afl lecture

AIRFIELD GROUND LIGHTING DESIGN

Engr. Esperedion A. Acorda IIElectrical Engineer/AFL Consultant

FROM DESIGN

TO CONCRETE REALITY

CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION

COMMISSIONING AND TRAINING

OPERATIONAL FACILITY

DESIGN PHASE

4 Cs

4 Cs

• CONFIGURATION – location of components, spacing of lights & markings

4 Cs

4 Cs

• COLOUR – helps identify different lighting systems, to convey instruction & to increase conspicuity

4 Cs

4 Cs

• CANDELAS – illumination at the observer's eye

4 Cs4 Cs

• COVERAGE- light characteristics; light intensities (reflectors, lenses or prisms)

CODES AND STANDARDS

CODES AND STANDARDS

• AIRFIELD LIGHTING STANDARDS ARE THE MOSTWELL DEVELOPED STANDARDS IN THE WORLD

• ICAO - A MEMBER ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

• WORLDWIDE COUNTRIES ARE MEMBERS

• ALL COUNTRIES HAVE ACCEPTED THE SAME SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS

• ALL ENGINEERS/AGENTS INVOLVED IN AVIATION SHOULD BE AWARE OF ANNEX 14

CODES AND STANDARDS

CODES AND STANDARDS

• INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY - ICAO

• FEDERAL AVIATION AUTHORITY - FAA

• LOCAL CODES OF COUNTRIES –DIFFERENCES ARE PUBLICIZED BY ICAO

CODES AND STANDARDS ICAO

CODES AND STANDARDS

• ANNEX 14 – INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

• ANNEX 10 – AERONAUTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

• DESIGN MANUAL PART 4 – ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

• DESIGN MANUAL PART 5 – VISUAL AIDS

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

PROJECT DEVLOPMENT STRATEGY

PROJECT DEVLOPMENT STRATEGY

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT• CONCEPT DESIGN

• PRELIMINARY DESIGN

• TENDER DOCUMENTS

• INSTALLATION DRAWINGS - SUBMITTALS

• CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

• AS-BUILT DOCUMENTATIONS

DESIGN OPTIONS

DESIGN PROCESS

• CONVENTIONAL DESIGN OF FACILITIES

• VERY OFTEN DONE BY CONSULTANTS

• PACKAGED AND SEND OUT FOR TENDER TO CONTRACTORS e.g. SAFEGATE

• DESIGN – BUILD (OPTION 1)

• SCHEMATIC DESIGN BY CONSULTANT

• DETAIL DESIGN BY CONTRACTOR

• DESIGN – BUILD (OPTION 2)

• SCHEMATIC DESIGN BY CONTRACTOR

• DETAIL DESIGN BY CONTRACTOR

GENERAL

DESIGN PROCESS

• INFORMATION ON DESIGN BASES

• APPROACH ON THE DESIGN

• TYPICAL DESIGN ISSUES

• EXAMPLES OF DESIGNS

RUNWAY CLASSIFICATION

DESIGN PROCESS

• NON-INSTRUMENT RUNWAY

• INSTRUMENT RUNWAY

NON-INSTRUMENT RUNWAY

DESIGN PROCESS

• A RUNWAY INTENDED FOR THE OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT USING VISUAL APPROACH PROCEDURES

• EXAMPLE

USING PAPI OR VASI ONLY

INSTRUMENT RUNWAY

DESIGN PROCESS

• NON-PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY

• PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY CATEGORY I

• PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY CATEGORY II

• PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY CATEGORY III

NON PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY

DESIGN PROCESS

• AN INSTRUMENT RUNWAY SERVED BY VISUAL AIDS AND A NON VISUAL AID PROVIDING AT LEAST DIRECTIONAL GUIDANCE ADEQUATE FOR A STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH

• EXAMPLE

• NON DIRECTIONAL BEACON

• SIMPLE APPROACH LIGHTING OR PAPI

PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY

DESIGN PROCESS

• SERVED BY ILS OR MLS

• VISUAL AIDS AS PER ANNEX 14 – CAT I

• OPERATION DECISION HEIGHT NOT LOWER THAN 60 MTS

• VISIBILITY NOT LESS THAN 800 MTS

• RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE NOT LESS THAN 550 MTS

• EXAMPLE

•INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM OR MLS

•APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM

DESIGN PROCESS

<60m

but

>30

m

60 m

POINT OF DECISION WITHIN A CATEGORY

DE

CIS

ION

HE

IGH

T

<30m

DESIGN PROCESS

CAT ICAT IICAT III

ICAO RECOMMENDATIONS ON SYSTEMS

DESIGN PROCESS

RequiredRequiredNot requiredNot requiredStop bars

RequiredNot requiredNot requiredNot requiredTaxiway Centreline lights

RequiredNot requiredNot requiredNot requiredRapid Exit Taxiway Indicator

RequiredRequiredNot requiredNot requiredRunway TDZ

RequiredRequiredNot requiredNot requiredRunway Centre

RequiredRequiredRequiredRecommendRunway End

RequiredRequiredRequiredRecommendRunway Threshold

RequiredRequiredRequiredRecommendRunway Edge

Not requiredNot requiredNot requiredNot requiredRunway Threshold Identification

RequiredRequiredRequiredRequiredVASI / PAPI

RequiredRequiredRequiredRecommendApproach Lighting

PRECISION APPROACH CATIII

PRECISION APPROACH CAT II

PRECISION APPROACH CAT I

NON PRECISION APPROACH

MAIN COMPONENTS

DESIGN PROCESS

• APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS

• RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

• TAXIWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

• APRON SYSTEMS

• MISCELLANEOUS

APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS


GENERAL

• SIMPLE APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM

• PRECISION APPROACH CATEGORY I LIGHTING SYSTEM

• PRECISION APPROACH CATEGORY II AND III LIGHTING SYSTEM


IN ACCORDANCE TO ICAO THE FOLLOWING APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM EXIST:

SIMPLE APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM

• SINGLE SOURCE SYSTEM

• BARRETTE SYSTEM


SIMPLE SINGLE SOURCE SYSTEM

SIMPLE BARRETTE SYSTEM


SIMPLE (420m) SINGLE INTERLEAVED

SIMPLE (300m) SINGLE INTERLEAVED


CAT I CALVERT TYPE W/O SFL CAT I BARRETTE TYPE W/O SFL


CAT II AND III SINGLE LIGHT SOURCE

CAT I SINGLE LIGHT SOURCE



• IS RECOMMEND FOR BARRETTE SYSTEM CAT II - III

• LOCATED BETWEEN 900m AND 300m BARRETTE

• FLASHING TOWARDS THRESHOLD

SEQUENCE FLASHING LIGHTS

PAPI AND VASI



VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR SYSTEM

T. VASIS AT. VASIS

NOTE: IS STILL COVERED IN ICAO ANNEX 14 WORLDWIDE PRODUCTION HAS STOPPED



PAPI SYSTEM WITH LEFT WING BAR ONLY

APAPI SYSTEM WITH LEFT WING BAR ONLY



TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT LEFT BAR ONLY


• TYPE OF AIRCRAFT USING AIRPORT

• GLIDE SLOPE IS NORMALLY 3

• LOCAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS RUNWAY AND THRESHOLD LEVELS

• WHEEL CLEARANCE FOR MOST DEMANDING AIRCRAFT

• IF ILS HARMONIZATION WITH GP SIGNAL REQUIRED

CALCULATION LOCATION OF PAPI


• WHEEL CLEARANCE

PAPI SYSTEM

69from 8 to 14 m

59from 5 to 8 m

49from 3 to 5 m

36up to 3 m

Minimum wheel clearance*

(m)

Wheel clearance over the threshold

(m)

Eye to wheel height (EWH) of the aircraft

WHEEL CLEARANCE VALUES RECOMMENDED BY ICAO

* Those minimum wheel clearance values are only applicable if an aeronautical study proves that such a reduction is acceptable

RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEM

RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

RUNWAY LIGHTING SYSTEM

• RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

• RUNWAY THRESHOLD LIGHTS

• RUNWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTS

• RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN LIGHTS

• RUNWAY END LIGHTS

RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

GENERAL

• SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR RW INTENDED FOR USE AT NIGHT

• SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY INTENDED FOR USE BY DAY AND NIGHT

• RECOMMENDED FOR RUNWAY INTENDED FOR OPERATING BELOW RVR 800m BY DAY

RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

• LIGHTS UNIFORMLY SPACED AT INTERVALS NOT EXCEEDING 60 METERS FOR AN INSTRUMENT RUNWAY

• FOR A NON-INSTRUMENT RUNWAY NOT EXCEEDING 100 METER

• INSET LIGHTS COULD BE USED

• ELEVATED LIGHTS ON BREAKABLE COUPLING

RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

INSET RUNWAY EDGE LIGHT ELEVATED RUNWAY EDGE LIGHT

RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTS

RUNWAY THRESHOLD AND WINGBAR LIGHTS

• SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR A RUNWAY EQUIPPED WITH RW EDGELIGHT

• EXCEPT ON NON INSTRUMENT OR NON PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY WHERE THRESHOLD IS DISPLACED AND WING BARS PROVIDED

RUNWAY TRANSPORT LIGHTS

RUNWAY THRESHOLD AT EXTREMITY

RW THRESHOLD DISPLACED FROM EXTREMITY

LOCATION OF THRESHOLD

WHY A DISPLACED THRESHOLD ?


THRESHOLD LIGHTING NON-INSTRUMENT/ NON PRECISION RUNWAY

• THRESHOLD LIGHTS AT RIGHT ANGLES TO RW AXIS

• NEAR THE EXTREMITY OF RW AS POSSIBLE

• IN ANY CASE NOT MORE THAN 3m OUTSIDE THE EXTREMITY

• AT LEAST 6 LIGHTS

• EQUALLY SPACED

• 2 GROUPS OF 3 LIGHTS


THRESHOLD LIGHTING CONFIGURATIONS

OPTION 1 OPTION 3OPTION 2


RUNWAY THRESHOLD IDENTIFICATION LIGHTS



• SHOULD BE FLASHING WHITE LIGHTS FLASH FREQUENCY BETWEEN 60 AND 120 PER MINUTE

• AT A THRESHOLD OF A NON PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY WHEN ADDITIONAL THRESHOLD CONSPICUITY IS RECOMMENDED

• WHERE A RUNWAY THRESHOLD IS PERMANENTLY OR TEMPORARY IS DISPLACED


THRESHOLD WINGBAR LIGHTS


• SHOULD BE PROVIDED ON A PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY WHEN ADDITIONAL CONSPICUITY IS RECOMMENDED.

• SHALL BE RECOMMENDED ON A NON INSTRUMENT OR NON PRECISION APPROACH RUNWAY WHERE THRESHOLD IS DISPLACED


RUNWAY CENTRELINE

RUNWAY CENTRELINE

RUNWAY CENTRE LINE LIGHTING

• SHALL BE PROVIDED CAT II – III

• OVER FULL LENGTH OF RW

• WHITE LIGHTS

• FROM THRESHOLD – 900M RW END WHITE

• FROM 900 – 300 – RW END RED – WHITE

• FROM 300 – END RED ONLY

RUNWAY CENTRELINE

RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTING SYSTEM

RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTING

TOUCHDOWN LIGHTING

• SHALL BE PROVIDED APPROACH RUNWAY CATEGORY II OR III

• EXTEND FROM THRESHOLD FOR A LONGITUDINAL DISTANCE OF 900 METER

• ON RUNWAYS LESS THAN 1800 METER SYSTEM IS SHORTENED. SHALL NOT BE BEYOND MIDPOINT RUNWAY


• SHALL BE COMPOSED OF AT LEAST 3 LAMPS

• SHOULD BE NOT LESS THAN 3 METERS

• SHOULD BE NOT MORE THEN 4.5 METERS

• LENGTH OF SRB AND TDZ BARRETTES SHOULD BE THE SAME


TAXIWAY LIGHTING SYSTEMS




• TAXIWAY EDGE LIGHTING

• TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTING

• STOP BARS

• RUNWAY GUARD LIGHTS

• INFORMATION SIGNS

• MANDATORY SIGNS

• INTERMEDIATE HOLDING BARS


TAXIWAY EDGE LIGHTING


TAXIWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTING


STOP BARS


RUNWAY GUARD LIGHTS


CLEARANCE BARS

SIGNS

SIGNS

• MANDATORY INSTRUCTION SIGNS

• INFORMATION SIGNS

• VOR AERODROME CHECKPOINT SIGNS

• AERODROME IDENTIFICATION SIGN

• AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION SIGN

• ROAD HOLDING POSITION SIGN

SIGNS

GENERAL

• MANDATORY INSTRUCTION SIGN

- PROVIDES INSTRUCTION TO BE FOLLOWED BY AIRCRAFT OR VEHICLE

- INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING

- RUNWAY DESIGNATION

- RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION SIGNS

- NO ENTRY SIGNS

• NO AIRCRAFT OR VEHICLE SHALL PROCEED UNLESS AUTHORIZES BY THE CONTROL TOWER

SIGNS

GENERAL INFORMATION SIGN HEIGHT

• GENERAL LOCATION AND HEIGHT AS PER ICAO

• SIGN HEIGHT DEPENDS ON CODE NUMBER RUNWAY

SIGNS

LOCATION MANDATORY SIGN HOLING POSITION

SIGNS

TYPICAL MANDATORY SIGN

LOCATION-RUNWAY DESIGNATION

SIGNS

LOCATION MANDATORY SIGN HOLDING POSITION

SIGNS

APRON SYSTEMS

APRON SYSTEMS

APRON SYSTEMS

APRON SYSTEMS

• APRON EDGE LIGHTING

• AIRCRAFT MANEUVERING LIGHTING

• APRON FLOOD LIGHTING

• VISUAL DOCKING SYSTEMS

APRON SYSTEMS

APRON EDGE LIGHTING

APRON SYSTEMS

APRON STAND MANEUVERING LIGHTING

APRON SYSTEMS

APRON FLOOD LIGHTING

MISCELLANEOUS

MISCELLANEOUS

MISCELLANEOUS

MISCELLANEOUS

• POWER SUPPLY

• CONTROL SYSTEM

• CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATORS

• SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM

- BATTERY SUPPLY- CENTRALIZED BACK-UP POWER

•SECOND EXTERNAL SOURCE• DIESEL DRIVEN GENERATOR

- START TIME 10-15 SECONDS•DYNAMIC NO BREAK SET

- LESS THAN ONE SECOND - DIESEL DRIVEN

•STATIC NO BREAK SET- LESS THAN ONE SECOND

BACK UP POWER SOURCES

POWER SUPPLY: BACK-UP POWER SOURCES

POWER SUPPLY VISUAL GROUND AIDS


SINGLE EXTERNAL SUPPLY

• IS NOT RELIABLE

• DOES NOT MEET ICAO

FROM EXTERNAL SOURCE


CENTRAL POWER SUPPLY


CONTROL

OF

AIRFIELD LIGHTING

SYSTEM

AIRFIELD LIGHTING SYSTEM CONTROL

CONTROL SYSTEM• CONVENTIONAL

• SAFE CONTROL

• ASP SYSTEM


CONTROL OF AIRFIELD LIGHTING SYSTEM

• CONTROLLED BY ATC IN VISUAL CONTROL ROOM CONTROL TOWER.

• CONTROLLED BY FSS IN CONTROL ROOM

• LOCAL CONTROL IN AIRFIELD STATION

• PILOT CONTROL FROM AIRCRAFT


AVAILABLE OPTIONS FOR CONTROL

• BY USING MIMIC CONTROL PANEL IN VISUAL CONTROL ROOM

• BY USING COMPUTER CONTROLLED SYSTEM

- TOUCH SCREEN VISUAL CONTROL ROOM

- KEYBOARD AND MONITOR IN VISUAL CONTROL ROOM




• MIMIC PANEL SHOWING AIRPORT CONFIGURATION

• STATUS INDICATION BY LAMPS

• PUSH BUTTONS TO CONTROL INTENSITY OF CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATORS

FUNCTIONS TO BE CONTROLLED


FUNCTIONS TO BE CONTROLLED


• ON/OFF STATUS EACH CCR

• INTENSITY LEVEL OF CCR (3 OR 5 LEVELS)

• BACK INDICATION THAT CCR IS ON FAULT

MIMIC CONTROL PANEL


CONTROL SYSTEMS DIAGRAM


CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATORS

CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATOR

CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATORS

CONSTANT CURRENT REGULATOR

POWER DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM SHOWING THE NUMBER OF CCR’S

SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM




• INCLUDES INSTRUCTIONS ON GUIDANCE, CONTROL AND REGULATIONS OF ALL MOVEMENT IN THE OPERATIONAL AREAS

• PREVENT INCUSIONS OF VEHICLES IN AIRCRAFT –BY SIGNS AND COMMUNICATION (CAR TRACKING)

• GUIDE AIRCRAFT IN ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITION BY TAXING ON TW.

• SMART TW CTR LIGHTING CONTROL

INTALLATION DETAILS


• HAS CONSIDERABLE INPACT ON COST

• PRIMARY CABLE DIRECT BURRIED OR IN PVC DUCT BANK SYSTEM

• DEEPCANS OR SHALLOW CANS

• CIRCUITS INTERLEAVED

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