after psychoanalysis chapter 14. splintered movement within 20 years of its founding freud never...
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AfterPsychoanalysis
Chapter 14
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Splintered movement
Within 20 years of its founding Freud never again spoke to the rebels
Carl Jung: supposed to be Freud’s “heir” Alfred Adler Karen Horney
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de-emphasize biological forces; emphasize social and psychological forces
minimize the import of infantile sexuality
more independent role for ego
Psychoanalysis after Freud
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Anna Freud (1895-1982) Her life
The youngest of Freud’s six children; not a welcomed child
least preferred daughter, lonely and unhappy childhood
became her father’s favorite child early interest in her father’s work
attended meetings of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society from the age of 14
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Contributions to psychoanalysis
pioneered psychoanalysis of children considered children's relative immaturity considered children’s lack of verbal skills innovative methods
the use of play materials the observation of the child in the home
responsible for elaborating defense mechanisms
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Carl Jung (1875-1961)
Background Lonely childhood, filled with fantasy professional reputation established before he
met Freud 1906: began correspondence with Freud Supposed to be Freud’s successor and heir age 38: severe emotional problems for 3-year
period
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Carl Jung autobiographical influences, particularly with
regard to views of about sex Oedipus complex not relevant to his childhood
experience no major adult sexual hang-ups preferred company of women had affairs isolation as child reflected in his theoretical focus on
inner growth rather than social relationships sex plays a minimal role in explaining human motivation
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Forces that influence personality
Freud
Jung
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Archetypes:
inherited tendencies within the collective unconscious
predispose one to behave in a manner like one’s ancestors
Examples: Shadow
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Introversion and extraversion
Extravert
Introvert
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
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Alfred Adler (1870-1973)
Background Sickly as child, poor student
Closer to father than mother
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Individual psychology
Some of his ideas: Social interest
Inferiority complex
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Comment
So, how did Adler differ from freud? much more optomistic, sex not important social, not biological motivators emphasized conscious thoughts over
unconscious ones
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The Evolution of Personality Theory: Humanistic Psychology
Some 15 to 20 theories represent were derived in some respect from Freudian psychoanalytic theory
Like Wundt, Freud presented a system of thought that both brought followers and motivated revolt
Freudian theory was a point of revolt, not a base, for humanistic psychology
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The Zeitgeist: the 1960s
protest against Western mechanism and materialism
emphasis on the present hedonism and personal fulfillment belief in human perfectibility
tendency to self-disclose
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In general, humanistic psychology…
intended to replace other two main “forces” in psychology
Behaviorism Psychoanalysis
Humanistic psychology
Not just a revision or adaptation of prior schools
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The nature of humanistic psychology
Criticisms of behaviorism narrow, artificial, sterile too deterministic, no free will reduces humans to animal-like S-R
components, dehumanizing
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Criticisms of Freudianism also deterministic and mechanistic minimization of consciousness exclusion of normals from study
The nature of humanistic psychology
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basic themes of humanistic psychology emphasis on the positive rather than the
negative in human traits and goals focus on conscious experience belief in free will confidence in unity of human personality
The nature of humanistic psychology
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Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
Overview spiritual father of humanistic psychology garnered academic respectability for the
movement goal:
to understand the highest achievements of which humans are capable
research: Identify characteristics of healthy people Wertheimer: prototype of healthy person
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the hierarchy of needs physiological safety belonging and love esteem self-actualization
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
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Self-actualization: involves active use of all of one’s traits
and talents involves the growth and realization of
one’s potential peak experiences self-actualized persons: free of neurosis,
middle-aged or older
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
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Comment
criticism small sample sizes preclude generalizability subjects selected according to Maslow’s
subjective criteria terms are ambiguous and inconsistently
defined
rebuttal: no other way to study self-actualization; perceived work as preliminary
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Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
Overview developed person-centered therapy
client is responsible for change assumes one can consciously and rationally
alter one’s thoughts and behavior
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Self-actualization
a drive to make oneself better
unconditional positive regard: love and acceptance regardless of your
behavior leads to self-acceptance (healthy) rather
than conditions of worth (unhealthy) mother-child relationship: key to
actualization
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Did not become a part of the mainstream of psychological thought
Why? Practitioners in private practice rather than
academia Comparatively little research and few
publications No graduate training programs Ill-timed attacks on the psychoanalytic and
behaviorism, schools already in decline
Humanistic psychology
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The changing zeitgeist in physics
Rejection of the mechanistic model of the universe
Shift of focus of scientific investigation From an independent and objectively knowable
universe To one’s own subjective observation of that
universe I.E., objective knowledge is really subjective
Scientific psychology resisted the new physics for at least 50 years
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The founding of cognitive psychology
No single founder Two scholars contributed groundbreaking
work: George Miller Ulric Neisser
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George Miller (1920- )
His life Behaviorism
Miller accepted it as the primary school (had no choice)
Mid-1950s: determined behaviorism was inadequate
1956: classic article “the magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information”
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The nature of cognitive psychology
Differs from behaviorism Focus on the process of knowing Interest in how the mind structures or
organizes experience The person actively and creatively
arranges the stimuli received from the environment
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Unconscious cognition
The new unconscious or nonconscious Not the same as Freud's concept More rational than emotional Is involved in the first stage of human cognition
The response to a stimulus An integral part of information processing
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Subliminal perception We can be influenced by stimuli that we are not
aware of Process of acquiring knowledge
Occurs at both conscious and nonconscious levels, but mostly at the nonconscious level
Nonconscious information processing is faster and more complicated
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Current status
Cognitive psychology is a success Its impact is felt by most areas of
psychology It has influenced psychology in Europe and
Russia It has influenced areas outside psychology
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Criticisms Opposed by behaviorists Considerable confusion about
terminology and definitions Overemphasis on cognition
Ignored other influences such motivation and emotion
Became fixated on thought processes
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Schools of Thought in Perspective
All earlier schools (except psychoanalysis) absorbed into mainstream
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How did each school of thought contribute to the science of psychology?
Wundt’s psychology & Structuralism Functionalism Behaviorism Gestalt psychology Psychoanalysis Humanistic psychology Cognitive psychology