africa chapter 18, section 1:...
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Cultural Geography of North Africa, Southwest,
and Central AsiaChapter 18, Section 1: North
Africa
Important Vocabulary ▶ Nomad: groups of people who move from place
to place depending on the season and availability of grass for grazing and water.
▶ Bedouin: Arabic-speaking people who migrated to North Africa from deserts in Southwest Asia.
▶ Infrastructure: basic urban necessities such as streets and utilities.
Vocabulary (Cont’d)▶ Domesticate: adapting plants and animals for uses
of food, clothes, and transportation. ▶ Hieroglyphics: a form of picture writing developed
in Ancient Egypt. ▶ Geometric Boundary: following straight lines and
doesn’t account for natural and cultural features. Exist between Libya, Algeria, and Egypt.
Vocabulary (Cont’d)▶Nationalism: a belief in the
right of an ethnic group to have its own independent country. Trend in North Africa during 1800s.
Map of North Africa
The Population ▶ Primary influences were mix of indigenous people
(Berbers) and Arab cultures. Arabs first migrated in the 600s.
▶ Europeans have influenced the region’s culture.▶ Settlements mainly along seacoasts and rivers. ▶ Major population centers: Casablanca, Morocco;
Tunis, Tunisia; Algiers, Algeria; Tripoli, Libya; Cairo, Egypt.
Early Civilizations▶ Farming communities along
the Nile River by 6,000 B.C.
▶ Ancient Egyptian civilization developed 6,000 years ago.
▶ Ancient Egypt developed calendars, buildings, pyramids, and hieroglyphics.
Invasions▶ Arab invasions in the 7th
century.
▶ After brief Byzantine and Vandal invasions, Arab rule cemented.
▶ European colonial rule affected area.
▶ Well-educated urban middle-class adopted nationalism.
Independence▶ Egypt gained independence from
the U.K. in 1922.
▶ Morocco gained independence from France in 1956.
▶ Algeria gained independence from France in 1962.
▶ Libya gained independence from Italy in 1951.
▶ Colonel Muammar Qaddafi came to power in 1969 coup.
Culture▶ Islam is the region’s main religion. ▶ Arabic language is mainly spoken. ▶ Most youths attend school, and primary
education is free. ▶ Literacy rate is 50% in Morocco and 82% in Libya. ▶ Hospitals are gov’t-owned. ▶ Arts: weaving, embroidery, and metal-working.
Cultural Geography of North Africa,
Southwest, and Central Asia
Chapter 18, Section 2: The Eastern Mediterranean
Important Vocabulary ▶Monotheism: the belief in one
God. ▶Prophet: a religious messenger. ▶Mosque: a Muslim house of
worship.
Map of Eastern Mediterranean
The Population▶ 7.6 million people live in the Eastern Mediterranean. ▶ 80% of Israel’s population is Jewish. ▶ Israel was founded as a Jewish state in 1948. ▶ Arabs (Palestinians) in region didn’t want a Jewish
state. ▶ Very high population densities. ▶ Over 80% of people live in cities.
Early Civilizations▶ Elba, Syria was an
important commercial center in 3,000 B.C.
▶ The Semitic Empire around 2,400 B.C.
▶ Damascus, Syria is one of the oldest cities in the world.
History of Judaism▶ One of the oldest
monotheistic faiths.
▶ Jews trace their ancestors to the ancient Israelites.
▶ Judaism teaches obedience in God’s laws.
▶ Hebrew Bible is the Torah.
History of Christianity▶ Jesus began his ministry
around 30 A.D. ▶ His followers believed he
was the Son of Man.▶ Jesus died for mankind’s
sins.▶ Christian Bible contains
the Hebrew Bible.
History of Islam▶ In 610 A.D. God came to
Muhammad in Mecca.▶ He preached people
should not sin and follow God.
▶ By the 700s, the religion spread throughout the region.
Independence & Conflict▶ By the late 1800s, Western
European powers controlled the area.
▶ Lebanon gained its independence in 1943, and Syria in 1946 from France.
▶ Jordan gained its independence from the British in 1946.
Arab-Israeli Conflict▶ The Romans expelled the
Jews from their homeland.
▶ In 1947, the U.N. planned to create a Jewish and Arab state in Palestine.
▶ After British withdrawal in 1948, the Jews created the state of Israel.
The Conflict (Cont’d)▶ Arab opposition led to six
wars over a 25-year period.
▶ The 1967 war gave Israel control of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
▶ Peace efforts in the 1990s.
▶ Efforts stalled with Hamas’ electoral victory in 2006.
Culture▶ The majority follow the Sunni Islam faith.
▶ Family life includes the extended family and worship.
▶ The languages spoken are Arabic, Hebrew, and English.
▶ Education is free and compulsory.
▶ Literacy rates vary from 79% in Syria to 97% in Israel.
▶ Most hospitals are gov’t-owned.
▶ Rich history or arts, architecture, and sacred writings.
Cultural Geography of North Africa,
Southwest, and Central Asia
Chapter 18, Section 3: The Northeast
Important Vocabulary ▶ Culture Hearth: center where cultures
developed and spread. Ancient Mesopotamia.
▶ Cuneiform: wedge-shaped symbols written on clay tablets. Sumerians.
▶ Qanats: underground canals. Persian Empire.
Vocabulary (Cont’d) ▶Natural Boundary: a physical
boundary, like mountains. ▶Embargo: a ban on trade. ▶Ziggurat: large, mud-brick temples.
The Turks▶ Turkic peoples migrated
there from Central Asia in the 1,000s.
▶ The Ottoman Turks created the Ottoman Empire.
▶ The Turks practice Islam and speak Turkish.
The Iranians▶ A population of 73
million people; once called Persia.
▶ Indo-Europeans from Russia migrated there around 1,000 B.C.
▶ Iranians speak Farsi and practice Shia Islam.
Arabs▶ Most live in Iraq.▶ Iraqis practice Shia
Islam, about 35% Sunni.
▶ Arabic is the main language spoken.
The Kurds▶ They live in the
mountainous regions of Iraq, Iran, and Turkey.
▶ Most Kurds are Sunni Muslims and speak Kurdish.
▶ They have different customs and dress compared to other Arabs.
Density & Distribution▶Over 70 million people live in
Turkey and 30 million in Iraq. ▶Ankara, Turkey; Tehran, Iran;
Baghdad, Iraq are the capitals and dominate the cultural life.
Ancient Mesopotamia▶ The world’s first culture
hearth.
▶ Known as “The Fertile Crescent.”
▶ Home of the Sumerian civilization.
▶ Master farmers, created codes of law; math and engineering.
The Phoenicians ▶ They settled around
3,000 B.C. ▶ They developed a
new alphabet, basis for many modern alphabets.
The Persian Empire▶ Inhabited the
region during the 500s B.C.
▶The Qanats were a great engineering achievements.
Modern Times▶ Iraq was under British
control until 1932.
▶ Turkey was created in 1923 after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
▶ Iran underwent an Islamic Revolution in 1979.
The Oil Era▶ In the early 1900s, oil was
discovered in the Persian Gulf.
▶ The Gulf states formed OPEC in the late 1950s, and agreed to regulate production.
▶ Anger over the Arab-Israeli War led to OPEC’s oil embargo in 1973.
Culture▶ Education is required through grade 6 in
Iraq and grade 9 in Turkey. ▶Healthcare varies greatly in the region. ▶ Literature is based on oral traditions,
epics, and poetry.
Cultural Geography of North Africa,
Southwest, and Central Asia
Chapter 18, Section 4: The Arabian Peninsula
Important Vocabulary ▶ Sheikhdom: territory ruled by an Islamic
religious leader. Ex: U.A.E. ▶ Shari’ah: Islamic law based on the
Qur’an. Ex: Saudi Arabia. ▶Emir: a prince. Ex: Kuwait and Qatar.
Vocabulary (Cont’d) ▶Hajj: a pilgrimage. Once in
lifetime to Mecca. ▶Ibadhism: a form of Islam
practiced in Oman. A moderate conservatism.
Map of Arabian Peninsula
The People▶ Most of the people (65 million) are Arab
Muslims.▶ They are descendent from Egyptians,
Berbers, and Phoenicians. ▶ Kuwaitis are Arabs, but migrated to the
region after the discovery of oil.
Density & Distribution▶ In Bahrain, 89% live in 2 cities: Manama and
Al Muharraq. ▶ In Oman, over 50% live in coastal areas. ▶ Most of the people in the U.A.E. are newly
arrived. ▶ Foreign workers: 50% of Qatar’s and 60% of
Kuwait’s population.
Early Cultures▶ Vibrant cultures
existed for over 5,000 years.
▶ Ancient Greeks used Kuwait as a trade center for 2,000 years.
▶ Saudi Arabia created in 1932.
Independence▶ Kuwait gained its independence
from Britain in the mid-1900s.
▶ U.A.E. created in 1971.
▶ Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Oman are monarchies.
▶ Saudi Arabia follows Shari’ah Law.
▶ Oil-rich nations need foreign labor.
Religion & Language▶ Majority are Muslims.▶ Most believe in hajj. ▶ Some practice
Wahhabism. ▶ Majority speak Arabic.
English also spoken.
Culture▶ Most children go to school, high literacy rates.▶ Oman focuses heavily on a training workforce. ▶ Healthcare varies; hospitals are gov’t-owned.▶ Well-known architecture with mosques and
palaces. ▶ Religious holidays are very important.
Cultural Geography of North Africa,
Southwest, and Central Asia
Chapter 18, Section 5: Central Asia
Important Vocabulary ▶ Enclave: a territory thAT is culturally or
ethnically different from the surrounding larger cultures. Ex: Armenia.
▶ Exclave: a distinct group of people who are isolated from the main part of the country. Ex: Azerbaijan.
▶ Mujahideen: Afghan freedom fighters.
Map of Central Asia
The People▶ Pashtun is the main ethnic
group in Afghanistan. ▶ Over 50 ethnic groups in
the Caucasus region. ▶ Most Turkic peoples
(outside of Turkey) live in Central Asia.
Density & Distribution▶ Uneven distribution due to mountainous
terrain. ▶ 28.4 million people live in Afghanistan. ▶ Numerous conflicts have led to displaced
people. ▶ Many people live and work in the river
valleys.
Cultures & Conquests▶ The Kingdom of Urartu was
in the Caucasus region. ▶ Silk Road began in the
100s B.C.▶ The Ancient Greeks,
Persians, Arabs, and Ottoman Turks also ruled the area.
Conquests (Cont’d)▶ Central Asia fell under the
control Genghis Khan and the Mongols in the 1200s.
▶ The Russian Empire unified the area in the 1800s, and fully under the former Soviet Union by 1936.
Independence▶ The Central Asian states are
now independent since the Soviet Union’s collapse.
▶ The U.S.S.R. invaded Afghanistan in 1979, but ultimately failed.
▶ The Taliban took over Afghanistan after defeating the Soviets until 2002.
Culture▶ The vast majority speak a form of Turkic. Georgia has a
different language and alphabet.
▶ Russian is still the official language in Kazakhstan.
▶ Sunni Islam is the main religion. In Georgia and Armenia, it is Christianity.
▶ Education varies greatly in the region.
▶ Poor healthcare resources.
▶ A rich literary tradition – many novelists.