africa in post 2012 climate change negotiations: some policy perspectives
DESCRIPTION
Presented by Peter Akong Minang, ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins/World Agroforestry Centre at the PAN AFRICAN PARLIAMENTARY CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE, 25-27 JUNE 2009, YAOUNDÉ, CAMEROONTRANSCRIPT
Africa in Post 2012 Climate Change
Negotiations: Some Policy Perspectives
Peter A Minang World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) / ASB Partnership
PAN AFRICAN PARLIAMENTARY CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE
25-27 JUNE 2009, YAOUNDÉ, CAMEROON
Post 2012 Options: Mitigation
• REDD Plus• Nationally Appropriate Mitigation
Actions (NAMA)- Sectors including REDD Plus and Agriculture
• Clean Development Mechanism
Africa in Current Negotiations (1)• 2 Key sets of African Actors
• COMIFAC: Central African Forest Commission have a submission on REDD.
•Futuristic rather than Historic Baselines
•Favour degradation•Development Adjustment Factor•Support a Fund
Africa in current negotiations (2)• COMESA: Common Market for Eastern and Southern
Africa
• Support broad AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses) Perspective
• Inclusion of agriculture = better opportunities for Adaptation benefits and more impact on livelihoods
• Landscape perspective that includes Forest Core, Forest Frontier and Agriculture / Forest mosaics
• Favour a combination of Market and Non-market mechanisms
• Small land holders be strongly considered• AFRICA BIOCARBON INITIATIVE
AMCEN on Major issues• Supports Adaptation as No. 1 Issue• Calls for firm and effective emission reduction
targets• Supports fund-based mechanisms• Supports REDD• Supports inclusion of Agriculture and
Agroforestry in CDM• Support CDM Reform
BUT “devil is always in the detail”
Message No. 1:
•Africa should support a REDD Plus Mechanism
in Copenhagen
What is REDD?• Forests store vast amounts of carbon, therefore
preventing deforestation and degradation of forests = keeping carbon = mitigation of climate change
• Voluntary International System to motivate forest management in developing countries
• Countries that are willing and able to reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation are compensated
What are the stakes for Africa?• Carbon Finance can
provide crucial funding for sustainable forest management and poverty alleviation in Africa
• Carbon markets worth about US$118 Billion and could triple with REDD
• E.g. RIL in Cameroon could make USD 12 Million ( at price $ 12 / tc; cost of $20 / tc on 150000 ha)- Brunner 2001
Gibbs and Brown (2007)
Message No. 2
•Africa should support progressive extension of
REDD Plus to include Agriculture, Agroforestry
and Trees in the Landscape
Why Agriculture and other land uses?• Better opportunities for Africa
• Smallholders’ land activities (agric +) are largely responsible for deforestation and forest degradation in Africa
• Tenure and ownership less controversial in small farm / land holdings than forest areas
• Agric and Other land uses would potentially yield more co-benefits than REDD
• C Markets = 118 US$ Billion while Adaptation Fund = <200 Millions
Intensive arableagriculture
Forest CoreAreas
Forest FrontierAreas
Agriculture –ForestMosaicAreas
Africa BioCarbon Initiative: Interactions between land uses and carbon pools
Mitigation Potential of Agriculture in Africa
• AFOLU 1004 Mt CO2-eq/yr until 2030
3) Conservation Agriculture with Faidherbia albida
60 years of research shows on each hectare, mature trees supply the equivalent of 300kg of complete fertiliser and
250kg of lime. This can sustain a maize yield of 4 tons/ha.
Faidherbia is indigenous in many African countries
3) CO-BENEFITS- Conservation Agriculture benefits (2008/9 Trials)
• At recommended spacing of 10m x 10m – 100 trees per hectare
2007/8 Faidherbia Trial Results
Maize yield - zero fertiliser
Tons/ha ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
With Faidherbia 4.1
Without Faidherbia 1.3 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Data averaged from 15 trials
Message No. 3
•Africa should advocate for further Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Reforms
How is Africa doing on CDM • CDM allows Afforestation and reforestation projects
from developing countries in the carbon market
• Africa’s participation in Clean Development Mechanism = Poor – Less than 4% of Projects
• Only four out 40 forestry projects in the CDM pipeline (Mali, Tanzania, DRC, Uganda) as at 09/08
• 1 Energy Project now in Tanzania (others in South Africa and North Africa)
• Post 2012 CDM Scenario unclear
Challenges Demand side• Complicated rules (additionality, registration,
MRV)• Costs- upto 200 000 USD per project (15 k for
consultant to review project)• Price differential (EU-ETS = 16 $ t C and
Other developing countries = 4tC)• Contracts under international law is arbitrated
in international courts- Costs, language etc.
Message No. 4
•Africa should advocate for VOLUNTARY Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) for Sub-Saharan Africa
Message No. 5
•Africa should continue advocating for appropriate combinations of funds and markets in the post 2012 financial mechanisms
Fund vs Market: What Motivations• Adaptation Fund =
300 Million USD to date
• Vs
• 1Billion dollars in 2 years +
• Carbon Market = 118 Billion in 2008
Option 1: Funds only means we may never get as much
Option 2: Markets have more money, but we may have to fight harder for better and fairer rules- Auctions
Can also raise adaptation money from mitigation
Message No. 6
•Africa must maintain adaptation as top priority and promote actions that contribute to both adaptation and mitigation
What are the stakes for Africa? (3)- Adaptation
• Africa is most vulnerable continent
• Costs of strong and urgent action on climate change will be less than the costs thereby avoided of the impacts of climate change under business as usual (Stern 2006)
How is Africa doing on Climate Forestry? - Adaptation
• About 24 African Countries have prepared National Adaptation Plans of Action. Most of which has been done driven
• Few of these adaptation plans articulate the role of SFM in climate change adaptation
• A collection of small projects are ongoing at sub-national level in various countries- few in forestry – e.g. CIFOR in Central and West Africa
Adaptation Finance / Capacity / Technology Transfer
• Only about 300 Million dollars from CDM money, not donors
• Governance issues (developing countries need a greater say)
• Is G77 and China the best forum for adaptation finance?
Message No. 7
•African countries must improve the numbers, quality of delegations and strengthen climate change negotiation strategies
How to Improve Negotiations?
• Increase number of negotiators (only one or two now compared to 50 for US and 10s for European delegations)
• Increase number of disciplines represented in delegations (multi-disciplinary teams)
• Improve sceintific input and analysis into African country positions (what if scenarios for various decisions)
• Language support especially for Francophone, Lusophone Africa)
Thank YouMerci
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