IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

AFRICANCHARTERONHUMANANDPEOPLES

RIGHTS

AlsoknownastheBanjul(Gambia)Charter,itisaninterna3onalhumanrightsinstrumentintendedto

promoteandprotecthumanrightsandbasicfreedomsintheAfricancon3nent.ItemergedunderthesupportoftheOrganiza3onofAfricanUnity

(sincereplacedbytheAfricanUnion)whichadoptedaresolu3onin1979callingforthecrea3onofacommiKeeofexpertstodraMacon3nent-wide

humanrightsinstrument

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

AFRICANCOMMISSIONFOR

HUMANANDPEOPLESRIGHTS

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

TheCommissionisresponsiblefortheoversightandinterpreta3onoftheAfricanCharteronHumanand

Peoples’Rights

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

AMNESTYINTERNATIONAL

Non-governmentalorganisa3onformedin1961thatcampaignsforhumanrightsandhasapproximately

sevenmillionmembersworldwide.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

APARTHEID

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Acrimeagainsthumanity.ApartheidinSouthAfricareferstoapolicyorsystemofsegrega3onor

discrimina3onongroundsofrace.Thissystemofins3tu3onalizedracialsegrega3onanddiscrimina3on

existedinSouthAfricabetween1948and1991.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

ASYLUM Protec3onfrompoli3calpersecu3ongrantedbyastatetoanindividualfromanotherstate.Withintheinterna3onalcommunity,asylum-seekersarethosewhohaveappliedforprotec3onasarefugeebutare

s3llawai3ngconfirma3onoftheirstatus.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

CAIRODECLARATION

ONHUMANRIGHTSINISLAM

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

TheOrganiza3onoftheIslamicConference(OIC)issuedtheCairoDeclara3onin1990,asser3ngthat“fundamentalrightsanduniversalfreedomsinIslamareanintegralpart”ofIslam.Rule24holdsthatallrightsandfreedomss3pulatedinthedeclara3onare

subjecttoIslamic(shariah)law.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

CODIFICATIONToarrangeandlabelasystemoflaws(i.e.,writethemdown).Totransferideasintolaws.For

example,atreatyissignedbyanauthorizedperson(i.e.,aForeignMinisterofcountryagreestojoinadefenseorganiza3on)andthentreatyprovisionsarelaterwriKen(codified)intolawsfortherespec3vecountryandpassedbythena3onallegislature.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

CONVENTIONAGAINSTTORTUREANDOTHERCRUEL,INHUMANANDDEGRADINGTREATMENT

(1984)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

AhumanrightstreatywhichbuildsontheUDHRandtheICPRC.Itoffersspecificdefini3onsoftortureand

theresponsibili3esforpreven3ngtorture.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

CONVENTIONONTHERIGHTSOFTHECHILD(1989)

Ahumanrightstreatywhichsetsoutthecivil,poli3cal,economic,social,healthandculturalrightsofchildren.Theconven3ondefinesachildasanyhumanbeingundertheageofeighteen.Thereare

currently195countriesthathavera3fiedtheconven3on,andtheircomplianceismonitoredbytheUNCommiKeeontheRightsoftheChild.Thereare

54ar3cles.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

CRIMES

AGAINSTHUMANITY

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Definedaswidespreadorsystema3cmurder,extermina3on,enslavement,deporta3on,andother

inhumaneactsinten3onallycommiKedagainstcivilianpopula3ons,beforeorduringthewar;or

persecu3onsonpoli3cal,racialorreligiousgroundsinexecu3onoforinconnec3onwithanycrime.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

CULTURALRELATIVISM

Theprinciplethatanindividualperson'sbeliefsandac3vi3esshouldbeunderstoodbyothersintermsof

thatindividual'sownculture;anargumentagainsttheuniversalityofhumanrights.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

CUSTOMARY

INTERNATIONALLAW

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

LawthatbecomesbindingonstatesalthoughitisnotwriKen,butratheradheredtooutofcustom.Thusa

prac3cethatissolongestablishedandwidelyacceptedthatithascometohavetheforceoflaw.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

ECOSOCTheUnitedNa3onsEconomicandSocialCouncilisresponsibleforpromo3nghigherstandardsofliving,fullemployment,andeconomicandsocialprogress;iden3fyingsolu3onstointerna3onaleconomic,socialandhealthproblems;facilita3nginterna3onalculturalandeduca3onalcoopera3on;encouraginguniversalrespect.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

EQUALITY

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Egalitariantheoriesarebasedonaconceptofequalitythatallpeople,orgroupsofpeople,areseenashavingthesameintrinsicvalue

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

EUROPEANCONVENTIONONHUMANRIGHTS

(1950)

Thefirstregionalagreementonhumanrights.Abindinglegaltexts,whichmemberstatesofthe

CouncilofEuropearecommiKedtoactinaccordancewith.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

EUROPEAN

COURTOFHUMANRIGHTS

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

RegionalcourtwhichupholdstheEuropeanConven3ononHumanRights,establishedin1959.

TheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightsactsasthefinalcourtofappealoflastresortonceEuropeanci3zenshaveexhaustedtheirownstate’slegalprocess.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

FIRSTGENERATION

HUMANRIGHTS

Focusonthecivilandpoli3calrightsthatprotectindividuals’libertyfromthestate.Theyare

predominantlynega3verights

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

GENOCIDE

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

ViolentcrimescommiKedagainstgroupswiththeintenttodestroytheexistenceofthegroup.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

HUMANITARIANINTERVENTION

Astate’suseofmilitaryforceagainstanotherstatewhenthechiefpubliclydeclaredaimofthatmilitary

ac3onisendinghuman-rightsviola3onsbeingperpetratedbythestateagainstwhichitisdirected.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

HUMANRIGHTS

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Humanrightsarebasicclaimsanden3tlementsthatonepossessessimplybyvirtueofbeingahuman

being

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

HUMANRIGHTSWATCH

Anon-governmentalorganiza3onbasedoutofNewYorkthatconductsresearchandadvocacyonhuman

rights

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

INALIENABLE

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Closelyrelatedtotheconceptofindivisibility,humanrightsareconsideredtobeinalienable.Thismeansthattheycannotbetakenawayfrom(orgivenawayby)humanbeings,andallhumanbeingsareen3tled

tothefullpackageofrights.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

INDIVISIBLE Indivisibilitymeansthatallhumanrightsareofequalimportanceandcannotbearrangedintoahierarchy

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

INTERDEPENDENT

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Humanrightsaresaidtobeinterdependentbecausesuccessfulprotec3onofonehumanrighthelpswiththeprotec3onofothers.Similarly,thedenialofonehumanrightwillactasabarriertotheeffec3veprotec3onofotherhumanrights

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

INTERNALLYDISPLACEDPERSON

Peopleforcedtomovefromtheirhomewhoares3lllocatedwithinthestate(asopposedtorefugeeswho

havecrossedtheborderintoanotherstate)

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

ICJ

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

TheInterna3onalCourtofJus3ce(ICJ)istheprincipaljudicialorganoftheUnitedNa3ons(UN).ItwasestablishedinJune1945bytheCharteroftheUnitedNa3ons.ItsroleistoseKle,inaccordancewithinterna3onallaw,legaldisputessubmiKedtoitbystatesandtogiveadvisoryopinionsonlegalques3ons.Itissome3mesknownastheWorldCourt.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

ICC Aninterna3onaltribunalformedin2002fortheprosecu3onofcrimesagainsthumanity.

HeadquarteredinTheHague,theICCisnotaffiliatedwiththeUnitedNa3ons.TheICCcameintoeffectasa

resultoftheRomeStatute(1998)

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

INTERNATIONALHUMANITARIANLAW

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Asetofruleswhichseek,forhumanitarianreasons,tolimittheeffectsofarmedconflict.Itprotects

personswhoarenotorarenolongerpar3cipa3nginthehos3li3esandrestrictsthemeansandmethods

ofwarfare

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

JUSTICE Thereareanumberofdifferentinterpreta3onsoftheconceptofjus3ce.ItisoMencloselyassociatedwiththeideaoffairnessandwithindividualsgelngwhattheydeserve,althoughwhatismeantbydeserveis

alsocontested

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

LIBERTY

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Theconceptoflibertyreferstohavingfreedomandautonomy.ItisoMendividedintoposi3veandnega3veliberty,withnega3velibertydefinedasindividualshavingthefreedomfromexternal

coercionandposi3velibertydefinedasindividualshavingtheautonomytocarryouttheirownra3onal

will.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

NEGATIVERIGHTS Rightsthatdonotrequireinterven3onbyanoutsideagency.Theseincludetherighttolive,theabsenceoftorture,communitycontrolofthecommunityand

theindividualswholivewiththemandself-determina3on

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

POSITIVERIGHTS

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Referringtorightsthatareprotectedbyauthority,bothlocalandglobal,andincludegoodsandservices

thatallowpeopletosurvive,suchaseduca3on,protec3onfromharm,placestoliveandcare.The"posi3ve"inposi3verightsreferstothefactthattosa3sfytheserights,otherpeoplemustprovidethem

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

PROGRESSIVEREALIZATION

TheUnitedNa3onsplacesanobliga3onofprogressiverealiza3on(theprocessofachievingsomething)uponstateswithrespecttosecond-genera3onrights.ThismeansthattheUNrecognizesthatrealiza3onoftheserightscanbehamperedbyalackofresourcesandcanbeachievedonlyoveraperiodof3me.Consequently,states’compliancewithsecond-genera3on

rightstakesintoaccounttheresourcesavailableandtheprogressthatstatesaremakingtowardsfullprotec3onofthe

rights.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

REFUGEES

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Peoplewhohavebeenforcedtoleavetheircountryinordertoescapewar,persecu3on,ornaturaldisaster.AccordingtotheUNHCR:“Refugeesarepeoplefleeingconflictorpersecu3on.Theyare

definedandprotectedininterna3onallaw,andmustnotbeexpelledorreturnedtositua3onswheretheir

lifeandfreedomareatrisk.”

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

ROMESTATUTE(1998)

Atheorythatstatesareonlystatesbecausetheymeetfourcriteria:1)adefinedterritory;2)apermanentpopula3on;3)agovernmentand4)acapacitytoenterintorela3onswithotherstates.Thisisopposedtothecons3tu3vetheoryofstatehood.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

INTERDEPENDENCE

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

ThetreatythatestablishedtheICC

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

SECONDGENERATIONHUMANRIGHTS

Basedontheprinciplesofsocialjus3ceandpublicobliga3ontheserightsseektoprovideprotec3onforhumanity’sneediestpeoplebyprovidingrelieftothelessfortunate.Theycanbeclassifiedas“social”or“economic”rightsandincludesuchrightsastherighttojustandfavorablecondi3onsofwork,therighttoequalworkforequalpay,therighttorestandleisureasanemployee,therighttoreasonablelimita3onofworkinghoursandperiodicpaidholidaysandtherighttofreeelementaryeduca3on.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

SOCIALCONTRACT

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Theideathatindividualsgiveuptheirfreedominsocietytoanauthorityinexchangeforthe

protec3onsoftheirindividualrights.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

STATELESSPERSON Someonewhoisnotconsideredasana3onalbyanystateundertheopera3onofitslaw.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

THIRDGENERATIONHUMANRIGHTS

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Rightsofgroupstoprotecttheirinterestsandiden33es.Anindividualhastherighttobeamemberofagroupandneithertheindividualnorthegroupcanbediscriminatedagainst.Thirdgenera3onrightshaveshiMedfocusfromindividualpersons(firstgenera3onrights)andcommuni3esinwhichtheylive(social,economicandculturalrights),tothenaturalworld,i.e.,therighttoacleanandhealthyenvironment,andtherighttospeciesbiodiversity.Theserightsrecognizethatpeoplehavetherighttoliveinasafeandhealthyenvironmentandthatgroupsofpeoplehavetherighttocultural,poli3calandeconomicdevelopment.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

UNHUMANRIGHTSCOUNCIL

PartoftheUnitedNa3onsresponsibleformonitoringandupholdinginterna3onalhumanrightsestablishedin2006.ItreplacedtheUNCommisionofHumanRightswhichwasrepeatedlycri3cizedforthe

composi3onofitsmembership.Inpar3cular,severalmembercountriesthemselveshaddubioushuman

rightsrecords,includingStateswhohadbeenelectedtochairthecommission.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

UNIVERSAL

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Auniversalfeatureorcharacteris3c–somethingthateveryonehasorshouldhaveaccesstoinequalparts.IntermsofHR,theprinciplethatrightsshouldbe

availabletoall,accordingtoneed,andnotrestrictedbyindividualabilitytopayorsocioeconomic

circumstancesinsociety.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

Front(Concept) Back(Defini3on)

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

UNIVERSALDECLARATIONOFHUMANRIGHTS

(1948)

Commonlyseenasaformofcustomaryinterna3onallaw,thedeclara3onwasissuedin1948andisoMenusedasatooltoapplydiploma3candmoralpressuretogovernments.Itconsistsof31ar3clesoutliningtheprinciplesofhumanrightsbutisnotalegallybindingtreaty.TheDeclara3onchallengedstates’exclusivejurisdic3onovertheirownci3zensandweakenedthe

principleofnon-interferenceindomes3caffairs.

IB Global Politics at UWC Costa Rica

WARCRIMES

W W W. G L O P O I B . W O R D P R E S S . C O M

Inhumaneactsagainstcivilianswhoarenotenemyna3onals.Examplesincludewilfulkilling,tortureorinhumantreatment,andthewantondestruc3onandappropria3onofpropertynotjus3fiedbymilitary

necessity.