Afghanistan
because its stability is vital to Japan and the world.
In the Indian Ocean, Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force vessels
have been providing fuel to countries participating in Operation
Enduring Freedom, including nine NATO member states.
Japan has donated 1.1 billion US dollars for reconstruction assistance.
We have provided Kaboul, Kandahar and Bamian, to name a few, with
hundreds of classrooms. We do this because we know that every school
we rebuild is another ray of hope for the children of Afghanistan.
The International Security Assistance Force and Japan have combined
resources to reintegrate into civilian life 60,000 former Afghan soldiers.
Every father who returns home as a result is a beacon of hope for
Afghan families.
Our next task is to dismantle the illegal militias of more than 125,000
fighters.
I fully agree with much of what the NATO Riga Summit has declared,
and share your opinion that there can be no security in Afghanistan
85
As of January, 2007 (Source: Japanese MoFA)
86
Known as OEF-MIO (Operation Enduring Freedom-Maritime Interdiction
Operation) in the Indian Ocean to prevent free movement of terrorists and their
related materials such as weapons and ammunition at sea.
Afghan-Japan Relations: Lands Under “The Rising Sun”
41
without development. I also share your view on the need to enhance
collaboration between NATO and its partners, including Japan.
On this basis, I would like to reaffirm Japan's solid commitment to
Afghanistan.
First, we will implement further assistance equivalent to 300 million US
dollars to complete our commitment made at the London Conference.
This is to support the Afghan National Development Strategy in areas
such as road and airport construction as well as agricultural
development.
Second, we will enhance assistance in the area of security. Working
closely with NATO, we will carry out vigorously the Disbandment of
Illegal Armed Groups. We will also put emphasis on capacity building
for the Afghan police forces.
Third, we will intensify cooperation with NATO's Provincial
Reconstruction Teams' humanitarian activities. My government highly
commends the important role that PRTs are playing in remote areas of
Afghanistan. Japan will further explore deeper synergies between our
assistance activities and those led by PRTs in such areas as basic
education, as well as medical and health care. For this purpose, Japan
will actively take part in the Contact Group on Afghanistan, whose
establishment was proposed at the Riga summit.
Fourth, we will play a greater role in the fight against narcotics and
terrorism by reinforcing the border control capabilities of the Afghan
government, in collaboration with Germany, the U.S. and the EU.”87
Later in the month, the same sentiments were echoed by Foreign
Minister Taro Aso during a policy speech before the 166th
Session of the
Diet on January 26, 2007: “In Afghanistan, together with efforts to
improve order and stability, progress needs to be made in social and
economic reconstruction and development assistance. For the success of
these undertakings, it is essential that all illegal armed groups be
dissolved. We ask ourselves: What can Japan do to build peace in
Afghanistan? Our actions are being closely watched by our NATO
friends. Let me state that Japan is not at all thinking of slackening our
commitment to peace in Afghanistan.
87
http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/europe/pmv0701/nato.html
Haron Amin
42
International efforts to eliminate and control the threat presented by
terrorism are still ongoing in Afghanistan and the surrounding areas.
Japan will continue its cooperation in these efforts including the
assistance activities of the Maritime Self-Defense Force based on the
Anti-Terrorism Special Measures Law.”88
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, cultural, religious, historical, and diplomatic ties between
Japan and Afghanistan were established a long time ago. Although not
well-known, relations between Japan and Afghanistan have been
steadily maintained throughout history based on various cultural and
historic parallels. One cannot consider all the parallels to be coincidental,
although some events may have occurred simultaneously. The
underpinnings which have caused the similarities are rooted in a
common heritage, which was the product of the Silk Route, a passage
which connected Europe with Asia. There is thus a strong basis for
future cultural and diplomatic ties between Japan and Afghanistan that
continue to thrive and expand for the benefit of both nations. It is my
earnest hope – since my research has primarily, and for obvious reasons,
focused on compiling historical facts rather than presenting analysis –
that I have inspired a few to further research Afghan-Japan relations. It
is only through appropriate understanding of each other as members of
the global community – as to solidify correct perception as well as
conception – that we can turn this world into a global village filled with
prosperity, human security and at peace with both itself and nature.
88
http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/fm/aso/speech0701.html
Table 1
Names of Afghan Officials who visited Japan since 2001
Date Visitor Title Purpose
2002 Jan. President Karzai
20 governmental
officials
International
Conference on the
Reconstruction of
Afghanistan
2002 Apr. Minister Rasoul Amin Minister of Education Meeting with
Minister
2002 Jul. Minister Makhdoom
Raheen
Minister of Information and
Culture
Symposium
“Culture of
Afghanistan”
2002 Oct. Minister Abdullah
Abdullah
Minister of Foreign Affairs Japan extended a
new assistance
package of more
than a total of
about $136
million for peace
& reconstruction
during Minister
Abdullah’s visit
2003 Feb. President Karzai
Minister Abdullah
and some
governmental officials
The Tokyo
Conference on
Consolidation of
Peace (DDR) in
Afghanistan –
Change of Order
“from Guns to
Plows”
2003 Aug. Mr. Shinwari Chief Justice of Supreme Court
2004 Feb. Mr. Wardak Minister of Disabled, Martyrs and
Social Affairs
Invited by
Yamatogishi
Seisakujo, a
company dealing
with artificial limbs
2004 Mar. 3-6 Minister Mohammad
Yunus Qanoni
Minister of Education of
Afghanistan
Mr. Abdul Gafoor
Ghaznawi
Executive Director of the
Academic Council of Education
Meeting with
Minister of
Education, Chief
Cabinet Secretary
Fukuda, Madame
Ogata, Presidents
of some
universities
Dr. Ashraf Ghani Minister of Finance 2004 Mar. 7-10
Mr. Adib Farhadi Director of Economics, MOFA
Meeting with
Ministers of
Finance Tanigaki &
Foreign Affairs
Kawaguchi,
Madame Ogata
2004 Aug. 2-15 Dr. Sharif Fayez Minister of Higher Education Meeting with
Minister of MEXT.
JICA, Signing
Ceremony for
Contract
Mr. Nazif Director of Foreign Relations
Department
Dr. Popal President of Kabul University
Dr. Rawosh President of University of
Education
2005 Jan. 18-22 Minister Pashtun Minister of Urban Development World Conference
on Disaster
Reduction, Kobe,
Hyogo
2005 Mar. 1-3 Former Minister
Stanekzai
Former Minister for
Communication of Afghanistan
Panelist of JIIA
symposium
“Post-election
Afghanistan and
Peacebuilding
Support”
Dr. Ishaq Nadiri Professor, New York University
2005 Mar. 22-31 General. Ustad
Mohammad Atta
Governor of Balkh Province Meeting with
Deputy Minsiter
Aisawa,
Ambassador
Komano
Mr. Mohammad
Akbar Akramzadeh
Head, Department of
Economics, Balkh Province
2005 Apr. 10 Commanders�
who laid down their
weapons to join DDR
Invited by MOFA
to see how Japan
recovered from war
2005 May 17-19 Minister Abdullah Minister of Foreign Affairs
Dr. Ishaq Nadiri
Mr. Mohammad
Farooq Baraki
Acting Director-General,
Economic Affairs Department,
MOFA
Meeting with Prime
Minister Koizumi,
Foreign Minister
Machimura, JICA,
Parliament League,
Signing Ceremony
on Technical
Cooperation
Agreement,
subsequently,
Grant Aid to
Afghanistan for the
"Project for
Construction of the
Terminal of Kabul
International
Airport"
Mr. Abdul Samay
Walizada
Deputy of First Political
Department of MOFA
2005 Aug. 22-29 Ms. Habiba Sarabi Governor of Bamiyan Attend “The
Shirakawa-go 10th
Anniversary
International
Forum on World,”
Meeting with
Madame Ogata
2005 Oct. 31-Nov. 3 Minister Makhdoom
Raheen
Minister of Information and
Culture
Attend the Press
Conference on
Bamiyan
Afghanistan Laser
Project
Mr. Mirwais Advisor to Ministry of
Information and Culture
Mr. Akbari Vice Governor of Bamiyan
2005 Dec. 14 Mr. Khalid Governor of Kandahar� Invited by MOFA
on how to expedite
development and
improve security in
Qandahar
2006 Jan. 18-20 Minister Ahadi Minister of Finance Meeting with
Ministers Tanigaki
& Aso, Deputy
Foreign Minister
Kaneda, and
Madame Ogata
Mr. Mahmoud
Saikal
Deputy Minister of Foreign
Affairs
2006 June 5 Dr. Rangeen Dadfar
Spanta
Foreign Minister The Second
"Central Asia plus
Japan" Intellectual
Dialogue Attend
the Second Foreign
Ministers’ Meeting
2006 June 11-18 Mr. Sayed Hamid
Gilani
First Deputy President of the
Meshrano Jirga (Upper House)
Study visit invited
by the Japanese
House of
Councillors
2006 Jul. 4-7 Mr. Hamid Karzai
other high-ranking
officials of the
Afghan government
President of Afghanistan Attend the “Tokyo
Conference II:
Consolidation of
Peace in
Afghanistan"
2006 Dec. 4-5 Professor Sibghatullah
Mojadedi
President of the Upper House Attend the PGA
28th
Annual
Parliamentary
Forum on Human
Security
Mr. Aref Noorzai Deputy President of the Lower
House
2007 Jan. 21-23 Dr. Ashraf Ghani Chancellor of Kabul University Deliver a lecture
organized by JBIC
2007 Jan. 28-Feb. 3 General Mohammad
Dawood
Deputy Minister of Interior Attend the Twelfth
Asia-Pacific
Operational Drug
Enforcement
Conference
2007 Feb 11-19 Mr. Masoom
Stanekzai
Advisor to President Hamid
Karzai
Invited by MOFA
to access the
implementation of
DIAG Program in
Afghanistan
2007 Mar. 18-24 Mr. Sayed Ishaq
Gailani and Mr.
Sibghatullah Zaki
Members of the Wolesi Jirga
(Lower House)
Invited by MOFA
to discuss bilateral
issues and to have a
study visit
Table 2
Names of Japanese Officials who visited Afghanistan since 2001
2002 Dec. Mr. Uetake, Senior Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs
2002 Jan. Mrs. Sadako Ogata, Prime Minister’s Special Representative
for Assistance to Afghanistan
2002 Apr. Mr. Matsunami, Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs
2002 May Mrs. Yoriko Kawaguchi, Minister of Foreign Affairs
2002 May Mr. Fumio Kishida, Senior Vice-Minister, Ministry
of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
2002 June Mrs. Sadako Ogata, Prime Minister’s Special Representative
for Assistance to Afghanistan
2002 Aug. Mr. Toshimitsu Motegi, Director-General, Foreign Relations
of Liberal Democratic Party
2002 Aug. Mr. Kozo Watanabe
Mr. Matsunami, Parliamentary Secretary
2002 Sep. Mr. Sugiura, Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs
2002 Dec. Mr. Shindo, Parliamentary Secretary of Foreign Affairs
2003 Jul. Mrs. Sadako Ogata, Prime Minister’s Special Representative
for Assistance to Afghanistan
2003 Nov. Mr. Kazunori Tanaka, Parliamentary Secretary of Foreign
Affairs
2004 Jul. Mr. Aizawa, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs
2004 Dec. Mrs. Sadako Ogata, Prime Minister’s Special Representative
for Assistance to Afghanistan
2005 Apr. Mr. Nobutaka Machimura, Minister of Foreign Affairs
2006 Nov. Mr. Masakazu Sekiguchi, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs,
attended the Second Regional Economic Conference on
Afghanistan (India) and visited Afghanistan.
Table 3
Names, Dates and Posts of Afghan Diplomats in Japan
Dates of Presentation
of Credentials
Post Name
Oct. 19, 1933 Ambassador Mr. Habibullah Khan Tarzi
May, 1939 Carge d'affaires Mr. Abdul Rauf Khan
Jul. 12, 1939 Ambassador Mr. Zul Facar Khan
�The Afghan Embassy was closed in August 1945�
(Embassy began normal functions on May 23, 1956)
May 31, 1956 Ambassador Dr. Abdul Majid Khan
Jul. 03, 1963 Charge d'affaires Mr. Eid M. Mohabbat
Mar. 17, 1965 Ambassador Mr. Abdul Rahim
Apr. 13, 1967 Charge d'affaires Mr. Abdul Aziz Ali
May 22, 1967 Ambassador Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi
Aug. 28, 1970 Charge d'affaires Mr. Abdul Ahad Mahmoud
Sep. 22, 1970 Ambassador Mr. Said Kassim Rishtya
Sep. 27, 1973 Charge d'affaires
Mr. Mohamad Sarwar
Damani
Oct. 24, 1974 Ambassador Mr. Ali Ahmad Popal
Nov. 11, 1976 Charge d'affaires Dr. Sa’adullah Ghausy
June 10, 1977 Ambassador
Dr. Mohammad Hassan
Sharq
May 12, 1978 Charge d'affaires Dr. Sa’adullah Ghausy
Jul. 10, 1978 Ambassador Eng. Abdul Hamid Muhtat
Japanese government lowered the status of its relations with the new Communist
regime established through a coup d’etat in on April 28, 1978 and supported the
Afghanistan resistance against the Soviet invasion of December 27, 1979.
Afterwards, the Afghan Embassy in Tokyo had limited connection
Sep. 8, 1987 Charge d'affaires Mr. Shir Rahman
Nov. 17, 1987 Charge d'affaires Mr. Mahammad Naim
Mar. 21, 190 Charge d'affaires
Mr. Mohammad Rahim
Robin
Aug. 30, 1992 Charge d'affaires
Mr.Mohammad Asif
Hassani
May 27, 1993 Charge d'affaires Mr. Mohamoud Saikal
Apr. 7, 1994 Charge d'affaires Mr. Doulat Khan Ahmadzai
Apr. 30, 1994 Charge d'affaires Mr. Amir M. Mohabbat
Jul. 24, 1996 Charge d'affaires Mr. Rahmatullah Amir
The Embassy activities were suspended in November 1997 after the acting
Charge d'affaires, Mr. Rahmatullah Amir left Japan.
Nov. 27, 2002 Charge d'affaires
Mr. Mohammad Noor
Akbary
Apr. 30, 2004 Ambassador Mr. Haron Amin
Table 4
Names, Dates and Posts of Japanese Diplomats in Afghanistan
(Established in November, 1934)
Dates of
Presentation of
Credentials
Post Name
Nov. 6, 1934 Envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary
Mr. Masamoto KITADA
June 9, 1938 Envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary
Mr. Warou MORIYA
Sep. 23, 1941 Envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary
Mr. Kikuo KOBAYASHI
(died in Kabul in 1941)
Sep. 21, 1943 Envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary
Mr. Motoharu SHICHIDA
Legation in Afghanistan was closed in January 27, 1946
Embassy began normal functions on December 23, 1955
Dec. 28, 1955 Ambassador Mr. Kazuichi MIURA
Jul. 12, 1958 Ambassador Mr. Kenji NAKAUCHI
Feb. 3, 1962 Ambassador Mr. Sadao HIROSE
June 4, 1964 Ambassador � Mr. Hideki MASAKI
June 6, 1968 Ambassador Mr. Sashichirou MATSUI
Mar. 31, 1971 Ambassador Mr. Kenji NAKAO
Nov. 22, 1973 Ambassador Mr. Junji YAMADA
Feb. 16, 1978 Ambassador Mr. Toshikazu MAEDA
Embassy activities were suspended in June, 1989
Embassy was reopened in April 27, 2002
Feb. 19, 2002 Charge d'affaires Mr. Kinichi KOMANO
Apr. 27, 2002 Ambassador Mr. Kinichi KOMANO
Sep. 8, 2004 Ambassador Mr. Norihiro OKUDA
Jul. 18, 2006 Ambassador Mr. Junichi KOSUGE
Table 5
Ambassador in Charge of Afghanistan Assistance Based at
the Japanese Foreign Ministry
Name Date of appointment
Ambassador Mutsuyoshi NISHIMURA Aug. 1, 2002
Ambassador Takahiko HORIMURA Apr. 4, 2003
Ambassador Yoshiyuki MOTOMURA Apr. 2, 2004
Ambassador Kinichi KOMANO Sep. 10, 2004
Ambassador Ryuichi TANABE Sep. 16, 2005
Ambassador Yoshiki MINE Dec. 19, 2006
Ambassador Gotaro OGAWA March 31, 2007
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His Majesty King Zahir Shah and Queen Homaira shaking hands with members of the Japanese Cabinet at Haneda
Airport upon their arrival on a State Visit on April 9, 1969. [Embassy Archives]
His Majesty King Zahir Shah and Queen Homaira standing next to the Late Emperor His Majesty Hirohito and Her
Royal Highness Princess Nagako at Haneda Airport upon their arrival on a State Visit on April 9, 1969. [Embassy Archives]
Sardar Ayub, Victor of Maiwand who visited Japan in
February of 1907. [National Archives]
Inside the home of Langar Zameer, an Ayyar in old Kabul. [Author]
Pratap’s letter to the Afghan Ambassador dated
December 28, 1971 describing his role as Afghan
emissary in Japan. [Embassy Archives]
Pratap with Mitsuru Toyama, leader of the Genyosha society. [Ikawa, 2003]
The uniform worn by members of the Hentig-Niedernmayer
Expedition to Afghanistan in 1915.
The commemorative postage (1964) of the first
Afghan stamp issued in 1870 with a lion’s head
derived from the King’s first name, “Sher,” and
surrounded by text in Dari.
Text of King Habibullah’s decree to donate £1000 to the
victims of three earthquakes in 1914 in Japan
[Seraj-ul-Akhbar, 3rd Year, No. 20, p. 2, dated June 25, 1914]
Editor-in-Chief of Seraj-ul Akhbar, Mahmood Tarzi who
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It was during this trip that King Amanullah visited the Japanese Embassy in London in order to conclude a basic
friendship treaty with Japan. [The Illustrated London News Picture Library]
King Amanullah (below) and Queen Soraya (above) with King George VI and Queen Mary in London, March 1928.
[The Illustrated London News Picture Library]
Kitada Masamoto, the first Japanese Ambassador to
Afghanistan. [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]
Marshall Shah Wali Khan, the Afghan Envoy to London who
signed the Afghan-Japanese Treaty of Friendship in 1930.
"Remember Bamiyan" as painted by famous Japanese Artist, Mr. Hirayama.
A vase made out of Lapis Lazuli. Afghanistan possesses the world’s
largest Lapis mines and traces of its use date back to the Babylonian
(circa 2600 B.C.) and Sumerian (circa 2500 B.C.) civilizations. [Gary W. Bowersox. "The Gem Hunter"]
Prime Minister Koizumi, President Karzai and Foreign Minister Abdullah (January 2002). [Cabinet Public Relations Office]
His Majesty Father of the Nation Zahir Shah with Foreign Minister Yoriko Kawaguchi on May 2, 2002
at the King’s Palace. [AP/WWP]
President Karzai shaking hands with Madame Sadako Ogata on July 10, 2003 at the Presidential Palace in
Kabul. Japan’s Ambassador to Afghanistan, Mr. Komano, is in the center. [AP/WWP]
Madame Ogata at the completion ceremony of the Kandahar Road which Afghan officials named after her.
[Kandahar Governor’s Office]
Foreign Minister Abdullah received by Prime Minister Koizumi on May 18, 2005 at his official residence. [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]
Foreign Minister Spanta received by Prime Minister
Koizumi on June 5, 2006 at his official residence.
[Embassy Archives]
Japan’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Taro Aso, with Afghan Foreign Minister Spanta on June 5, 2006.
[Embassy Archives]
Japan’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Taro Aso, and President Karzai attending the Tokyo Conference II:
Consolidation of Peace in Afghanistan, from July 5, 2006. [Embassy Archives]
Their Imperial Highness Crown Prince Akihito and Princess Michiko received by Their Royal Highnesses Prince
Ahmad Shah and Princess Belqis at a reception at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during their official visit to
Afghanistan in 1971. [Embassy Archives]
H.I.H. of Japan, Princess Michiko, attending an Afghan Fashion Show at the Women’s Welfare Society in Kabul
while visiting Afghanistan in 1971. [Embassy Archives]
President Karzai and His Majesty Emperor Akihito at the Imperial Palace on July 6, 2006. [Embassy Archives]
President Karzai, Ambassador Okuda and Ambassador Amin at the Imperial Palace in Kyoto, July 6, 2006.
[Embassy Archives]
President Karzai at Kiyomizu Temple in Kyoto on
July 6, 2006. [Embassy Archives]
Ambassador Amin standing with Master of Ceremonies of the Imperial Household, Mr. Kawashima, at the Imperial
Palace on April 30, 2004. [Imperial Household]
Ambassador Amin arriving for the Credentials Ceremony at the Imperial Palace on April 30, 2004.
[Imperial Household]
President Karzai and Foreign Vice-Minister Masakazu Sekiguchi inaugurating the construction of a new terminal at
Kabul International Airport on November 20, 2006. [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]
Ambassador Amin presenting his Letters of Credence to H. M. Emperor Akihito with Minister Takenaka (far right)
on April 30, 2004. [Imperial Household]
Mr. Yohei KONO (center), Speaker of Lower House of the Diet with Mr. Sebghatullah Mojaddedi (to his left),
President of the Upper House and Mr. Aref Noorzai (3rd person to his right), Deputy President of the Lower House
and other Parliamentarians invited to his Official Residence on December 5, 2006. The Afghan delegation was in
Japan to attend the “Parliamentarians for Global Action: 28th Annual Parliamentary Forum on Human Security.”
[Embassy Archives]
Ambassador Amin meeting the Japanese Prime Minister Abe and his wife, Mrs. Akie Abe, in Tokyo, 2006.
[Office of the Prime Minister]
Photos of Japanese Ambassadors to Afghanistan
Mr. Warou MORIYA,
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary
Mr. Kikuo KOBAYASHI,
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary
Mr. Motoharu SHICHIDA,
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary
Mr. Kazuichi MIURA,
Ambassador
Mr. Kenji NAKAUCHI,
Ambassador
Mr. Sadao HIROSE,
Ambassador
Mr. Kinichi KOMANO,
Ambassador Mr. Sashichirou MATSUI,
Ambassador
Mr. Kenji NAKAO,
Ambassador
Photos provided by the Diplomatic Record Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
Photos of some Afghan Ambassadors to Japan
Mr. Habibullah Khan Tarzi,
Ambassador
Mr. Zul Facar Khan,
Ambassador
Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi,
Ambassador
Mr. Said Kassim Rishtya,
Ambassador
Mr. Ali Ahmad Popal,
Ambassador
Dr. Mohammad Hassan Sharq,
Ambassador
Mr. Abdul Hakim Ziayi
Member of the first group of
Afghan students in Japan
Mr. Abudullah Yaftali
Member of the first group of
Afghan students in Japan
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