Afghanistan: People, Places, and Politics Regional Map Afghanistan is a landlocked country, making the export of goods difficult and expensive. It has rugged mountains and plains and is prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes and drought. Temperatures are extreme, as hot as 120 F in the summer and as cold as -15 F in the winter. There are limited natural fresh water sources, and most of the land has been overgrazed and deforested, causing desertification and soil degradation, making farming difficult. Capital: Kabul Area: 251,825 sq mi; slightly smaller than Texas Population: 31,056,997 (July 2006 estimate) 80% Sunni Muslim, 19% Shia Muslim Main ethnic groups: Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek GDP per capita: purchasing power parity - $800 (2004 estimate) Over 80% of labor force is employed in agriculture (farming, sheep, goats) Covered by an estimated 5-7 million landmines Leading illicit opium producer in 2005 supplying 89% of the opium produced in the world. 1/3 of the GDP comes from opium trade Map and Important Data Ethnic Groups Map Pashtun: largest ethnic group, mostly farmers and Sunni Muslims Tajik: live mostly in the northeast, second largest ethnic group, mostly Sunni Muslims Hazara: live in the Hindu Kush mountains, primarily Shiite Muslims Uzbek: live mostly along the northern border, mostly Sunni Muslims Aimaqs: a farming and herding tribe in the west, mostly Sunni Muslims Turkmen and Kirghiz: nomadic herders and craftsmen, mostly Sunni Muslims Baluch: nomadic tribe living in the southern deserts, Sunni Muslims Religion Islam is the worlds second largest religion, with 21% of all people practicing this faith. Islam teaches that one can only find peace in life by submitting to Allah (Almighty God) in heart, soul, and deed. The Quran is the holy guide to Islam. Major aspects of the Islamic religion include testimony of faith, prayer, fasting, almsgiving, and pilgrimage. Covering is a religious duty. Women can only have their faces and hands showing in public. Men must not expose anything from navel to knee. Sunni and Shia are the two most common forms of Islam with different beliefs in some of the specific premises of the religion. Terrain and Physical Features Photo by U.S. Army 10 th Mountain Division-Light Infantry Afghanistan is a landlocked country. It is very dry and has extremely warm summers and very cold winters. The mountains are rugged, although there are some plains used for farming. The People The Afghan people are some of the poorest in the world and are members of many different ethnic groups. This woman is part of a herding tribe and is drying dung to use as insulation in her home during the winter. Life is difficult for most Afghans as they have faced drought, famine and war for many years. The lives of the Afghan people differ from ours in many ways. Above, a 16-year-old girl works at sewing for about $1 a day as part of a special training program. U.S. soldiers are a common sight in Afghanistan and often interact with the local people. The picture on the lower right shows an Afghan school, where students sit in on the floor waiting for the days lessons to begin. This woman works the land to make it suitable for planting as part of a work-for-food program aimed at helping Afghanistan increase its agricultural production. As part of their religious belief system, Afghan women cover themselves as a show of modesty, showing only their hands and faces. Men are also expected to cover from navel to knees. Important Issues Afghanistan employs 80 percent of its workforce in farming or raising sheep and goats. Because it is a landlocked country with mountainous terrain, exporting goods like the melons carried by the boy is difficult and expensive. Poppies are grown illegally as a source of opium, which is used to produce heroin. Drug lords make millions through unregulated trade of this drug. The Afghan government is working to eliminate illegal drug trade and encourage the growth of other agricultural crops for export. Political History In 1979, Afghanistan was invaded and eventually controlled by the Soviet Union. In 1989, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union signed a peace agreement. In 1995, the Taliban, promising traditional, Islamic values came into power, imposing strict Islamic law, including revoking many womens rights. In 2001, American troops force the Taliban from power. In 2004, Hamid Karzai became the first elected Afghan president. Soviet-Afghan War In Apr 1978 the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan overthrew the government of Mahammed Daoud Armed resistance to the new Marxist government broke out and the ruling government split into factions The Soviets were concerned about this instability on their southern border and in Dec 1979 they supported a coup Soviet-Afghan War The Soviets anticipated a quick collapse of any resistance Afghanistan had just 15 million people compared to the USSRs 265 million Afghan tribes had little unity The Afghans had only obsolete rifles and equipment left over from World War II Soviet soldier in Afghanistan Soviet-Afghan War During the first four years of the war, the Soviets held the major urban areas and launched attacks against the mujahideen, the Afghan guerrillas, in remote and often mountainous areas The resistance grew as more than half of the 80,000 soldiers in the Afghan army deserted or joined the mujahideen Many brought their weapons with them Soviet-Afghan War The mujahideen began receiving weapons from the West including mines, recoilless rifles, and small antiaircraft guns Using their small unit tactics and cross border sanctuaries they attacked with little strategic or tactical purpose other than to kill Soviet soldiers The Soviet responded with rocket attacks into Kabul and other important cities and scorched earth tactics designed to starve and terrorize the guerrillas into submission The Soviets also used chemicals Still the mujahideen resisted Soviet-Afghan War The new tactics created a massive amount of refugees 30-50% of the population was estimated to have fled Afghanistan by 1986 Still the Soviets had little control outside the urban centers Sharbat Gula, photographed in Nasir Bagh refugee camp in Pakistan, appeared on the cover of National Geographic in 1985 and was found 17 years later by the National Geographic photographic team Soviet-Afghan War Sharbat Gula, the Afghan Girl, when she was about 12 and when she was about 30 Soviet-Afghan War Legacy of the war The Najibullah government remained faithful to the Soviets and the Afghanis fought a civil war among themselves until Apr 1992 when Najibullah gave up power Rival factions clamored for power leaving Afghanistan politically fractured For the Soviets, the Afghan experience became a defeat akin to the American experience in Vietnam The mujahideen, supported by the US during the war, would later become the enemies of the US Politics: The Taliban Prior to 2001, the Taliban, led by Mullah Mohammad Omar, ruled Afghanistan under Islamic law. During this time, women had virtually no rights and received no education. Watching television and listening to music were forbidden, as were playing games and sports. The United States entered Afghanistan in October 2001 and replaced the Taliban with an elected president. While the Taliban lost some power and the people regained some rights, the Taliban has not gone away. Instead, it has worked to regain power by promising to help Afghanistans poorest people and aligning itself with warlords, al- Qaida, and other militant groups to gain financial support and recruit new fighters. Taliban Leader Mullah Mohammad Omar The militant Islamic terrorist network known as al-Qaida and led by Osama bin Laden, was based in Afghanistan for many years prior to U.S. attacks on the organization in October 2001 following the Sept.11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The organization continues to grow, and bin Laden remains at large. Politics: President Karzai President Hamid Karzai was the first elected president in the history of Afghanistan. He came to power after the Taliban was overthrown in late He was formally elected to a five-year term in Karzai has survived numerous assassination attempts and has been assigned the task of rebuilding Afghanistan. Some of the major problems he must address include providing the country with an infrastructure so that citizens have the basic necessities of life, keeping the Taliban out of power and controlling the warlords who perpetuate the illegal drug trade.