AfricaAfrica

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Atlas Mountains separate the coast from the Atlas Mountains separate the coast from the desertdesert

Sahara Desert: northern Africa, largest in the Sahara Desert: northern Africa, largest in the world, arid/dry climate, no water and plant lifeworld, arid/dry climate, no water and plant life

The equator has the savanna region: tropical The equator has the savanna region: tropical habitats, climate, grasslands, vegetation, little habitats, climate, grasslands, vegetation, little rain for farming (rainy season)rain for farming (rainy season)

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Sahel is the area between the Sahara and Sahel is the area between the Sahara and savanna: arid to semi-arid climate, savanna: arid to semi-arid climate, overgrazing has led to little plant lifeovergrazing has led to little plant life

Tropical rain forest: humid/wet climate, lush Tropical rain forest: humid/wet climate, lush animals and plants, over-population is the animals and plants, over-population is the biggest threatbiggest threat

Kalahari Desert: southwestKalahari Desert: southwest Nile River: longest in world (Lake Victoria to Nile River: longest in world (Lake Victoria to

Egypt) (Blue and White Nile branch off)Egypt) (Blue and White Nile branch off)

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Lake Tanganyika (one of the deepest in the Lake Tanganyika (one of the deepest in the world)world)

North: Egypt, SudanNorth: Egypt, Sudan West: NigeriaWest: Nigeria Central: Democratic Republic of CongoCentral: Democratic Republic of Congo East: KenyaEast: Kenya South: South AfricaSouth: South Africa Many countries are having political problems Many countries are having political problems

along their bordersalong their borders

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Arid/desert regions have a lack of waterArid/desert regions have a lack of water Factory, human, and animal waste are Factory, human, and animal waste are

polluting the small amounts of waterpolluting the small amounts of water Nile River is used for water and Nile River is used for water and

transportationtransportation Overpopulation in the Nile River Valley Overpopulation in the Nile River Valley

are creating poor sanitationare creating poor sanitation Nile River is experiencing industrial Nile River is experiencing industrial

wastewaste

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Aswan High Dam controlled flooding on Aswan High Dam controlled flooding on the Nile River for irrigation, the Nile River for irrigation, hydroelectricity…but the dam is not hydroelectricity…but the dam is not depositing silt and fertile soil in the Nile depositing silt and fertile soil in the Nile River Valley…Fertilizers have caused River Valley…Fertilizers have caused Egypt’s farmland to have high Egypt’s farmland to have high concentrations of saltconcentrations of salt

Niger River Delta has deposits of OilNiger River Delta has deposits of Oil

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Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt are fighting Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt are fighting over the uses of the Nile River (Water over the uses of the Nile River (Water Wars)Wars)

Niger River provides water to the region Niger River provides water to the region of the Sahelof the Sahel

Sahel is experiencing deforestation and Sahel is experiencing deforestation and desertification (little rainfall and desertification (little rainfall and overgrazing, drought)overgrazing, drought)

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The Sahara is growing down into the The Sahara is growing down into the Sahel and causing the land to become Sahel and causing the land to become more desert-likemore desert-like

55% of Nigeria’s rainforest has been 55% of Nigeria’s rainforest has been deforesteddeforested

Ethiopia experiences overgrazing and is Ethiopia experiences overgrazing and is experiencing desertificationexperiencing desertification

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The “Green Line” is the line between the The “Green Line” is the line between the desert region and the vegetation line desert region and the vegetation line (rainforest)(rainforest)

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Sahara region (northern and southern) is Sahara region (northern and southern) is the largest desert region in the world with the largest desert region in the world with hot and dry (arid) climatehot and dry (arid) climate

Nomads lived and traveled in caravans Nomads lived and traveled in caravans throughout this region (Tuareg Tribe) throughout this region (Tuareg Tribe) traded salt and gold along the coastal traded salt and gold along the coastal areas of the Saharaareas of the Sahara

The Sahel region is the border between The Sahel region is the border between the desert and grassland/rainforestthe desert and grassland/rainforest

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Sahel is flat semi-arid land with little Sahel is flat semi-arid land with little rainfall yearly (desertification)rainfall yearly (desertification)

Vegetation is limited with people being Vegetation is limited with people being nomadic herders grazing their animals nomadic herders grazing their animals throughout the region (they are throughout the region (they are subsistence farmers)subsistence farmers)

Savanna (eastern) is the region of Savanna (eastern) is the region of tropical grasslandtropical grassland

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Animals graze the land but have little Animals graze the land but have little rainfall to sustain animal and plant life rainfall to sustain animal and plant life (rainy and dry season)(rainy and dry season)

Animals will travel (The Great Migration) Animals will travel (The Great Migration) during the dry season for survival during the dry season for survival between resourcesbetween resources

Overpopulation is becoming threaten the Overpopulation is becoming threaten the savanna (natural habitats and game savanna (natural habitats and game preserves being designed to secure the preserves being designed to secure the savanna)savanna)

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Rainforest (western to central) in the Rainforest (western to central) in the Congo Basin (along the equator)Congo Basin (along the equator)

Exotic plant and animal life in the regionExotic plant and animal life in the region European developed/colonialism had an European developed/colonialism had an

effect on the deforestation in the effect on the deforestation in the rainforestrainforest

Overpopulation (human development) is Overpopulation (human development) is and issue with clear-cutting and slash-and issue with clear-cutting and slash-and-burnand-burn

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Tribal villages are losing their homesTribal villages are losing their homes Animals and plants are facing extinctionAnimals and plants are facing extinction Deforestation is leading to soil erosion Deforestation is leading to soil erosion

and desertificationand desertification

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Arab empires ruled in Egypt and N. AfricaArab empires ruled in Egypt and N. Africa They were traders across the SaharaThey were traders across the Sahara Followed Islam and spoke ArabicFollowed Islam and spoke Arabic Caravans carried salt, gold, and the Caravans carried salt, gold, and the

religion of Islam as they traded across religion of Islam as they traded across the desertthe desert

Islam spread due to these trade routes Islam spread due to these trade routes along northern and eastern Africa along northern and eastern Africa (Zanzibar)(Zanzibar)

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Ashanti tribe inhabited the Ghana region Ashanti tribe inhabited the Ghana region (Mali, Songhai, Ghana Empires)(Mali, Songhai, Ghana Empires)

The Golden Stool represents power to The Golden Stool represents power to the leadership of the Ashanti tribe (king)the leadership of the Ashanti tribe (king)

They believe in a supreme god…NaymeThey believe in a supreme god…Nayme The children of this god (Abosom) The children of this god (Abosom)

represent the forces and powers in the represent the forces and powers in the present worldpresent world

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Ancestors and elderly are highly Ancestors and elderly are highly respected in the villagerespected in the village

Family rituals are practiced due to stages Family rituals are practiced due to stages of life (birth, growth, childhood, marriage, of life (birth, growth, childhood, marriage, death)death)

European and American missionaries European and American missionaries have influenced Christianity in the have influenced Christianity in the Ashanti regionAshanti region

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Islam has been practiced within the Islam has been practiced within the Ashanti tribeAshanti tribe

Bantu tribe originated in the western Bantu tribe originated in the western Sahel and migrated throughout all of Sahel and migrated throughout all of Africa (2,000 years ago)Africa (2,000 years ago)

Bantu language has influenced many Bantu language has influenced many small tribes and cultures in Africasmall tribes and cultures in Africa

Bantu are known as farmers and Bantu are known as farmers and nomadic herdersnomadic herders

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Bantu migrated due to various rivers and Bantu migrated due to various rivers and streams the let out into major bodies of streams the let out into major bodies of waterwater

Bantu have now inhabited much of Bantu have now inhabited much of central, eastern, and southern Africacentral, eastern, and southern Africa

Bantu follow multiple religions Bantu follow multiple religions (Christianity, Islam, and Animism…(Christianity, Islam, and Animism…natural spirits)natural spirits)

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Swahili tribe developed on the east coast Swahili tribe developed on the east coast of Africa from Arab and Persian traders of Africa from Arab and Persian traders intermarried Bantu migrantsintermarried Bantu migrants

Swahili means “ones who live on the Swahili means “ones who live on the coast”coast”

Swahili is know for its diverse language Swahili is know for its diverse language dialects rooted in the Bantu languagedialects rooted in the Bantu language

Swahili followers are becoming city Swahili followers are becoming city dwellersdwellers

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Most Swahili followers are IslamicMost Swahili followers are Islamic Many traditional Swahili followers will still Many traditional Swahili followers will still

follow local tribal belief systems (mila)follow local tribal belief systems (mila) Swahili believe that spirits can possess Swahili believe that spirits can possess

humans and that the religious beliefs can humans and that the religious beliefs can effect the use of medicine and healing effect the use of medicine and healing (natural healing through prayer and (natural healing through prayer and rituals)rituals)

SS7H1SS7H1 Europeans began to colonize b/c of the Europeans began to colonize b/c of the

slave trade (1500’s-1800’s)slave trade (1500’s-1800’s) USA participated in slave trade (labor USA participated in slave trade (labor

and agriculture)and agriculture) Europeans also wanted colonies for Europeans also wanted colonies for

natural resources and raw materialsnatural resources and raw materials Advanced weapons and technology Advanced weapons and technology

allowed Europeans to win control of allowed Europeans to win control of African land (Belgium, Germany, France, African land (Belgium, Germany, France, Great Britain)Great Britain)

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European colonialism is also know as European colonialism is also know as (imperialism: colonies to gain wealth and (imperialism: colonies to gain wealth and control of world regions)control of world regions)

Gold, diamonds platinum, iron ore, coal, Gold, diamonds platinum, iron ore, coal, uranium were discovered and mined in uranium were discovered and mined in AfricaAfrica

Europeans wanted to spread Christianity Europeans wanted to spread Christianity to convert Africans from their traditional to convert Africans from their traditional and Islamic belief systemsand Islamic belief systems

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European companies would colonize European companies would colonize regions to maximize economic growthregions to maximize economic growth

European goals were to keep peace in European goals were to keep peace in African colonies, get raw African colonies, get raw materials/natural resources, and “civilize” materials/natural resources, and “civilize” cultureculture

British used indirect rule with appointing British used indirect rule with appointing powerful wealthy citizens to rule under powerful wealthy citizens to rule under British controlBritish control

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French encouraged Africans to become French French encouraged Africans to become French citizens to live under French rule and French citizens to live under French rule and French lifestyles (assimilation)lifestyles (assimilation)

African countries fought on the side of African countries fought on the side of European powers during WWII and then European powers during WWII and then wanted their freedom and independence after wanted their freedom and independence after the warthe war

European countries would draw new boundary European countries would draw new boundary lines (countries) without paying attention to lines (countries) without paying attention to ethnic or tribal differences (civil wars)ethnic or tribal differences (civil wars)

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Dutch and British settlers set up colonies Dutch and British settlers set up colonies in South Africa (treated natives as in South Africa (treated natives as servants/slaves)servants/slaves)

British were interested in the gold and British were interested in the gold and diamond deposits founddiamond deposits found

African National Congress was formed by African National Congress was formed by natives to oppose the unequal rights natives to oppose the unequal rights demonstrated against them by the Britishdemonstrated against them by the British

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The separation/segregation of races in S. The separation/segregation of races in S. Africa was called “apartheid” (1948)Africa was called “apartheid” (1948)

Apartheid restricted black Africans from Apartheid restricted black Africans from owning land, refused use of public owning land, refused use of public facilities and buildings with whitesfacilities and buildings with whites

The ANC and Pan African Congress The ANC and Pan African Congress forced the British to change civil rights forced the British to change civil rights laws (1980’s)laws (1980’s)

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Nelson Mandela was part of the and led Nelson Mandela was part of the and led the ANC and Pan African Congressthe ANC and Pan African Congress

Mandela led protests against apartheidMandela led protests against apartheid Mandela was imprisoned for his protests Mandela was imprisoned for his protests

against British colonialism and lawsagainst British colonialism and laws FW de Klerk (white president) freed FW de Klerk (white president) freed

Nelson Mandela and repealed the Nelson Mandela and repealed the apartheid lawsapartheid laws

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1994 first multi-racial election and Nelson 1994 first multi-racial election and Nelson Mandela was elected 1Mandela was elected 1stst black president in S. black president in S. AfricaAfrica

Pan-African Movement was the desire of all Pan-African Movement was the desire of all native African citizens to have pride in the native African citizens to have pride in the homeland and country and work to end homeland and country and work to end European colonialismEuropean colonialism

This was to be a peaceful movement for This was to be a peaceful movement for independence from European colonialism and independence from European colonialism and to improve government and economic structure to improve government and economic structure in the new African countriesin the new African countries