against amateur economies spec work

Upload: ventolin

Post on 02-Jun-2018

219 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    1/21

    Cultural Studies Review

    volume 19 number 1 March 2013

    http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/csrj/index

    pp. 22848

    !Helen Kennedy 2013

    ISSN 1837-8692

    Against Amateur Economies

    Spec Work Competitions and the Anti-spec Movement

    HELEN KENNEDY

    UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS

    !"# %&'# ()* %&'# +, -"# (.(-#/% 0/1-/%(1 2%+*/0#% "(' 3##) 4%##-#* 5&-" ('2#0-(0/1(% (.+/)- +, 0#1#3%(-+%6 %"#-+%&07 &) 3+-" 2+2/1(% ()* (0(*#.&0 5%&-&)489

    :#'2&-# '+.# 0%&-&0&'.' +, (.(-#/% 2(%-&0&2(-&+) &) 0/1-/%(1 #0+)+.';3#0(/'# &-

    %#'/1-' &) &),#%&+% +% 3#0(/'#

    )#5 +22+%-/)&-' ,+% 2%+,&-?.(@&)4 ()* 0+)-%+1 %#'/1- ,%+. -"# #A-%(0-&+) +, *(-(

    ,%+. (.(-#/% 0+)-#)-B;+2-&.&'-&07 0#1#3%(-+%6 *&'0+/%'#' +, -"# (.(-#/% 2%#C(&18

    !"&' (%-&01# 0+/)-#%3(1()0#' -"# *+.&)()- 0#1#3%(-+%6 *&'0+/%'# '/%%+/)*&)4

    (.(-#/% #0+)+.' 36 ,+0/'&)4 +) '+.# +, &-' .+%# )#4(-&C# 0+)'#

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    2/21

    Helen KennedyAgainst Amateur Economies 229

    ,+% 2(6.#)- ,+% ( *#'&4) F+3 5"&0" -"#6 (11 /)*#%-(@#8 G) -"&' '#)'#7 -"# '2#0 5+%@

    0+.2#-&-&+) &' +)# .()&,#'-(-&+) +, -"# (.(-#/% #0+)+.68 D2#0 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)'

    .+3&1&'# ( 2%+0#'' -"(- &' 3#0+.&)4 &)0%#('&)416 0#)-%(1 -+ (.(-#/% #0+)+.'H

    0%+5*'+/%0&)47 +% -"# +/-'+/%0&)4 +, -('@' "&'-+%&0(116 0(%%* +/- 36 2(&*

    #.21+6##' -+ -"# 0+11#0-&C# 1(3+/% +, ( 4%+/2 +, C+1/)-##%'8

    I%+5*'+/%0#* '2#0/1(-&C# 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)' (%# 0%&-&0&'#* 36 ()-&?'2#0 *#'&4)

    2%+,#''&+)(1' ,+% ( )/.3#% +, %#('+)'8 !"#'# &)01/*# -"(- '/0" 0+.2#-&-&+)' *#C(1/#

    *#'&4)J -"#6 +,,#% /),(&% 0+.2#)'(-&+)J -"#6 0() %#'/1- &) 2%+31#.(-&0 1(5'/&-'J -"#6

    #.21+6 .&)+%'J ()* -"#6 1#(* -+ ( "+'- +, /)#-"&0(1 2%(0-&0#'7 36 01)-'7 0+.2#-&-&+)

    "+'-' ()* *#'&4)#%'8 G)'-#(* +, 2(%-&0&2(-&)4 &) '2#0/1(-&C# 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)'7

    -"#%#,+%#7 0%&-&0' 2%+2+'#!"# %# 5+%@ (' ( .+%# #-"&0(1 (1-#%)(-&C#8 K#%#7 G (%4/#

    -"(- '/0" %#'2+)'#' -+ '2#0 5+%@ (%# )+- '&.216 -"# 2()&0@#* %#(0-&+)' +, (

    2%+,#''&+) /)*#% -"%#(- +, &)C('&+) 36 (.(-#/% -%++2'7 (' &' &.21* &) '+.#

    (0(*#.&0 0+..#)-(%68 L(-"#%7 0%&-&0(1 %#'2+)'#' -+ '2#0 5+%@ )##* -+ 3#

    /)*#%'-++* &) %#1(-&+) -+ -"# 2%+,#''&+)(1 #-"&0' +, *#'&4)#%'7 5"&0" .()6 ,##1 (%#

    -"%+5) &)-+

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    3/21

    VOLUME19NUMBER1MAR2013230

    '2#05(-0"8&),+VW7 (' 5#11 (' *&(1+4/#' 5&-" 2#+21# 5+%@&)4 &) -"# ()-&?'2#0

    .+C#.#)-8

    THE RISE AND RISE OF THE AMATEUR

    !"# -#%. (.(-#/% &' /'#* -+ *#'0%&3# ( 2#%'+) 5"+ #)4(4#' &) 2(%-&0/1(% 2/%'/&-'

    5&-"+/- 2(6 +% ,+%.(1 -%(&)&)4 3#0(/'# +, ( 2(''&+)(-# &)-#%#'- &)7 +% 1+C# +,7 -"#

    2/%'/&-;-"# 5+%* *+#'7 (,-#% (117 *#%&C# ,%+. -"# E%#)0" Y(.(-#/%Z7 +% Y1+C#% +,Z8 !"#

    %#0#)- %&'# +, -"# 0/1-/%#?2%+*/0&)4 (.(-#/% &' 4#)#%(116 (''+0&(-#* 5&-" -"# 3&%-" +,

    X#3 =8[ ()* -"# 2+''&3&1&-' ,+% 2(%-&0&2(-&+) -"(- %#1(-#* -#0")+1+4' +2#)#* /28

    \#)@1#%Z' '() *)+,-( #. /)-0#"1 ()* \%/)'Z 2,#345 *616!)76+5 8)9#&7 :6.) +&7

    2);#&7 (%# -5+ +, -"# 3#'-?@)+5) 0+..#)-(%' +) -"# %&'# +, (.(-#/% 0/1-/%(1

    2%+*/0-&+) &) )#-5+%@#*7 X#3 =8[ #)C&%+).#)-'8 \#)@1#% 0#1#3%(-#' -"# )#5 '#- +,

    -#0")&0(17 #0+)+.&07 '+0&(1 ()* &)'-&-/-&+)(1 %#1(-&+)' -"(- %#'/1- ,%+. -"# )#-5+%@#*

    &),+%.(-&+) #0+)+.67 5"&0" 1#(* -+ %(*&0(116 *#0#)-%(1&'#* )+)?.(%@#- 2%+*/0-&+)

    ()* Y&)0%#('#* 2%(0-&0(1 &)*&C&*/(1 (/-+)+.6Z ()* 0%#(-# ( 2%+*/0-&+) '2(0# ,+% -"#

    (.(-#/% -+ +00/268] K# 01(&.' -"(- Y&) -"# )#-5+%@#* &),+%.(-&+) #)C&%+).#)-7

    #C#%6+)# &' ,%## -+ +3'#%C#7 %#2+%-7

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    4/21

    Helen KennedyAgainst Amateur Economies 231

    0+)-#)- (%# 3+-" '&.216 )+*#' &) ( )#/-%(1 )#-5+%@ ()* 0+../)&0(-# 5&-" #(0"

    +-"#% +) () # !5&--#%Z' 3&%* 1+4+ 5(' ,(.+/'16

    0%+5*'+/%0#* ,+% +)16 gO -"%+/4" &D-+0@2"+-+7 (' 5#%# -%()'1(-&+)' +, ('2#0-' +,

    E(0#3++@ ()* c&)@#*G)89B Q-"#% ,+%.' +, 1(3+/% 5"&0" "(C# 3##) 0%+5*'+/%0#*

    &)01/*# -"# 4#)#%(-&+) +, 2%+*/0- &*#('8 I+.2/-#% 0+.2()6 :#117 ,+% #A(.21#7 %/)'

    G*#(D-+%.7 5"&0" (11+5' &-' /'#%' -+ '/44#'- 2%+*/0- &*#('7 '+.# +, 5"&0"

    #C#)-/(116 4#- 3/&1- ()* '"&22#*89N D2&)?+,,' ,%+. 0%+5*'+/%0&)4 &)01/*#

    0%+5*,/)*&)47 '/0" (' 2%(0-&0#* 36 -"# +)1&)# 0+11(3+%(-&C# ,&1. 0+../)&-6

    X%#0@(.+C 5"&0" 0%+5*'+/%0#' ,&)()0# ,+% ,&1. .(@&)4 (' 5#11 (' ,&1.

    2%+*/0-&+) -('@'89OI%+5*'+/%0&)4 C#)-/%#' 1&@# -"#'# (%# 5#10+.#* 36 \%/)' 3#0(/'# -"#6 '#%C#

    -+ .(@# -"# Y)+*#' &) -"# 2%+*/0-&+) )#-5+%@Z #

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    5/21

    VOLUME19NUMBER1MAR2013232

    @&)* -"(- (%# '+.#-&.#' 0(2-/%#* -"%+/4" 0%+5*'+/%0&)48 G) i#)@&)'Z =#&>)"3)&9)

    =?,-?") -"#%# &' ( 3%, *&'0/''&+) +, "+5 c/0(',&1. %#'2+)*#* -+ (.(-#/%

    2%+*/0-&+)' -"(- *%#5 +) .(-#%&(1 ,%+. 8-+" *+"4&) 5"&0" i#)@&)' '/44#'-' -"(- -"#

    4(.#' 3%()0" +, -"# 0+.2()6 (00+..+*(-#* -"#. ()* -"# ,&1. 3%()0" (--#.2-#*

    -+ '/22%#'' -"#.89] X&-"&) F+/%)(1&'. '0"+1(%'"&27 .+%# #A-#)'&C# %#'#(%0" "('

    3##) 0(%%* +/- &)-+ -"# %()4# +, 5(6' (.(-#/% (0-&C&-6 "(' () &.2(0- +) 2(&*

    2%+,#''&+)(1'7 '/0" (' F+/%)(1&'-'Z )#4+-&(-&+)' +, -"#&% %#1(-&+)'"&2' 5&-" /'#%'J -"#

    0"(11#)4#' +, (.(-#/% 0+)-#)- ,+% )#5'%++.'J ()* F+/%)(1&'-'Z 2#%0#2-&+)' +, -"#

    #,,#0-' +, (.(-#/% 0+)-#)- +) )#5'%++. )+%.'7 C(1/#' ()* %+/-&)#'89^E/%-"#% '/0"

    %#'#(%0"7 ()* -"#

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    6/21

    Helen KennedyAgainst Amateur Economies 233

    M .+%# '&4)&,&0()- 0%&-&0&'. +, (.(-#/% 0/1-/%(1 2%+*/0-&+)

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    7/21

    VOLUME19NUMBER1MAR2013234

    ,##1&)4 -"# Y2(&) +, 3#&)4 3/%)#* 36 *&4&-(1 .#*&(Z8=]f+%# %#0#)-167 (0@)+51#*4&)4

    -"# &.2+%-()- 0+)-%&3/-&+) .(*# 36 !#%%()+C(Z' '#.&)(1 (%-&01#7 K#'.+)*"(14"=^

    ('@#* &, ,%## 1(3+/% &' (15(6' )#0#''(%&16 #A21+&-(-&C#7 2+&)-&)4 -+ ( %()4# +, -62#' +,

    Y,%##Z 1(3+/% 5"&0" (%# 5&11,/116 4&C#) ()* #)F+6#* U-+ /'# !#%%()+C(Z' -#%.'W7 '/0"

    (' ,++-3(11 0+(0"&)4 +% 21(6&)4 ./'&07 3/- 5"&0"7 "# (%4/#'7 0())+- 3# *##.#* -+ 3#

    Y#A21+&-(-&C#Z &) -"# '(.# 5(6 -"(- +-"#% ,+%.' +, ,%## 1(3+/% 0() 3#8 E+%

    K#'.+)*"(14"7 -"# &)-#%)'"&2 '6'-#.7 %(2&*16 4%+5&)4 (0%+'' -"# 41+3#7 &' ( ./0"

    .+%# -%+/31&)4 #A(.21# +, ,%## 1(3+/% -"()7 '(67 E(0#3++@ /'#%' Y1&@&)4Z 2%+*/0-'

    ()* -"#%#,+%# 2%+*/0&)4 *(-( -"(- "(' C(1/# ,+% 0+..#%0&(1 0+.2()'8 L+''

    S#%1&)Z' K&-)"& /+-6#& 2%+C&*#' ( 0+.2%#"#)'&C# (00+/)- +, -"# 2%+31#. +,

    &)-#%)'"&2'8=e

    K#%#7 G 3%&)4 -+4#-"#% C() :&F0@Z' (%4/.#)- -"(- 5# )##* -+ (0@)+51#*4# -"#

    5(6' &) 5"&0" -62#' ()* 0+)*&-&+)' +, (.(-#/% (0-&C&-6 C(%6 5&-" K#'.+)*"(14"Z'

    '/44#'-&+) -"(- '+.# ,+%.' +, ,%## +% (.(-#/% 1(3+/% (%# +, 4%#(-#% 0+)0#%) -"()

    +-"#%'8 :#'&4)#%' -"#.'#1C#' (--#)* -+ '/0" *&,,#%#)0#'8 T1'#5"#%#7 G "(C# (%4/#*

    -"(- U5#3W *#'&4)#%' %#'2+)* 2+'&-&C#16 -+ ,+%.' +, (.(-#/% 2%+*/0-&+) -"(- *+ )+-

    /)*#%.&)# 2%+,#''&+)(1 C(1/#'7 '/0" (' /'#%?4#)#%(-#* 0+)-#)- 2%+*/0#* ,+% -"#

    5#3'&-#' -"(- -"#6 *#'&4)7 5"&0" &' '##) (' '+.#-"&)4 -+ 3# 0/%(-#*8>[ :#'&4)#%'Z

    %#'2+)'#' -+ -"&' @&)* +, (.(-#/% (0-&C&-6 *&,,#% ,%+. -"#&% %#'2+)'#' -+ '2#0 5+%@

    ,+% -"# %#('+)' "&)-#* (- 36 K#'.+)*"(14" ()* C() :&F0@H -"# ,+%.#% &' +, 1#''

    0+)0#%) 3#0(/'# &- &' )+- '##) -+ /)*#%.&)# 2%+,#''&+)(1 #-"&0' ()* 3#0(/'# -"#

    -#%.' +, 2(%-&0&2(-&+) (%# 0+)'&*#%#* (00#2-(31#8 !"# #-"&0' ()* C(1/#' +, *#'&4)#%'

    -"#%#,+%# 21(6 ( '&4)&,&0()- %+1# &) *#'&4)#%'Z )#4+-&(-&+) +, (.(-#/% (0-&C&-68 D-/*'

    &) F+/%)(1&'.7 0&-#* (3+C#7 "(C# (1'+ ,+/)* -"(- 2%+,#''&+)(1 F+/%)(1&'-&0 C(1/#' 21(6

    ( %+1# &) "+5 F+/%)(1&'-' #)4(4# 5&-" (.(-#/% (0-&C&-68 !"# #-"&0(1 ,+%.(-&+) +,

    0/1-/%(1 5+%@#%' &),1/#)0#' -"#&% %#'2+)'#' -+ *&'-&)0- ,+%.' +, (.(-#/% 2%+*/0-&+)7

    5"&0" -"#%#,+%# )##* -+ 3# *&,,#%#)-&(-#*8 !"&' 2%+2+'(1 /)*#%1&)#' -"# *&'0/''&+) &)-"# %#'- +, -"&' (%-&01#8

    G) -"&' *&'0/''&+) G 3/&1* +) %#0#)- '0"+1(%'"&2 -"(- .&4"- 3# '(&* -+ %#2%#'#)- (

    Y-/%) -+ C(1/#'Z 5&-"&) 0/1-/%(1 &)*/'-%' '-/*'8>9!"&' '0"+1(%'"&2 "&4"1&4"-' -"#

    %+1# 21(6#* 36 -"# #-"&0' +, &)*&C&*/(1 0/1-/%(1 5+%@#%' &) -"# 5(6' -"#6 (22%+(0"

    -"#&% 5+%@7 ()* 2+&)-' -+ -"# C(1/#' -"(- /)*#%1 )+-&+)' +, 2%+,#''&+)(1&'. &)

    *&,,#%#)- ,*' +, 0/1-/%(1 5+%@8 E+11+5&)4 &) -"&' -%(*&-&+)7 G (%4/# -"(- 0%&-&0(1

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    8/21

    Helen KennedyAgainst Amateur Economies 235

    %#'2+)'#' -+ '2#0 5+%@ ,%+. 5&-"&) -"# *#'&4) 2%+,#''&+) )##* -+ 3# /)*#%'-++* &)

    %#1(-&+) -+ -"# 2%+,#''&+)(1 #-"&0' ()* C(1/#' +, *#'&4)#%'7 5"&0" '+.# ,##1 (%#

    -"%+5) &)-+ > +2#) 2%+F#0-'7 ()* () (C#%(4# +, 99] *#'&4)' 2#%

    2%+F#0- 5#%# 3#&)4 2%+*/0#*8 QC#% +)# .&11&+) *+11(%' "(* 3##) 2(&* +/- &) -"#

    2%#C&+/' .+)-"8 M 0+/21# +, 6#(%' #(%1%7 &) E#3%/(%6 =[9[7 ee*#'&4)' 01(&.#* -+

    "(C# (1.+'- '&A-6 -"+/'()* 2(%-&0&2()-'7 "(* %/) .+%# -"() -"&%-6?'#C#) -"+/'()*

    0+)-#'-'7 %#0#&C#* >7O]B7=O= *#'&4)' ()* (5(%*#* ge7B[B7]^e &) 2%&_# .+)#68

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    9/21

    VOLUME19NUMBER1MAR2013236

    ee*#'&4)' "(' 3##) '/3F#0- -+ 2(%-&0/1(%16 C+0&,#%+/' (--(0@ 36 *#'&4)#%' -(@&)4

    () ()-&?'2#0 '-()0#8 I%&-&0&'.' 1#C#11#* (- ee*#'&4)' ()* +-"#% 0+.2()' "+'-&)4

    '2#0 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)' (%# )/.#%+/'7 ()* 0() 3# '/..(%&'#* (' ,+11+5'H -"#6

    *#C(1/# *#'&4)J -"#6 +,,#% /),(&% 0+.2#)'(-&+)J -"#6 0() %#'/1- &) 2%+31#.(-&0

    1(5'/&-'J -"#6 #.21+6 .&)+%'J ()* -"#6 1#(* -+ ( "+'- +, /)#-"&0(1 2%(0-&0#'7 36

    01)-'7 0+.2#-&-&+) "+'-' ()* *#'&4)#%' -"#.'#1C#'8 G '(6 .+%# (3+/- #(0" +, -"#'#

    3#1+58

    !"# .(&) 0%&-&0&'. +, '2#0/1(-&C# 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)' 1&@# -"+'# "+'-#* 36

    ee*#'&4)' &' -"(- '/0" &)&-&(-&C#' ,(&1 -+ (0@)+51#*4# -"# C(1/# +, *#'&4)8 f+0@&)4

    -"# YC(1/#Z -"(- ee*#'&4)' (--(0"#' -+ *#'&4) 5+%@ (- -"# E/-/%# +, X#3 :#'&4)

    0+),#%#)0# &) c+)*+) &) =[[^7 M/'-%(1&() *#'&4)#% \%#-- X#10" '/44#'-#* -"(-

    *&C&*&)4 -"# -+-(1 2%&_# .+)#6 36 -"# -+-(1 )/.3#% +, *#'&4)' '/3.&--#* 5+/1* 4&C#

    () &)*&0(-&+) +, F/'- "+5 ./0" ee*#'&4)' U*#WC(1/#' *#'&4)8 !(@&)4 -"# '#0+)* '#-

    +, ,&4/%#' 2%#'#)-#* (3+C#7 -"(- 5+/1* .#()H ge7B[B7]^e 2%&_# .+)#6 V >7O]B7=O=

    *#'&4)' p F/'- /)*#% g=8NO 2#% '/3.&--#* *#'&4)8 M1-"+/4" -"&' *+#' )+- %#,1#0-

    (0-/(1 (.+/)-' 2(&* +/-7 &- 5(' /'#* -+ '/44#'- -"(- -"# 0+.2()6 (--(0"#* C#%6 1&--1#

    C(1/# -+ -"# 1(3+/% +, *#'&4)8

    M)-&?'2#0 0(.2(&4)#%' (%4/# -"(- '2#0 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)' *#C(1/# *#'&4)

    3#0(/'# -"#6 ,(&1 -+ (0@)+51#*4# ,/116 -"# 1(3+/% &)C+1C#* &) -"# *#'&4) 2%+0#''8

    f()6 *#'&4)#%' (%4/# -"(- Y*#'&4) &' +)16 2(%-16 *#0+%(-&+)Z8>> :#'&4) &' 2%&.(%&16

    2%+31#. '+1C&)47 ()* C&'/(1 *#'&4) '"+/1* '-(%- +)16 (,-#% #A-#)'&C# 0+../)&0(-&+)

    3#-5##) 01)- ()* *#'&4)#%7 5"&0"7 &) -/%)7 '"+/1* 01(%&,6 2%#0&'#16 5"(- 2%+31#.'

    )##* -+ 3# '+1C#*8 M' -"# 5#3'&-# +, +)# ()-&?'2#0 +%4()&'(-&+)7 PQRDSTI7 '-(-#'7 -"#

    *#'&4) 2%+0#'' &' Y.+%# -"() '&.216 -(22&)4 (- ( @#63+(%* +% 01&0@&)4 ( .+/'#8 G-Z'

    (3+/- /)*#%'-()*&)4 -"# )(-/%# +, ( 0+../)&0(-&+) 0"(11#)4# ()* -"#) /'&)4 +)#Z'

    3%(&) -+ ,&)* -"# (22%+2%&(-# '+1/-&+)8Z>BD2#0 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)' ,(&1 -+ (0@)+51#*4#

    -"&'7 1#(2&)4 &)-+ -"# *#'&4) 2%+0#'' (- -"# Y*#0+%(-&+)Z 2"('#7 &- &' (%4/#*8 I1)-'1+'# +/- 3#0(/'#7 (00+%*&)4 -+ '+.# 0%&-&0'7 &) -"# (3'#)0# +, 0+../)&0(-&+)7

    *#'&4)#%' 0())+- -"+%+/4"16 %#'#(%0" -"# C&'/(1 0+../)&0(-&+) 0"(11#)4# 3#&)4

    2+'#*7 ()* -"#%#,+%# 0())+- 2%+*/0# () (22%+2%&(-# *#'&4) '+1/-&+) ,+% -"# 01)-8

    D+ 2++%

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    10/21

    Helen KennedyAgainst Amateur Economies 237

    X"#) *#'&4)#%' *#(1 5&-" 01)-'7 -"#6 3/&1* ( %#1(-&+)'"&28 !"&'

    %#1(-&+)'"&2 3#4&)' ,%+. -"# C#%6 ,&%'- &.2%#''&+) +)# "(' +, -"# +-"#%7 ()*

    &*#(116 0+)-&)/#' ,+% .()6 6#(%'8

    M' -"# 01)-7 6+/ '"+/1* @)+5 -"(- 6+/% *#'&4)#% C(1/#' 6+/%

    3/'&)#''8 !"#6Z%# )+- 2%+C&*&)4 6+/ 5&-" ( *#'&4) 3('#* 2/%#16 +)

    (#'-"#-&0'7 ()* +)# -"(- -++@ 2#%"(2' >[ .&)/-#' -+ 0%#(-#8 !"#6Z%#

    1++@&)4 *##2 &)-+ 6+/% 3/'&)#'' 21()7 6+/% 0+.2()6 .&''&+)7 6+/%

    3(0@4%+/)*7 6+/% 5(6 +, *#(1&)4 5&-" 2#+21#7 ()* .()6 +-"#% ('2#0-'

    6+/% 3%()*8>O

    X"(- &' 1+'- &) '2#0 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)'7 (00+%*&)4 -+ -"#&% 0%&-&0'7 &' *#'&4)

    2%+,#''&+)(1&'.H 0%&-&0' 1&@# M&%#6 2+&)- -+ -"# C(1/# +, *#'&4)#%'Z 2%+,#''&+)(1

    #A2#%-&'# &) 9#

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    11/21

    VOLUME19NUMBER1MAR2013238

    01)-' -"&)@&)4 +, '-(%-&)4 ( *#'&4) 0+.2#-&-&+)H YX+/1* 6+/ 5+%@ ,+% ,%## 5&-" -"#

    "+2# +, SQDDG\ch 3#&)4 2%+2#%16 0+.2#)'(-#*oZ>e!"# 2%+.+-&+) +, -"&' 2(%-&0/1(%

    @&)* +, Y,%## 1(3+/%Z -"%+/4" '2#0 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)' &' ,%0#16 0%&-&0&'#*7 *#'0%&3#*

    36 PQRDSTI (' Y( *&'%#2/-(31# 2%(0-&0# &) ()* +, &-'#1,Z8 I%&-&0' +, '2#0 5+%@ ,/%-"#%

    #.2"('&'# -"&' 2+&)- 36 0+.2(%&)4 '2#0 5+%@ 2%+0#''#' &) *#'&4) &)*/'-%' 5&-"

    -"# +2#%(-&+)' +, +-"#% -%(*#'8 G) %#'2+)'# -+ () (%-&01# 2%+01(&.&)4 -"# 3#)#,&-' +, (

    1+4+ *#'&4) 0+)-#'- ,+% ( -##) '/&0&*# 2%#C#)-&+) +%4()&'(-&+)7 +)# 0+..#)-(-+%

    ('@#* &, -"# (/-"+% 5+/1* 2(6 +)16 +)# +, -5#1C# .#0"()&0' 5"+ ,&A#* "&' 0(%8B[

    M)+-"#% '(&*H YP+ *+/3- T%&0 r-"# (/-"+%s &' 2#%,#0-16 5&11&)4 -+ 2+'- KGD F+3 q ()*

    '## &, '+.#+)# &' 5&11&)4 -+ -(@# ( 1&--1# 1#'' .+)#6 -+ *+ 5"(- "# *+#'oZ

    M' 5#11 (' *#C(1/&)4 *#'&4) 5+%@ ()* ,+%0&)4 *+5) 2(67 '2#0 5+%@

    0+.2#-&-&+)' (%# 0%&-&0&'#* 3#0(/'# +, -"# 2+-#)-&(116 *(.(4&)4 1#4(1 0+)'#

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    12/21

    Helen KennedyAgainst Amateur Economies 239

    %&4"-' -+ -"#&% +5) 0%#(-&C# 5+%@7 2(''&)4 -"#. +C#% -+ 0+.2#-&-&+) "+'-'8 !"&'

    0+)-%('-' '"(%216 5&-" -"# 2%(0-&0# 0+..+) &) 2%+,#''&+)(1 %#1(-&+)'"&2'7 5"&0"

    &)C+1C#' -"# 01)- ()* *#'&4)#% '2#0&,6&)4 -"# %&4"-' +, /'(4# +, *#'&4) 5+%@ &) ()

    &)&-&(1 0+)-%(0-8 G) -"# (3'#)0# +, '/0" 01#(%16 '2#0&,* (%%()4#.#)-'7 0+.2#-&-&+)

    "+'-' +% 01)-' 0() #.21+6 0"#(2#% *#'&4)#%' -+ .+*&,6 '/3.&--#* *#'&4)' ()* 2(''

    -"#. +,, (' -"#&% +5)7 5&-"+/- ./0" ,#(% +, 1#4(1 %#-%&3/-&+)8 M) #A(.21# +, &11?

    *#,&)#* /'(4# %&4"-' 0() 3# '##) &) ( 3%+0"/%# 2%+.+-&)4 ( '-/*#)- '2#0 5+%@

    0+.2#-&-&+) &) -"# )+%-" +, T)41()* &) =[997 0(11#* !5+ \&%*' Q)# D-+)#8 K#%#7

    01)-'7 +% Y3%()* 2(%-)#%'Z7 5#%# #)0+/%(4#* -+ 2(%-&0&2(-# &) -"# 0+.2#-&-&+)

    3#0(/'# -"#6 5+/1* 3#)#,&- ,%+. Y.+%# 0(.2(&4) &*#(' -"() () &),&)&-# (.+/)- +,

    .+)@#6' 0+/1* 2%+*/0# 5&-" () &),&)&-# (.+/)- +, 3%(&)'-+%.'Z8B=X&-" -"#'# 5+%*'7

    -"# 3%+0"/%# '/44#'-#* -"(- 3%()* 2(%-)#%' .&4"- 3/&1* +) &*#(' 2%#'#)-#* 36

    1+'&)4 '-/*#)-'7 5&-"+/- -"# '-/*#)-' 4#--&)4 ()6 0%#*&- ,+% -"#&% 5+%@ +% "(C&)4 ()6

    1#4(1 %#0+/%'#8 !"/' -"#%# (%# )#4(-&C# 1#4(17 (' 5#11 (' ,&)()0&(17 0+)'#M' D-#C#

    :+/41(' 2/-' &-7 5%&-&)4 +) '() :#3# M+9-#";7 YD2#0 5+%@ 5#3'&-#' 2&-0" -"# 5+%@ +,

    99?6#(%?+1*' (' ( C&(31# (1-#%)(-&C# -+ "&%&)4 2%+,#''&+)(1'8ZBB \+-" -"#'# 31+4'

    *&'21(6 '0%##)4%(3' +, -"# 2%+,&1#' +, .#.3#%' 5"+'# (4#' %()4# ,%+. #1#C#) -+

    ,&,-##) (' #C&*#)0#8 :+/41(' '/44#'-' -"(- .()6 .+%# 0"&1* 2(%-&0&2()-' .(6 1

    (3+/- -"#&% (4#'7 &) +%*#% -+ 3# -(@#) '#%&+/'16 &) '2#0 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)'8 M 2+'-

    -&-1#* Y!"# @&** *#'&4)#%' +, ee*#'&4)'Z +) c+4+ :#'&4) c+C# %#,#%' 3(0@ -+

    ee*#'&4)'Z '#1,?2%+.+-&+) (' ( 5+%1*?1#(*&)4 *#'&4) .(%@#-21(0# 5&-" -"# ,+11+5&)4(''#%-&+)H YG *+)Z- @)+5 5"(- 6+/% *#,&)&-&+) +, ( 1#(*&)4 3/'&)#'' &'7 3/- GZ* "(_(%* (

    4/#'' &- *+#')Z- &)01/*# '(&* 1#(*#% 0+11#0-&)4 &-' '"(%# +, 2(6.#)- /2?,%+)-7 -"#)

    "(C&)4 0"&1*%#) 2%+C&*# -"# '#%C&0#7 5&-" #(0" @&* .#%#16 "+2&)4 -+ 4#- 2(&*8Z BN

    !"#'# 2%(0-&0#' %(&'# ,/%-"#% 1#4(1 &''/#'7 '/0" (' 5"#-"#% (22%+2%&(-# 0"&1* 1(3+/%

    1(5' ,+% -"# /)*#% #&4"-##)' (%# -(@#) &)-+ (00+/)-8 !"# &11#4(1 #.21+6.#)- +,

    .&)+%' &' +, 0+/%'# () #-"&0(1 (' 5#11 (' 1#4(1 &''/#8

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    13/21

    VOLUME19NUMBER1MAR2013240

    !"/' (1-"+/4" 0%+5*'+/%0&)4 &' 5&*#16 /)*#%'-++* (' ( 2%(0-&0# -"(-

    +/-'+/%0#' 5+%@ -+ -"# )+)?2%+,#''&+)(1 0%+5*7 '2#0 5+%@ +%4()&'(-&+)' +,-#)

    (--#.2- -+ +3'0/%# -"# (.(-#/% 0"(%(0-#% +, -"#&% +2#%(-&+)'7 '/0" (' -"#

    &)C+1C#.#)- +, 0"&1*%#) &) -"#&% 0+.2#-&-&+)'8 ee*#'&4)' ()* '&.&1(% 0+.2()'

    '/0" (' I%+5*D2%&)4 *#'0%&3# -"#&% Y0+../)&-6 .#.3#%'Z (' *#'&4)#%'J &- &' 01#(%16

    )+- &) -"#&% &)-#%#'-' -+ "&4"1&4"- -"(- '&4)&,&0()- )/.3#%' +, .&)+%' ()* (.(-#/%'

    (%# &)01/*#* &) -"#&% )/.3#%'8 G)*##*7 .()6 ()-&?'2#0 0+..#)-(-+%' 2+&)- +/- -"(-

    -"# .(F+%&-6 +, !"#.)446#&+, *#'&4)#%' 5+/1* )+- 2(%-&0&2(-# &) '2#0 5+%@

    0+.2#-&-&+)'7 ,/%-"#% '/44#'-&)4 -"(- -"# 1(%4# )/.3#%' +, Y*#'&4)#%'Z +) '2#0 5+%@

    '&-#' (%# &)*##* )+)?2%+,#''&+)(1'8 D2#0 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)' 0+/1* 3# '##) ('

    (.(-#/% #0+)+.' .('[[8B] G) :+/41('Z' 31+42+'- (3+/- -"# (4# +, '2#0 5+%@

    2(%-&0&2()-'7 *&'0/''#* (3+C#7 "# 2+&)-' +/- -"(- (00/'(-&+)' 3#-5##) 2(%-&0&2()-'

    (%# %&,# &) *&'0/''&+) ,+%/.' (3+/- &)*&C&*/(1 0+.2#-&-&+)' +) '2#0 5+%@ '&-#';()*

    +,-#) ,+/1?.+/-"#*8 M' "# '/44#'-'7 -"&' &' )+- () &*#(1 #)C&%+).#)- ,+% 0"&1*%#) -+

    1#(%) (3+/- -"# *#'&4) Y2%+,#''&+)Z8B^

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    14/21

    Helen KennedyAgainst Amateur Economies 241

    I+.2#-&-&+) "+'-' (%# (1'+ /)#-"&0(17 '/44#'- 0%&-&0'7 2+&)-&)4 +/- -"(- "+'-' 2(6

    *#'&4)#%' +)16 ( '.(11 ,%(0-&+) +, -"# -+-(1 ,## 01(&.#* ,%+. 01)-'8 PQRDSTI

    0+.2(%#' '2#0 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)' -+ '5#(-'"+2'7 Y5"#%# -"# ,#5 3#)#,&- +C#% -"#

    .()6Z8BeG) ()+-"#% (%-&01# +) '() :#3# M+9-#";7 D-#C# :+/41(' (1'+ *%(5' (--#)-&+)

    -+ -"# /)#-"&0(1 5(6' &) 5"&0" -"# )/.3#%' +, (0-&C#7 2%+,#''&+)(17 *#'&4)#%

    2(%-&0&2()-' (%# 0+)'-%/0-#*8N[ K# 2+&)-' +/- -"(- ee*#'&4)Z' 9N>7[[[u ()*

    I%+5*'2%&)4Z' B]7[[[u .#.3#%' U(' 1&'-#* (- "&' -&.# +, 5%&-&)4W (0-/(116 %#,1#0-#*

    %#4&'-#%#* /'#%'7 )+- (0-&C# *#'&4)#%'7 ()* &)01/*#* &) -"#&% )/.3#%' 0+.2#-&-&+)

    "+'-'7 (' 5#11 (' .#.3#%' &)-#%#'-#* &) '/3.&--&)4 *#'&4)'8 Q, -"#'# -+-(1 )/.3#%'7

    +)16 (3+/- +)# -"&%* "(* '/3.&--#* *#'&4)'8 Q) I%+5*'2%&)47 +, -"# (22%+A&.(-#16

    ,&,-##) -"+/'()* Y*#'&4)#%' 5"+ "(C# 2(%-&0&2(-#*Z7 1#'' -"() -5+ -"+/'()* ,&C#

    "/)*%#* "(* '/3.&--#* .+%# -"() +)# *#'&4)8 M) ()(16'&' +, Y1('- '##)Z *(-#'

    '/44#'-#* -"(- Y-"# .(F+%&-6 +, -"#'# *#'&4)#%' 5&11 )+- 3# #)-#%&)4 ( I%+5*'2%&)4

    0+)-#'- (4(&)Z8 c&@# -"# 0+)'-%/0-&+) +, .#.3#%' (' Y*#'&4)#%'Z ()* -"#%#,+%#

    2%+,#''&+)(17 -"#'# ,&4/%#' 41+'' +C#% -"# (0-/(1 )/.3#%' +, (0-&C# 2(%-&0&2()-' &) (

    5(6 -"(- 0%&-&0' ,&)* 2%+31#.(-&0;()* /)#-"&0(18

    X&*#'2%#(* ()4#% (- '/0" /)#-"&0(1 2%(0-&0#' "(' 1#* -+ -"# #'-(31&'".#)- +, (

    %()4# +, ()-&?'2#0 &)&-&(-&C#'8 I+)0#%)#* (3+/- -"# &)0%#('&)4 )/.3#% +, 1#4&-&.(-#

    *#'&4) +22+%-/)&-' 3#&)4 %#21(0#* 36 '2#0 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)'7 PQRDSTI 5('

    #'-(31&'"#* -+ Y&)-#%,(0r#s 5&-" *#'&4)#%'7 #*/0(-+%'7 3/'&)#''#' ()* +%4()&_(-&+)'J

    q '#)* 2%+-#'- 1#--#%'J 5%&-r#s 2#-&-&+)' ()* 2+'-'Z8N9 M)+-"#% &)&-&(-&C#7 M)-&D2#07

    (&.' -+ .+3&1&'# *#'&4)#%' -+ 0+../)&0(-# -"# ()-&?'2#0 .#''(4#8N= G-' "+.#2(4#

    &)01/*#' )/.#%+/' -"/.3)(&1 &.(4#' +, *#'&4) 0+../)&-6 1#(*#%' ()* +-"#%

    *#'&4)#%' 5"+ '/22+%- -"# M)-&D2#0 0(.2(&4)7 (1.+'- -"%## -"+/'()* &) -+-(1 (- -"#

    -&.# +, 5%&-&)48 M)+-"#% &)&-&(-&C#7 D2#0X(-0"7 -(@#' ( *&,,#%#)- (22%+(0"8 G)'-#(* +,

    0(.2(&4)&)4 (4(&)'- '2#0 5+%@7 &- 2%#'#)-' ,(0-' ()* *(-( %#1(-&)4 -+ '2#0 5+%@7

    1&)@&)4 -+ 2/31&016 (C(&1(31# +)1&)# '+/%0#' -+ C#%&,6 -"# &),+%.(-&+)8 D2#0X(-0"7 1&@#M)-&D2#07 "(' 01+'# -+ -"%## -"+/'()* ,+11+5#%' +) !5&--#%8 !"#'# )/.3#%'7 (1+)4

    5&-" -"# )/.#%+/' %#'2+)'#' -+ 31+4 2+'-' *#3(-&)4 -"# '/3F#0- +, '2#0/1(-&C# 5+%@7

    2()#1' '/0" (' Y&' '2#0 5+%@ #C&1oZ (- -"# 2%#'-&4&+/' *&4&-(1 *#'&4)#%' DvXD& UD+/-"

    \6 D+/-" X#'- G)-#%(0-&C#W 0+),#%#)0#7 '/22+%- ,+% -"# ()-&?'2#0 .+C#.#)- ,%+.

    '&4)&,&0()- &)*&C&*/(1' 1&@# :#33 f&11.()7 2%#'&*#)- +, MG`M7 (%# (11 #C&*#)0# +, -"#

    '-%#)4-" +, +22+'&-&+) -+ '2#0 5+%@ ,%+. 5&-"&) -"# *#'&4) 2%+,#''&+)8

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    15/21

    VOLUME19NUMBER1MAR2013242

    G)'-#(* +, 2(%-&0&2(-&)4 &) '2#0 5+%@ &)&-&(-&C#'7 0%&-&0' (*C+0(-#!"# %#+%@J

    -"(- &'7 *+)(-&)4 2%+,#''&+)(1 #A2#%-&'#7 +% /)*#%-(@&)4 2%+,#''&+)(1 5+%@7 &) -"# ,/11

    @)+51#*4# -"(- )+ 2(6.#)- 5&11 3# %#0#&C#* U&) 0+)-%('- -+ '2#0 5+%@7 5"#%#

    2(%-&0&2()-' "+2# -+ 3# 2(&*W8 M '"+%-#% C#%'&+) +, -"# 2"%('# !"# %# !?%,69#7 +%

    Y,+% -"# 2/31&0 4++*Z7 2%+ 3+)+ 5+%@ &' 2%+2+'#* (' ( .+%# #-"&0(1 (1-#%)(-&C# -+ '2#0

    5+%@8 G) -"# 0('# +, -"# 1+4+ 0+)-#'- ,+% -"# -##) '/&0&*# 2%#C#)-&+) +%4()&'(-&+)

    .#)-&+)#* (3+C#7 0%&-&0' '/44#'-#* -"(-7 4&C#) -"# 0"(%&-(31# '-(-/' +, -"#

    +%4()&'(-&+) -"(- )##*#* -"# 1+4+7 -"# 01)- '"+/1* "(C# (22%+(0"#* ( *#'&4)#% ()*

    ('@#* "&. +% "#% -+ 2%+*/0# ( 1+4+ 2%+ 3+)+ &)'-#(* +, %/))&)4 ( '2#0 5+%@

    0+.2#-&-&+)8N>T1'#5"#%#7 (- -"# #)* +, ( 2%#'#)-(-&+) (3+/- 5#3 *#'&4) 5+%@,1+5 (-

    -"# M)TC#)-M2(%- 0+),#%#)0# &) I"&0(4+ &) =[[e7 5#3 *#'&4)#% ()* (/-"+% M)*6

    I1(%@# '/44#'-#* -"(-7 &) -"# -&.# '(C#* 36 (*+2-&)4 "&' 2%+2+'#* .#-"+*7 5#3

    *#'&4)#%' '"+/1* (22%+(0" 0"(%&-' ()* +-"#% +%4()&'(-&+)' Y,+% -"# 2/31&0 4++*Z

    ()* +,,#% -"#&% '#%C&0#' ,+% ,%##8 :#'&4)#% :(C&* M&%#6 (**' "&' C+&0# -+ -"&'

    (%4/.#)-H

    G, 6+/Z%# ( *#'&4)#% 5"+ -"&)@' -"(- *#'&4) 0+)-#'-' (%# ( 4++* 5(6 -+

    2%(0-&0#7 -"&)@ (3+/- -"&'H 6+/ 0+/1* "#(* +/- &)-+ -"# 1+0(1 0+../)&-6

    &)'-#(*7 ()* (22%+(0" )+)?2%+,&-' 5"+ 5+/1* 3# *#1&4"-#* 5&-" 6+/% "#128

    !"# 3#)#,&-' (%# ./0" 4%#(-#% -"() -(@&)4 2(%- &) ()6 0+)-#'-J 6+/Z%#

    4/(%()-##* ,##*3(0@7 6+/ &.2%+C# 6+/% 0+../)&0(-&+) '@&11'7 6+/% "(%*

    5+%@ &' 4+&)4 -+5(%*' ( 4++* 0(/'#7 ()* 6+/Z%# )#-5+%@&)4 5&-" 1+0(1

    3/'&)#'' +5)#%' -++ UC&-(1 &, 6+/ 21() +) 3#0+.&)4 '#1,?#.21+6#*W8NB

    P+- (11 0+..#)-(-+%' (%# #) 8!+9)7 ()+-"#% 0+..#)-(-+% 2+'-#* -"&' C#"#.#)- .#''(4# -+

    -"# 31+4 +5)#%H

    !"# +)16 %#('+) 6+/ "(C# ( 2%+31#. 5&-" '2#0 5+%@ &' 3#0(/'# &- -(@#'

    (5(6 ,%+. hQdL 5+%@8 G) ( *#.+0%(-&0 '+0-67 &-Z' /2 -+ 3/'&)#''

    1#(*#%'V+5)#%' -+ *#C#1+2 )#5 5(6' -+ 0%/'" -"# 0+.2#-&-&+)8 G '/44#'-

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    16/21

    Helen KennedyAgainst Amateur Economies 243

    6+/ '-+2 5"&)&)47 ()* /'# -"&' #)#%46 -+ ,&)* ( 3#--#% 5(6 -+ ,(--#)

    6+/% 2+0@#-'8NO

    D-#C# :+/41(' (0@)+51#*4#' -"(- (%4/.#)-' '/0" (' Y5#Z%# (11 (*/1-' "#%#Z ()* Y&-Z'

    +/% (*/1- 0"+&0# 5"#-"#% -+ #)-#% 0+.2#-&-&+)' +% )+-Z (%# 0+..+) *#,#)0#' +, '2#0

    5+%@ 3/-7 (' "# 01#(%16 *#.+)'-%(-#'7 )+- (11 0+.2#-&-&+) #)-%()-' (%# (*/1-'8N]

    S%+2+)#)-' +, '/0" C' (22#(% -+ (00#2- -"# &)0%#('&)4 2%#0(%&+/')#'' +, -"#

    0%#(-&C# &)*/'-%'7 .#)-&+)#* #(%1%7 ()* -"#'# &)*/'-%'Z 4%+5&)4 *#2#)*#)0#

    3+-" +) /)2(&* 1(3+/% ()* +) &)*&C&*/(1 *#'&4)#%' '"+/1*#%&)4 -"# 3/%*#) +,

    %#'2+)'&3&1&-6 ,+% *#(1&)4 5&-" -"#'# 2%#0(%&+/' 0+)*&-&+)'8 M 3#1, &) -"# 2%&.(06 +,

    -"# &)*&C&*/(1 &' (1'+ #C&*#)- (.+)4 -"+'# 0+..#)-(-+%' 5"+ 0+/)-#% 0%&-&0&'.' +,

    '2#0 5+%@ 36 (%4/&)4 -"(- -"# -(1#)- +, #A2#%)0#* *#'&4)#%' 5&11 2%#C(&18 Q)#

    +3'#%C#% +) PQRDSTI '-(-#* -"(- -"#%# &' )+ )##* ,+% #'-(31&'"#* 2%+,#''&+)(1

    *#'&4)#%' -+ ,#(% 0+.2#-&-&+) ,%+. &)#A2#%)0#* (.(-#/%' &) 0%+5*'+/%0#*

    0+)-#'-'7 3#0(/'# Y-(1#)- (15(6' 5&)' +/-Z8N^ D/0" 0+..#)-(-+%' 3#-%(6 ( 3#1, &)

    -"# ,%##*+. -+ '#1,?*#-#%.&)# ()* &) -"# 2+''&3&1&-6 +, .(@&)4 &- &) -"# 0%#(-&C#

    &)*/'-%' Y2%&.(%&16 -"%+/4" &)*&C&*/(1 #,,+%- ()* 0%#(-&C# -(1#)- (1+)#Z8Ne!"#6 (1'+

    (22#(% -+ 1(0@ -"# C(1/#' -"(- G (%4/# /)*#%1 *#'&4) 2%+,#''&+)(1&'.8 !"/' )+- (11

    0+..#)-(-+%' &) -"#'# *#3(-#' '"(%# -"# #-"&0(1 2#%'2#0-&C#' -"(- /)*#%2&) -"#

    ()-&?'2#0 2+'&-&+)8

    AGAINST AMATEUR ECONOMIES

    X&-"+/- *+/3-7 -"# %&'# +, (.(-#/% #0+)+.' "(' 1#* -+ ( %()4# +, +22+%-/)&-' ,+%

    /'#% 2(%-&0&2(-&+) &) 0/1-/%(1 2%+*/0-&+)7 ()* ,+% 0%#(-&C&-6 ()* '#1,?#A2%#''&+)8 \/-

    -"# 4%+5-" +, (.(-#/% #0+)+.' &' )+- 5&-"+/- 2%+31#.'8 !+ 0+/)-#%3(1()0# -"#

    0#1#3%(-+%6 %"#-+%&0 -"(- "(' *+.&)(-#* *#3(-# -+ *(-#7 -"&' (%-&01# "(' ,+0/'#* +) (

    2%+31#.(-&0 .()&,#'-(-&+) +, (.(-#/% #0+)+.'7 '2#0 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)'7 ()* "+5

    -"#'# "(C# () &.2(0- /2+) *#'&4)#%'Z '#)'# +, -"#&% +5) 2%+,#''&+)(1&'.8 G- "(''"+5) "+5 +/-'+/%0&)4 *#'&4) -+ -"# (.(-#/% 0%+5* &' *##.#* 36 .()6

    2%+,#''&+)(1 *#'&4)#%' -+ *#C(1/# -"#&% *#'&4) 5+%@8 I%&-&0' '## 0+.2()' 1&@#

    ee*#'&4)'7 5&-" -"#&% g9[[ 2(6+/-' ()* #A21+&-(-&+) +, *#'&4)#%'Z )#(% C+1/)-(%6

    1(3+/%7 (' #-"&0(116 2%+31#.(-&08 D/0" 2%(0-&0#' (%# '##) -+ 3# /)#-"&0(1 &) C(%&+/'

    5(6'H 3#0(/'# -"#6 %#*/0# -"# C(1/# +, 1(3+/% &) -"# *#'&4) 2%+0#''7 /)*#%2(6&)4

    *#'&4)#%' +% )+- 2(6&)4 -"#. (- (11J -"#6 #)4(4# 0"&1*%#) &) *#'&4) 5+%@J ()* -"#6

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    17/21

    VOLUME19NUMBER1MAR2013244

    2%+.+-# 2%(0-&0#' 1&@# /)*#%3&**&)47 21(4&(%&'. +% /),(&% 0%&-&0&'.8 G)'-#(* +,

    *#'&4)&)4 +) '2#07 '+.# 1#(*&)4 *#'&4)#%' ()* ()-&?'2#0 (0-&C&'-' 2%+.+-# -"# .+%#

    #-"&0(1 2%(0-&0# +, 2%+ 3+)+ 5+%@7 5"&0" "(' &-' %++-' &) -"# &*#( -"(- 2%+,#''&+)(1'

    '"+/1* 0+)-%&3/-# -"#&% #A2#%-&'# ,+% -"# 2/31&0 4++*8 D+.# 0+..#)-(-+%' &) -"#

    *#'&4) 0+../)&-6 0#1#3%(-# -"# (11#4#* ,%##*+. -+ 2(%-&0&2(-# &) '2#0 5+%@

    0+.2#-&-&+)' (' () &)-#4%(1 2(%- +, 0%#(-&C# '#1,?%#(1&'(-&+)7 5"&1# 0%&-&0(1 C+&0#'

    2%+31#.(-&'# -"# %#&,&0(-&+) +, -(1#)- ()* ,%##*+. -"(- 0() 3# ,+/)* &) -"#'#

    0#1#3%(-+%6 2+'&-&+)'8 E+% #A(.21#7 &) %#'2+)'# -+ -"# 2%+2+'(1 -"(- &)*&C&*/(1 -(1#)-

    &' (11 -"(- &' )##*#* -+ '/00##* &) *#'&4)7 ()+-"#% 0+..#)-(-+% %#'2+)*#* Y-(1#)- &'

    +)16 +)# '.(11 2(%- +, 5"(- 5# (' *#'&4)#%' *+8 G- &' )+- 1&@# 5# &)'-()-16 *%#(. /2

    -"#'# 0+)0#2-' &) ( .&)/-# +, 0%#(-&C# #A2%#''&+)8 G)-#11&4#)- *#'&4) '+1/-&+)' -(@#

    -&.#7 %#'#(%0"7 ()* 1+-' +, "(%* 5+%@8ZO[ !"/' &) %#'2+)'# -+ -"# ()-&?()-& '2#0

    2+'&-&+)7 -"# ()-&?'2#0 C+&0# 0+)-&)/#' -+ (''#%- &-'#1,8

    :#'&4)#%'Z %#'2+)'#' -+ 0%+5*'+/%0&)4 *#'&4) -"%+/4" '2#0 5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)'

    0() 3# /)*#%'-++* &) %#1(-&+) -+ -"#&% #-"&0' ()* C(1/#'7 ()* -"# #A-#)- -+ 5"&0" -"#6

    ,##1 -"(- -"#'# (%# -"%+5) &)-+

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    18/21

    Helen KennedyAgainst Amateur Economies 245

    ()* C(1/#' (%# 01#(%16 /)*#%.&)#* 5"#) *#'&4)#%' (%# %#5(%*#* 1#'' -"() g> 2#%

    '/3.&--#* *#'&4) &) 0+.2#-&-&+) 5&-" #1#C#) 6#(% +1*'8

    M1-"+/4" -"# "+.#2(4# +, -"# M)-&D2#0 5#3'&-# '-(-#' -"(- -"# *#'&4)

    2%+,#''&+) &' +)# +, ,#5 #.3%+&1#* &) '2#0 5+%@7 -"# 2%+31#.' (''+0&(-#* 5&-" '2#0

    5+%@ 0+.2#-&-&+)' (%# .&%%+%#* &) -"# 5&*#% 0/1-/%(1 ()* 0%#(-&C# &)*/'-%'8

    S%#0(%&+/' 5+%@&)4 0+)*&-&+)'7 &)0%#('#* &)*&C&*/(1&'(-&+)7 1+5 2(6 ()* -"# 4%+5&)4

    %#

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    19/21

    VOLUME19NUMBER1MAR2013246

    =M)*%#5 b##)7 '() =?,- #. -() @7 =[[O7 228 BNNj

    ]=J f(%@ \()@'7 '() N#,6-694 #. =?,-?"+, *#"17 S(14%(C# f(0.&11()7 \('&)4'-+@#7 =[[]J :(C&*

    K#'.+)*"(14" ()* D(%(" \(@#%7 =")+-6>) :+%#?"A C)76+ *#"1 6& '(")) =?,-?"+, K&7?4-"6)47 L+/-1#*4#7

    c+)*+)7 =[9[J K#1#) b#))#*67 /)- *#"1A J-(694 +&7 Q+,?)4 6& *)% L)463&7 S(14%(C# f(0f&11()7

    \('&)4'-+@#7 =[9=8

    OE+% #A(.21# 36 M)4#1( f0L+33 YI1/3' -+ I+.2()'H P+-#' +) -"# :#01&)# +, S+1&-&0(1 I/1-/%# &)

    D2##*#* d2 I%#(-&C# X+%1*'Z7 =?,-?"+, 8-?76)47 C+18 9O7 )+8 B7 =[[=7 228 N9Oj>9J b(-# Q(@1#67 2)--)" -(+&

    *#"16&3 .#" + :6>6&3R 816,,4 +&7 :+%#?" 6& -() M)4-6>+,4 J9# f(%0" =[[e7 *6")77

    w"--2HVV55585&%#*80+.V#2&0#)-#%V=[[eV[>V-5&--#%?*#'&4)#Vx8

    9N!(%( K/)-5 '() *(?..6) M+9-#"A G46&3 -() N#0)" #. 8#96+, /)-0#"14 -# 2?6,7 ;#?" 2?46&)447 I%+5)

    \/'&)#''7 P#5 h+%@7 =[[e8

    9O

    G'&' KF+%-"7 Y!"# T.#%4#)0# +, I/1-/%(1 S##%?2%+*/0-&+)H G)*#2#)*#)- E&1. f(@&)4 &) -"#X%#0@(.+C I+../)&-6Z7 2(2#% 2%#'#)-#* (- TILTM :&4&-(1 I/1-/%#' X+%@'"+27 d)&C#%'&-(- Q3#%-(

    *# I(-(1/)6(7 P+C#.3#% =[998

    9]K#)%6 i#)@&)'7 =#&>)"3)&9) =?,-?")A *()") /)0 +&7 P,7 C)76+ =#,,67)7 P#5 h+%@ d)&C#%'&-6 S%#''7

    P#5 h+%@7 =[[^8

    9^E+% #A(.21# E%()@ L#3&11(%* ()* M))#1&'# !+/3+/17 YS%+.&'#' d),/1,&11#*o mi+/%)(1&'. =8[n7 d'#%

    S(%-&0&2(-&+) ()* T*&-+%&(1 S+1&06 +) P#5'2(2#% X#3'&-#'Z7 C)76+5 =?,-?") +&7 8#96)-;7 C+18 >=7 )+8 =7

    =[9[7 228 >=>j>BJ tC& L#&0"7 YK+5 I&-&_#)' I%#(-# P#5' D-+%'Z7T#?"&+,64< 8-?76)47 C+18 e7 )+8 N7 =[[e7

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    20/21

    Helen KennedyAgainst Amateur Economies 247

    228 ]>ejN^J P#&1 !"/%.()7 YE+%/.' ,+% I&-&_#) i+/%)(1&'-'o M*+2-&+) +, d'#% `#)#%(-#* I+)-#)-

    G)&-&(-&C#' 36 Q)1&)# P#5' f#*&(Z7 /)0 C)76+ +&7 8#96)-;7 C+18 9[7 )+8 97 =[9[7 228 9>ejN]89eb##)8

    =[\#)@1#%7 28 =eN8

    =9:(%#) I8 \%(3"(.7 Yf+C&)4 -"# I%+5* (- &D-+0@2"+-+H !"# I+.2+'&-&+) +, -"# I%+5* ()*

    f+-&C(-&+)' ,+% S(%-&0&2(-&+) &) ( I%+5*'+/%0&)4 M221&0(-&+)Z7 M6"4- C#&7+;7 C+18 9>7 )+8 O7 =[[^7

    w"--2HVV5558/&08#*/V"-3&)V04&5%(2V3&)V+F'V&)*#A82"2V,.V(%-&01#VCV=9NeVx8J \#)@1#%7 28 =eN8

    ==C() :&F0@7 28 BB8

    =>C() :&F0@7 28 BB8

    =BC() :&F0@7 28 N98

    =NE+% #A(.21# :(C&* \#%%65 =#!;5 E6!5 2?"&A '() N#,6-694 #. P!)& 8#?"9)7 S1/-+ S%#''7 c+)*+)7 =[[^8

    =O!&_&()( !#%%()+C(7 YE%## c(3+%H S%+*/0&)4 I/1-/%# ,+% -"# :&4&-(1 #0+)+.6Z7 8#96+, ')U-7 C+18 9^7 )+8 =7

    =[[[7 228 >>jN]7 w"--2HVV5558)#--&.#8+%4Vc&'-'?M%0"&C#'V)#--&.#?1?[[[BV.'4[[[9>8"-.1x8

    =]!#%%()+C(7 28 >>8

    =^:(C&* K#'.+)*"(14"7 Yd'#%?4#)#%(-#* I+)-#)-7 E%## c(3+/% ()* -"# I/1-/%(1 G)*/'-%'Z7 J!()BPQRDSTI w"--2HVV5558)+?'2#00+.Vx8

    >Nb##)8

    >O:(C&* M&%#67 Yc+4+ :#'&4) I+)-#'-' (%# \(* ,+% \/'&)#''Z7 w"--2HVV5558*(C&*(&%#680+.V1+4+?*#'&4)?

    0+)-#'-'?3(*?,+%?3/'&)#''Vx8

    >]

    MG`M7 YMG`M S+'&-&+) +) D2#0 X+%@Z7 w "--2HVV5558(&4(8+%4V0+)-#)-80,.V2+'&-&+)?'2#0?5+%@x8>^PQRDSTI8

    >eG3&*8

    B[T%&0 M*(.'7 Y!"# M%- +, \/'&)#''H c+4+ c#''+)'Z7 =")+-6>)N"#7

    w"--2HVV55580%#(-&C#2%+80+.V(%-&01#V-"#?(%-?+,?3/'&)#''?1+4+?1#''+)'x8

    B9t#1*.()8

    B=!5+ \&%*' Q)# D-+)#7 '0# 26"74 P&) 8-#&) N")4)&-4V52%+.+-&+)(1 3%+0"/%#7 =[998

  • 8/10/2019 Against Amateur Economies Spec Work

    21/21

    VOLUME19NUMBER1MAR2013248

    B>D-#C# :+/41('7 YI"&1*%#) :#'&4)#%' +) :#'&4) I+)-#'- ()* I%+5*'+/%0&)4 D&-#'Z7 '() :#3# M+9-#";7

    w"--2HVV5558-"#1+4+,(0-+%680+.V1+4+y31+4V&)*#A82"2V0"&1*%#?+)?*#'&4)?0+)-#'-?0%+5*'+/%0&)4?

    '&-#'VxJ :#3# L)463& :#>)7 Y!"# b&** :#'&4)#%' +, ee*#'&4)'Z7

    w"--2HVV55581+4+*#'&4)1+C#80+.Vee*#'&4)'?@&**?*#'&4)#%'x8

    BB:+/41('7 YI"&1*%#) :#'&4)#%'Z8

    BN:#3# L)463& :#>)8

    BO!#%%& D-+)#7 Y!"# D2#0 !%(2H D&-#S+&)-Z7 PQRDSTI7 w"--2HVV5558)+?'2#00+.V(%0"&C#'V-"#?'2#0?-%(2?

    '&-#2+&)-Vx8

    B]PQRDSTI8

    B^:+/41('7 YI"&1*%#) :#'&4)#%'Z8

    BePQRDSTI8

    N[D-#C# :+/41('7 YP/.3#%';!"# TC#%?'"&,-&)4 L#(1&-' +, I%+5*?'+/%0&)4 ()* :#'&4) I+)-#'- D&-#'Z7

    '() :#3# M+9-#";7 w"--2HVV5558-"#1+4+,(0-+%680+.V1+4+y31+4V&)*#A82"2V*#'&4)?0%+5*'+/%0&)4?

    +C#%"62#*Vx8

    N9 w"--2HVV5558)+?'2#00+.V(3+/-Vx8

    N= w"--2HVV()-&'2#00+.Vx8

    N>Q) M*(.'8

    NB:(C&* M&%#67 YI%#(-&C# L#'+/%0#'Z7 w"--2HVV5558*(C&*(&%#680+.V0%#(-&C#?%#'+/%0#'?[9?)+C#.3#%?

    =[[]Vx8

    NNQ) M*(.'8

    NOM)-"+)6 t&))&7 Yee*#'&4)' D-++2' -+ ( P#5 c+5 ()* M--#.2-' S%+2(4()*(Z7 N#46-6>) 8!+9)31+47

    w"--2HVV55582+'&-&C#'2(0#31+480+.V(%0"&C#'Vee*#'&4)?'-++2'?-+?)#5?1+5?(--#.2-'?2%+2(4()*(Vx8

    N]:+/41('7 YI"&1*%#) :#'&4)#%'Z8

    N^Q) D-+)#8

    Ne\()@'7 28 ON8

    O[Q) D-+)#7 =[[]8

    O9\%/)'7 28 >[8

    O=L+''8

    O>S#%1&)7 28 >O8

    OB

    M)*%#5 X#&%7 YI%+5*'+/%0#* c(3+/%H M) G)*&C&*/(1&'#* L(0# -+ -"# \+--+.Z7 2(2#% 2%#'#)-#* (-f+%(1 T0+)+.' +, I%#(-&C# c(3+/% 0+),#%#)0#7 d)&C#%'&-6 +, c##*'7 c##*'7 i/16 =[998