agarwood bibliography a compilation of abstracts

AGARWOOD BIBLIOGRAPHYA COMPILATION OF ABSTRACTS

ON AGARWOOD STUDIES

Compiled by:Adi Susilo

Denny

Ministry of Forestry

Forestry Research and Development

Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Developmentin cooperation with

International Tropical Timber Organization(ITTO) – CITES Phase II Project

Bogor – Indonesia, 2014

AGARWOOD BIBLIOGRAPHY: A COMPILATION OF ABSTRACTS ON AGARWOOD STUDIES

Compiled by:Adi Susilo Denny

Editors:Maman TurjamanAgustinus P. TampubolonAtok Subiakto

Desain Cover:Agustina Dwi Setyowati

Copyright © 2014 Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development in cooperation with International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) – CITES Phase II Project

ISBN 978-602-1681-22-0

Published byCenter for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and DevelopmentInternational Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) – CITES Phase II ProjectJl. Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor, IndonesiaTelp. +62-251-8633234, Fax. +62-251-8638111

Printed by: IPB Press

Bogor, Desember 2014

This work was made possible by a grant from ITTO under its collaborative program with CITES ‘Support to ITTO: CITES Implementation for Tree Species and Trade/Market Transparency (TMT)’. Donors to this collaborative program include the EU (primary donor), the USA, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway. The project was implemented by Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development.

AGARWOOD BIBLIOGRAPHY: A COMPILATION OF ABSTRACTS ON AGARWOOD STUDIES

Complied by:Adi Susilo Denny

Editors:Maman TurjamanAgustinus P. TampubolonAtok Subiakto

Desain Cover:Agustina Dwi Setyowati

Copyright © 2014 Center for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and Development in cooperation with International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) – CITES Phase II Project

ISBN 978-602-1681-22-0

Published byCenter for Conservation and Rehabilitation Research and DevelopmentInternational Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) – CITES Phase II ProjectJl. Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor, IndonesiaTelp. +62-251-8633234, Fax. +62-251-8638111

Printed by: IPB Press

Bogor, Desember 2014

“Agarwood Bibliography: A compilation of Abstract on Agarwood studies” is one of the outputs of the “Promoting Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources of Aquilaria and Gyrinops Species in Indonesia”, funded by ITTO.

The Bibliography covers 126 references of agarwood on ecology, genetic, silviculture, agarwood formation, chemical compound, and social economy that were published from 2000 to 2014. Included references range from published document, theses, dissertation, journal articles, to project reports and conference papers. The bibliography represents the collection of information concerning the progress of agarwood technology from various scientific publications.

We hope that Agarwood bibliography will serve as a useful source of references to researcher, scientists and anyone who is interested in agarwood research.

Director of CCR

Ir. Adi Susmianto, M.Sc

Preface

Preface .................................................................................................................................iii

Table of Content ................................................................................................................... v

Executive Summary.............................................................................................................vii

A. Ecology .......................................................................................................................... 1

B. Genetic ........................................................................................................................... 8

C. Silviculture .................................................................................................................... 18

D. Agarwood Formation .................................................................................................... 38

E. Chemical Compound ................................................................................................... 56

F. Social and Economy .................................................................................................... 72

G. References ................................................................................................................... 82

Index ................................................................................................................................... 95

Tabel of Content

Agarwood, resinous dark-colored heartwood, is an economically important natural product to produce incense, perfumes and traditional medicines. The most important agarwood-producing trees are Aquilaria spp. and Gyrinops spp. on Thymelaeaceae. Because of the increasing agarwood demand, Aquilaria spp. and Gyrinops spp. has become very rare in the wild. As consequences Aquilaria and Gyrinops species were listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to control commercial agarwood trade.

This book, Agarwood bibliography, is a compilation abstract of published scientific research carried out by research institutions and universities in Indonesia and overseas. With the help of librarians from library of Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Ardikusuma Library), Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor Agriculture University (IPB: Institut Pertanian Bogor) and Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia) published research studies of agarwood were collected. Further more, online database such as Proquest, Science direct, Google scholar and Infotract were also accessed to enrich the collected result. Keywords used were agarwood, Aquilaria and Gyrinops. With this method, 126 scientific publications were collected covering aspect of ecology, silviculture, genetic, agarwood formation, chemical compound, and social economy. Included references range from published document, theses, journal articles, to project reports and conference papers that were published from 2000 to 2014. Entries are arranged alphabetically by author and year of publication in each of topic classification.

Gyrinops was poorly studied. From 126 collected scientific publications only 15 discussed on Gyrinops, 105 discussed on Aquilaria and the rest of 6 discussed both. In term of subject the most popular one was silviculture (29) followed by chemical compound (28), agarwood formation (27), Genetic (15), social economy (15) and Ecology (12). The bibliography represents the collection of information regarding the progress of agarwood technology.

Executive Summary

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A. Ecology

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Soehartono T, Newton AC. 2000. Conservation and Sustainable Use of Tropical Trees in the Genus Aquilaria I. Status and distribution in Indonesia Biological Conservation 96 (2000): 83-94

Tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria Lam. are the principal source of gaharu, one of the most valuable forest products traded internationally. Although these species are the focus of increasing conservation concern, information on their status and distribution is lacking. Information from herbarium accessions, a national forest inventory (NFI), field surveys and gaharu traders was used to assess the distribution of Aquilaria species in Indonesia, indicating population concentrations in Sumatra and eastern Kalimantan. Analysis of NFI data indicated that population densities are relatively low, with values generally <1.2 individuals haÿ1; mean values recorded in field surveys were <0.6 individuals haÿ1. Analysis of probability distributions emphasized the rarity of Aquilaria species, with a probability of encountering one or more individuals of Aquilaria in 1 ha being less than 0.2 in field assessments. Calculation of Morisita’s index of dispersion indicated that the species are generally clumped, with Ip typically <0.6. Analysis of stand structure suggested continuous recruitment in some areas, but a general absence of larger individuals. Given current deforestation rates, these data suggest that all Aquilaria species in Indonesia classify as Vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List criteria.

Keywords: Gaharu; Agarwood; CITES; Threat; IUCN

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Soehartono T, Newton AC. 2001. Conservation and sustainable use of tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria II. The impact of gaharu harvesting in Indonesia. Biological Conservation 97 (2001): 29-41

Aquilaria spp. are the main source of gaharu, one of the most valuable non-timber products harvested from tropical forests. In order to assess the impact of gaharu harvesting on populations of Aquilaria spp. in Indonesia, the activities of gaharu collectors were assessed by accompanying them on collecting expeditions. Gaharu harvesting generally involved felling the tree, with 31±92% of trees encountered being felled. The quantity of gaharu obtained from each felling was extremely low, mean values ranging from 0.10±0.18 kg tree ÿ1 to 0.19±2.13 kg tree ÿ1 for high and low grade gaharu respectively. A combination of these values with gaharu trade ®gures for the early 1990s enabled the number of Aquilaria spp. trees harvested annually in Indonesia to be estimated. Values ranged from less than 30,000 to more than 100,000 trees felled, depending on the year. Field assessments of two

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populations of Aquilaria spp. were used to parameterize a matrix model, which was used to predict the impact of diverent harvesting regimes on population dynamics of the species. Values of the dominant latent root (l) were 1.22 and 1.20 for A. malaccensis in West Kalimantan and A. microcarpa in East Kalimantan respectively, indicating that both populations are self-sustaining in the absence of harvesting. Analysis of l under diverent harvesting scenarios indicated that for A. malaccensis, population expansion will continue if harvesting is set at a minimum diameter at breast height (dbh) of above 10 cm, but for A. microcarpa, a population decline will occur if trees with a dbh of less than 30 cm are harvested. Given current harvesting practices, it is, therefore, unlikely that gaharu is being sustainably harvested at present. These results suggest that the gaharu trade may have had a substantial impact on the population size of Aquilaria spp. in Indonesia, and their implications are discussed in the context of setting harvest quotas for regulation of trade, as required by CITES.

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Soehartono T, Newton AC. 2001. Reproductive ecology of Aquilaria spp. In Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management 152 (2001): 59-71

Aquilaria spp. (Thymelaeaceae) are the principal source of Gaharu, a valuable resin, yet information about their reproductive ecology is almost entirely lacking. Individuals of six species (Aquilaria beccariana, Aquilaria crasna, Aquilaria filaria, Aquilaria hirta, Aquilaria malaccensis and Aquilaria microcarpa) in cultivation in Indonesia were investigated to assess reproductive phenology, pollination, seed production and germination. Seed production and seedling dispersion were also assessed in natural populations of A. beccariana, A. malaccensis and A. microcarpa in Kalimantan. Most of the selected trees flowered during the dry season, fruits requiring between 36 and 72 days to develop, depending on the species. Twenty different species of insect were recorded visiting glowering trees. The probability of flowers developing into fruit varied between species from 0.04 to 0.43, although flowers from which pollinators were excluded never produced fruit. Seed production of A. malaccensis and A. microcarpa peaked at a dbh of approximately 40 and 50 cm, respectively, individual trees producing up to 19,000 seeds in a single season. Germination under nursery conditions was initiated 7-15 days after sowing: seeds of A. crasna had the highest probability of germination success (92%) whereas those of A. filaria had the lowest (53%). In natural forest, most seedling (>65%) occurred within 5 m of an adult tree, suggesting limited dispersal. These results indicate that Aquilaria spp. Have high reproductive potential, but suggest that seed dispersal might be limited in natural forest. The implications of these results for the management of Aquilaria spp. are discussed.

Keywords: Reproductive phenology, Pollination, Ecology, Gaharu.

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Kiet LC, Kessler PJA, Eurlings M. 2005. A New Species Of Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae) From Vietnam. Blumea 50: 135–141

A new species of Aquilaria is described from Vietnam and keys to the flowering and fruiting specimens of all species from this region are provided. DNA sequences of the nrITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region seem to confirm its status as a distinct species.

Key words: Aquilaria, Thymelaeaceae, nrITS, taxonomy, Vietnam.

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Darmawan S, Sumardi. 2006. Penyebaran dan Keberadaan Inang Gaharu di Alam. Prosiding Sosialisasi Hasil Litbang Kepada Pengguna: Melalui Riset dan Iptek, Hutan Lestari Masyarakat Sejahtera pp 205-215

Telah dilakukan penelitian penyebaran dan keberadaan inang gaharu di alam. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November 2004 di kawasan Hutan Timau Kecamatan Amfoang Kabupaten Kupang dan Kawasan Hutan Wanggameti, Kecamatan Metawai Selatan, Kabupaten Sumba Timur, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan survey dan wawancara terhadap masyarakat untuk mendapatkan data pengusahaan gaharu dan membuat petak berukuran 20 m x 20 m dengan jarak antar petak 200 m dengan sistem jalur untuk melakukan inventarisasi inang gaharu, pada lokasi tempat ditemukannya gaharu/inang gaharu maupun bekas eksploitasi gaharu/inang gaharu. Dari hasil penelitian di lokasi penelitian diketahui inang gaharu dari jenis Aquilaria malaccensis sulit ditemukan. Inang gaharu di alam pada tingkat pohon dan tiang sudah tidak dapat ditemukan, untuk tingkat pancang dan semai di petak analisis vegetasi masih dapat dijumpai dengan nilai indeks penting masing- masing sebesar 2,86 dan 8,28. Berkurangnya inang gaharu di alam disebabkan oleh perburuan yang berlangsung secara besar-besaran tanpa dilakukan upaya konservasi dengan melakukan budidaya inang gaharu.

Kata kunci: Inang, Gaharu, Survey, Inventarisasi

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Anders J, Henrik M. 2008. Does Commercialization of a Non-timber Forest Product Reduce Ecological Impact? A Case Study of the Critically Endangered Aquilaria crassna in Lao PDR. Oryx 42(2): 214-221

Aquilaria crassna, a tree species on CITES Appendix II and categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, is the main source of the highly valuable, fragrant and resinous agarwood that is extracted in forests in South-east Asia, exported to East Asian and Arab countries, and used for a range of medicinal, aromatic and religious products. Based on interviews with local, non-local and foreign harvesters in Laos we examined the relationships between harvesters’ daily net revenue from


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agarwood extraction, their degree of commercialization (i.e. their differential access to markets) and their ability to target harvesting towards the small fraction of trees that do contain commercial qualities and quantities of agarwood. For comparison we included data on number of trees felled during the most recent harvesting trip. The analysis showed that poor targeting ability and low degree of commercialization were associated with low daily net revenues, whereas good targeting ability and high degree of commercialization were associated with high daily net revenues. In the case of A. crassna in Laos it therefore appears that the activities of highly commercialized harvesters are less harmful to A. crassna populations than those of less specialized, local harvesters.

Keywords: Agarwood, Aquilaria crassna, Gaharu, Laos, Non-timber forest product, NTFP, South-east Asia.

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Sumarna Y. 2008. Beberapa Aspek Ekologi, Populasi Pohon, dan Permudaan Alam Tumbuhan Penghasil Gaharu Kelompok Karas (Aquilaria spp.) di Wilayah Provinsi Jambi (Some Ecological Aspect, Tree Population, and Natural Regeneration of Agarwood Tree of Karas Groups (Aquilaria spp.) in Jambi Province Region). Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 5(1): 93-99

Indonesia has the highest resources potency of the agarwood tree producer in the world. Naturally they grow at various condition of ecosystem and forest type. At the beginning people collected agarwood from the died tree, but due to the increased demand in the market and naturally selling price turned higher, people started hunting and cutting living tree. This activity endangers the agarwood natural population. Since year 2004, the genus of Aquilaria spp. and Gyrinops sp. have been put in the Appendix II CITES (Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna). In order to support the conservation effort, ecological study of agarwood tree producer is needed. The research was conducted through field survey in three sites namely site at <100 m, 200 m, and >200 m above sea level. Each observation was replicated 3 times. The location of the study was in Tabir Ulu subdistrict on Sorolangun regency on Jambi Province. The results showed that air temperature range from 20-33º C, humidity range from 78-81%, light intensity range from 56-75% with rainfall range from 1,200-1,500 mm/year. Tree Aquilaria spp. Population in forest area according to altitude mean only 7 tree, the population potency of seedling nature average from each mother tree of the Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk mean amount to 287 seedling (20,3 m2 crown canopy) and for the type Aquilaria microcarpa Bail amount to 331 seedling (24,5 m2 crown canopy).

Keywords: Karas, Agarwood, Ecologically, Ecology, Plantation

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Zhang L, Brockelman WY, Allen MA. 2008. Matrix Analysis to Evaluate Sustainability: The Tropical Tree Aquilaria crassna, a Heavily Poached Source of Agarwood. Biological Conservation 141(6): 1676-1686

We used size-structured Lefkovitch projection matrix analysis to predict future trends in the survival of Aquilaria crassna (Thymelaeaceae), a tropical evergreen forest tree that has been highly sought after for its valuable aromatic wood (agarwood) for millennia. Data on growth, damage to trees by poachers, fruit production, seed dispersal and seedling recruitment were collected from a 30-ha plot in Khao Yai National Park, central Thailand that had seen moderate poaching. The population asymptotic growth rate, I’.sub.a, and transient growth rate, I’.sub.tr, found from using the matrix to project the observed population 48 years, were 1.002 and 1.005, respectively, with 95% confidence intervals of [0.985,1.016] and [0.985,1.023]. The stable size distribution obtained from the matrix was reasonably similar to the observed size distribution, suggesting that at the time of the study the population was not far from equilibrium. Sensitivity analysis and simulations of poaching on adult trees indicate that both I’’s are very sensitive to the removal of adult trees and the growth of pre-adult trees. In particular, the increase in tree mortality and decrease in preadult growth rate caused by agarwood collection seen in some areas could cause extirpation of the population. While in such cases the population appears to be poised on the brink of decline, several factors that we could not evaluate could alter its fate. First, adult deaths could stimulate recruitment of young under the parent trees; second, there is marked year-to-year variation in fruiting success and possibly recruitment; third, there is considerable spatial variation in tree density and recruitment, suggesting that attempts to evaluate future success need to encompass larger spatial and time scales.

Keywords: Population dynamics, Sensitivity analysis, Seedfall, Low recruitment

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Pratiwi, Santoso E, Turjaman M.2010. Karakteristik Habitat Pohon Penghasil Gaharu di Beberapa Hutan Tanaman di Jawa Barat (Habitat Characteristics of Gaharu Inducing Tree Species (Aquilaria spp.) in Several Forest Plantations in West Java). Jurnal Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 7 (2): 129-139

The research was aimed at collecting data and information of habitat characteristics of eaglewood (gaharu-inducing tree species) in three forest plantations to support gaharu plantation development in Indonesia. The research was carried out in Carita (Banten), Dramaga (Bogor), and Kampung Tugu (Sukabumi). Observed at characteristics included: topography, climate, physical and chemical characteristics of the soils. In addition, the underground vegetation were analyzed to obtain information on the underground vegetations composition of gaharu plantation. Results indicated that gaharu grew quite favourably in flat to undulating landscape,


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low to high temperature (20-32oC), and high rainfall (> 1,500 mm/year), hard soil texture (clay), fast drainage, pH of about 4.5-5.1, very low to high base saturation (1.2-78.8%) and low toxic element. The dominant and co-dominant undergrowth species at Carita were jampang (Panicumdisachyum Linn.) and selaginela (Selaginellaplana Hiern.), while at Dramaga were pakis (Dictyopteris irregularis Presl.) and seserehan (Piper aduncum Linn.) and at Kampung Tugu were jampang (Panicum disachyum Linn.) and rumput pait (Panicum barbatum Lamk.).

Keywords: Eaglewood trees, Aquilaria spp., habitat characteristics, forest plantation

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Rajoo KS, Arifin A, Hazandy AH, Karam DS, Jusop S, Jamaluddin, Aiza-Shaliha, Zhen WW. 2013. Assessment of Heavy Metals Uptake and Translocation by Aquilaria malaccensis Planted in Soils Containing Sewage Sludge. American Journal of Applied Sciences 10 (9): 952-964

The objective of this study was to assess the potential of Aquilaria malaccensis to uptake and translocate heavy metals found in sewage sludge. The A. malaccensis seedlings were planted on six different planting media: T0/Control (100% soil), T1 (80% soil and 20% sewage sludge), T2 (60% soil and 40% sewage sludge), T3 (40% soil and 60% sewage sludge), T4 (20% soil and 80% sewage sludge), and T5 (100% sewage sludge) for the duration of 16 weeks. The growth performance of height and basal diameter was measured using diameter tape and vernier caliper every two weeks, respectively. Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the planting media and the plant parts (leaves, stem and roots). The highest concentration of Fe in the roots of the A. malaccensis plant was in the T5 growth media (2,770.75 ppm). The A. malaccensis plant was found to be suitable for taking up heavy metals from sewage sludge especially Cd and Cu.

Keywords: Aquilaria malaccensis, Phytoremediation, Heavy Metals, Sewage Sludge, Translocation Factor (TF), Bioconcentration Factor (BCF)

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Saikia P, Khan ML. 2013. Population Structure and Regeneration Status of Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. in Homegardens of Upper Assam, Northeast India. Tropical Ecology 54(1): 1-13

Aquilaria malaccensis, a critically endangered tree species of India, is cultivated in homegardens of Assam. We studied the population structure and regeneration status of this species in homegardens of Upper Assam, northeast India. Population structure of the species, was studied in 135 homegardens and regeneration status was studied in eight selected homegardens of Jorhat and Golaghat districts of


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Upper Assam. In the studied homegardens, population density (individuals ha1) of A. malaccensis was 1,443, 4,060 and 33,917 for trees (> 3.18 cm diameter at breast height = DBH), saplings and seedlings, respectively. This pattern of density distribution (seedlings > saplings > trees) indicates good regeneration status of the species in homegardens. On the other hand, out of the eight selected homegardens, seven showed good regeneration status, whereas, one showed fair regeneration status for the species. Seasonal survival rate of A. malaccensis saplings was significantly different among the eight selected homegardens during all the four seasons (each season of three months) of the year but that of seedlings and trees did not differ significantly. Average seasonal growth rate of A. malaccensis (in terms of collar diameter for seedlings and saplings, and DBF for trees) varied significantly among the eight selected home gardens as well as between the tour seasons. The findings of the present study suggest that homegardens can save the species from the risk of extinction.

Keywords: Agarwood, Basal cover, Coppice regeneration, Density, Growth survival

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Saikia P, Khan ML. 2014. Ecological Features of Cultivated Stands of Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. (Thymelaeaceae), a Vulnerable Tropical Tree Species in Assamese Homegardens. International Journal of Forestry Research.

Research was conducted in twenty-seven selected villages located in Jorhat and Golaghat districts of upper Assam, northeast India, for population estimation, quantitative ecological analysis, and evaluation of Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae). Vegetation sampling was done by quadrat method and A. malaccensis is the most dominant tree species in all twenty-seven different study sites of upper Assam contributing 10-54% of the total tree density with a mean of 34 % ± 2. Density of the species varied from 6,236 individuals ha-1 to 429 individuals ha-1 with a mean of 1,609 individuals ha-1 ± 217, whereas frequency of occurrence is very high ranging from 93% to 100% with a mean of 98 % ± 0.53 in different study sites. Distribution of A. malaccensis is found contagious in all twenty-six study sites on the basis of abundance to frequency ratio except in KBG, Golaghat, where its distribution is random with 0.04 abundance to frequency ratio. The widespread cultivation of A. malaccensis in upper Assam, northeast India, offers a potential ex situ reservoir for the future conservation and management of this threatened tree.

Keywords: Aquilaria malaccensis, Quadrat method, Assam Northeast India

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B. gENETIc

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Eurlings MCM, Gravendeel B. 2005. TrnL-trnF Sequence Data Imply Paraphyly of Aquilaria and Gyrinops (Thymelaeaceae) and Provide New Perspectives for Agarwood Identification. Plant Systematics and Evolution 254(1): 1-12

The genera Aquilaria and Gyrinops (Thymelaeaceae, Malvales) are well known for the production of agarwood which is a highly wanted forest product of substantial economic value. The taxonomic status of Aquilaria and Gyrinops as separate genera is doubted as they are only distinguished by the number of stamens. We investigated their status by conducting phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the plastid trnL-trnF spacer. Control of international trade of agarwood is currently hampered by the failure of traditional methods such as microscopy to identify samples to species level. We therefore evaluated the potential of molecular identification of agarwood by searching for species- and region-specific plastid DNA polymorphisms. DNA sequences were obtained from 31 Thymelaeaceae accessions encompassing 20 different species in six genera. Aquilaria and Gyrinops appear to be paraphyletic. Success in sequencing wood samples demonstrates that molecular markers provide new perspectives for agarwood identification.

Keywords: Aquilaria, gaharu, Gyrinops, phylogeny, trnL- trnF

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Azwin. 2007. Evaluasi Stabilitas Genetik Tanaman Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) Hasil Kultur In Vitro. Skripsi IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)

Gaharu (A. malaccensis Lamk.) adalah salah satu tanaman hutan tropis penghasil resin yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Meningkatnya permintaan gaharu dari tahun ke tahun menyebabkan terjadinya penebangan liar dari hutan alam tidak terkontrol. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini, perlu dilakukan pengembangan tanaman gaharu. Teknik kultur jaringan adalah suatu metode alternatif yang dapat menghasilkan bibit secara genetik lebih baik dimasa yang akan datang. Keuntungan kultur jaringan dapat menghasilkan planlet dalam jumlah yang banyak dan dalam waktu yang singkat. Disamping itu, dengan teknik ini juga dapat menghasilkan tanaman yang homogen dan bebas penyakit. Meskipun demikian, teknik kultur jaringan juga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya variasi genetik atau variasi somaklonal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mengetahui perbedaan stabilitas genetik tanaman gaharu hasil kultur in vitro baik eksplan yang berasal dari tunas aksilar maupun eksplan dari tunas adventif, dan (2) untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi optimum zat pengatur tumbuh BAP atau TDZ untuk menginduksi tunas gaharu dalam kultur in vitro. Media dasar yang digunakan adalah media MS (Murashige and Skoog,


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1962). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan konsentrasi BAP (kontrol; 0,50 ppm; 0,75 ppm; 1,0 ppm) atau TDZ (kontrol; 0,25 ppm; 0,50 ppm; 0,75 ppm), dengan 3 ulangan, setiap ulangan terdiri dari 4 botol, setiap botol ditanam satu eksplan yang berasal dari tunas aksilar atau tunas adventif. Teknik Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) telah digunakan untuk mengetahui variasi genetik dari pohon induk dan bibit (sebelum kultur) dan variasi somaklonal tunas aksilar dan tunas adventif (hasil kultur). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dua jenis eksplan yang ditanam secara in vitro pada media MS yang diberi perlakuan BAP 0,50 ppm atau TDZ 0,25 ppm menghasilkan jumlah tunas, panjang tunas dan jumlah daun yang terbaik. Hasil evaluasi stabilitas genetik tanaman gaharu hasil kultur in vitro menggunakan penanda RAPD menunjukkan bahwa keragaman genetik sebelum kultur (0,0729), hasil kultur (planlets) (0,0833), sub kultur I (0,0903) dan sub kultur II (0,0382), sedangkan keragaman genetik pohon induk sebesar 0,2454.

Kata Kunci: Genetik, Gaharu, Aquilaria malaccensis

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Rahmawati D, Toruan-Mathius N. 2009. Analisis Keragaman Genetik Acremonium yang Berasosiasi dengan Tanaman Gaharu Menggunakan Teknik Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Jurnal Agro Biogen 5 (2): 65-70

Agarwood or gaharu is a plant that has a high economic value in Asia, due to its use for production of incense and traditional medicines. The agarwood formation occurs in the trunk and roots of trees that have been infected by a fungus, such as Acremonium spp. Various fungi were associated with the agarwood formation. Acremonium is generally considered as highly polyphyletic, contains distantly related fungi. A study was done to identify genetic diversities in 10 isolates of Acremonium spp. from four different areas in Indonesia that are associated with Aquilaria and Gyrinops versteegii using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Eight RAPD primers, i.e., OPA 02, OPB 04, OPB 07, OPB 17, OPC 11, OPD 03, OPD 05, and OPE 07 were used in the analyses. The results indicated that similarity index values of the genetic variation ranged from 0.21 to 0.97. Based on the Nei and Li’s similarity coefficients, these values indicating the presence of high degree of genetic variability. The lowest degree of genetic similarity were found between isolates F (Acremonium spp., which is associated with G. verstegii from Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat), and LM2 from south coastal area of West Sumatra. The highest genetic similarity value (0.97) was found between isolates Sr2 and Sr4 from Sorong, Papua. Results from the cluster analysis indicated that the isolates could be grouped into two major clusters that were associated with their geographical locations.

Key words: Agarwood, genetic diversity, Acremonium spp., RAPD.

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Siburian RHS. 2009. Keragaman Genetik Gyrinops versteegii asal Papua Berdasarkan RAPD dan Mikrosatelit. Skripsi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Gyrinops versteegii merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil gaharu yang berasal dari Papua. Gyrinops versteegii yang dijumpai di alam memiliki morfologi daun yang agak berbeda, terutama pada daerah dengan ketinggian tempat tumbuh yang berbeda. Perbedaan morfologi ini menunjukkan tingkat keragaman genetik seperti yang umum dijumpai pada berbagai jenis tumbuhan lain. Informasi keragaman genetik, berupa tingkat dan distribusi keragaman yang ada pada suatu jenis sangat penting untuk diketahui berkaitan dengan penyusunan strategi pemuliaan (breeding) dan juga konservasinya. Keragaman genetik yang ada merupakan sumberdaya yang dapat memberikan peluang untuk dilakukannya rekombinasi, evaluasi dan seleksi. Informasi keragaman genetik dapat diperoleh dengan melakukan kegiatan inventarisasi genetik baik melalui pengujian lapangan (field trial) ataupun analisis dengan bantuan penanda genetik.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi genetik tanaman Gyrinops versteegii yang berasal dari dataran rendah dan tinggi (Manokwari dan Kebar) dengan menggunakan penanda DNA RAPD dan Mikrosatelit. Nilai keragaman genetik Gyrinops versteegii dalam populasi dengan menggunakan metode RAPD menunjukkan keragaman genetik populasi Kebar (He = 0,2944) lebih tinggi dibanding populasi Manokwari. (He = 0,2357). Hasil AMOVA menunjukkan bahwa sumbangan keragaman terbesar diberikan oleh keragaman antar individu yakni sebesar 89% dari total ragam. Analisis dendogram berdasarkan jarak genetik, menunjukkan bahwa populasi induk dan anakan dalam satu lokasi membentuk satu kelompok dengan jarak genetik yang kecil, sedang antar populasi induk Manokwari dan Kebar memiliki jarak genetik yang besar. Hal ini menggambarkan kedua kelompok tersebut terpisah dan diduga hal ini menjadi penghalang terjadinya aliran gen. Informasi keragaman genetik ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar strategi pengembangan konservasi dan pemuliaan.

Kata kunci: Genetik, Gyrinops versteegii, RAPD, Mikrosatelit

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Fujino H, Kadota S, Katoh Y, Kenmotsu Y, Kurosaki F, Ogita S. 2011. Methyl Jasmonate-induced Enhancement of Expression Activity of Am-FaPS-1, a Putative Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Gene from Aquilaria microcarpa. Journal of Natural Medicines 65(1): 194-197

A cDNA clone, designated Am-FaPS-1 (1310 bp), was isolated from callus culture derived from the leaf tissues of Aquilaria microcarpa. This gene contains an open


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reading frame encoding the protein of 342 amino acid residues with high homology to farnesyl diphosphate synthase from various plant sources. An appreciable increase in the transcriptional level of Am-FaPS-1 was reproducibly observed by the exposure of the cell culture to methyl jasmonate. The expression activity of the gene was also elevated when the cells were treated with yeast extract and Ca.sup.2+-ionophore A23187. These results suggest that Am-FaPS-1 and its translate play roles in methyl jasmonate- and yeast extract-induced responses of A. microcarpa, and Ca.sup.2+ functions as an important messenger molecule in these processes. This set of the results would support our hypothesis that the activation of Ca.sup.2+-cascade evoked by the elevation of cytoplasmic Ca.sup.2+ concentration is an essential early event in methyl jasmonate-induced responses of higher plant cells.

Keywords: Methyl jasmonate, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Sesquiterpene biosynthesis, Agarwood,Aquilaria microcarpa

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Ito M, Kumeta Y. 2011. Genomic Organization of [delta]-guaiene Synthase Genes in Aquilaria crassna and its Possible Use for the Identification of Aquilaria species. Journal of Natural Medicines 65 (3-4): 508-513

The resinous portions of Aquilaria plants, called agarwood, have been used as medicines and incenses. Agarwood contains a great variety of sesquiterpenes, and a study using cultured cells of Aquilaria crassna showed that the production of sesquiterpenes ([alpha]-guaiene, [alpha]-humulene, and [delta]-guaiene) was induced by treatment with methyl jasmonate, which led to the cloning of [delta]-guaiene synthases. In the present study, analyses of genomic organization and Southern blotting of [delta]-guaiene synthase in A. crassna were performed in order to examine the genomic background of [delta]-guaiene synthases in Aquilaria plants. Genomic cloning and sequencing revealed five types of sequence in putative [delta]-guaiene synthases sharing more than 96% identity in exon regions, and that these enzymes belonged to the class III TPS subfamily with seven exons and six introns. Furthermore, Southern blotting revealed that at least five copies of [delta]-guaiene synthase existed in A. crassna. The hybridization of digested DNA of A. crassna and A. sinensis with probes made with a [delta]-guaiene synthase cDNA fragment resulted in different banding patterns for these two species. It may be possible to identify Aquilaria species by restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses with [delta]-guaiene synthase cDNA probes.

Keywords: Aquilaria crassna, Agarwood, Sesquiterpenes

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Gao ZH, W JH, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Zao WT. 2012. Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Studying Stress-related Agarwood Formation of Aquilaria sinensis. Plant Cell Reports 31 (9): 1759-68

Agarwood is a high-valued woody material for medicine, perfume, and incense production in Asia, Middle East, and Europe. The wild resources of agarwood-producing tree species, e.g., Aquilaria sinensis have been greatly threatened. The formation of agarwood is considered to be associated with the plant stress and defensive responses, thus it would be urgent and significant to investigate the molecular mechanism of these species responding to a variety of stresses. This is the first report regarding the reference gene selection of Aquilaria species for studying the molecular mechanism of stress-related agarwood production. Candidate reference genes were selected according to previous reports and the sequences were obtained from the 454 EST library of A. sinensis. To obtain the robust genes, we applied three independent programs depending on distinct assumptions and combined these results by a rank aggregation algorithm. The result supports tubulin, ribosomal protein, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to be the most stable reference genes for quantification of target gene expression in the overall samples examined. Validation of these genes through normalizing the expression of a terpene synthase demonstrated that these three genes are reliable. The selective usage of three algorithms based on their characteristics was underlined. However, more robust genes could be identified if the results of all algorithms were combined by a proper method such as the rank aggregation algorithm.

Keywords: Quantitative genes expression, Reference gene, Aquilaria sinensis, Agawood, Strees

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Kenmotsu Y, Yamamura Y, Kurosaki F. 2012. Expression of Specific Calmodulin Genes Isolated from Tissue Cultured Cells of AquilariaMicrocarpa in Response to Methyl Jasmonate and Yeast Extract. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology 48(6):627-631

We found that the early cellular events which lead to the activation of secondary metabolism in appropriately stimulated plant cells, such as gene expression of monomeric GTP-binding proteins and their intracellular translocation, occur very rapidly, and are sometimes terminated within 30 min after the stimulation (Mitamura et al. 2011). Together with the results obtained in the present study, the physiological roles of plant CAM appear to be regulated by various mechanisms, such as differential transcriptional control of specific CAM paralogues and post-translational modification followed by intracellular translocation of the protein.

Keywords : Aquilaria microcarpa, Calmodulin genes

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Laswi I. 2012. Genetic Variation of Planted and Natural Agarwood Assessed by Microsatellite. Skripsi Bogor Agriculture University (IPB)

Agarwood is one of the valuable Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) that contain resin with a specific fragrance, and is often used as raw materials of perfumes, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, incense, preservatives as well as religious activities. Over exploitation of agarwood has resulted in scarcity of agarwood in the nature leading to the losses of trees of superior genotypes. This scarcity has led agarwood to be included into the CITES Appendix II list in which a quota system is imposed for trading activities. However, this quota still does not distinguish clearly between natural or cultivated agarwood, opening opportunities for illegal trading practices. It is therefore necessary to provide an effective attempts to control of the origin of. Nowdays, the use of DNA markers gains significant importance in the forensic activities such as verification of the origin of timber and plant materials. This tool is difficult to be manipulated. Therefore, a study was carried with aims to 1) cross amplify Aquilaria crassna microsatellite primers into other agarwood species (transferability study), and 2) to infer the origin of agarwoodbeing traded in the market. Materials for research were populations of agarwood from natural and planted forests and agarwood pieces of unknown origin. A.crassna microsatellite primers were used, namely 6pa18 (180-210 bp), 10pa17 (152-156 bp), 16pa17 (143-155 bp), and 71pa17 (152-224 bp). Results showed that agarwood samples from both natural forests and plantations could cross amplify with expected fragment size ranges. Result showed that genetic diversity (He) in the planted forest was 0.5443 a slighty higher than that of natural forest (He=0.4642). Information on the level of genetic diversities can be used as scientific basis for conservation program. Cluster analysis showed different groupings of agarwood originated from plantations and natural forests. Futher analysis showed that agarwood timbers with unclear origins clustered into agarwood group from natural forests indicating common existence of traded natural agarwood.

Keywords: Agarwood, Cross amplification, Microsatellite, CITES, genetic diversity

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Tnah LH, Lee CT, Lee SL, Ng KKS, Ng CH, Nurul-Farhanah Z, Lau KH, Chua LSL. 2012. Isolation and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers for an Important Tropical Tree, Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae). American Journal of Botany 99 (11): e431-433

Aggressive collections and trade activities in recent decades have resulted in heavy pressure on the natural stands of Aquilaria malaccensis and concerns over its long-term survival potential. To aid DNA profiling and assessment of its genetic diversity,


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microsatellite markers were developed for the species. Seventeen polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for A. malaccensis using an enrichment protocol. The markers were screened on 24 samples from a natural population. The number of alleles ranged from two to 11, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.042 to 0.957. No significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was detected after conservative Bonferroni correction. This is the first report on the development of microsatellite markers in A. malaccensis. The markers will be used to establish a DNA profiling database and to estimate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the species.

Keywords: Microsatellite markers, Aquilaria malaccensis, Polymorphic microsatellite

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Kenmotsu Y, Asano K, Yamamura Y, Kurosaki F. 2013. Cloning and Expression of Putative Rac/Rop GTPase Genes, Am- rac1 and Am- rac2, Involved in Methyl Jasmonate-induced Transcriptional Activation of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase in Cell Cultures of Aquilaria microcarpa. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 31 (3): 539-546

A homology-based cloning strategy yielded two cDNA clones presumably encoding Rac/Rop GTPases, Am- rac1 and Am- rac2, from callus cultures of Aquilaria microcarpa. Transcriptional levels of Am- rac1, measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, remained steady, while those of Am- rac2 increased dramatically following treatment of cultured cells with either a yeast extract or methyl jasmonate. These results suggested that Am- rac1 was a constitutively expressed homologue, while Am- rac2 was induced in A. microcarpa cells. Moreover, a farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene of A. microcarpa, Am- FaPS1, was transcriptionally activated in A. microcarpa cells grown in the presence of methyl jasmonate; however, expression levels were markedly lowered in the presence of various signal transduction-related inhibitors involved in Ca-, Rap/Rop GTPase-, or ubiquitin-dependent signaling processes. Whereas, expression of Am- FaPS1 was markedly increased, even in the absence of methyl jasmonate in A. microcarpa cells over-expressing Am- rac2. These findings suggested that Rac/Rop GTPase proteins played important roles in jasmonate-induced enhancement of terpenoid metabolism in A. microcarpa.

Keywords: Aquilaria microcarpa, Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Methyl jasmonate, Signal transduction

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Xu Y, Zheng Z, Mengxi W, Wei J, Hongjiang C, Zhihui G, Chun S, Hongmei L, Xingli Z, Yun Y, Hui M, Li W. 2013. Identification of Genes Related to Agarwood Formation: Transcriptome Analysis of Healthy and Wounded Tissues of Aquilariasinensis. BMC Genomics 14(1): 1-16

Agarwood is an expensive resinous heartwood derived from Aquilaria plants that is widely used in traditional medicines, incense and perfume. Only wounded trees can produce agarwood, and the huge demand for the agarwood products has led all Aquilaria spp. being endangered and listed in the Appendix II of the CITES (http://www.cites.org). The major components of agarwood are sesquiterpenes and phenylethyl chromones. Owing to a lack of genomic information, the molecular basis of wound-induced sesquiterpenes biosynthesis and agarwood formation remains unknown. Results: To identify the primary genes that maybe related to agarwood formation, we sequenced 2 cDNA libraries generated from healthy and wounded A.sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. A total of 89,137 unigenes with an average length of 678.65 bp were obtained, and they were annotated in detail at bioinformatics levels. Of those associated with agarwood formation, 30 putatively encoded enzymes in the sesquiterpene biosynthesis pathway, and a handful of transcription factors and protein kinases were related to wound signal transduction. Three full-length cDNAs of sesquiterpene synthases (ASS1-3) were cloned and expressed in Escherichiacoli, and enzyme assays revealed that they are active enzymes, with the major products being δ-guaiene. A methyl jasmonate (MJ) induction experiment revealed that the expression of ASS was significantly induced by MJ, and the production of sesquiterpenes was elevated accordingly. The expression of some transcription factors and protein kinases, especially MYB4, WRKY4, MPKK2 and MAPK2, was also induced by MJ and coordinated with ASS expression, suggesting they maybe positive regulators of ASS. Conclusions: This study provides extensive transcriptome information for Aquilaria spp. and valuable clues for elucidating the mechanism of wound-induced agarwood sesquiterpenes biosynthesis and their regulation.

Keywords: Agarwood; GC-MS; Sesquiterpenes; Transcriptome; Wound signal transduction

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Chen C, Kuo TC, Yang M, Chien T, Chu M, Huang L, Chen C, Lo H, Jeng S, Chen L. 2014. Identification of cucurbitacins and assembly of a draft genome for Aquilaria agallocha. Genomics 15:578

Agarwood is derived from Aquilaria trees, the trade of which has come under strict control with a listing in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Many secondary metabolites of agarwood are known to have medicinal value to humans, including compounds that have been shown to elicit sedative effects and exhibit anti-cancer properties.


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However, little is known about the genome, transcriptome, and the biosynthetic pathways responsible for producing such secondary metabolites in agarwood. In this study, we present a draft genome and a putative pathway for cucurbitacin E and I, compounds with known medicinal value, from in vitro Aquilaria agallocha agarwood. DNA and RNA data are utilized to annotate many genes and protein functions in the draft genome. The expression changes for cucurbitacin E and I are shown to be consistent with known responses of A. agallocha to biotic stress and a set of homologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana related to cucurbitacin bio-synthesis is presented and validated through qRT-PCR. This study is the first attempt to identify cucurbitacin E and I from in vitro agarwood and the first draft genome for any species of Aquilaria. The results of this study will aid in future investigations of secondary metabolite pathways in Aquilaria and other non-model medicinal plants.

Keywords: Agarwood, Cucurbitacin, Aquilaria, Genome

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Jiao L, Yin Y, Cheng Y, Jiang X. 2014. DNA Barcoding for Identification of the Endangered Species Aquilaria sinensis: Comparison of Data from Heated or Aged Wood Samples. International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics, & Technology of Wood. 68(4): 487-494

Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg is an evergreen tree and produces agarwood used for incense and as a uniquely precious medicine. It is in danger of disappearing due to illegal logging and its identification and protection is crucial. However, it is difficult or impossible to distinguish A. sinensis from other species of the genus Aquilaria and its closely related genus Gyrinops Gaertn. based on wood anatomical characteristics. Probably, DNA barcoding technology might provide an improvement in species identification. In this study, wood samples were tested, which were submitted to high-temperature drying and were stored for a long period in a xylarium. The factors should be identified that hinder the efficiency of wood DNA extraction from this species. The results indicate that the DNA from the wood tissues could be successfully amplified, apart from some DNA regions from the heartwood of the dried samples and the xylarium samples. The DNA sequences from the wood tissues mostly matched with the sequences of A. sinensis deposited in the Gen Bank. Moreover, analyses of phylogenetic trees based on trnL-trnF and ITS1 regions indicated that the wood tissues in the tests clustered together with the A. sinensis species from the GenBank, with bootstrap values of 74% and 94%, respectively. Consequently, it is feasible to identify A. sinensis wood on a species level based on the DNA barcoding technology.

Keywords: DNA barcoding, Phylogenetic analyses, Wood anatomy, Wood identification


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Xu Y,Juan L, Liang L,Xin Y, Zhang Z, Gao Z, Sui C,Jianhe W. 2014. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Three cDNAs Encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate Synthase in Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. Plant Physiology & Biochemistry 82: 133-141

Agarwood is an expensive resinous heartwood derived from Aquilaria plants that is widely used in traditional medicines, incense and perfume. The major constituents of agarwood oils are sesquiterpenes, which are obtained from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate precursors through the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and/or the cytosolic mevalonate pathway. 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) is the first rate-limiting enzyme for sesquiterpene synthesis in the MEP pathway. In this study, 3 cDNAs of DXS genes were cloned and characterized from the Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. These genes represent 3 phylogenetically distinct clades conserved among plants. Functional complementation in a DXS-deficient Escherichia coli strain EcAB4-2 demonstrated that they are active DXS, which rescued the E. coli mutant. Their expression profiles in different tissues and in response to different treatments were analyzed by real-time PCR. All 3 genes are highly expressed in stem, followed by leaf and root. AsDXS1 was significantly stimulated by mechanical, chemical, and H2O2 treatment, whereas AsDXS2 and AsDXS3 only responded to chemical treatment and mechanical treatment, respectively. All three genes were oscillation in respond to MJ treatment, with expression peaks occurring at different time points. Our results suggest the conservation of DXS in evolution and imply their distinct functions in primary and defensive sesquiterpene metabolism in A. sinensis.

Keywords: Agarwood, Aquilaria sinensis, Characterization, DXS, Expression, Sesquiterpene

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c. SIlvIculTurE

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Meng-ling H, Shu-yuan Q, Lan-juan H. 2005. Rapid in Vitro Propagation of Medicinally Important Aquilaria agallocha. Journal of Zhejiang University 6(8): 849-852

Aquilaria agallocha can produce fragrant agarwood used for incense, traditional medicine and other products. An efficient plant regeneration system was established via organogenesis from shoots developed from seedlings of Aquilaria agallocha. Shoots generated many buds on MS medium supplemented with 1.3 μmol/L BA (6-benzylaminopurine) in the first 7 weeks, and the buds elongated on MS medium with 1.3 μmol/L BA+0.5 μmol/L NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid) in another 7 weeks, 2.3 shoots 2 cm in length per explant were obtained within 14 weeks. Plantlets were rooted on 1/2 MS medium after being immersed in 5 μmol/L NAA for 48 h, 96.7% of the roots grew up two weeks later. All plantlets that survived acclimatization grew well in the pots.

Keyword: Agarwood, Micropropagation, Aquilaria agallocha.

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Azwin, Siregar IZ, Supriyanto. 2006. The Use of BAP and TDZ for Propagation of Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.). Media Konservasi 11(3): 98–104

Agarwood (A. malaccensis Lamk.) is one of the important tropical forest trees, which produces a high economically valuable fragrant resinous wood. The increase of agarwood demand from year to year leads to uncontrolled illegal harvest of this plant from its natural habitat. To encounter this problem, there is an urgent need to develop agarwood plantation. Tissue culture is an alternative method to provide genetically good seedlings for plantation in the future due to its short period and mass quantity of planlet production. In addition, through this method, its might also provide homogenous plant, and free pest and diseases. The objectives of the study were (1) to find out the optimal concentration of BAP or TDZ for inducing shoot multiplication of agarwood in vitro conditions. MS (Murashige And Skoog, 1962), was used as basal media. The experimental design of the research was completely randomized design with treatment of BAP concentration (control; 0,50 ppm; 0,75 ppm; 1,0 ppm) or TDZ concentration (control; 0,25 ppm; 0,50 ppm; 0,75 ppm), in 3 units, of replicate every units consist of 4 bottles, every bottle containing one explants coming from axillaries and adventitious shoot explants. Results indicated that two types of agarwood explants grown in vitro in MS basal media containing BAP 0,50 ppm or TDZ 0,25 ppm produced the highest number of shoots and leaves of agarwood plantlets, as well as its plantlet shoot length.Keywords: BAP, TDZ, Agarwood, In Vitro_________________________________________________________________


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Indriaty. 2006. Respons Cendawan Mikoriza Arbuskula pada Aquilaria spp. Skripsi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Aquilaria malaccensis dan A. microcarpa merupakan tanaman penghasil gaharu yang pengadaannya dalam bentuk bibit perlu ditingkatkan. Cendawan mikoriza arbuskula (CMA) diharapkan mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan bibit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui respons CMA pada bibit A. malaccensis dan A. microcarpa. Inokulum CMA yang digunakan ialah Glomus sp. ACA, Glomus sp. ZEA, Glomus clarum, Entrophospora sp., dan Gigaspora sp. Kolonisasi CMA pada akar A. malaccensis dan A. microcarpa terjadi sebelum minggu ke-7 setelah inokulasi. Inokulasi CMA efektif meningkatkan tinggi bibit, diameter batang, dan bobot kering total A. malaccensis dan A. microcarpa.

Kata Kunci: Mikoriza Arbuskula, Aquilaria spp., Aquilaria malaccensis, A. microcarpa

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Rayan. 2006. Perlakuan Media Kecambah Terhadap Benih Tumbuhan Penghasil Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa) di Persemaian BP2KK Samarinda. Prosiding Seminar Bersama Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Balai Litbang Kehutanan Kalimantan, Balai Litbang Hutan Tanaman Indonesia Bagian Timur dan Loka Litbang Satwa Primata, Samarinda 12 April 2006 pp 240-245

Tumbuhan penghasil Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa) termasuk suku Thymelaceae bernilai ekonomis tinggi yang selalu diburu dan ditebang orang jika ditemukan pencari gaharu di hutan karena banyak kegunaannya seperti untuk pembuatan parfum, kosmetik dan obat-obatan dan lain-lain. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Persemaian Balai Litbang Kehutanan Kalimantan dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui media perkecambahan benih tumbuhan penghasil gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa) yang baik. Parameter yang diamati adalah kecepatan berkecambah dan daya kecambah benih. Metoda yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Percobaan Acak Kelompok dengan perlakuan-perlakuan media perkecambahan yaitu: P1 (Media Perkecambahan Pasir) dan P2 (Media Perkecambahan Pasir Campur Kompos (1:1). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa proses perkecambahan benih tumbuhan penghasil gaharu jenis Aquilaria microcarpa, mulai berkecambah pada hari ke 7 dan terakhir hari ke 22 dengan rata-rata kecepatan berkecabah selama 14 hari. Sedangkan daya kecambahnya rata-rata 77,67 persen, perkecambahan benih tumbuhan penghasil gaharu dengan pemberian kompos pada media pasir disamping dapat meningkatkan daya perkecambahan juga dapat mempercepat perkecambahannya yaitu penaburan benih pada media pasir rata-rata daya kecambah dan kecepatan berkecambah masing-masing 76,67 persen dan 14,46 hari, sedangkan penaburan di media pasir campur kompos (1:1) masing-masing berturut-turut 78,67 persen dan 13,54 hari. Hal ini disebabkan karena media pasir campur kompos lebih basah/lembab dibandingkan dengan media pasir tanpa


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kompos dan salah satu syarat perkecambahan diantaranya harus kelembabannya stabil atau tetap terjaga dan setelah diuji secara statistik tidak menunjukan perbedaan yang nyata.

Kata kunci: Gaharu, Aquilaria microcarpa, Media kecambah, Daya kecambah, Kecepatan berkecambah

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Rayan. 2006. Pengaruh Media Terhadap Pertumbuhan Cabutan Anakan Alam Jenis Tumbuhan Penghasil Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa). Prosiding Seminar Bersama Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Balai Litbang Kehutanan Kalimantan, Balai Litbang Hutan Tanaman Indonesia Bagian Timur dan Loka Litbang Satwa Primata: Samarinda 12 April 2006 pp 326-333

Gaharu adalah gumpalan resin berbentuk padat berwarna coklat kehitaman sampai hitam dan berbau harum, yang terdapat pada bagian kayu atau akar dari jenis tumbuhan penghasil gaharu yang telah mengalami proses perubahan kimia dan fisika diduga akibat terinfeksi oleh sejenis jamur, serta merupakan komoditi elit dalam kelompok hasil hutan bukan kayu yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi dan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan untuk pembuatan parfum, kosmetik, dan obat-obatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di persemaian Balai Litbang Kehutanan Kalimantan, rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan perlakuan berbagai media sapih, antara lain: M1 (media topsoil), M2 (media topsoil campur tanah gambut (3:1), M3 (media topsoil campur tanah gambut (2:1), M4 (media subsoil campur tanah gambut (3:1), M8 (media topsoil campur bokasi (2:1), M9 (media subsoil campur bokasi (3:1), M10 (media subsoil campur bokasi (2:1), penelitian ini diulang dengan 3 kali ulangan yang tiap-tiap ulangan terdiri dari 30 benih. Hasil penelitian penunjukan bahwa Rata-rata pertumbuhan tinggi mencapai 29,75 cm dengan diameter 0,28 cm dan persentase hidup mencapai 82,53 persen asal cabutan anakan alam selama 6 bulan di persemaian, pemberian gambut pada media sapih pada umumnya cenderung meningkat tetapi pemberian pada media subsoil belum dapat menyamakan kesuburan topsoilnya. Berbeda halnya dengan pemberian Bokasi pada media sapih disamping meningkatkan kesuburan tanah dan juga pemberian pada media subsoil dapat melebihi kesuburan topsoilnya. Yaitu pertumbuhan tinggi cabutan yang disapih pada media subsoil campur bokasi (M9, 32,7 cm) lebih tinggi dari pada media topsoil (M1, 29,74 cm)begitu juga dengan pertumbuhan diameternya yaitu cabutan anakan alam yang di sapih pada M9, 0,34 cm dan yang disapih pada M1 adalah 0,28 cm tetapi sebaliknya dengan persentase hidup yaitu persentase lebih rendah dengan pertumbuhan yang lebih tinggi.

Kata kunci: Gaharu, Aquilaria microcarpa, Media sapih, Gambut, bokasi

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Wijayanti DR. 2006. Identifikasi Cendawan Mikoriza Arbuskula dari Rizosfer Aquilaria spp. Skripsi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Aqularia spp. merupakan genus utama penghasil gaharu. Intensitas perburuan yang tidak terkendali menyebabkan Aquilaria spp. menjadi salah satu tanaman angka. Oleh karena itu, pelestarian Aquilaria spp. sebagai sumber plasma nutfah perlu dilakukan untuk mencegah kepunahan. Cendawan mikoriza arbuskula (CMA) telah digunakan sebagai inokulum dalam peningkatan pertumbuhan Aquilaria spp., tetapi informasi keberadaan CMA pada rizosfer Aquilaria spp. belum dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi CMA pada rizosfer Aquilaria spp. Contoh rizosfer tanah dan akar Aquilaria spp. diambil dari empat lokasi, yaitu Carita (A. malaccensis), Ciapus (A. filaria), Cifor (A. crassna dan A. malaccensis), dan Bantar Kemang (A. beccariana, A. crassna, dan A. malaccensis). Pewarnaan akar menggunakan metode Phillips dan Hayman (1970) yang dimodifikasi. Contoh tanah yang diambil segera dikeringudarakan untuk digunakan sebagai biakan pot dengan Pueraria javanica sebagai tanaman inang. Spora diisolasi dari biakan pot dengan menggunakan metode tuang saring basah dilanjutkan dengan sentrifugasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan struktur koloni CMA pada akar Aquilaria spp. berupa hifa eksternal, hifa internal, hifa gelung, arbuskula dan vesikula. Seluruh struktur koloni CMA pada akar Aquilaria spp. menunjukkan adanya asosiasi tanaman dengan CMA. Spora CMA yang berhasil diisolasi dan diidentifikasi dari rizosfer empat spesies Aquilaria spp. (tujuh contoh tanah) berupa empat spesies CMA, yaitu Glomus sp.1, Glomus sp.2 , Gigaspora albida, dan Scutellosporasp.

Kata Kunci: Cendawan, Mikoriza Arbuskula, Rizosfer, Aquilaria spp.

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Firmansyah YV.2007. Pembiakan Vegetatif Tanaman Gaharu (Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex. Lecomte) dengan Stek Pucuk. Skripsi Departemen Silvikultur Fakultas Kehutanan (IPB)

Semakin tingginya laju degradasi hutan, menyebabkan bahan baku untuk industri pengolahan kayu menurun, sehingga pendapatan dari sektor kehutanan mengalami penurunan. Maka perlu alternatif pemanfaatan hasil hutan selain kayu, yakni dengan menggali potensi hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK). Salah satu HHBK yang memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan adalah tanaman jenis gaharu, karena gaharu adalah tanaman yang dapat menghasilkan minyak atsiri bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Pada beberapa tahun terakhir jumlah gaharu di alam semakin berkurang karena semakin maraknya penebangan liar tanaman gaharu di alam, untuk itu perlu tindakan budidaya yang intensif terhadap jenis gaharu. Fase berbuah dan berbunga dari gaharu yang hanya sekali dalam setahun, menyebabkan gaharu tidak dapat menghasilkan bibit setiap saat. Maka pembiakan vegetatif menjadi cara yang efektif, karena dengan pembiakan ini proses regenerasi dapat dilakukan setiap saat. Stek pucuk adalah salah satu metode pembiakan vegetatif yang efektif


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untuk menghasilkan jumlah bibit dalam jumlah banyak, selain itu dengan metode ini juga dapat mempertahankan keunggulan sifat genetik induknya.

Kegiatan penelitian stek pucuk gaharu, dilakukan di rumah kaca sistem KOFFCO di Bogor, dengan menggunakan rancangan percobaan pola 2 X 3 yakni 2 perlakuan asal bahan stek yang terdiri dari bahan stek dari tanaman dewasa dan bahan stek yang diambil dari tanaman muda (semai), serta 3 perlakuan Zat Pengatur Tumbuh (ZPT) Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) yakni tanpa IBA (kontrol), IBA 50 ppm, IBA 100 ppm. Sehingga didapatkan kombinasi perlakuan sebanyak 6 perlakuan, dengan masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan 3 ulangan, sehingga ada 18 unit percobaan, dan setiap unitnya terdiri dari 50 bahan stek, jadi secara keseluruhan digunakan 900 bahan stek. Kemudian untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari setiap perlakuan terhadap keberhasilan stek dilakukan uji Kruskal-Wallis. Parameter yang digunakan untuk mengetahui keberhasilan stek ini adalah persen hidup, persen bertunas, persen berakar, dan persen hidup setelah aklimatisasi. Hasil pengamatan terhadap stek gaharu menunjukkan bahwa persen hidup dan bertunas mencapai nilai 69,2 %, sedangkan untuk persen berakar sebesar 66,5 %. Untuk perlakuan yang terbaik pada persen berakar adalah stek yang berasal dari semai tanpa IBA (kontrol) dengan persentase 96 %, dan persen berakar paling rendah yakni 28,6 % adalah stek dengan bahan tanaman dewasa tanpa IBA. Kemudian setelah diolah dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan bahwa setiap perlakuan memiliki pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap keberhasilan stek. Namun dari nilai Z yang didapatkan dari uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan bahwa stek yang berasal dari tanaman semai memiliki Z yang nilai positif, sedangkan untuk stek dari tanaman semai hasil Z-nya negatif. Hal itu menunjukkan bahwa antara sumber bahan stek yang telah dewasa dan semai memiliki perbedaan cukup besar, yakni stek dari tanaman semai memiliki tingkat keberhasilan yang lebih tinggi. Setelah dilakukan aklimatisasi diketahui bahwa tanaman yang hidup setelah aklimatisasi sebanyak 573, atau terjadi kematian sebanyak 26 stek (4,3 %) bila dibandingkan dengan persen berakar. Dengan mengetahui besarnya nilai keberhasilan stek pucuk gaharu ini, maka metode ini dapat dijadikan alternatif yang tepat untuk pembudidayaan tanaman gaharu sehingga dapat menjaga kelestarian tanaman gaharu di hutan alam, dan juga mendorong peningkatan produksi minyak gaharu, dan pada akhirnya sektor kehutanan mampu memberikan sumbangan untuk meningkatkan devisa negara tanpa harus merusak lingkungan dengan eksploitasi kayu di hutan yang berlebihan.

Kata Kunci: Pembiakan vegetative, Gaharu, Stek pucuk_______________________________________________________________


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Sumarna Y. 2008. Teknik Perbanyakan Tumbuhan Karas (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) dengan Stek Pucuk (Propagation Techniques of Karas Plant (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) by Shoot Cutting. Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 5 (1): 79-87

Increasing value of agarwood and its market demand at higher price has increased agarwood harvesting by falling the living tree. This condition made a strong call for conservation of karas (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) population, which has high commercial value. For the conservation effort and sustainable production to supply market demand, a plantation should be established. One important problem in plantation is seedling production. In order to solve the problem, vegetatively propagated seedling, which have similar genetic quality as its mother tree, and in the hight quality, need to be raised. Experiment on vegetative propagation of karas (A. malaccensis) were done using split plot design, with 4 kinds of media as treatmens (main plot). The media consists of: A (soil), B (soil + compost 1:1), C (soil + cocopit 1:1), and D (soil + compost + cocopit 1:1:1). The sub plot treatment was different dose of Rootone-F as root inducer, i.e : (a) 0 ppm, (b) 10 ppm, and (c) 20 ppm. Results showed that the effect of media and dose of hormone, and their interaction were significant on survival percentage of shoot cuttings. The best media for shoot cutting, which gave highest survival percentage was mixture of soil + compost organic (1:1). The optimum dose was 10 ppm. The optimum interaction between media and Rootone-F dose was combination of media cocopit + organic compost, with 10 ppm dose of Rootone-F.

Keywords: Agarwood, Conservation, Shoot cutting, Media

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Sumarna Y. 2008. Pengaruh Diameter dan Luas Tajuk Pohon Induk Terhadap Potensi Permudaan Alam Tingkat Semai Tumbuhan Penghasil Gaharu Jenis Karas (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.). Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. 5 (1): 21-27

Tumbuhan karas (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) tergolong salah satu jenis pohon penghasil gaharu yang potensial dan bernilai komersial tinggi. Semula produksi hanya dengan memanfaatkan pohon produksi yang mati alami. Akibat nilai guna yang berkembang selain sebagai bahan parfum, kosmetika, dan obat herbal serta nilai jual yang semakin tinggi, mendorong masyarakat untuk mencari gaharu dengan cara menebang pohon hidup. Dalam upaya konservasi dan melestarikan produksi agar tidak tergantung kepada hutan alam, upaya budidaya merupakan solusi yang perlu dilaksanakan. Dalam budidaya, kendala pengadaan bibit dapat ditempuh selain menggunakan benih juga dapat dibina dengan memanfaatkan anakan alam yang tumbuh di bawah pohon induk. Melalui pengamatan terhadap pohon induk alami dalam rancangan berblok dengan tiga faktor kelas diameter (D1 : ± 20 cm, D2: ± 30 cm, D3 : >30 cm) melalui lima plot pengamatan secara acak pada tiga ulangan


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sesuai kelas diameter batang pohon induk, benih-benih yang jatuh setelah 2-3 bulan akan tumbuh menghasilkan anakan alam. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa potensi permudaan alam memiliki hubungan dengan diameter dan luas tajuk. Potensi anakan alam pada pohon induk Ø ± 20 cm dan luas tajuk 26,33 m2 : 5,082 batang, pada Ø ± 30 cm dengan luas tajuk 42,60 m2 : 12,397 batang, dan pada pohon Ø > 30 cm dengan luas tajuk 50,13 m2 menghasilkan 18,348 batang anakan alam. Hasil uji keragaman dan uji beda nilai terkecil, antar kelas diameter batang berbeda nyata (signifikan) terhadap permudaan alam. Sesuai hasil tersebut secara biologis dapat diasumsikan bahwa semakin besar diameter batang dan semakin luas tajuk pohon induk akan semakin tinggi potensi permudaan-permudaan alam yang dihasilkan. Dalam upaya pengadaan bahan tanaman dengan memanfaatkan anakan alam, secara teknis dapat diperkirakan sesuai kelas diameter serta luas tajuk pohon induk.

Kata kunci: Gaharu, Permudaan alam

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Sumarna Y. 2008. The Effects of Seed Maturity Condition and Media Type on Growth of Agarwood Seedlings of KarasTrees (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.). Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 5 (2): 129-135

Agarwood is categorized as a non-timber forest product which has complex use values, not only for perfume and cosmetics, but also for medicinal industrial materials. The products were initially taken from the dead trees, but people nowadays tend to cut down the trees to obtain agarwood which could lead to the depletion of the resource. Since 2004 the species of Aquilaria sp. and Gyrinops sp. have been listed as endangered species in the Appendix II by the Commission of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna). A number of reservation efforts to maintain sustainable production of the agarwood could be done through cultivation. Based on the biological nature of the plants, the agarwood seedlings can be cultivated either from the seeds which fall from the tree or from the seeds taken from the mature fruit. Technically, growth of the seeds in yielding good quality and optimal number of seedlings will be influenced by germination media type used. Through examination on seeds fall from the trees (A) and seeds taken from mature fruits (B) germinated by three media types, i.e. (a) soil, (b) soil + organic compost (1:1) and ( c) soil + zeolith sand (1:1), it can be suggested that growth percentage of seeds fall from the tree (A) was about 82.88% while that of seeds taken from mature fruit was only 70.33% after three months. The good germination media was indicated by the media treatment of soil combined with organic compost (b).

Keywords: Agarwood, seed, media, seedling, cultivation

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Sumarna Y. 2008. The Effects of Media Types and Nitrogen, Phosphor, and Kalium (NPK) Fertilizers on Growth of Agarwood Seedlings of Karas Trees (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.). Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 5 (2): 193-199

Agarwood is classified as one of the non-timber forest products which possess a high commercial value. Product of agarwood can be obtained by picking it up from the trees which died naturally. Due to the difficulty in getting dead trees as well as market demand with higher price, people now look for agarwood by cutting down the trees and chopping up the stems to find parts of the wood that contain agarwood. The high exploitation of trees in some areas results in the depletion of the wild resource. One of the conservation efforts to maintain sustainable production of agarwood for the future is through cultivation conducted in various central production areas and suitable sites. The success of cultivation is mainly influenced by the availability of good quality of plants. Hence, the study on seedling maintenance in the nursery done by split plot design with the media as the main plot and NPK fertilizer dose treatment as sub plot can be expected to gain technical information on fertilization for good quality of seedlings. Observation on growth of karas (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) seedlings with four media type treatments (A: soil, B: soil + compost (1:1), C: soil + sand (1:1), and D : soil + compost +sand (1:1:1)), and three NPK fertilizer dose treatments (a : 0 gram, b : two gram, and c: four gram), suggested that media B (mixture soil + compost (1:1)) and D (mixture soil + compost + sand (1:1:1)) with induction of two grams NPK fertilizer produced optimal percentage of growth and quick to reach age ready for planting.

Keywords: Agarwood, Seedling, NPK fertilizer, Cultivation

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Syamsuwida D, Aminah A, Hidayat AR. 2008. Pertumbuhan Semai Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) Setelah Aplikasi Paklobu Tarazal Selama Penyimpanan. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Tanaman 5 (1): 21-31

Gaharu (A. malaccensis) merupakan salah satu dari 6 jenis penghasil gaharu berkualitas tinggi dan dikenal memiliki karakteristik benih rekalsitran sehingga sulit disimpan untuk jangka waktu lama dengan metode konvensional. Dengan demikian perlu metode penyimpanan yaitu menyimpannya dalam bentuk semai. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi beberapa bahan penghambat pertumbuhan, kondisi tempat simpan dan media simpan terhadap pertumbuhan semai gaharu selama penyimpanan. Bahan penghambat pertumbuhan yang digunakan adalah paklobutrazol, NaCl dan akuades sebagai kontrol.Kondisi tempat simpan terdiri dari rumah tumbuh, naungan berat dan naungan ringan.Sedangkan media simpan semai terdiri dari campuran tanah pasir (1:1) dan pasir saja. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap pola faktorial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan paklobutrazol berpengaruh


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nyata terhadap penekanan pertumbuhan tinggi semai gaharu. Sementara kombinasi perlakuan bahan penghambat paklobutrazol 250 ppm, media pasir dan tempat simpan rumah tumbuh secara efektif berhasil menekan pertumbuhan semai gaharu selama penyimpanan dengan persentase hidup yang tinggi.

Kata kunci: Benih rekalsitran, Kondisi tempat simpan, Media, Penghambat tumbuh, Ruang tumbuh, Naungan ringan, Naungan berat

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Adurachman, Lanniari I, Saridan A. 2009. Potency and Diameter Increment of Aquilaria malaccensis LAMK.at Labanan Natural Production Forest, Berau District, East Kalimantan. Jurnal Balai Besar Penelitian Dipterokarpa Samarinda. Kalimantan Timur 6 (1): 1-11

Aquilaria malaccensis LAMK is one of the most important tree species which can produce agarwood or gaharu as non timber forest product in East Kalimantan. Agarwood has a high economical value. The objective of this research is was to get information on potency, distribution, and diameter increment of the trees. Such information provides an important input for genetic conservation purpose as well as for silviculture development. This research was conducted at Silviculture Technique for Regeneration of Logged Over Area in East Kalimantan (STREK) plots at Labanan natural production forest with a total area of 48 ha. The areas were divided into12 plots, where each plot has a size of 4 ha or 200 m x 200 m. The result showed that the total trees on each plot was between 1 to 5 trees, which meant that only 1 tree could be found in every two ha. The maximum diameter of the tree was 44.7 cm while the minimum diameter was above 10.0 cm. The average of diameter increment was 0.40 cm (± 0.402 cm) per year. Meanwhile, the maximum growth was 0.64 cm per year for diameter class >40 cm.

Keywords: Agarwood, Non timber forest product, Silviculture, Maximum growth

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Betrianingrum C. 2009. Kajian Pertumbuhan Eksplan Pucuk Gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke) Melalui Teknik Ex Vitro. Skripsi Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan Dan Ekowisata Fakultas Kehutanan (IPB)

Pada tahun 1985, jumlah ekspor gaharu Indonesia mencapai sekitar 1487 ton, namun eksploitasi hutan alam tropis dan perburuan gaharu yang tidak terkendali telah mengakibatkan species-species gaharu menjadi langka. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan komposisi media yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan eksplan dan untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi hormon tumbuh IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) yang optimal bagi pertumbuhan perakaran eksplan pucuk G.versteegii melalui teknik ex vitro. Diharapkan dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh informasi tentang media tumbuh yang sesuai dan konsentrasi hormon yang terbaik


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untuk pertumbuhan eksplan pucuk G.versteegii (Gilg) Domke, sehingga dapat diterapkan guna mendukung pelestarian plasma nutfah.

Dalam pelaksanaan penelitian, alat yang digunakan box mika, aqua gelas 240 ml, cutter, gunting tanaman, sungkup, paranet, papan iris, steples, sprayer, dan kertas label. Bahan yang digunakan antara lain eksplan pucuk G.versteegii, hormon IBA (400, 450, 500, 550, 600 ppm), Vitamin B1, bakterisida, fungisida, media (tanah, pasir, dan kompos), Antracol, zat perekat, CaCo3. Semua eksplan yang sudah direndam pada larutan (vitamin B1, sterilisasi, dan hormon dengan berbagai konsentrasi), serta dioles dengan pasta pada bagian pangkal eksplan, langsung ditanam pada masing-masing media (tanah tunggal, pasir tunggal, dan campuran tanah-pasir-kompos) yang sudah dimasukkan pada box mika. Selanjutnya box ditutup rapat dan disteples, kemudian simpan dalam sungkup.

Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah presentase hidup pada perlakuan sebesar 66,67%, sedangkan pada kontrol sebesar 83,33%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan dengan hormon berpengaruh pada presentase hidup eksplan. Pertumbuhan tinggi pada eksplan sangat dipengaruhi oleh jenis media. Sedangkan hormon sangat berpengaruh terhadap perakaran. Persentase berakar pada perlakuan hormon sebesar 61,78% dan pada kontrol sebsesar 53,33%. Dilihat dari persentase berakar berdasarkan konsentrasi hormon, yang paling tinggi pada konsentrasi 550 ppm yaitu 14,22%. Namun, tidak jauh berbeda dengan konsentrasi 450 ppm dengan persentase berakarnya sebesar 13,11%.

Dari hasil sebelumnya dapat disimpulkan bahwa komposisi media yang baik untuk pertumbuhan eksplan gaharu adalah media tanah dengan persentase hidup 89,33%. Sedangkan hormon yang optimal untuk perakaran eksplan pucuk gaharu adalah dengan konsentrasi 550 ppm. Namun konsentrasi 450 ppm juga baik untuk perakaran, walaupun tidak seoptimal konsentrasi 550 ppm. Tetapi konsentarsi hormon 450 ppm ini dapat mengefisienkan biaya.

Key words: Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke, Material, Hormone

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Karyantara ID. 2009. Pengaruh Beberapa Media Tanam Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Gaharu (Aquilaria beccariana van Tiegh.). Skripsi Departemen Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan dan EkowisataFakultas Kehutanan (IPB)

Gaharu merupakan salah satu komoditas hasil hutan bukan kayu yang mempunyai peranan penting dalam peningkatan devisa negara. Saat ini tidak kurang 17 (tujuh belas) jenis tumbuhan yang dapat menghasilkan gaharu diantaranya adalah Aquilaria beccariana. Meningkatnya permintaan pasar dan harga jual gaharu yang cukup tinggi, menyebabkan usaha pencarian gaharu oleh masyarakat di hutan alam meningkat terlebih masyarakat tersebut lebih banyak yang salah tebang. Cara


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pemungutan seperti ini berdampak terancamnya kelestarian gaharu, tidak diimbangi dengan pembudidayaan dengan baik. Teknik pembesaran gaharu melalui kombinasi beberapa media diharapkan dapat memberikan pilihan terhadap usaha konservasi dalam pembudidayaan. Pengembangan gaharu yang dilakukan merupakan salah satu upaya untuk mengkonservasi dan sekaligus membudidayakan pohon penghasil gaharu agar dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomi baik untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat terutama yang tinggal di sekitar hutan, maupun untuk meningkatkan pendapatan asli daerah.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh beberapa kombinasi media tanam terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman gaharu. (Aquilaria beccariana van Tiegh.) Penelitian ini dilakukan di green house Komplek Kebun Raya Tamansari Bogor, dilaksanakan selama empat bulan yaitu dari awal bulan Mei sampai akhir bulan Oktober 2008. Bahan yang digunakan berupa media semai, media tanam, benih gaharu, obat pengendali hama/insektisida dan paranet. Alat yang diperlukan antara lain polybag, bak penampungan, bak pencampur media, timbangan, caliper, alat-alat tulis, sprayer, emrat, pengaduk media, sekop kecil, kamera digital, komputer, scaner, printer dan Program SPSS 15.

Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa pertambahan tinggi dan diameter batang rata-rata tanaman gaharu pada perlakuan kombinasi media tanam tanah-pasir-kompos daun kering menunjukkan hasil yang paling tinggi yaitu 2,42 cm, dan yang paling besar yaitu 1,34 mm pada minggu ke 18. Pertambahan jumlah daun tanaman gaharu ada kecenderungan tidak menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi dalam upaya pengembangan budidaya serta pelestarian gaharu yang siap tanam di lapangan.

Kata kunci: Kombinasi media, Konservasi, Budidaya Aquilaria beccariana

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Lisdiantini D. 2009. Kajian Penggunaan Hormon IBA dan BAP terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Penghasil Gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke) dengan Teknik Kultur In Vitro. Skripsi Departemen Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan dan EkowisataFakultas Kehutanan (IPB)

Hasil hutan non kayu terkadang memiliki nilai ekonomis yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kayu, salah satu contohnya adalah gaharu. Permintaan gaharu terus meningkat, sedangkan semua produksinya masih menggantungkan pada produksi dari hutan-hutan alam. Akibat merosotnya populasi pohon penghasil gaharu di hutan-hutan alam, maka Pemerintah melalui Keputusan Presiden No. 43 Tahun 1978 menetapkan peraturan bagi eksportir gaharu yang mewajibkan mereka memiliki surat izin CITES. Perlindungan terhadap beberapa jenis tanaman penghasil gaharu semakin ditingkatkan, Aquilaria spp. Dan Gyrinops spp. termasuk Appendix II CITES pada tanggal 2-14 Oktober 2004 di Bangkok. Penelitian ini


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bertujuan untuk mengetahui kombinasi hormon auksin dan sitokinin (IBA dan BAP) yang terbaik pada media dasar Murashige dan Skoog terhadap pertumbuhan kultur in vitro ekplan tanaman penghasil gaharu Gyrinops versteegii. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah pucuk eksplan steril G. versteegii. Eksplan ditumbuhkan pada media MS dengan penambahan perlakuan kombinasi zat pengatur tumbuh IBA dengan konsentrasi 0,00; 0,05 dan 0,10 mg/l dan BAP 0,00; 0,05; 0,10 dan 0,20 mg/l. Penelitian ini disusun menggunakan metode statistika RAL Faktorial dengan jumlah 12 perlakuan dan ulangan sebanyak 6 kali. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 8 MST (minggu setelah tanam) terhadap seluruh eksplan yang ditanam meliputi parameter rata-rata pertambahan tinggi, jumlah ruas, jumlah tunas, jumlah daun, persentase tingkat kematian, proses pengkalusan dan kontaminasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa media perlakuan IBA 0,05 mg/l + BAP 0,20 mg/l memberikan respon terbaik pada parameter pertambahan tinggi dan pertumbuhan tunas, yaitu sebesar 1,8 cm dan 3,17 tunas. Sedangkan media perlakuan IBA 0,00 mg/l + BAP 0,20 mg/l memberikan respon terbaik pada parameter jumlah ruas dan jumlah daun, yaitu sebesar 6,33 ruas dan 5,67 helai. Semua media perlakuan menumbuhkan kalus kecuali, pada media kontrol. Presentase jumlah eksplan yang terkontaminasi sebesar 6,94% (5 dari 72 eksplan). Kontaminasi disebabkan oleh adanya cendawan pada tabung. Pengaruh pemberian zat pengatur tumbuh IBA (0,00; 0,05 dan 0,10 mg/l) dan BAP (0,00; 0,05; 0,10 dan 0,20 mg/l) memberikan respon yang sangat nyata terhadap parameter jumlah tunas. Sedangkan pada parameter tinggi planlet, jumlah ruas, dan jumlah daun memberikan respon tidak berbeda nyata.

Kata kunci : Gyrinops versteegii, in vitro, auksin, sitokinin

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Rayan. 2009. Pengumpulan Biji dan Perkecambahannya Selama Satu Periode Jatuhnya Biji dari Pohon Induknya dan Penundaan Pengecambahan Biji Aquilaria microcarpa Baill. diPersemaian (Seed Collection and Germination During One Period of Seed Fall from Its Mother Tree and Delay of Seed Germination of Aquilaria microcarpa Baill. at Nursery). Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam6 (2): 203-210

The aim of this study was to find out germination quality in relation to time seed falling sequences (the first study) and delay of seed germination (the second one). The seeds derived from mother trees in Sempaja Arboretum, while germination study was conducted at the nursery of the Dipterocarps Research Center of Samarinda. The completely randomized design with factorial 2 x 7 was used for the first study. The first factor was germination medium consisting of sand without endomycorrhiza (E0) and sand with endomycorrhiza (E1). The second factor was time interval of seed collection consisting of P1 (seeds collected on the 3rd day of seed fall period), P2 (the 5th day), P3 (the 7th day), P4 (those on 10th day), P5 (the 13rd day), P6


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(the 17th day, and P7 (the 24th day). The completely randomized design was used for the second study. The treatments were PW0 (direct seed germination), PW1 (10 day-delay seed germination, PW2 (12 day-delay), and PW3 (17 day-delay). The results of the study showed that the average germination of Aquilaria microcarpa Baill was 74.76%. Germination of seeds in E0 was 75.55%, while that in E1 was 73.79%, but the difference was not statistically significant. The P treatments were highly significantly different, however, the following test (LSD) indicated that the treatments of P6 (60.55%), P7 (64.44%), P5 (70.00%), and P1 (71.11%) were not significantly different. These treatments resulted bad germination quality which was less than the average of overall germination i.e. 74.76%. Good germination quality values were more than 74.76% which were from the treatments of P4 (79.45%), P2 (87.78%), and P3 (90.00%). Result of seed germination delay showed that PW0 (88.89%) was highly significantly different compared to PW1 (31.11%), PW2 (25.56%), and PW3 (15.56%), while PW1, PW2, and PW3 were not significantly different.

Keywords: Germination, Mother tree, Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.

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Gusmailina. 2010. Pengaruh Arang Kompos Bioaktif Terhadap Pertumbuhan Anakan Bulian (Eusyderoxylon zwageri) dan Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis). (The influence of bioactive charcoal compost on seedlings growth of bulian (Eusyderoxylon zwageri) and agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 28(2): 93-110

This article presents several effective growth indications of bulian (Eusyderoxylon zwageri) and agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) seedlings which planted in various media of bioactive charcoal compost. This study employed two main compositions of sawdust activated compost, i.e., sawdust bioactivated compost (ASG) and the ASG plus ricestraw (ASGJ). The research was conducted through 4 months observation in a seedbed belong to Government Forestry District in Jambi. Experiments were completely randomize designed with various portions of ASG and ASGJ ranging from 15 % to 50 %. Growth media contained similar portions of conventional compost were used for comparison, while the control simply contained 100% of top soil. Parameters observed in this study consisted of growth percentage, height, and stem diameter increaments. The collected data were then analized according to Duncan and Scheffe test.Results indicated that the seedling growth of bulian and gaharu in ASG and ASGJ media were better than those planted in conventional compost or control media.

Keywords: Activated charcoal compost, Media, Seedling, Bulian, Agarwood

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Hidayat O. 2010. Kajian Penggunaan Hormon IBA, BAP dan Kinetin terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Penghasil Gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke) secara In Vitro. Skripsi Departemen Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan dan Ekowisata Fakultas Kehutanan (IPB)

Gaharu merupakan hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) yang bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Saat ini permintaan gaharu sebagian besar masih bergantung pada produksi dari hutan alam. Permintaan yang tinggi yang diikuti dengan tingginya perburuan gaharu di hutan alam menyebabkan populasi tanaman penghasil gaharu merosot tajam. Untuk mengatur kuota produksi gaharu Pemerintah melalui Keputusan Presiden No. 43 Tahun 1978 menetapkan peraturan bagi eksportir Gaharu yang mewajibkan mereka memiliki surat izin CITES. Perlindungan terhadap beberapa jenis tanaman penghasil gaharu semakin ditingkatkan, Aquilaria spp. dan Gyrinops spp. termasuk Appendix II CITES pada tanggal 2-14 Oktober 2004 di Bangkok.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kombinasi hormon auksin (IBA) dan sitokinin (BAP dan kinetin) yang terbaik pada media dasar Murashige dan Skoog terhadap multiplikasi tunas eksplan tanaman penghasil gaharu Gyrinops versteegii secara in vitro. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah pucuk eksplan steril G. versteegii. Eksplan ditumbuhkan pada media MS dengan penambahan perlakuan kombinasi zat pengatur tumbuh IBA (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.05, 0.10 mg/l), BAP (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.10, 0.20 mg/l) dan kinetin (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.20, 0.40 mg/l). Penelitian ini disusun menggunakan metode statistika RAL Faktorial dengan jumlah 17 perlakuan dan ulangan sebanyak 6 kali. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 8 MST (minggu setelah tanam) terhadap seluruh eksplan yang ditanam meliputi parameter rata-rata pertambahan tinggi, jumlah ruas, jumlah tunas, jumlah daun, persentase tingkat kematian, proses pengkalusan, pencoklatan dan kontaminasi.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata jumlah daun terbanyak pada kombinasi BAP + IBA dihasilkan pada perlakuan BAP 0.10 mg/l (22.83 helai), sedangkan pada kombinasi BAP + kinetin rata-rata jumlah daun terbanyak dihasilkan pada perlakuan BAP 0.10 mg/l + kinetin 0.20 mg/l (30.00 helai). Multiplikasi tunas pada perlakuan BAP + IBA bekerja optimal pada 4 MST, dengan jumlah 7.00 tunas pada akhir pengamatan yang dihasilkan oleh perlakuan BAP 0.10 mg/l + IBA 0.05 mg/l. Multiplikasi tunas tertinggi dihasilkan oleh kombinasi BAP + kinetin pada perlakuan BAP 0.10 mg/l + kinetin 0.40 mg/l dan BAP 0.20 mg/l dengan jumlah 9.17 tunas. Persentase jumlah eksplan yang membentuk kalus sebesar 88,24% (90 dari 102 eksplan).Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pengaruh pemberian zat pengatur tumbuh kombinasi IBA (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.05, 0.10 mg/l) dengan BAP (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.10, 0.20 mg/l) dan IBA (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.05, 0.10 mg/l) dengan kinetin (konsentrasi 0.00, 0.20, 0.40 mg/l) memberikan respon yang sangat nyata terhadap parameter jumlah tunas dan jumlah daun. Sedangkan pada parameter tinggi planlet dan jumlah ruas memberikan respon nyata dan tidak berbeda nyata.

Kata kunci : Gyrinops versteegii, in vitro, multiplikasi, auksin, sitokinin


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Sitepu IR, Aryanto, Hashidoko Y, Turjaman M.2010. Aplikasi Rhizobakteri Penghasil Fitohormon untuk Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Bibit Aquilaria sp. di Persemaian (Application of Phytohormone-Producing Rhizobacteria to Improve the Growth of Aquilaria sp. Seedlings in the Nursery). Jurnal Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 7(2): 107-116

Gaharu or aloewood or agarwood is resinous wood found mainly in the genus of Aquilaria. Gaharu is formed through a unique pathological process initiated with infection of fungi on the wood tissue. Gaharu has many uses i.e. incense in religious ceremony, perfume additive, medicine, and cultural activities. In response to over-exploitation of gaharu-producing trees that has threatened their existence, genera of Aquilaria and Gyrinops have been enlisted in Appendix II, CITES since October 2004. It is therefore crucial to sustain the existence of gaharu-producing species and to accelerate regeneration of gaharu-producing trees for commercial use. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in accelerating the growth of gaharu-producing seedlings in the nursery. The PGPR have been previously tested in-vitro for theirphytohormone production from which nine isolates were selected for this study. In addition, one mycorrhization helper bacteria, Chromobacterium sp. CK8, was also included. Inoculation accelerated height growth of seedlings up to five months after inoculation. Among the 10 isolates, Burkholderia sp. CK28 and Chromobacterium sp. CK8 gave consistent effect on height growth acceleration. Percentage of height increase over non-inoculated control seedlings ranges from 12.2 to 38.7%, five months after inoculation. No significant effect was observed for the following months and after seedlings were transplanted in the field. Height was the most affected parameter which made it reliable for observation of inoculation effect. Further study should involve dual inoculation of the MHB, Chromobacterium sp. CK8, and mycorrhizal fungi to improve effect of inoculation on growth.

Keywords: Burkholderia sp. CK28, Inoculation, Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, Height

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Hassan, Hasnida N, Ali NAM, Zainudin F, Ismail H. 2011. Effect of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) in Different Basal Media on Shoot Multiplication of Aquilaria hirta and Detection of Essential Oils in the in vitro Shoots. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(51): 10500-10503

Aquilaria hirta, locally known as ‘chandan’ or ‘chandan bulu’, is used interchangeably with Aquilaria malaccensis (karas) to produce gaharu. With the decline in the A. malaccensis populations, harvesting of this precious wood has begun to extend to A. hirta. There is also an increasing interest to plant karas trees and related species. Therefore, a rapid propagation method is necessary to meet the increasing demand for planting materials as well as for conservation purposes. In this paper, we reported on the effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in different basal media,


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Murashige and Skoog (MS) (1962) and woody plant medium (WPM) on shoot multiplications of A. hirta using nodal segments from young seedlings of A. hirta as explants and the chemical analyses of essential oils present in the in vitro shoots. The MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l BAP was the most effective for multiple shoot formation in A. hirta, producing an average of 6.1 shoots per culture, which is significantly higher than other treatments. New shoots produced attained a length of 0.4 to 1.8 cm within 25 days in both MS and WPM basal media. The highest length of new shoots was obtained in WPM containing 0.1 mg/l BAP. Analysis of the oils by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) revealed the presence of b-caryophyllene in trace amounts. Other compounds detected were tetradecanal, hexadecanoic acid, methyl linoleate, linoleic acid, isophytol and phytol acetate.

Keywords: Aquilaria hirta, Chandan, shoot multiplication

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Irianto RSB, Santoso E, Turjaman M, Sitepu IR. 2011. Pests that Attack Gaharu-Yielding Plants. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation pp 89 – 93

Gaharu or eaglewood or agarwood is non-wood forest product. There are about 27 tree species that can produce gaharu in Indonesia, i.e. Aquilaria spp., Gyrinops spp., Aetoxylon spp., andGonystylus spp. These species exist in the forests in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua, but they are threatened due to overexploitation. Thus, farmers begin to plant them in monoculture is a small or a big-scale and outside their natural habitat. However, monoculture is generally susceptible to pest and disease attack. Pest has been found attacking gaharu plantations in several locations in Indonesia, included of leaf eater Heortia vitessoides. This pest has become increasingly important as it can cause severe damage and kill plants. Several control measures were investigated: a) short term controls with a mechanical measure by a routine collection of the larvae or eggs of the pest from infested plants and; a chemical measure using contact or systemic insecticides that contains natural enemies, parasite or predator, e.g. entomopathogenic microorganism (e.g. Beavureia bassiana or Bacillus thuringiensis); and silviculture techniques. Our recent study also showed that Oecophylla smaradgina may be used as a potential predator for protecting plants against pest attack.

Keywords: Gaharu, Heortia vittessoides, Pest control

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Pratiwi, Santoso E, Turjaman M. 2011. Soil Physical and Chemical Properties of the Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) Stands Habitat in West Java. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation pp 105 - 119

The research aims to collect data and information of gaharu habitat characteristics in forest plantation for support gaharu plantation development in Indonesia. The research was carried out in Carita (Banten), Darmaga (Bogor) and Sukabumi. The observed characteristics include: topography, climate, physical, and chemical characteristics of the soils. Beside that, the underground vegetation were analysed, in order to know the relationship between soil characteristics and underground vegetation composition. Result indicates that gaharu could develop quite favourably in flat to rolling landscape, low to high temperature (20-32oC), and high rainfall (> 1500 mm/year), hard soil texture (clay), fast drainage, pH about 4,5-5,1, very low to high base saturation (1,2%-78,84%) and low toxic element. The dominant and co-dominant underground species in Carita are jampang (Panicum disachyum) and selaginela (Selaginella plana), while in Darmaga are pakis (Dictyopteris irregularis) and seuseureuhan (Piper aduncum) and in Sukabumi are jampang (Panicum disachyum) and rumput pait (Panicum barbatum).

Key words: Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.), Land characteristics, Forest plantation

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Subiakto A, Santoso E, Turjaman M. 2011. Trial for Generative and Vegetative Production of Gaharu (Eaglewood) Planting Stocks. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation pp 59 – 65

Gaharu is one of the reliable and superior trees, particularly for development of people plantation forest. R & D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation, with the support of Project of ITTO PD 256 prepared science and technology needed for the aspect of planting stocks production and fungi injection for gaharu stimulation. In the development of science and technology for gaharu planting stocks production, research had been conducted concerning the effect of storage duration on seed germination, which was related to the recalcitrant seed property. Research on gaharu cutting was also conducted to learn the ideal condition for gaharu propagation with cutting, in relation with program of gaharu clonal development. Duration and condition seed storage were influential on gaharu seed germination. Gaharu seed germination decreased from 82% in the initial germination to 42% after 8 weeks storage in room temperature condition. Storage of gaharu seed in refrigerator decreased germination percentage of seeds which had been stored for 8 weeks to 24%. Propagation by cutting on media comprising mixture of coconut rind powder and rice husk with ratio of 1:1, and twice a week watering, produced the best growth percentage of 69%.

Keywords: Gaharu, Generative, Vegetative, Planting stocks


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Surata IK, Soenarno. 2011. Plantation of Eaglewood (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke ) with Interrcopping System, at Rarung, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Jurnal Balai Litbang Kehutanan Bali Nusa Tenggara 8 (4): 349-361

Recently, the eaglewood (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.)Domke) plantation show low growth rate a semiarid area in Nusa Tenggara. Because eaglewood plantation can not grow well without any shading. The objective of this study was to observe the effect of interrcopping system on eaglewood plantation growth in the field. The research method used Completely Randomized Block Design with intercropping treatment system up to nine years old from the first plantation. The treatment used several crops i.e.: corn (Zea mays), cassava (Manihot utilisima), cacao (Theobroma cacao) and control (without interrcopping system). The experiment was conducted three groups and each group consisted of 91 replications of eaglewood seedling. The results showed that up to nine years old of eaglewood plantation had better growth rate: tree height, stem diameter, and survival rate if we used interrcopping system with cacao (Theobroma cacao). The highest growth rate, tree height, diameter, and survival rate of eaglewood plantation were: 29 %, 122 %, and 232 % respectively. The growth of eaglewood plantation from the highest to lowest rank with interrcopping system were cacao (Theobroma cacao), cassava (Manihot utilisima), corn (Zea mays), and control with survival percentage of each 55 %, 37 %, 23 %, and 16 %, respectively. The microclimate of intercropping system was increasing relative humidity, and decreasing the air temperatur, soil temperature, light intensity. Intercropping with cacao may increase soil nutrient of N, C-organic, and P.

Key words: Eaglewood (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domk, Intercropping system, Shading

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Awarau, Waipaina, Page T. 2012. Performance of Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) Seedling Transplants Improved by Shade and Fertiliser. Forest Ecology and Management 265: 258-269

Aquilaria seedlings experience transplant stress after outplanting. Transplant stress is influenced, in part, by sun-exposure. Field-applied fertiliser can mitigate effects of transplant stress. Tall seedlings with thick stems have an improved survival rate after transplanting.

Keywords: Transplant stress, Competition, Root growth, Hardening, Seedling establishment

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Carolina DAS. 2012. Pengaruh Kombinasi Berbagai Media Tanam dengan Inokulum Cendawan Acremonium sp. dan Fusarium sp. terhadap Kualitas


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Gaharu pada Aquilaria crassna. Skripsi Departemen Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Aquilaria crassna merupakan salah satu spesies Aquilaria yang dapat menghasilkan gubal gaharu. Pembentukan gaharu pada Aquilaria crassna dapat terjadi karena adanya induksi dari cendawan. Interaksi antara pohon inang, perlukaan dan jamur dalam pembentukan gaharu masih belum dipahami secara jelas. Faktor-faktor lain seperti umur pohon, perbedaan spesies pohon, pengaruh musim, variasi lingkungan, dan variasi genetik juga berperan penting dalam pembentukan gaharu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi media tanam dengan inokulum cendawan Acremonium sp. dan Fusarium sp. terhadap kualitas gaharu pada Aquilaria crassna. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua faktor, yaitu lima jenis kombinasi media tanam (Tanah, Tanah: Arang sekam, Arang sekam+NPK, Arang sekam + larutan Hoagland, Arang sekam + larutan hoagland yang dimodifikasi) dan dua spesies inokulum (Acremonium sp. dan Fusarium sp.). Parameter yang diamati adalah tingkat persentase gugur daun, kadar warna, kadar harum dan keberadaan terpenoid kayu gaharu. Kadar harum yang terbaik diperoleh dari perlakuan arang sekam dengan pemberian NPK dan inokulum Acremonium sp. dan perlakuan arang sekam dengan pemberian larutan Hoagland yang dimodifikasi dan inokulum Fusarium sp.. Kadar warna kayu terpekat atau tergelap diperoleh dari perlakuan arang sekam dengan pemberian NPK dan inokulum cendawan Acremonium sp. ataupun Fusarium sp.. Sedangkan keberadaan terpenoid belum dapat terakumulasi selama waktu 21 hari setelah induksi. Acremonium sp. menyebabkan keguguran daun lebih tinggi dibanding Fusarium sp..

Kata kunci: Gaharu, Acremonium, Fusarium, Aquilaria crassna

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Lestari F, Suryanto E. 2012. Efikasi Bacillus thuringiensis Terhadap Hama Ulat Daun Gaharu Heortia vitessoidess (Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis againts Worm Leaf Pest on Tree Gaharu Producer). Jurnal Puslitbang Hutan Tanaman 4 (9): 227 – 232

Heortia vitessoides worms attack gaharu plants in Kandangan, Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan and Barabai, Regency of Hulu Sungai Tengah, Central Kalimantan province. This pest attack causes stunted growth of the gaharu plants. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis against the worm pests H. vitessoides. The study was conducted in the protected forest laboratory of the Forest Research Institution of Banjarbaru and in the region of gaharu stands in Kandangan and Barabai, South Kalimantan. The research results showed that the insecticide with the active substance B. thuringiensis at a concentration of 0.5 g/l and 1.5gr/l effectively caused larval mortality of 100% on day 3, and the treatment with the concentration of 1 g/l and 2 g/l effectively caused 100% mortality of larvae on day 2 at the laboratory scale. At the field scale all concentrations resulted in


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100% larval mortality at day 3. Variations of concentrations used did not significantly affect mortality of larvae in the laboratory and on the field.

Keywords: Gaharu, Heortia vitessoides, Bacillus thuringiensis, efficacy, larvae

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Khoerani. 2013. Studi Pembungaan dan Perkembangan Buah Serta Viabilitas Polen Pohon Gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii). Departemen Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Gyrinops versteegii merupakan tanaman yang memiliki potensi sebagai penghasil gaharu. Potensi tersebut perlu dikembangkan dan dibudidayakan sehingga informasi tentang pembungaan dan pembentukan buah sangat diperlukan. Dalam penelitian ini perkembangan bunga dan buah G. versteegii, serta uji viabilitas polen dipelajari. Morfologi bunga dan buah diamati di kebun gaharu, sedangkan pengamatan anatomi dan uji viabilitas polen diamati di laboratorium. Secara umum tunas memiliki 1-15 kuncup bunga. Bunga tergolong dalam bunga sempurna dengan pembungaan memayung bertipe majemuk tidak terbatas. Jumlah stamen, mahkota dan kelopak bervariasi antara 3-8. Kelopak dan mahkota bunga tersusun radial (beraturan). Bunga berupa corong 5 cuping, dan berwarna hijau kekuningan. Panjang bunga mekar adalah 10-18 mm. Perkembangan bakal bunga menuju pembentukan kuncup memerlukan waktu 3-9 hari. Waktu yang dibutuhkan kuncup menjadi bunga mekar adalah 13-27 hari. 7-20 hari setelah anthesis bunga memasuki fase pembuahan. Warna buah menguning pada minggu ke-5 setelah anthesis. Tingkat kerontokan bunga mencapai 88,8%. Buah berbentuk bulat telur, hijau dan jika sudah matang warna kulit berwarna jingga. Pertumbuhan buah muda menjadi buah matang memerlukan waktu 8-11 minggu setelah anthesis (MSA). Umumnya buah mengandung 2 biji. Tingkat kerontokan buah mencapai 61,9%. Viabilitas polen diamati menggunakan teknik pewarnaan. Pewarna yang digunakan adalah anilin blue 1% dan I2KI 1%. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa viabilitas polen menggunakan pewarna I2KI 1% lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pewarna anilin blue 1%. Viabilitas polen fertil dengan I2KI 1% berkisar antara 96,4% hingga 98,9%, sedangkan dengan anilin blue 1% berkisar 88,3% hingga 97,7%.

Kata kunci: Pembungaan, Buah, Viabilitas polen, Gaharu, Gyrinops versteegii

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D. AgArwooD FormATIoN

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Agustini L, Wahyuno D, Santoso E. 2006. Keanekaragaman Jenis Jamur yang Potensial dalam Pembentukan Gaharu dari Batang Aquilaria spp. (Biodiversity of Potential Agarwood Inducer Fungi Taken from Aquilaria spp. Stems). Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 3(5): 555 -564

Terbentuknya gaharu diyakini sebagai respon pohon gaharu terhadap banyak faktor, di antaranya fisiologis tanaman dan infeksi jamur.Sejumlah isolat jamur 3 yang berpotensi menginduksi gaharu telah diisolasi dari sampel kayu gaharu dari berbagai daerah. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman jenis isolat yang berhasil dikoleksi.Sampel kayu diambil dari beberapa lokasi penanaman gaharu di Jawa, Sumatera, Kalimatan, dan Maluku. Kegiatan isolasi, pemurnian, dan perbanyakan dilakukan dengan menumbuhkan pada berbagai media.Identifikasi dilakukan dengan mengamati ciri makroskopis dan mikroskopis isolat yang dibiakkan pada media PDA dan BLA yang diinkubasi pada suhu ruang dengan pencahayaan 300-400 lux selama 10-14 hari. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa biodiversitas isolat koleksi meliputi jenis Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appell and Walenw.,F. tricinctum (Corda) Sacc., F. sambucinum Fuckel, dan Cylindrocarponsp.

Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman, Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon, Makroskopis, Mikroskopis

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Ramadhani RC. 2006. Jaringan Pengakumulasi Resin Gaharu pada Aquilaria crassna. Skripsi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Aquilaria crassna merupakan salah satu dari 17 spesies Aquilaria yang mampu menghasilkan resin gaharu. Pembentukan resin gaharu antara lain dapat disebabkan oleh invasi cendawan, pelukaan, dan perlakuan kimia. Resin yang dihasilkan oleh Aquilaria dilaporkan terakumulasi dalam jumlah besar di included phloem. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari waktu terbentuknya included phloem pada akar, batang, dan daun A. crassna, serta mengamati peran jaringan lain dalam mengakumulasikan resin setelah tanaman diinduksi dengan Acremonium sp. Pembentukan dan perkembangan included phloem diamati pada tanaman umur 6 bulan dan 1 tahun, sedangkan pengamatan jaringan pengakumulasi resin gaharu diamati pada tanaman umur 1 dan 3 tahun. Irisan melintang seluruh organ tanaman umur 6 bulan, daun tanaman umur 1 dan 3 tahun dibuat dengan menggunakan mikrotom putar, sedangkan sayatan melintang akar dan batang tanaman umur 1 tahun serta cabang tanaman umur 3 tahun dibuat dengan menggunakan


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mikrotom sorong. Tiga bulan setelah diinokulasi dengan Acremonium sp. jaringan pengakumulasi resin gaharu diidentifikasi secara histokimia menggunakan larutan tembaga asetat [Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O], sedangkan kandungan pati diamati dengan larutan I2KI. Included phloem sudah terbentuk pada akar dan batang A. crassna umur 6 bulan, sehingga induksi pembentukan gaharu dapat dilakukan pada umur tersebut. Included phloem tidak ditemukan pada daun tanaman A. crassna. Akumulasi resin pada jaringan tanaman yang terinfeksi oleh Acremonium sp. ditemukan di included phloem, unsur trakea xilem sekunder, dan parenkima jejari.

Kata Kunci: Jaringan, Resin Gaharu, Aquilaria crassna

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Rusliani D. 2008. Pengaruh Asam Salisilat Terhadap Sifat Kayu Gaharu (Aquilaria crassna). Skripsi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Asam salisilat merupakan lnolekul sinyal sekunder untuk pembentukan metabolit sekunder yang berfungsi sebagai senyawa pertahanan. Pengaruh asam salisilat terhadap pembentukan senyawa gaharu belum diketahui. lndikator pembentukan senyawa gaharu adalah perubahan warna dan adanya akumulasi terpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian asam salisilat terhadap perubahan warna kayu dan akumulasi terpenoid pada A. crassna. Cabang pohon A.crassna yang berumur 8 tahun (berdiameter 1cm) dibuang kulit dan kambiumnya sepanjang 2 cm kemudian dioleskan asam salisilat dengan konsentrasi lOOn1M (SA loo), 200mM (SA 200), 300mM (SA 300), 4001nM (SA 400), 700mM (SA 700) dan lOOOmM (SA 1000). Tingkat warna kayu dan besarnya zona perubahan warna kayu, akumulasi terpenoid (uji histokiinia dan Liebemian-Burchard) dan tingkat wangi diamati pada 5, 10,25 dan 50 hari setelah pemberiana asam salisilat (hsa). Pemberian asam salisilat menyebabkan perubahan warna kayu dari putih menjadi putih kecoklatan yang disertai munculnya gejala fisiologis,seperti klorosis (SA 400 pada 50 hsa dan SA 700 pada 5 hsa), batang rapuh dan kematian cabang (SA 700 pada 25 hsa dan SA 1000 pada 50 hsa). Kandungan terpenoid inenyebabkan perubahan warna kayu. Akumulasi terpenoid ditemukan pada parenkima jejari, included phloem, unsur trakea xilem dan empulur kecuali pada kayu yang inendapat perlakuan SA 700 dan SA 1000, akumulasi terpenoid hanya terdapat di parenkima jejari dan unsur trakea xilem. Akurnulasi lemak ditemukan pada parenkima jejari, includedphloem, dan unsur hitkea xilem. Sedangkan akumulasi pati ditemukan pada 5-10 hsa di parenkima jejari dan inclsided phloem. Warna kuning pada uji Lieberman Burchard menunjukkan adanya kandungan sterol. Pemberian asam salisilat dapat menginduksi pembentukan senyawa terpenoid tapi tidak dapat menginduksi wangi gaharu.

Kata Kunci: Asam Salisilat, Gaharu, Aquilaria crassna, Sifat Kayu

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Eurlings MCM, Heuveling van BeekH, Gravendeel B. 2010. Polymorphic Microsatellites for Forensic Identification of Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna). Forensic Science International 197 (1): 30-34

Tropical agarwood (Aquilaria) is in danger of extinction in the wild due to illegal logging. Its resin (Gaharu) is used for the production of highly valued incense throughout Asia. We have isolated and characterized microsatellite loci of Aquilaria crassna to detect the geographic origin of agarwood for forensic applications using a modified enrichment procedure based on the capture of repetitive sequences from restricted genomic DNA. We assessed the polymorphisms of five microsatellites amplified from fresh leaves of 22 trees from seven plantations in Vietnam and Thailand and dried leaves of a herbarium specimen of one wild tree. Cross specificity of these markers was confirmed on two related Aquilaria species occurring in China and Vietnam and one microsatellite locus was successfully amplified from wood and incense samples. Four of the loci were polymorphic and the number of alleles ranged from 3 to 15. The loci characterized here can provide a starting point for forensic identification of traded material and certification of sustainably produced agarwood.

Keywords: Gaharu, Microsatellites, Thymelaeaceae, Tropical forest products, Wildlife forensics

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Kumeta Y, Ito M. 2010. Characterization of [delta]-Guaiene Synthases from Cultured Cells of Aquilaria, Responsible for the Formation of the Sesquiterpenes in Agarwood. Plant Physiology 154 (4): 1998-2007

The resinous portions of Aquilaria plants, called agarwood, have been used as medicines and incenses. Agarwood contains a great variety of sesquiterpenes, and a study using cultured cells of Aquilaria showed the production of sesquiterpenes (α-guaiene, α-humulene, and δ-guaiene) to be induced by treatment with methyl jasmonate (MJ). In this study, the accumulation and production of sesquiterpenes were quantified. The amounts accumulated and produced reached a maximum at 12 h, and the most abundant product was α-humulene at 6 h and δ-guaiene after 12 h. However, a headspace analysis of the cells revealed that α-humulene is likely to be volatilized; so overall, the most abundant sesquiterpene in the cells was δ-guaiene. A cDNA library from RNA isolated from MJ-treated cells was screened using PCR methodologies to isolate five clones with very similar amino acid sequences. These clones were expressed in Escherichia coli, and enzymatic reactions using farnesyl pyrophosphate revealed that three of the clones yielded the same compounds as extracted from MJ-treated cells, the major product being δ-guaiene. These genes and their encoded enzymes are the first sesquiterpene synthases yielding guaiene-type sesquiterpenes as their major products to be reported. Expression of a fourth terpene synthase gene in bacteria resulted in


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the accumulation of the protein in insoluble forms. Site-directed mutagenesis of the inactive clone and three-dimensional homology modeling suggested that the structure of the N-terminal domain was important in facilitating proper folding of the protein to form a catalytically active structure.

Keywords: Aquilaria, Agarwood, Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane, Ligases

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Murtaip. 2010. Induction of Agarwood Formation by Combination of Acremonium and Chemical Treatments. Skripsi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Agarwood is an aromatic resin produced by Aquilaria spp. The resin was formed as a response to fungal infection, mechanical damage or chemical treatment. This research was aiming at evaluation of the effectivity of single induction agent (salicylic acid (A), methyl jasmonate (M), Acremonium (F)) and in comparison to combination of induction agents. Trunks of Aquilaria crassna (±10 years old) was induced by either a single induction agents (A, M or F) or its combination (AF, AM, MF or AMF). Acremonium was given as pellets, while A and M were given at 100 mM and 750 mM, respectively. The tree was first drilled (4 mm diam. and one third diameter of the stem), with 20 cm distance between holes. The trunk was then injected with A, subsequently with M and inoculated with F, with a week interval of teratments. Agarwood quality criteria such as wood discoloration, fragrance level, and also terpenoid accumulation were observed monthly for four months periode. The results indicated that intensity of wood discoloration of all treatments ranges from brownish white to dark brown with AMF combination gave highest intensity. Fragrance did not induce by all treatments with AMF combination given highest mean score, but on the base at percentage of point induction, MF and F were more effective to induce fragrance. All of treatments induced terpenoids formation. AM and F treatments induced high triterpenoid accumulation with concentration 268.25 ppm. Wood discoloration was not correlated with fragrance level, but it was correlated with terpenoid accumulation. AMF stimulated wood discoloration and its fragrance level was better than the other treatments. However, only MF and F were effective to induce spesific agarwood fragrance.

Keywords: Aquilaria crassna, Acremonium, Salycilic acid, Methyl jasmonate, discoloration, terpenoid.

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Nimnoi P, Pongsilp N, Lumyong S. 2010. Endophytic Actinomycetes Isolated from Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lec and Screening of Plant Growth Promoters Production. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 26 (2):193-203

A total of 10 endophytic actinomycete strains were successfully isolated from healthy shoots and roots of Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lec (eaglewood). Analysis of 16S rDNA sequencing of those isolates showed that they belong to members of the genera Streptomyces (2 isolates), Nonomuraea (1 isolate), Actinomadura (1 isolate), Pseudonocardia (1 isolate) and Nocardia (3 isolates). The remaining 2 isolates were unidentified. All of isolates produced the amount of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and ammonia ranging between 9.85 ± 0.31 to 15.14 ± 0.22 μg ml^sup -1^ and 2 to 60 mg ml^sup -1^, respectively. Among 10 isolates tested, the amount of hydroxamate-type siderophore produced by 2 isolates was undetectable. While the remaining 8 isolates produced the amount of hydroxamate-type ranging between 3.21 ± 0.12 and 39.30 ± 0.40 μg ml^sup -1^. Also, catechols-type siderophore produced by 9 isolates was undetectable. Actinomadura glauciflava is only one isolate that produced catechols-type 4.12 ± 0.90 μg ml^sup -1^. In addition, 10 endophytic actinomycetes showed protease activity ranging from undetectable to 8.16 ± 0.15 unit ml^sup -1^. Genetic relatedness amongst these isolates was determined base on Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC PCR). Both methodologies generated specific patterns corresponding to particular genotypes. RAPD fingerprinting proved to be slightly more discriminatory than ERIC PCR. This study is the first published report that actinomycetes can be isolated as endophytes within this plant. It is also the first published report that endophytic actinomycetes are capable of producing IAA and siderophores.

Keywords: Endophytic actinomycetes, Idole-3-acetic acid, Siderophores, Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC PCR), Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

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Wilarso SBR, Santoso E, Wahyudi A. 2010. Identifikasi Jenis-jenis Fungi yang Potensial terhadap Pembentukan Gaharu dari Batang Aquilaria spp. (Identification the Potential Types of Fungi on Establishment Agarwood Stem of Aquilaria spp.). Jurnal Sivikultur Tropika 1 (01): 1 – 5

One of tree genus that becomes the main source of agarwood producer is Aquilaria. The formation of agarwood was believed as response of agarwood trees to many factors, likes plant physiological and pathogenic fungi infection. A number of isolates that have the potential to induce agarwood has been isolated from wood samples from different areas such as Bangka, Bogor, Bohorok, Gorontalo, East Kalimantan, Lampung, Mentawai, Papua, and Sukabumi. This study aimed to obtain information on the types of fungi isolated from stem-forming agarwood Aquilaria


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spp. that successful collection of Microbiology Laboratory of Forestry Research in Bogor. Identification was done by observing morphological features from cultured isolates on PDA and BLA. The results of identification of isolates collection include species of Fusarium solani (Mart.), Appell and Walenw, F. tricinctum (corda) Sacc, F sambucinum Fuckel, and F. Moniliformae.

Keywords: Identification, fungi, Fusarium, Aquilaria spp.

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Hodijah RS. 2011. Cendawan dan Bahan Kimiawi sebagai Formula Inokulan Penginduksi Gaharu. Skripsi Departemen Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh asam salisilat 0,1 mM dan metil jasmonat 0,75 mM terhadap pertumbuhan Acremonium sp. (IPBCC 08.566, IPBCC 07.525) dan Fusarium sp. (IPBCC 08.568, IPBCC 08.569 dan IPBCC 08.570) pada media laboratorium dan formula inokulan berbentuk pelet. Acremonium sp. atau Fusarium sp. (diam. 5 mm) ditumbuhkan pada media PDA dan dipasangkan dengan lempeng kertas saring (diam. 5 mm) yang mengandung 1 mL asam salisilat 0,1 mM atau metil jasmonat 0,75 mM. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap diameter koloni dan jumlah konidia setiap dua hari sampai koloni memenuhi cawan. Senyawa kimia yang tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan diteliti lebih lanjut sebagai komponen formulasi pelet dan pelet diuji viabilitasnya. Uji viabilitas dilakukan dengan menumbuhkan cendawan berupa pelet pada media PDA. Asam salisilat 0,1 mM atau metil jasmonat 0,75 mM tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan miselium dan produksi konidia pada semua isolat. Namun asam salisilat 0,1 mM merangsang pembentukan konidia Fusarium IPBCC 08.568 (sebesar 1,005x produksi konidia kontrol). Secara umum Acremonium sp. maupun Fusarium sp. pada pelet dengan penambahan asam salisilat 0,1 mM atau metil jasmonat 0,75 mM dan 750 mM memiliki viabilitas sebesar 85-95,8% dan tidak berbeda nyata dari kontrol yaitu sebesar 90-96,6%. Sedangkan semua cendawan pada pelet yang diberi asam salisilat 100 mM tidak tumbuh sehingga dianggap tidak viabel.

Kata kunci: Cendawan, Inokulan, Gaharu

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Jin-long C, Shun-xing G, Pei-gen X. 2011. Antitumor and Antimicrobial Activities of Endophytic Fungi from Medicinal Parts of Aquilaria sinensis. Journal of Zhejiang University - Science B 12(5): 385–392

The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize endophytic fungi from the stem tissue which can produce fragrant ingredients in Aquilaria sinensis (also called agarwood) to determine their antitumor and antimicrobial activities. Twenty-eight fungal endophytes were isolated fromagarwood by strict sterile


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sample preparation and were classified into 14 genera and 4 taxonomic classes (Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Saccharomycetes, and Zygomycetes) based on molecular identification. Of the 28 isolates, 13 (46.4%) showed antimicrobial activity against at least one of the test strains by the agar well diffusion method, and 23 isolates (82.1%) displayed antitumor activity against at least one of five cancer cell lines by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The diameters of inhibition zones of YNAS07, YNAS14, HNAS04, HNAS05, HNAS08, and HNAS11 were equal to or higher than 14.0 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, B. subtilis, Aspergillus fumigatus, and B. subtilis, respectively. The inhibition rates of YNAS06, YNAS08, and HNAS06 were not less than 60% to 293-T, 293-T, and SKVO3 cells, respectively. These results suggest that the endophytic fungi associated with agarwood will provide us with not only useful micro-ecological information, but also potential antimicrobial and antitumor agents.

Keywords: Agar diffusion method, Agarwood, Antimicrobial bioactivity, Antitumor bioactivity, Endophytic fungi.

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Lia PA. 2011. Studi Interaksi Fusarium sp. dengan Pohon Gaharu (Aquilaria sp.) Menggunakan Pendekatan Sitologi. Skripsi Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

The research is aiming to study the pathogenesis mechanism of Fusarium sp. IPBCC. 08.569 on Aquilaria sp. seedling in respect to the respons of the host towards Fusarium sp. IPBCC. 08.569 infection. Penetration mechanism was determined by observing the appresorium formation on the bark surface in vitro, the potency to produce lignocellulase and toxin. While colonization was studied by histopathological methods using both staining process and SEM. The respons of the tree towards infection was observed at either cellular by histochemestry or organ level using scoring system. Fusarium sp. IPBCC. 08.569 showed no appresorium formation but had lignocellulolytic activity. Hypersensitivity reaction of tobacco leaf towards crude extract of extracellular substance indicated that Fusarium sp. IPBCC. 08.569 produce toxin. Direct penetration into the bark was not found, therefore penetration had to be through wounded area. While modification of hyphae was observed in the living cells of the wood tissue (parenchyma rays, included phloem, and pith) these cells might contain terpenoid as conversion of starch. These cellular changes might be observed as discolored wood and the wood became scented. Discolored wood was extended outside the colonization area, indicated that the dark substance might be part of hypersensitive respons to delimit the infection. Using scoring system, after inoculation Fusarium sp. IPBCC. 08.569 can be stated as wound infection fungi with limited colonization in living tissue and induce terpenoid formation in certain tissue.

Keywords : Interaction, Fungi, Fusarium, Aquilaria sp.


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Rahayu G, Santoso E, Wulandari E. 2011. Effectivity and Interaction Between Acremonium sp. and Fusarium sp. in Formation of Gaharu Clump in Aquilaria microcarpa. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation pp 47- 57

Aquilaria microcarpa is one of the trees that produce gaharu. Gaharu is formed as a response to a fungus infection. Acremonium sp. and Fusarium sp. were the fungus which often used to induce clump formation. Both these fungus were often isolated from one single clump symptom. Interaction between both fungus in clump formation was unknown. Therefore the ability of Acremonium sp. and Fusarium sp. and their interaction in clump formation were to be studied. Tree trunks of A. microcarpa were drilled and then inoculant 1 (A= Acremonium sp. or F= Fusarium sp.) was inserted into a sequence of holes and followed by inoculant 2 (F=Fusarium sp. or A=Acremonium sp). into another sequence of holes with 1 week interval on the same tree trunk. Before the inoculant Acremonium was inserted into the holes, the holes were treated with 2% sugar solution. Range between a sequence of holes of inoculant 1 and inoculant 2 was 15 cm. All treatments consisted treatment with single inoculant AA and FF, with double inoculant AF and FA, without inoculant (only drilled =B, drilled and treated with sugar=G), and negative control (K). Range between holes of a pair of treatments was 30 cm. Every treatment was made in 3 different trees. Effectivity and interaction between inoculant were determined by length, width of color-change zone on wood, color level, fragrant level, and precentage of fragrant induction point, and terpenoid compound accumulation. Wood color change level and fragrant level were determined by Liebermann-Burchard method. Observation was carried every month for 4 months. Generally, every treatment caused color change on wood and stimulated wood’s fragrant change. Sugar solution caused the symptom of gaharu clump formation supressed. Acremonium and Fusarium were relatively more effective in stimulating the gaharu clump formation rather than holes- making or sugar solution treatment, especially in inducing fragrance. Double inoculant treatments, especially AF was more effective in inducing fragrance formation than FA and single inoculant. On the other side, inoculant FA was better at other parameters. With 1 week interval, inoculant 1 did not raise resistence to inoculant 2, likewise, inoculant 2 did not seem to affect inoculant 1. Terpenoid compound which is classified into triterpenoid was detected in all double treatments and single treatment F. In other treatment, sterol compound was found. The concentration of both compounds were lower than those found in nature gaharu.

Keywords: Terpenoid compound, Aquilaria microcarpa, Acremonium, Fusarium

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Turjaman M, Santoso E, Sitepu IR, Osaki M, Keitaro T. 2011. Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Four Speciesof Aquilaria. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation pp 79 – 87

The scarcity of natural gaharu (agarwood) production is due to excessive exploitation in Indonesian tropical natural forest. The sustainability of mother trees which produce gaharu is disturbed due to many activities of felling the trees, so that there is a threat of extinction, particularly for species of Aquilaria. Afterwards, the availability of natural regeneration seeds which produce gaharu, become also limited. The main problems addressed in this research is the slow growth of Aquilaria, either in the nursery or in the field, due to acid soil condition and nutrient deficiency. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is possible to help the initial growth of Aquilaria species in the acid soils. The objective of this research was determining the effect of several AM fungi species on Aquilaria species, either in the nursery or in the field. Species of Aquilaria used in this reserach were Aquilaria malaccensis, A. crassna, A. microcarpa and A. beccariana. Species of AM fungi being used in this study were Entrophospora sp., Gigaspora decipiens, Glomus clarum, Glomus sp. ZEA, and Glomus sp. ACA. This research used completely randomized experimental design with 30 replications. Parameters observed in this research were AM fungi colonization, heigth, diameter, dry weight, fresh weight, seedling survival rate, and absorption of N and P in plant tissue. Research results showed that AM fungi colonization was formed in the root of Aquilaria species, after six months being inoculated in greenhouse condition. The use of AM fungi could increase all growth parameters and nutrient absorption in species of Aquilaria. Species Entrophospora sp. was very effective to be used for increasing the growth and nutrient absorption in species of A. malaccensis, A. crassna and A. microcarpa. A. beccariana prefer to have partner and is very effective with G. clarum to increase growth and nutirent absorption of N and P. According to the results of this researh, the use of AM fungi could help the regeneration of Aquilaria species, either at seedling stage or at the field. The use of effective AM fungi is recommended for accelerating the growth of Aquilaria species, starting from nursery condition. Availability of AM fungi inoculum at the user level, and socialization for its use, should be pursued so that AM fungi utilization become effective and efficient.

Keywords: Application, Aquilaria, AM fungi, Inoculation

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Fazila KN, Halim KHK. 2012. Effects of Soaking on Yield and Quality of Agarwood Oil. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 24 (4): 557-564

The aims of this study were to investigate vaporisation temperature of agarwood oil, determine enlargement of wood pore size, analyse chemical components in soaking solvents and examine the chemical composition of agarwood oil extracted from soaked and unsoaked agarwood. Agarwood chips were soaked in two different acids, namely, sulphuric and lactic acids for 168 hours at room


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temperature (25°C). Effects of soaking were determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and gas chromatography-mass spectrum analysis. With regard to TGA curve, a small portion of weight loss was observed between 110 and 200°C for agarwood soaked in lactic acid. SEM micrograph showed that the lactic acid-soaked agarwood demonstrated larger pore size. High quality agarwood oil was obtained from soaked agarwood. In conclusion, agarwood soaked in lactic acid with concentration of 0.1 M had the potential to reduce the vaporisation temperature of agarwood oil and enlarge the pore size of wood, hence, improving the yield and quality of agarwood oil.

Keywords: TGA analysis, SEM analysis, GC-MS analysis

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Gao ZH, Jian-He W, Huan-Ying X, Yun Y, Zheng Z, Wen-Ting Z. 2012. Identification of Conserved and Novel microRNAs in Aquilaria sinensis Based on Small RNA Sequencing and Transcriptome Sequence Data. Gene 505 (1): 167- 175

Agarwood is in great demand for its high value in medicine, incense, and perfume across Asia, Middle East, and Europe. As agarwood is formed only when the Aquilaria trees are wounded or infected by some microbes, overharvesting and habitat loss are threatening some populations of agarwood-producing species. Aquilaria sinensis is such a significant economic tree species. To promote the production efficiency and protect the resource of A. sinensis, it would be critical to reveal the regulation mechanisms of stress-induced agarwood formation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a key gene expression regulator involved in various plant stress response and metabolic processes, might function in agarwood formation, but no report concerning miRNAs in Aquilaria is available. In this study, the small RNA high-throughput sequencing and 454 transcriptome data were adopted to identify both conserved and novel miRNAs in A. sinensis. Deep sequencing showed that the small RNA (sRNA) population of A. sinensis was complex and the length of sRNAs varied. By in silico analysis of the small RNA deep sequencing data and transcriptome data, we discovered 27 novel miRNAs in A. sinensis. Based on the mature miRNA sequence conservation, we identified 74 putative conserved miRNAs from A. sinensis and 10 of them were confirmed with hairpin forming precursor. Interestingly, a novel miRNA sequence was determined to be the miRNA* of asi-miR408, but with accumulation much higher than asi-miR408. The expression levels of ten stress-responsive miRNAs were examined during the time-course after wound treatment. Eight were shown to be wound-responsive. This not only shows the existence of miRNAs in this Asian economically significant tree species but also indicated its critical role in stress-induced agarwoodformation. The highly accumulated miRNA* of asi-miR408 implied miRNA*s would be functional as well as miRNAs in plants.

Keywords: Aquilaria sinensis, Agarwood, MicroRNA, Deep sequencing, Secondary metabolism

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Karimi I, Becker LA, Chalechale A, Ghashghaii, A. 2012. Biochemical Plasma Profile of Male Rats Exposed to Smoke of Agarwood (Aquilaria spp.). Comparative Clinical Pathology 21(5): 1053-1058

In oriental regions, the resinous agarwood from Aquilaria trees is used during daily Asian religious practices and/or ceremonies either alone or as a part of incense burning. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect agarwood stick smoke on certain biochemical parameters. Ten male adult rats were divided into two groups (n=5 each): Smoke-treated animals were exposed to agarwood smoke in a smoking apparatus for four sessions (1 h/day) per week and control animals exposed only to compressed air in a smoking apparatus similar to the smoke-exposed group. Blood samples were collected on the 28th day of the experiment to determine levels of a number of biochemical parameters: lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, globulin, albumin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, cortisol, and testosterone. The changes in body weight and biochemical parameters were not statistically significant after exposure to agarwood smoke with respect to the control group. The only significant decrease was in plasma testosterone level and was observed in the smoking group in comparison to the control group which led us to consider agarwood as an endocrine disruptor.

Keywords: Aquilaria spp., Agarwood, Biochemical parameters, Testosterone

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Lancaster C, Edgard E. 2012. Evaluating Agarwood Products for 2-(2-Phenylethyl) Chromones Using Direct Analysis in Real Time Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 26(23): 2649-26561

Agarwood is the resinous material harvested from threatened Aquilaria species. We investigated how many protonated 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone ions were sufficient to make an accurate identification of agarwood. Analysis of 125 reference samples was carried out by direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART-TOFMS). The identification criteria developed were applied to commercial samples. We developed a technique that uses DART-TOFMS to detect 2-(2-henylethyl) chromones. Additionally, we developed a set of criteria to infer the presence of Aquilaria in commercial samples of wood chips, sawdust, incense and liquids. Additionally, we examined other fragrant woods to determine if they contained a chemical profile that could be falsely identified as agarwood.

Analysis of reference and commercial samples (na=a151) established that DART-TOFMS provides reproducible mass spectra that are useful for inferring the genus of suspected agarwood samples. We identified 17 ions which were useful for authenticating agarwood. Comparison of the number of chromone ions detected


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by direct analyses of dry wood chips versus eluent analysis of methanol-extracted wood showed that results were similar. Lastly, analysis of 25 scented woods of other species did not give false positive results. Reliable criteria for interring agarwood include the presence of diagnostic ions, m/z 319.118 or 349.129, in addition to ten or more ions characteristic of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. Wood anatomists challenged with difficult morphological identifications can use this tool to assist in their analyses. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Keywords: Aquilaria, Agarwood, protonated 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone ions

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Bhore SJ, Preveena J, Kandasamy KI. 2013. Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Endophytes from Pharmaceutical Agarwood-Producing Aquilaria species. Pharmacognosy Research 5(2): 134-137

Resins and gums are used in traditional medicine and do have potential applications in pharmacy and medicine. Agarwood is the fragrant resinous wood, which is an important commodity from Aquilaria species and has been used as a sedative, analgesic, and digestive in traditional medicine. Endophytic bacteria are potentially important in producing pharmaceutical compounds found in the plants. Hence, it was important to understand which types of endophytic bacteria are associated with pharmaceutical agarwood-producing Aquilaria species. Objective: This study was undertaken to isolate and identify endophytic bacteria associated with agarwood-producing seven (7) Aquilaria species from Malaysia. Materials and Methods: Botanical samples of seven Aquilaria species were collected, and endophytic bacteria were isolated from surface-sterilized-tissue samples. The 16S rRNA gene fragments were amplified using PCR method, and endophytic bacterial isolates (EBIs) were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity based method. Results: Culturable, 77 EBIs were analyzed, and results of 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis suggest that 18 different types of endophytic bacteria are associated with (seven) Aquilaria species. From 77 EBIs, majority (36.4%) of the isolates were of Bacillus pumilus. Conclusion: These findings indicate that agarwood-producing Aquilaria species are harboring 18 different types of culturable endophytic bacteria

Keywords: Biodiversity, Endophytes, Natural products, Ribosomal DNA, Traditional medicine

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Chen, Chao-rui, Yang-jung C, Chwen-jen S, Daina H, Chieh-ming JC. 2013. Oil Production from De-shelled Aquilaria crassna Seeds Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 90 (1): 9-16

This study examined the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) in the extraction of triglycerides from de-shelled Aquilaria crassna seeds. A central composite response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the effects of pressure, temperature and solvent-to-solid ratio (SSR) on total yield (TY), concentration of triglycerides (C ^sub TG^) and recovery of triglycerides (R ^sub TG^). For this experimental design, pressures that ranged from 250 to 350 bar, temperatures that ranged from 313 to 333 K and SSR that ranged from 80 to 120 were investigated for the SC-CO2 extractions of 15 g of powdered de-shelled A. crassna seeds at a CO2 flow rate of 25 mL/min under the supercritical phase. The values of TY, C ^sub TG^ and R ^sub TG^ achieved were 36.89 %, 709.5 mg/g and 95.4 %, respectively, under the conditions of a pressure of 340 bar, a temperature of 333 K and an SSR of 115 obtained from the quadratic fitting models.

Keywords: Supercritical, De-shelled Aquilaria crassna seeds, Extraction Response surface methodology

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Ed-Har AA. 2013. Isolasi dan Identifikasi Mikrob Tanah Pendegradasi Selulosa dan Pektin dari Rhizosfer Aquilaria malaccensis. Skripsi Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan Fakultas Pertanian (IPB)

Gaharu merupakan salah satu hasil hutan bukan kayu yang telah dimanfaatkan sejak ratusan tahun oleh nenek moyang dalam ritual keagamaan, pengharum ruangan, bahkan obat-obatan. Tanaman yang menghasilkan gaharu umumnya berasal dari genus Aquilaria. Berbagai hipotesa diajukan para peneliti mengenai pembentukan gaharu, salah satunya adalah hipotesa patologi. Pada hipotesa patologi, para peneliti meyakini terbentuknya gaharu diakibatkan oleh infeksi patologi berupa mikrob yang masuk ke dalam jaringan tanaman. Adanya serangan patogen akan membuat tanaman menghasilkan senyawa fitoaleksin sebagai perlindungan diri. Jaringan tanaman yang rusak akibat serangan patogen itulah yang kemudian menjadi gaharu karena adanya penumpukan senyawa fitoaleksin.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi mikrob tanah pada rhizosfer Aquilaria malaccensis yang memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi selulosa dan pektin. Mikrob tanah yang diisolasi dan diidentifikasi berasal dari kelompok bakteri dan fungi. Isolat bakteri dan fungi yang diperoleh dari hasil isolasi diujikan dalam media selektif. Pengujian dilakukan untuk melihat adanya aktivitas selulase secara khas ditunjukan pada media CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), sedangkan media CPAF (citrus pectin agar for fungi) dan CPAB (citrus pectin agar for bacteria) digunakan


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untuk melihat adanya aktivitas pektinase. Isolat yang menunjukkan adanya aktivitas selulase dan pektinase ditandai dengan terbentuknya zona bening di sekeliling koloni setelah digenangi larutan pewarna. Identifikasi dilakukan pada isolat yang menunjukkan indeks zona bening tertinggi berdasarkan hasil pengujian aktivitas selulase dan pektinase. Parameter tanah yang menunjang kehidupan mikrob di alam turut diamati, yaitu pH, kadar air, bobot isi, C-organik, N-total, P-tersedia, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn dan Zn. Di dalam penelitian ini, 26 isolat fungi dan 29 isolat bakteri telah diisolasi. Di antara isolat-isolat itu ditemukan tujuh isolat fungi dan enam isolat bakteri yang menunjukkan hasil positif dengan adanya zona bening di sekeliling koloni. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan mikrob tanah dengan indeks pelarutan selulosa dan pektin paling baik dari jenis bakteri adalah Bacillus brevis, sedangkan dari jenis fungi termasuk ke dalam genus Helicoma.

Kata kunci: Aquilaria malaccensis, Gaharu, Mikrob tanah

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Nor Azah, MA, Saidatul HS, Mailina J, Sahrim L, Majid JA, Faridz ZM. 2013. Classification of Agarwood (Gaharu) by Resin Content/Pengkelasan Gaharu Menggunakan Kandungan Resin. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 25 (2): 213-219

Classification of agarwood (gaharu) by resin content. Agarwood or gaharu is a fragrant resinous heartwood that can develop in diseased trees from the genus Aquilaria (Thymelaeaceae). The wood is often classified into various grades according to the colour, density, gaharu formation and scent. These parameters are very subjective and depend on individual perception. In this study, several grades of gaharu wood from natural sources and inoculated materials were evaluated for resin content and the data classified using Z-score transformation technique. The results demonstrated that resin content could be used as a guide for the classification of gaharu, thus assisting the industry to reduce bias judgement among traders.

Keywords: Aquilaria, wood extractives, Agarwood classification

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Putri MS. 2013. Eksplorasi Peran Mikrob dan Status Hara Tanaman terhadap Pembentukan Gaharu pada Aquilaria malaccensis. Skripsi Departemen Ilmu Tanah Dan Sumberdaya Lahan Fakultas Pertanian (IPB)

Gaharu merupakan salah satu komoditas hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) yang sudah mendunia. Gaharu memiliki banyak kegunaan seperti, bahan dasar parfum, dupa, kosmetik, dan sebagai obat beberapa penyakit. Indonesia memiliki potensi sumberdaya pohon penghasil gaharu yang tinggi. Sampai saat ini, mekanisme dan proses pembentukan gaharu belum diketahui dengan pasti. Ada tiga hipotesis dalam pembentukan gaharu yaitu 1) hipotesis patologi, 2) pelukaan dan patologi,


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dan 3) hipotesis non patologi. Sementara itu, masyarakat awam menggunakan cara tradisional untuk merangsang pembentukan gaharu dengan pelukaan seperti: disayat, dipaku, pemangkasan cabang, dan mengelupas kulit batang.

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya pengaruh mikrob dan status hara tanaman pada Aquilaria malaccensis serta hubungannya dengan pembentukan gaharu. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan analisis kimia dan biologi. Analisis kimia dilakukan untuk mengetahui status hara tanaman. Analisis biologi dilakukan untuk mengetahui mikrob yang menyebabkan pembentukan gaharu.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terbentuknya gaharu dikarenakan adanya asosiasi antara tanaman dengan mikrob ataupun adanya luka pada pohon. Populasi mikrob terbanyak terdapat di bagian dahan yang terlindung oleh kanopi. Dari uji fisiologis yang dilakukan, tidak semua mikrob yang ditemukan pada gaharu bisa melarutkan selulosa dan pektin. Gaharu dengan jumlah yang banyak terbentuk pada tanaman dengan kadar nitrogen (N) dan mangan (Mn) tinggi. Hasil uji lapang menunjukkan bahwa fungi lebih berpotensi merangsang pembentukan gaharu dibanding bakteri.

Kata kunci: Aquilaria malaccensis, Pembentukan gaharu, Status hara

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Siburian RHS. 2013. Karakterisasi Interaksi antara Tanaman Aquilaria microcarpa baill dengan Fusarium solani dalam Pembentukan Gaharu. Thesis Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Aquilaria microcarpa is native to Indonesia and has been identified and promoted as potential tree species to yield high quality agarwood (gaharu). Individual trees of this species, both in its natural habitat and plantation, do not always yield agarwood due to many influencing factors. It is estimated that only 10% trees would be able to yield the resin. A clear mechanism of agarwood formation is unknown and there is a lack of information on underlying causes and triggers of the formation due to natural complexity and uncertainty. However, natural defense mechanisms through a series of pathogenesis are presumed as naturally observed in other resin producing tree species. Research on the characterization of host-pathogen interaction in gaharu formation was carried out based on the above mentioned problems with the following specific objectives, namely: i). to identify morphological characters of A. microcarpa trees interacting with F. solani sp, ii). to determine wood anatomical characters of A. microcarpa interacting with F. solani, and iii) to verify the genotypes of A. microcarpa seedlings and trees interacting with F.solani based on microsatellites. Results on tree morphological analysis showed that two out of 17 morphological characters (descriptor), namely tree height (m) and branching angles (0), showed significant differences between inoculated and non-inoculated individuals. In addition, microscopic observations on wood anatomical characters


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of A. microcarpa revealed that inoculated plants clearly deposited golden-brown colored resin in pores and canticles with a distinct scent. Further verification using GC MS on the sediment deposits identified common compounds as reported in many previous research on agarwood, namely: baimuxinal, elemol, 3-phenyl-2-butanone and chromone-3-one. On the other hand, tests on the viulence degrees of F. solani showed that one out of 4 strains, i.e. F.solani FORDA 512, showed the highest level of virulence and was significantly different with other F.solani, especially if inoculated on seedlings A60, A68 and B30. Two microsatellite loci of A. crassna, i.e. 6Pa18 and 71Pa17, were successfully transferable to A. microcarpa and could be used to characterize the genotypes of Fusarium-treated seedlings (n=40), inoculated trees (n=20) and non-inoculated trees (n=20). There were differences in terms of genetic structures between tree population and seedling population. Further sequence analysis on the microsatellite fragments on the most virulent F.solani FORDA 512- inoculated seedlings indicated genotype dependant responses for both seedling and tree stages. In addition, Sequence based cladogram showed that inoculated seedlings were closely placed with inoculated trees indicating certain genetic roles in the agarwood formation. In conclusion, tree morphological (i.e. height growth and branch habit) as well as genetic and genomic characters were clearly observed and useful to provide early information on gaharu formation. It is also supported by the wood anatomy analysis showing the presence of gaharu resin.

Keywords: Interaction, Agarwood, Fusarium solani, Aquilaria microcarpa baill

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Yangyang L,Huaiqiong C,Yun Y, Zheng Z, Jianhe W, Hui M, Weiping C, Jindong F, Bingchun G, Xuyu C, Zhihui G, Junqin H, Bo C, Hongjiang C. 2013. Whole-tree Agarwood-Inducing Technique: An Efficient Novel Technique for Producing High-Quality Agarwood in Cultivated Aquilaria sinensis Trees. Molecules 18(3):3086-3106

Agarwood is the fragrant resin-infused wood derived from the wounded trees of Aquilaria species. It is a valuable non-timber forest product used in fragrances and as medicine. Reforestation for Aquilaria trees in combination with artificial agarwood-inducing methods serves as a way to supply agarwood and conserve of wild Aquilaria stock. However, the existing agarwood-inducing methods produce poor-quality agarwood at low yield. Our study evaluated a novel technique for producing agarwood in cultivated Aquilaria trees, called the whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique (Agar-Wit). Ten different agarwood inducers were used for comparison of Agar-Wit with three existing agarwood-inducing methods. For Aquilaria trees treated with these ten inducers, agarwood formed and spread throughout the entire tree from the transfusion point in the trunk to the roots and branches of the whole tree. Agarwood yield per tree reached 2,444.83 to 5,860.74 g, which is 4 to 28 times higher than that by the existing agarwood-inducing methods. Furthermore, this agarwood derived from Agar-Wit induction was found to have a higher quality compared with


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the existing methods, and similar to that of wild agarwood. This indicates Agar-Wit may have commercial potential. Induction of cultivated agarwood using this method could satisfy the significant demand for agarwood, while conserving and protecting the remaining wild Aquilaria trees.

Keywords: Agarwood, Alternative method, Cultivation, Fragrance, Whole-tree, agarwood-inducing technique (Agar-Wit).

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Dongli L, Yuchan C, Qingling P, Meihua T, Weiming Z. 2014. A New Eudesmane Sesquiterpene from Nigrospora Oryzae, an Endophytic Fungus of Aquilaria sinensis. Records of Natural Products 8(4):330-333

A new eudesmane-type sesquiterpene, 11-hydroxycapitulatin B (1), along with a known related sesquiterpene, capitulatin B (2), was isolated from the endophytic fungus Nigrospora oryzae A8 from Aquilaria sinensis, the only plant resource for agarwood production in China. This research demonstrates that the endophytic fungi from A. sinensis might play a role in the formation of agarwood.

Keywords: Endophytic Fungus, Eudesmane

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Mohamed R, Jong P, Irdayu N, Ismail. 2014. Succession Patterns of Fungi Associated to Wound-Induced Agarwood in Wild Aquilaria malaccensis Revealed from Quantitative PCR Assay. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 30(9):2427-2436

Aquilaria malaccensis produces agarwood in response to wounding and fungal attack. However, information is limited regarding Aquilaria’s interaction with its diverse fungal community. In this study, time-related changes of three natural fungal colonizers in two wounded wild A. malaccensis were tracked, beginning a few hours after wounding up to 12 months. Using species-specific primers derived from their nrITS sequences in quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), we quantified the amount of Cunninghamella bainieri, Fusarium solani and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Because time is a major factor affecting agarwood quantity and quality, 14 wood samples were collected at different time points, i.e., 0-18 h, 2-13 days, 2-18 weeks, and 6-12 months after wounding. qPCR data revealed that the abundance of the three species decreased over time. The fungi were detected in high numbers during the first few hours and days after wounding (40- to 25,000-fold higher levels compared with initial counts) and in low numbers (<1- to 3,200-fold higher than initially) many months later. Consistent with its role in defense response, the accumulation of secondary metabolites at the wounding site could have caused the decline in fungal abundance. Succession patterns of the two trees were not identical, indicating


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that fungal populations may have been affected by tree environment and wound microclimate. Our results are important for understanding the diversity of microbial community in wild Aquilaria species and their association to wound-induced agarwood formation. Fungi could be secondary triggers to agarwood production in situations where trees are wounded in attempt to induce agarwood.

Keywords: Fungal community, nrITS, Thymelaeaceae

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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Yang Y, Wei JH, Meng H, Gao ZH, Yan-hong X. 2014. Hydrogen Peroxide Induces Vessel Occlusions and Stimulates Sesquiterpenes Accumulation in Stems of Aquilaria sinensis. Plant Growth Regulation 72 (1): 81-87

Agarwood is highly valuable resinous and fragrant heartwood, produced principally from tropical tree species in the genus Aquilaria, which is used widely in countries of the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Japan. Generally, healthy trees will not produce agarwood, but wounding of the tree initiates the production of agarwood. In this study, the pruning of actively growing saplings of Aquilaria sinensis resulted in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) burst, which was followed by formation of vessel occlusions and sesquiterpene biosynthesis in the pruned stems. Treatment of the pruned stems with scavenger of H2O2 (ascorbate, AsA) greatly reduced the amount of H2O2 released, the number of vessel occlusions, and the amount of sesquiterpenes produced. In addition, exogenous H2O2 also induced A. sinensis plants to form vessel occlusions and produce sesquiterpenes as pruning treatment. The results indicated that H2O2 may be an important post-wounding signal in A. sinensis that leads to the induction of vessel occlusions formation and sesquiterpene biosynthesis, and thus H2O2 might play a vital role in agarwood formation in pruned stems of A. sinensis.

Keywords: Agarwood, Aquilaria sinensis, Hydrogen peroxide, Sesquiterpene, Vessel occlusions

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E. chEmIcAl compouND

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Yagura T, Shibayama N,Ito M, Kiuchi F, Honda G. 2005. Three Novel Diepoxy Tetrahydrochromones from Agarwood Artificially Produced by Intentional Wounding. Tetrahedron Letters 46(25): 4395-4398

Three novel diepoxy tetrahydrochromones, oxidoagarochromones A (1), B (2), and C (3), were isolated from agarwood artificially produced by intentional wounding of Aquilaria crassna. Inductive production of these compounds was also confirmed at the early stage of wounding in A. sinensis and A. crassna. These diepoxy tetrahydrochromones would play an important role in understanding the biosynthesis of chromone derivatives in agarwood.

Keywords: Diepoxy tetrahydrochromone, Oxidoagarochromone, Agarwood, Aquilaria crassna, Aquilaria sinensis, Thymelaeaceae, Intentional wounding

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Waluyo TK, Kulsum U, Sumadiwangsa ES. 2006. Penyulingan Gaharu Kamedangan dan Gaharu Buaya dengan Metoda Kohobasi. Info Hasil Hutan: 12 (1): 59-65

Gaharu merupakan komoditi hasil hutan bukan kayu yang harganya sangat mahal, banyak diburu di hutan alam sehingga keberadaannya di hutan dan di pasar semakin langka, terutama gaharu kualitas tinggi (gaharu gubal/super). Saat ini yang ada di pasar umumnya gaharu dengan kualitas rendah dan harganya relatif murah seperti gaharu buaya dan gaharu kamedangan. Untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah, maka perlu usaha diversifikasi produk gaharu, salah satunya adalah dengan cara penyulingan. Penyulingan gaharu dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode sederhana (kohobasi), yaitu penyulingan dengan cara merebus. Sebelum penyulingan gaharu dijadikan serbuk berukuran 40 - 50 mesh, selanjutnya direndam dalam air selama 5 hari, 10 hari dan tidak direndam dalam air. Pada waktu penyulingan ditambah satu sendok garam dan tanpa ditambah garam. Perendaman 5 hari menghasilkan rendemen minyak gaharu tertinggi, yaitu gaharu kamedangan 0,85% dan gaharu buaya 0,75%.

Kata kunci: Gaharu buaya, Gaharu kamedangan, Kohobasi, Rendemen

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Ito M. 2008. Studies on Perilla, Agarwood, and Cinnamon Through a Combination of Fieldwork and Laboratory Work. Journal of Natural Medicines 62(4): 387-395

Fieldwork is one of the primary methods for studying medicinal plants and materials, and information thus obtained can be valuable for experiments performed in the laboratory. Meanwhile, results of experiments in the laboratory can be brought back to the field for verification and further investigation. A combination of field and laboratory work has led to effective progress in studies of medicinal plants in the field of pharmacognosy. However, the collection of samples with information through fieldwork is not easy, and it fundamentally requires a great deal of research experience. Geographical, ethnical, and political affairs often affect its performance, and to establish a good cooperative relationship with foreign localities is inevitably required. Beyond these difficulties, fieldwork can provide a framework for the research project and excellent and unique viewpoints concerning the target. This review article describes studies on perilla, agarwood, and cinnamon, focusing mainly on the results of fieldwork performed in Indochina on these species. All three of these medicinal plants contain essential oils, and their composition varieties, biosynthetic pathways, pharmacological activities, or induction mechanisms for production are principally investigated through shuttling between fieldwork and laboratory experiments.

Keywords: Fieldwork, Perilla, Agarwood, Cinnamon, Indochina

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Rosita R. 2008. Efektivitas Pemberian Metil Jasmonat secara Berulang dalam Meningkatkan Deposit Senyawa Terpenoid Pohon Gaharu (Aquilaria crassna). Skripsi Departemen Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efektivitas pemberian metil jasmonat (MeJA) 750 mM secara berulang dalam meningkatkan deposit senyawa terpenoid pada pohon gaharu (Aquilaria crassna). cabang pohon Aquilaria crassna yang berumur 8 tahun (berdiameter ± 1 cm) dibuang kulit dan kambiumnya sepanjang 2 cm kemudian diolesi MeJA secara berulang dengan satu kali, dua kali, tiga kali atau empat kali pemberian dengan interval waktu tertentu. Deposit terpenoid dideteksi dengan metode histokimia (menggunakan pewarna ternbaga asetat) dan Ueberrnann Burchard. Adanya deposit terpenoid yang terbentuk berkaitan dengan respon kesegaran cabang, perubahan warna kayu dan pembentukan wangi. Pengamatan dilakukan pada 10, 25, SO dan 75 hari setelah induksi. Pemberian MeJA (secara berulang) mampu eningkatkan eposit senyawa terpenoid. Deposit senyawa terpenoid ditemukan paling banyak pada parenkima jejari, included phloem, unsur trakea xylem dan empulur. Senyawa terpenoid yang teridentifikasi mengandung komponen triterpenoid. Akumulasi terpenoid menyebabkan adanya


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perubahan warna kayu. Perubahan warna kayu tidak hanya disebabkan karena perlakuan MeJA, tetapi juga pelukaan. Semakin lama waktu inkubasi, warna kayu akan semakin gelap. Perubahan warna kayu tidak berkolerasi dengan pembentukan wangi. Aroma wangi mengandung senyawa terpenoid yang mudah menguap, yaitu sesquiterpen. Aroma wangi akan meningkat kembali setelah diberi perlakuan MeJA (secara berulang) dan bertahan hanya sampai dengan 25 hari setelah aplikasi MeJA yang terakhir.

Kata Kunci: Metil Jasmonat, Senyawa Terpenoid, Gaharu, Aquilaria crassna

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Takemoto H, Ito M, Shiraki T, Yagura T, Honda G. 2008. Sedative Effects of Vapor Inhalation of Agarwood Oil and Spikenard Extract and Identification of Their Active Components. Journal of Natural Medicines 62 (1): 41-46

Agarwood oil and spikenard extract were examined for their sedative activity using a spontaneous vapor administration system. It was shown that inhalation of agarwood oil vapor sedated mice. The main volatile constituents of the oil were found to be benzylacetone [agarwood oil from a Hong Kong market (1)], or [alpha]-gurjunene and (+)-calarene [agarwoodoil made in Vietnam (2)]. A hexane extract of spikenard contained a lot of calarene, and its vapor inhalation had a sedative effect on mice. Individual principles benzylacetone, calarene, and [alpha]-gurjunene were administered to mice, which reproduced the result of the corresponding oil or extract. However, the most effective dose of the compounds was lower than their original content in the oil and extract (benzylacetone 0.1%, calarene 0.17%, [alpha]-gurjunene 1.5%).

Keywords: Agarwood oil, Nardostachys chinensis, Spikenar, Sedative effect, Inhalation, Spontaneous motor activity

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Okudera Y, Ito M. 2009. Production of agarwood fragrant constituents in Aquilaria calli and cell suspension cultures. Plant Biotechnology 26 :307–315 (2009).

Calli and suspension cell culture were established from Aquilaria species whose resinous portion was called agarwood and used as medicine and incense. Four different strains of calli were analyzed for fragrant compounds such as sesquiterpenoids and chromone derivatives which were the major components of agarwood. Main sesquiterpenoids detected from calli were a -guaiene, a -humulene and d -guaiene, and those of chromone derivatives were phenylethyl chromones

(AH3, AH4, AH5, AH6). Amount of these compounds differed among the four


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strains, indicating that Aquilaria plants may have variation in capacity for fragrant compound production. Incubation temperature analysis was also done from 20°C to 40°C and resulted that cell growth was the best at 25°C, whereas the amount of fragrant compounds was largest at 20°C. Salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) were added to calli and suspension cell culture respectively in order to induce production of fragrant compounds. Both SA and MJ apparently induced production of three sesquiterpenoids, a - guaiene, a -humulene, and d -guaiene at early stage of treatment of SA or MJ, but did not induce that of chromone derivatives directly. Further studies of time course of chromone production and cell viability suggested that cell death may take part in chromone production, and that phenylethylchromones would be produced via oxydoagarochromones (OACs). These results indicate that sesquiterpenoids are synthesized in living cells, but chromone derivatives may be produced from debris of dying cells.

Key words: Aquilaria, Calli, Cell Suspension Cultures, Sesquiterpenoids, Chromone derivative

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Andianto. 2010. Ciri Anatomi Lima Jenis Kayu Penghasil Gaharu dan Dua Jenis Kerabatnya (Anatomical Features of Five Species Producing-Eaglewood and Two Related Species). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 28(2): 169-183

Identifikasi jenis kayu penghasil gaharu dapat dilakukan berdasarkan ciri anatomi kayu. Beberapa jenis kayu penghasil gaharu adalah anggota suku Thymeleaceae. Bahan kayu dari lima jenis yang diketahui sebagai penghasil gaharu dan dua jenis sekerabatnya disayat dengan mikrotom untuk memperoleh sayatan tipis guna pengamatan struktur anatomi. Dimensi pembuluh dan serat diukur melalui preparat maserasi. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa Aquilaria spp., Gyrinops versteegii dan Gyrinops cumingiana memiliki kulit tersisip sedangkan Amyxa pluricornis dan Phaleria sp. tidak. Aquilaria spp. memiliki pembuluh ganda radial umumnya 2(-3) sel. Gyrinops versteegii dan Gyrinops cumingiana memiliki pembuluh ganda radial umumnya 2-4 (-6-8) sel. Gyrinops versteegii dapat dibedakan dengan Gyrinops cumingiana dari lebar jari-jari, yaitu 1 seri pada Gyrinops versteegii, tetapi 1 sampai 2 seri pada Gyrinops cumingiana. Amyxa pluricornis dapat dibedakan dengan Phaleria sp. dari bentuk parenkim, yaitu parenkim konfluen pada Amyxa pluricornis, namun vasisentrik pada Phaleria sp. Bagian batang Aquilaria malaccensis dan Aquilaria microcarpa memiliki persen pembuluh soliter, tinggi jari-jari dan panjang serat lebih besar dibandingkan bagian akar, namun sebaliknya diameter dan panjang pembuluhnya lebih kecil.

Kata kunci: Thymeleaceae, Jenis kayu penghasil gaharu, Ciri anatomi

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Gusmailina. 2010. Peningkatan Mutu Pada Gaharu Kualitas Rendah (Quality Improvement on Low Grade Agarwood). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 28 (3): 291-303

Agarwood is one of the non wood forest products commodity (NWFP), that having a high value, compared to other commodity. Due to its distinct and specific fragrant the high grade agarwood has been selling in international market as an elite commodity. However, there have been larger amount of the low grade agarwood that generally sold at low price paid less or lesser marketable. This article presents an effort to increase the quality of the low grade agarwood by resin impregnation. The results indicated that low grade quality of agarwood can be improved as indicated by increasing color, specific gravity, and resin content. Specific gravity increament of the improved agarwood varies from 0,03 to 0,20. Resin content in the treated agarwood increased of 29,5 to 52,0 %, or approximately 3 to 5 times compared to the untreated (control).

Keywords: Agarwood, Low quality, Improvement quality, Impregnating

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Kakino M, Tazawa S, Maruyama H, Tsuruma K, Araki Y, Shimazawa M, Hara H. 2010 Laxative effects of agarwood on low-fiber diet-induced constipation in rats. Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10:68

Agarwood (Aquilaria sinensis), well known as incense in Southeast Asia, has been used as a digestive in traditional medicine. We investigated the laxative effects of an ethanol extract of agarwood leaves (EEA) in a rat model of low-fiber diet-induced constipation. A set of rats was bred on a normal diet while another set was placed on a low-fiber diet to induce constipation. The laxative effect of agarwood was then investigated on both sets of rats. Pretreatment of normal rats with single dose of EEA (600 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased frequency and weight of stools. Also, treatments with EEA (300 and 600 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days caused a significant increase in stool frequency and weight. Feeding of the animals with a low-fiber diet resulted in a decrease in stool weight, frequency, and water content and also delayed carmine egestion. A single treatment with EEA (600 mg/kg) or senna (150 and 300 mg/kg) significantly increased stool frequency, weight, and water content and also accelerated carmine egestion in the model rats. Once daily administrations of EEA (150 mg/kg), for 14 days, caused a significant increase in water content of stools. The higher doses of EEA (300 and 600 mg/kg) significantly increased frequency, weight, and water content of the stools while accelerating carmine egestion in the constipated rats. Senna (150 and 300 mg/kg) produced similar effect as the higher doses of EEA but, in addition, induced severe diarrhea. These findings indicate that EEA has a laxative effect, without causing diarrhea, in a rat model of lowfiber diet-induced constipation. These findings suggest that EEA may be highly effective on constipation as a complementary medicine in humans


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suffering from life style-induced constipation.

Keywords: Agarwood, Aquilaria sinensis, Laxative effects

_________________________________________________________________Farid A. 2011. Identifikasi Komponen Kimia Empat Tingkat Mutu Gaharu. Skripsi Depertemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Telah diidentifikasi komponen kimia empat mutu gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis) perdagangan. Empat mutu gaharu tersebut, dari mutu tertinggi ke terendah ialah kacangan B, teri B, medang A, dan medang B. Dalam penelitian ini, diketahui kandungan damar wangi dalam gaharu cenderung meningkat sesuai dengan peningkatan mutu gaharu. Namun, rendemen kadar damar wangi tidak berkorelasi dengan kadar senyawa seskuiterpena dan kromon yang merupakan penentu mutu gaharu. Dalam langkah isolasi, sampel gaharu difraksinasi dengan kolom kromatografi bergradien dengan eluen heksanaetil asetat dan dikelompokkan sesuai dengan nilai Rf-nya. Identifikasi senyawa menggunakan kromatografi gas-spektrofotometer massa menunjukkan keberadaan 10 senyawa seskuiterpena dan tiga kromon yang berbeda dalam keempat mutu gaharu dengan kandungan yang berbeda-beda.

Kata Kunci: Gaharu, Komponen kimia, Identifikasi

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Novriyanti E, Santosa E. 2011. The Role of Phenolics in Agarwood Formation of Aquilaria Crassna Pierre Ex Lecomte andAquilaria microcarpa Baill Trees. Journal of Forestry Research 8 (2): 101–113

Phenolic is well known as a secondary metabolite that plays an important role in plant defense system. Information about the fungi-impeded role of secondary metabolite is important in achieving success of artificial agarwood production, in that fungi induction imparted to the selected potential trees will be more effective and efficient. This research was aimed to investigate the correlation of agarwood tree phenolics in relation with the susceptibility of corresponding trees to Fusarium solani attack in the formation of agarwood and observing total phenolics content of Aquilaria crassna and Aquilaria microcarpa trees prior to inoculation. Twenty trees of A. microcarpa at Carita, a Forest Area for Special Function (FASF) and ten of at Dramaga Research Forest were inoculated with isolate of in spiral pattern around their stem from ground level to about 1.5 m in height. Prior to inoculation, wood strips were taken off from the stem for total phenolics content. The result revealed that total phenolics content and infection area tended to have a negative correlation. Since the quantity of agarwood is highly related with the infection area, then trees with lower phenolics content should be selected for the more effective and efficient artificial agarwood production.


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Keywords: Agarwood-producing trees, Fusarium solani, Inoculation, Phenolics content, Infection area

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Novriyanti E, Santoso E, Wiyono B, Turjaman M. 2011. Chemical Study of Eaglewood (Gaharu) Resulting from Inoculation of Fusarium sp. on Aquilaria microcarpa. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation pp 15 – 29

Gaharu is highly economy-valued product with enormous vary of utilization. Knowing the content of product we widely used, such as gaharu, is essential, moreover it will provide information of alternative usages as some other new compounds have been revealed, gaharu production development through biotechnology, and else. Chemical analysis were carried out on artificial gaharu produced by inoculating Fusarium sp. from some origin to Aquilaria microcarpa, which were Bahorok (North Sumatera), Tamiang Layang (Central Kalimantan), Mentawai (West Sumatera) and Seram Island (Maluku). Though quantitatively or infection site area, there was indifferent effect of origins, but it was revealed that there were distinctions in compounds composition and relative concentration. Artificial gaharu produced by inoculating Fusarium sp. of Tamiang Layang’s origin showed the highest confirmed constituents of gaharu but isolate of Maluku’s origin noted to have the highest total concentration of odorant compounds.

Keywords: Gaharu, Fusarium sp., A. microcarpa, Chemical analysis

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Santoso E, Irianto RSB, Turjaman M, Sitepu IR, Santosa S, Najmulah, Yani A, Aryanto. 2011. Gaharu-Producing Tree Induction Technology. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2011 ITTO PD425/06 Rev.1 (I) R&D Centre for Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation pp 31 – 45

Gaharu is formed as an gaharu producing-tree responsed to particular factors which are the plant physiology and fungal infection. Fungi isolates which are potential to induce gaharu-forming have been isolated from various regions. This activity was carried in order to provide information about the diversity of isolates that have been collected. Wood samples were taken from several locations, from cultivated plants as well as nature (Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Maluku). Isolation, purification, and cultivation were done with adding standard medium, while qualification was carried with observing Aquilaria malaccensis and A. microcarpa characteristics. Cultured isolates on (Potato Dextrose Agar) PDA medium were incubated in room temperature for seven days. Isoalates that have been collected include Fusarium solani (Mart), Appell and Walenw, F. sambunicum, and F.tricinctum. Inoculation of four isolates of Fusarium to Aquilaria microcarpa


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was carried in KHDTK Carita, Banten. Inoculation of Gorontalo-originated Fusarium to Aquilaria microcarpa stems caused the largest and fastest infection compared to Fusarium originated from West Sumatera, West Kalimantan, or Jambi in 2-6 months.

Keywords: Gaharu, Induction technology, Aquilaria spp., Fusarium spp._________________________________________________________________

Ito T, Kakino M, Tazawa S, Oyama M, Maruyama H, araki Y, hara H,Iinuma M. 2012. Identification of Phenolic Compounds in Aquilaria crassna Leaves Via Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy. Food Science and Technology Research 18 (2): 259-262

In this study, we extracted Aquilaria crassna with aqueous ethanol and water and analyzed the extracts via liquid chromatography diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC- ESI-MS) methods. Phenolics were separated using semi-micro HPLC and were identified as iriflophenone 3,5-C-β-diglucoside (1). iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside (2). mangiferin (3). iriflophenone 2-O-α-rhamnoside (4). genkwanin 5-O-β-primeveroside (5). genkwanin 5-O-β-glucoside (6). genkwanin 4’-methyl ether 5-O-β-primeveroside (7). and genkwanin (8). via a comparison with authentic samples. The collision-induced dissociation (CID)-MS/MS spectra of these polyphenols and the unknown chromatographic peaks were detected using hybrid ion trap time-of-flight (IT-TOF) mass spectrometry. The results of the present study demonstrated that LC-ESI-MS can be useful for the specific quality control of extracts of extracted A. crassna.

Keywords: Aquilaria crassna, Agarwood leaves, LC–ESI–MS, Quality control, Polyphenols, Laxative effect

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Muntaqo FA. 2012. Korelasi Kadar Seskuiterpena dengan Mutu Gaharu Standar Nasional Indonesia. Skripsi Departemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis) dengan tiga mutu perdagangan yang berbeda telah diidentifikasi kadar seskuiterpenanya. Ketiga mutu gaharu tersebut, dari mutu terendah ke tertinggi ialah kemedangan, super tanggung A, dan super A. Penentuan mutu pada Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) pada komoditas ini hanya didasarkan pada sifat fisik secara kualitatif. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mendapatkan parameter kimia yang bersifat kuantitatif guna melengkapi parameter SNI yang ada. Dalam langkah identifikasi, sampel gaharu diekstraksi dengan dua jenis pelarut, yakni aseton dan etil asetat. Identifikasi senyawa menggunakan kromatografi gas-spektrometer massa menunjukkan keberadaan senyawa seskuiterpena pada semua mutu gaharu. Kadar resin ekstrak aseton dalam kemedangan, super


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tanggung A, dan super A berturut-turut adalah 8.5%, 13.3%, dan 19.9%. Kadar senyawa seskuiterpena ekstrak aseton untuk kemedangan, super tanggung A, dan super A berturut-turut adalah 6.1%, 7.1%, dan 11.9%, dan untuk ekstrak etil asetat 5.4%, 9.6%, dan 13.4%. Baik kadar resin maupun kadar senyawa seskuiterpena dalam ekstrak aseton secara konsisten meningkat sesuai dengan peningkatan mutu gaharu komersial. Senyawa penciri yang didapat pada semua mutu dan ekstrak gaharu adalah aromadendrena. Kadar aromadendrena ekstrak aseton dari gaharu mutu terendah sampai tertinggi berturut-turut ialah 1.2%, 1.6%, dan 2.2%.

Kata kunci: gaharu, seskuiterpena, Standar Nasional Indonesia

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Azziz SSSA, Arriffin NM, Alimon H, Sukari MA, Naz H. 2013. Chemical Study of Aquilaria crassna. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 49(3) :575-576

Gaharu or agarwood (aloeswood, eaglewood) is a valuable plant commonly found in rain forest countries. This plant is resinous, fragrant, and a precursor of highly valuable heartwood produced by Aquilaria species of the Thymelaeceae family. The major compounds in Aquilaria species are sesquiterpenes and 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone derivatives. There are few reports in the literature on the uses of gaharu in various folk remedies for the treatment of weakness, stomachache, fever, body pain, rheumatism, women’s disease, and dropsy. In contrast, people in China orally use the leaves of this plant to treat trauma-related diseases such as fracture and bruise. However, to date only the heartwood has been studied and there are only few reports on the leaf part.The leaves were air-dried for 2-3 weeks and grounded into powder using grinder. Six hundred grams of the powdered leaves were exhaustively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol, respectively. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to obtain 29.0, 25.2, and 109.3 g of the crude extract. Then 20.0 g each of the hexane and dichloromethane crude extracts were subjected to column chromatography using silica gel as the stationary phase. All fractions were monitored using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Fractions 40-44 and fractions 32-35 from the hexane extract gave compounds 1 and 2, respectively, while fractions 9-11 from the dichloromethane extract gave compound 3. The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on UV, IR, [sup.1]H, and [sup.13]C NMR, including 2D NMR, COSY, HMBC, HSQC, and MS spectroscopic techniques.Two compounds, 5-hydroxy-7,4-dimethoxyflavone (1) and epifriedelanol (2), were isolated from the hexane extract, while squalene (3) was isolated from the dichloromethane extract of Aquilaria crassna.

Keywords: Aquilaria, Agarwood, Sesquiterpenes

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Dewi KS. 2013. Toksisitas dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Pohon Penghasil Gaharu Hasil Inokulasi. Skripsi Departemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Daun gaharu diduga mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yang tinggi sebagai respons terhadap infeksi jamur pada pohon penghasil gaharu. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan kandungan fitokimia, toksisitas, dan aktivitas antioksidan daun pohon penghasil gaharu jenis Aquilaria microcarpa dan A.malaccensis dengan dan tanpa inokulasi oleh jamur. Daun gaharu diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Uji fitokimia pada ekstrak kasar yang diperoleh menunjukkan keberadaan tanin, steroid, fenol, dan flavonoid. Uji toksisitas dengan menggunakan larva udang menunjukkan bahwa semua sampel berpotensi sebagai bahan aktif, namun hanya daun muda A. microcarpa hasil inokulasi jamur asal Papua dan Gorontalo yang berpotensi antikanker dengan nilai LC50 < 30 μg/mL. Aktivitas penangkalan radikal bebas 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil oleh ekstrak menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi dengan nilai IC50 < 200 μg/mL. Aktivitas tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh daun muda A. microcarpa hasil inokulasi jamur asal Timor dan daun tua A. malaccensis tanpa inokulasi.

Kata kunci: antioksidan, Aquilaria microcarpa, Aquilaria malaccensis, daun gaharu, toksisitas

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Dharmadasa RM, Siriwardana A, Samarasinghe K, Adhihetty P. 2013. Standardization of Gyrinops Walla Gaertn. (Thymalaeaceae): Newly Discovered, Fragrant Industrial Potential, Endemic Plant from Sri Lanka. World Journal of Agricultural Research 1 (6): 101-103

Gyrinops walla Gaertner. (Thymelaeaceae), is an endemic resinous plant used in traditional medicine, perfume production, incenses, aroma therapy and cosmetic industry. Due to the high economic value, large-scale smuggling of G. walla from Sri Lanka has been practiced for a long time. Therefore, present study was undertaken to study the phytochemical and volatile oil components of G. walla. Phytochemical analysis of leaf, bark and stems were performed according to the methods described in WHO guidelines. Aerial parts were hydro-distilled in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 8 h. Oil was analyzed using GC-MS and identification of components of volatile oils was carried out based on retention indices and fragmentation patterns of the mass spectra. Phytochemical screening of leaf, stem and bark crude extracts of G. walla revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, steroid glycosides, flavonoids and alkaloids in all three parts tested. Thin layer chromatographic profiles observed under UV light at 366 nm exhibited higher number of spots in CH2Cl2 extracts for all three parts followed by hexane and methanol fractions, respectively. Sky blue spot present in all three fractions [hexane (Rf = 0.83), dichloromethane (Rf = 0.66) and methanol (Rf = 0.77)] of stem extracts was characteristic to the stem extract. The


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yield of the essential oils obtained from stem parts of G. walla was 0.20 ± 0.01%. Major constituents, which exist more than 1% in heartwood of G. walla oil, were gamma-selinene (72.49%), 3-Phenyl-2-butanone (2.04%), 3-pentanone (2.02%), beta-patchoulene (1.37%) respectively. Present study reports the presence of preliminary phytochemicals, TLC finger prints and GC-MS analysis of essential oil of G.walla for the first time in Sri Lanka. Presence of high content of γ-selinene and β-patchoulene (73.86%) indicates potential for commercial production of world class perfume and other scented products.

Keywords: Gyrinops walla Gaertner, Thymelaeaceae, essential oil, Thin Layer Chromatography, GC-MS, phytochemicals

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Pasaribu G, Waluyo TK, Pari G. 2013. Analisis Komponen Kimia Beberapa Kualitas Gaharu dengan Kromatografi Gas Spektrometri Massa (Analisys of Chemical Compound in Some of Agarwood Quality by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 31 (3): 181-185

This paper presents the resin content and the chemical composition of some of agarwood quality using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The quality of agarwood that tested are kemedangan C, teri C, kacangan C and super AB. The results showed that the extracts yield of various solvent of agarwood are decreasing from super AB toward kacangan C, teri C, and kemedangan C. The agarwood samples contain furan compounds and ester aromatic groups that responsible for agarwood’s nice scent. This research showed that traditional agarwood quality classification were not objectives.

Keywords: Agarwood, Resin, Chemical compound, GCMS

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Patulun W, Yusakul G. Saensom P, Sritularak B, Tanaka H. 2013. Determination of Iriflophenone 3-C-[Beta]-D-Glucoside from Aquilaria spp. by an Indirect Competitive Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Using a Specific Polyclonal Antibody. Journal of Food Science 78 (9): c1363-1367

Polyclonal antibody against iriflophenone 3-C-β-d-glucoside (IP3G), a major compound from the leaves of Aquilaria spp., was produced for the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the antibodies were specific for IP3G. The produced antibody has low cross reactivity with iriflophenone 3,5-C-β-d-diglucopyranoside (13%), genkwanin 5-O-β-primeveroside (3.55%) and no cross reactivity found in other compounds. The range of ELISA assay extends from 100 to 1560 ng/mL with coefficient of variation (CV) 1.19% to 2.07% for intra-assay and 3.76% to 7.15% for inter-assay precision levels. The recovery rates of IP3G in the leaves of Aquilaria spp. were in the range


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of 96.0% to 99.0% with CV 4.50% to 5.32%. A correlation between ELISA and high-performance liquid chromatography methods was obtained when analysis of IP3G in the plant samples (R2 = 0.9321). These results suggest that the developed ELISA method can be applied to determine IP3G content with high specificity, rapidity, and simplicity. The developed immunosorbent assay in this study provides a useful tool for the analysis of IP3G in plant samples and products.

Keywords: ELISA, Analysis, Chemical composition, Diabetes_________________________________________________________________

Ramadhan PM. 2013. Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Kemedangan Pohon Penghasil Gaharu Hasil Inokulasi Jenis Aquilaria microcarpa dan Gyrinops versteegii. Skripsi Departemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Gaharu merupakan komoditas hasil hutan bukan kayu yang diperdagangkan karena mempunyai aroma yang khas. Kemedangan gaharu diduga memiliki senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan kandungan fitokimia, toksisitas, dan aktivitas antioksidan pada kemedangan gaharu dari jenis Aquilaria microcarpa dan Gyrinops versteegii yang diinokulasi dan tidak diinokulasi dengan jamur Fusarium. Uji fitokimia pada ekstrak etil asetat dan metanol menunjukkan keberadaan fenolik, flavonoid, triterpenoid, dan alkaloid. Uji toksisitas dengan metode letalitas larva udang menunjukkan semua ekstrak kemedangan gaharu berpotensi sebagai bahan bioaktif dengan nilai konsentrasi mematikan 50% ≤1000 ppm. Aktivitas antioksidan yang diukur dengan menggunakan metode penangkapan radikal bebas 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil menunjukkan bahwa semua ekstrak memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai konsentrasi penghambatan 50% ≤200 ppm, kecuali ekstrak etil asetat A. microcarpa yang mempunyai nilai IC50 411 ppm.

Kata kunci: Antioksidan, Aquilaria, Gaharu, Gyrinops, Kemedangan

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Sari MK. 2013. Uji Aktivitas Antikanker Ekstrak Kemedangan Pohon Penghasil Gaharu Hasil Inokulasi. Skripsi Departemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Kandungan fitokimia dan aktivitas antikanker pada kemedangan pohon penghasil gaharu hasil inokulasi jamur telah diteliti untuk meningkatkan nilai gunanya. Simplisia dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksana untuk menghilangkan lipid pada sampel, kemudian residu dimaserasi kembali berturutturut dengan etil asetat dan metanol. Uji fitokimia ekstrak etil asetat dan metanol menunjukkan hasil yang sama, tetapi dengan kuantitas berbeda. Uji toksisitas dengan larva udang menunjukkan seluruh sampel berpotensi sebagai bahan aktif dan nilai konsentrasi


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mematikan 50% terendah ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak etil asetat Aquilaria microcarpa tanpa inokulasi dan ekstrak metanol A. microcarpa dengan inokulasi, berturut-turut 18.77 dan 44.01 ppm. Uji antikanker in vitro ekstrak metanol A. microcarpa inokulasi menunjukkan nilai konsentrasi penghambatan 50% sebesar 298.53 ppm, jauh lebih tinggi daripada obat antikanker komersial doksorubisin. Berdasarkan hasil ini, ekstrak tersebut tidak berpotensi sebagai antikanker payudara.

Kata kunci: Antikanker, Fitokimia, Gaharu, Kemedangan, Toksisitas

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Sirilak K, Nawarat N, Kumkrai P, Luecha P, Kupittayanant S, Chudapongse N. 2013. Antibacterial Activity of Aquilaria crassna Leaf Extract Against Staphylococcus Epidermidis by Disruption of Cell Wall. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 12: 20

Based on Thai folklore information, several parts of agarwood have been used for a long time in the treatment of infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery and skin diseases. Recently, the antibacterial activities of A. crassna leaf extract againstenteric bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Clostoridium difficile, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Bacteroides fragilis, have been reported. However, its inhibitory effect on S. epidermidis, the pathogen known to cause skin disease and one of the most important opportunistic pathogens, has never been documented. In the present study, the antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis of the aqueous extract of A. crassna leaves and possible mechanism were investigated. The phytoconstiuents, antioxidant properties and acute toxicity of the extract were studied as well. The present study has reported the screening phytochemistry, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract of A. Crassna leaves. More importantly, the antibacterial activity and inhibitory effect on biofilm formation of the extract against S. epidermidis were demonstrated. The postulated underlying mechanism was disruption of bacterial cell wall. In addition, high dose of the extract showed the absence of acute oral toxicity in mice. The data also suggest that A. crassna may be a potential source for the discovery of new antibacterial agents against S. epidermidis and probably other Gram-positive bacteria as well.

Keywords: Aquilaria crassna, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Antioxidant, Anti bacterials, Cell wall, Acute toxicity

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Verina R. 2013. Optimisasi Waktu Perendaman Kemedangan Gaharu Hasil Inokulasi pada Rendemen dan Komponen Kimia Minyak Gaharu. Skripsi Departemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Minyak gaharu sering digunakan dalam industri obat-obatan, parfum, dan kosmetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan waktu optimum perendaman kemedangan gaharu hasil inokulasi untuk mengisolasi minyak atsiri dan menganalisis komponen kimia di dalamnya dengan menggunakan kromatograf gas-spektrometer massa


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(GC-MS). Waktu perendaman gaharu yang optimum adalah 21 hari dengan kisaran rendemen 0.22−0.92%. Identifikasi senyawa menggunakan GC-MS menunjukkan keberadaan senyawa seskuiterpena pada semua minyak gaharu. Jumlah senyawa seskuiterpena yang terkandung pada minyak gaharu alam dan hasil inokulasi tidak berbeda jauh, sebanyak 9−15 senyawa. Minyak gaharu mengandung senyawa penciri sebanyak 3−6. Minyak gaharu hasil inokulasi memiliki mutu yang hampir sama, tetapi rendemennya lebih rendah daripada gaharu alam.

Kata kunci: Gaharu, GC-MS, Inokulasi, Minyak atsiri_________________________________________________________________

Nor Azah MA, Ismail N, Mailina J, Taib MN, Rahiman MHF, Hafizi ZM. 2014. Chemometric Study of Selected Agarwood Oils by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 26 (3): 382-388

Agarwood oils are concentrated volatile aromatic compounds mainly produced by the distillation of an agarwood (Aquilaria spp.). Currently, grading of an agarwood oil is done by trained personnel based on colour and odour. This technique is done manually and limited to sample repeatability. In this study, the chemical compositions of several selected agarwood oil samples were analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their pattern recognition profiles were examined by chemometric analysis using principal component analysis (PCA). The samples were categorised into two groups according to their quality: group A (high quality) and group B (unknown quality). At least 43 chemical compounds were identified from both groups. From PCA, six significant compounds were obtained, i.e. 4-phenyl-2-butanone, α-guaiene, ar-curcumene, 10-epi-g-eudesmol, β-dihydroagarofuran and valencene. Correlation analysis revealed significant and high correlation between groups A and B. This is due to samples from group B showing similarity to major compounds found in group A.

Keywords: Chemical compounds, Correlation, High quality, Gaharu oil, Principal component analysis

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Pei YT, Chin PT, Abas, Faridah, Hip SY, Chun W. 2014. Assessment of Extraction Parameters on Antioxidant Capacity, Polyphenol Content, Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), Epicatechin Gallate (ECG) and Iriflophenone 3-C-β-Glucoside of Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) Young Leaves. Molecules 19 (8): 12304-12319.

The effects of ethanol concentration (0%-100%, v/v), solid-to-solvent ratio (1:10-1:60, w/v) and extraction time (30-180 min) on the extraction of polyphenols from agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) were examined. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total flavanol (TF) assays and HPLC-DAD were used for the


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determination and quantification of polyphenols, flavanol gallates (epigallocatechin gallate—EGCG and epicatechin gallate—ECG) and a benzophenone (iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside) from the crude polyphenol extract (CPE) of A. crassna. 2,2’-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the CPE. Experimental results concluded that ethanol concentration and solid-to-solvent ratio had significant effects (p < 0.05) on the yields of polyphenol and antioxidant capacity. Extraction time had an insignificant influence on the recovery of EGCG, ECG and iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside, as well as radical scavenging capacity from the CPE. The extraction parameters that exhibited maximum yields were 40% (v/v) ethanol, 1:60 (w/v) for 30 min where the TPC, TFC, TF, DPPH, EGCG, ECG and iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside levels achieved were 183.5 mg GAE/g DW, 249.0 mg QE/g DW, 4.9 mg CE/g DW, 93.7%, 29.1 mg EGCG/g DW, 44.3 mg ECG/g DW and 39.9 mg iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside/g DW respectively. The IC50 of the CPE was 24.6 mg/L.

Keywords: Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna), Antioxidant capacity, Epicatechin gallate (ECG), Iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside, polyphenol

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Phai LJ, Pascale T,Mohamed R. 2014. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Agarwood Extracts from Mature and Juvenile Aquilariamalaccensis. International Journal of Agriculture &Biology 16(3):644-648

Chemical composition of crude extracts from infected woods of Aquilaria malaccensis were compared to that of healthy wood and commercial agarwood. Infected woods were collected six months after drilling of wild mature trees or after fungal inoculation into the stem of 4-year-old trees. Agarwood substances were extracted in methanol and were subjected to GC-MS analyses. The major compounds were chromone derivative, aromatic compounds, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, sterols and fatty acid methyl ester. Aromatic compounds constituted of aldehyde, phenol, ether and ketone groups. In the agarwood extract of the juvenile fungal-elicited tree but not in the healthy wood, some major compounds found were 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone derivative, 4-phenyl-2-butanone,(lS,4S,7R)-l,4-dimethyl-7-(prop-l-en-2-yl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 octahydroazulene [guaiene], 1,1,4,7-tetramethyl-,3,4,5,6,7,7a,7b- octahydro-laH-cyclopropa[h]azulen-4a-ol [palustrol], and 4-(4-methoxyphenyl) butan-2-one [anisylacetone]. These were also found from agarwood of different grades and agarwood collected from the wild mature tree, in addition to agarospirol, alloaromadendre oxide (2), α-elemol, γ-eudesmol, and guaiol. This work demonstrated that in young A. malaccensis trees, fungi may be associated to the formation of important agarwood compounds and can be detected as early as six months after inoculation.

Keywords: Agarwood extracts, Aromatic compound, Chromone, Gaharu, GC-MS,


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Monoterpene, Sesquiterpene, Sterol

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Yi W, Chang L, Hui-Fen L, Jian-Bo S, You-Ying L, Wei G, De-Yun W, Jia-Guo L, Yuan-Liang H. 2014. A Novel Neolignan Glycoside from Aquilaria sinensis. Biochemical Systematics & Ecology. 55 (5): 41-45

Phytochemical investigation of Aquilaria sinensis afforded one novel neolignan glycoside (1) and fourteen known compounds (2-15). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Among them, compounds 1-3, 5 and 7-9 were obtained from the genus Aquilaria for the first time. The profile of chromone glycosides and iriflophenone glycosides may have chemotaxonomic significance within this genus.

Keywords: Aquilaria, Chemotaxonomy, Dihydrobenzofuran neolignan glycoside, Thymelaeaceae

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F. SocIAl AND EcoNomy

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Wollenberg, E.K. 2001. Incentives for Collecting Gaharu (Fungal-infected Wood of Aquilaria spp.; Thymelaeaceae) in East Kalimantan. Economic Botany 55 (3): 444-456

The economic importance of gaharu is assessed in three villages on the Bahau River in north-central Borneo to gain insights about the incentives for harvesting and management of a valuable nontimber forest product. Three indicators of economic value--level and proportion of income, returns to labor, and proportion of gaharu collecting households per village--are used to demonstrate the multiple incentives that NTFP income can generate. The concept of incentive logic is developed as an analytical technique to show how economic values can be linked to incentives for different types of management actions. The article discusses how incentives from gaharu income were most likely linked to the stake local people had in the resource, their preferences about which forest product to harvest, and their willingness to engage in collective action. These incentives contributed to sustainability to the extent they induced actions that reduce threats to the resource. The article suggests that an understanding of the influence of economic incentives on people’s resource management can be improved by recognizing three factors: the multiple incentives created by an income, the logical link of those incentives to a management action, and the influence of other socio cultural and biophysical factors on management.

Keywords: gaharu, Aquilaria spp., nontimber forest products, forest income, economic incentives, East Kalimantan.

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Soehartono T, Newton AC. 2002. The gaharu trade in Indonesia: Is it sustainable? Economic Botany 56(3): 271-284

When subjected to fungal attack, Aquilaria spp. (Thymelaeaceae) produce a fragrant resin that is traded internationally as gaharu. Socioeconomic aspects of the gaharu trade were investigated via interviews with collectors and local and international traders. In addition, the extent of local and international trade was evaluated by reference to official government statistics. Evidence that gaharu resources are declining was obtained from the personal experience of gaharu collectors, and official statistics relating to the declining number of gaharu export companies in operation. Traders also reported that the main source of gaharu has recently switched from Sumatra and Kalimantan to sources in eastern Indonesia (Maluku and Irian Jaya), a finding supported by official statistics. Disparities recorded between official figures for the price and volume of gaharu in local and international trade,


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supported by comments made by export traders, indicate that a high proportion of the more valuable, high-grade gaharu is traded illegally by personal transaction. Interviews with gaharu collectors indicated that traditional approaches to harvesting are declining, as more nonlocal people become involved in collection, leading to more intensive harvesting practices. Together, these findings suggest that the current Indonesian trade in gaharu is not sustainable.

Keywords: Harvesting, Sustainability, Gaharu, CITES, NTFP

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Siran SA, Ngatiman, Yusliansyah. 2006. Gaharu, Komoditi HHBK Andalan Kalimantan Timur. Prosiding Gelar dan Dialog Teknologi 2006 pp 29-48

Gaharu merupakan hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) yang mempunyai peranan penting untuk meningkatkan devisa negara dan dapat meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat di sekitar hutan. Dalam makalah ini diuraikan antara lain gambaran umum tumbuhan penghasil gaharu di Kalimantan Timur, jenis penghasil gaharu,pemungutan dan pengolahan gaharu, kandungan dan manfaat gaharu, tata niaga dan klasifikasi mutu gaharu, tata niaga gaharu, status penelitian gaharu dan program penelitian dan pengembangan gaharu. Status penelitian gaharu di Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan kalimantan antara lain budidaya meliputi teknik produksi bibit gaharu melalui biji, cabutan, dan stek pucuk, pembentukan gaharu dengan menginokulasikan Fusarium sp. Pada pohon penghasil gaharu menggunakan inokulasi padat dan cair, teknik penyulingan dengan menggunakan gaharu mutu rendah untuk menghasilkan minyak gaharu, habitat tempat tumbuh gaharu yang mempelajari mengenai penyebaran jenis gaharu secara alami dan ekologinya.Konservasi in- situ dan ex-situ pada jenis-jenis gaharu yang ada di kalimantan Timur, mempelajari beberapa kajian yang menyangkut manfaat gaharu, tata niaga gaharu, serta standarisasi produksi gaharu untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat di sekitar hutan, promosi, dan alih teknologi pengembangan gaharu yang dilakukan pada beberapa kabupaten seperti Berau, Kutai barat, Malinau, Pasir, dan Nunukan, penerbitan publikasi khusus mengenai gaharu, monitoring pengembangan gaharu serta sosialisasi dan diseminasi pengembangan gaharu dengan cara penyebaran informasi melalui media cetak dan media elektronik (RRI dan TVRI) dan penyebaran informasi dengan ekspose hasil-hasil penelitian. Program penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan Kalimantan mengenai pohon penghasil gaharu meliputi: litbang budidaya gaharu, teknik pemanenan, pengelolaan dan standarisasi mutu, pembentukan gaharu, habitat tempat tumbuh gaharu, kajian sosial ekonomi masyarakat pencari gaharu dan pemasaran gaharu serta kajian pemanfaatan pohon penghasil gaharu untuk bahan baku MDF dan pensil.

Kata Kunci: Gaharu, HHBK, Kalimantan Timur

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Suharti S. 2009. Prospek Pengusahaan Gaharu Melalui Pola Pengelolaan Hutan Berbasis Masyarakat (PHBM) (Prospect of Gaharu Business Through Community Based Forest Management Model). Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 7 (2): 141-154

Agarwood is a fragrant resinous wood coming from trees belonging to the genera Aquilaria, Gyrinops, and Gonystylus. Due to habitat destruction and unsustainable harvesting many species of agarwood are nowadays potentially threatened to extinct. On the other hand, agarwood price tends to increase that hasinduced cultivation of agarwood especially in South East Asia region. In Indonesia, agarwood has continued to become a very prospective business due to several supporting factors i.e its biological potency (wide variety of tree species producing agarwood are native to Indonesia), abundant suitable land for agarwood cultivation and technology for artificial induction is already available. Agarwood cultivation is feasible to be carried out based on financial analysis by using several criteria and could generate Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, and Benefit Cost Ratio of Rp 147.74 million/ha, 48.53%, and 3.32 respectively. However, since agarwood business is capital intensive, only few people with enough capital could afford this. In order to increase agarwood cultivation more widely, it is urged to develop a partnership model between capital owner and local community. One prospective partnership model that could be developed is Community Based Forest Management (CBFM). Through CBFM partnership model, it is expected that agarwood cultivation could be expanded widely, community income is significantly increased and people dependency toward forest could be decreased considerably. Main principles persist in agarwood cultivation by using CBFM partnership model are sustainable economic feasibility based on period of partnership contract, mutual advantage based on each contribution to achieve common social, economic and ecological objectives.

Keywords: Agarwood business, Partnership, Community, CBFM

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Winarni E. 2009. Pertumbuhan Semai Gaharu (Aquilariamalaccensis Lamk) pada Berbagai Dosis Pemberian Pupuk Organik Cair NASA. Jurnal Hutan Tropis Borneo 10 (27): 237-246

The objective of this research was to find out the growth response of Gaharu (Aquilariamalaccensis Lamk) to The various dosage of NASA Liquid Organic Fertilizer. This research was conducted in the Shade House of Forestry Faculty of Unlam Banjarbaru, for 3 months (May –July), used 4 treatments and 10 replications. The data was analyzed by using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The growth parameters measured were the height of seedling and total amount of leaves. The best response was shown by the highest value of the growth parameters. The results showed that response of the various dosage of NASA Liquid Organic


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Fertilizer were significant to all of the growth parameter. The 3cc/l water dosage of NASA Liquid Organic Fertilizer was shown the best response to the height of seedling and total amount of leaves, compared to the others.

Keywords: Gaharu, Aquilariamalaccensis, shade house

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Jensen A, Henrik M. 2010. Returns from Harvesting a Commercial Non-timber Forest Product and Particular Characteristics of Harvesters and Their Strategies: Aquilaria crassna and Agarwood in Lao PDR1. Economic Botany 64 (1): 34-45

Returns from Harvesting a Commercial Non-timber Forest Product and Particular Characteristics of Harvesters and Their Strategies: Aquilaria crassna and agarwood in Lao PDR. This paper explores associations between the returns from harvesting a commercial non-timber forest product and particular characteristics of harvesters and their strategies. Data originate from a survey in Laos of the harvest and trade of agarwood, a highly valuable commodity harvested mainly from tree species in the genus Aquilaria. Five groups of harvesters were identified, with considerable differences in returns between them. Foreign harvesters, i.e., ethnic Vietnamese, earned approximately USD 13 per day on average, while nonlocal full-time harvesters earned approximately USD 9, and nonlocal part-time harvesters USD 7 per day. Local people earn approximately USD 5 per day and only USD 4 if harvesting only took place in village forests. Factors observed to determine returns are market access, especially access to national and international markets, and knowledge and experience in trading, harvesting, and the organization of harvesting trips. It is suggested that interventions should be made to address these factors, to level out returns from harvesting, and to increase the share of returns captured by local people.

Keywords: Agarwood, Aquilaria, Eaglewood, Non-timber forest products, Poverty, Trade, Laos

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Mamat MF, Yacob MR, Fui LH, Rdam A. 2010. Costs and Benefits Analysis of Aquilaria Species on Plantation for Agarwood Production in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science 1(2): 162-174

The establishment of Aquilaria plantation for agarwood production has been regarded by the planters as a green ‘gold mine’ of the future. This study examines the costs and benefits of planting Aquilaria spp. for agarwood production. The analysis shows that whether planting Aquilaria spp. integration with banana (Musa spp.) or planting Aquilaria spp. as a single crop for agarwood production, both options are viable. An investment return for planting Aquilaria spp. integrated with banana (Musa spp.)


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on 1,000 hectares of land is higher with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 54.85% compared with 38.49% for a single crop Aquilaria plantation. The NetPresent Value (NPV) of investment at a 10% discount for 1,000 hectares integrated planting is RM185.6 million (1 RM=USD0.32 in 2008) while the option involving single crop Aquilaria plantation for agarwood production is RM153.6 million.

Keywords: Cost Benefits Anaylsis, Net present value, Agarwood, Production, Malaysia, Aquilaria species

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Mucharromah. 2010. Pengembangan Gaharu di Bengkulu, Sumatera (The Development of Agarwood in Bengkulu, Sumatra). Jurnal Fakultas Pertanian Jurusan Perlindungan Tanaman, Universitas Bengkulu 7 (2): 117-128

Agarwood or gaharu is a resinous product of certain tree species that has a high economic value. This paper presented a review on the development of gaharu in Bengkulu Province, Sumatra. Indonesia is well known of having diverse gaharu-producing tree species. However, natural gaharu in the wild has become scarce due to over exploitation. It is necessary to protect gaharu-producing tree species diversity in the nature and at the same time sustain its production by appropriate management of gaharu. Forest communities living around gaharu forests have long practiced gaharu harvesting and carving. However, they have little knowledge on the process of gaharu formation as well as its artificial induction. A knowledge transfer of gaharu and capacity building are important to sustain gaharu existence that may assist the community to improve their income. Gaharu development requires considerable capital and investments, and the involvement of multi stakeholders, i.e. government, private sectors, research and development institutes, and forest community. Institutions that facilitate A-Z gaharu development should be established in the area. Here, we provided an analysis for setting up gaharu business.

Keywords: Resinous product, High economic value, Sustainability, Management, Capacity building

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Salaka FJ. 2010. Strategi Kebijakan Pemasaran Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu di Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat Provinsi Maluku. Skripsi Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat (SBB) merupakan salah satu daerah pemekaran di wilayah Provinsi Maluku berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 40 tahun 2003. Wilayah ini memiliki hutan yang cukup luas dengan beragam potensi di dalamnya yang jika dikelola dengan baik dapat memberikan tambahan pendapatan bagi masyarakat di dalam dan di sekitar hutan, serta menjadi salah satu sumber pendapatan daerah. Selain hasil hutan kayu, wilayah ini juga memiliki potensi hasil


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hutan bukan kayu (HHBK) seperti minyak kayu putih, kopal, rotan, gaharu, dan lain-lain. HHBK secara umum berperan tidak hanya pada aspek ekologis, tetapi juga pada aspek ekonomis dan sosial budaya. Dari aspek ekologis, HHBK merupakan bagian dari ekosistem hutan dan mempunyai fungsi dan peran tertentu yang ikut menunjang keberlangsungan dari ekosistem tersebut. Dari aspek ekonomis, HHBK dapat menjadi salah satu sumber penghasilan bagi masyarakat maupun pemerintah. Sedangkan dari aspek sosial budaya, masyarakat ikut dilibatkan dalam pemanfaatan dan pengolahan HHBK. Di samping itu, dengan adanya kegiatan produksi dan pengolahan HHBK, maka dapat menyerap tenaga kerja dalam jumlah yang cukup besar sehingga dapat mengurangi angka pengangguran.

Kata Kunci: HHBK, Pemasaran, Gaharu

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Semiadi G, Wiriadinata H, Waluyo EB, Darnaedi D. 2010. Rantai Pasokan Produk Tumbuhan Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) asal Merauke, Papua. Buletin Plasma Nutfah 16 (2): 150-159

Papua is claimed to have high production of Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) that is Mminly extracted from Swamp Areas. However, it is still a polemic whether this claim is true and what is the real production level. Therefore, a field survey was conducted in Jayapura and Merauke (Papua) and Probolinggo (East Java) to unveil the actual condition of the gaharu production and its condition. Interviews were made with local forestry officers (BBKSDA) and local traders in Jayapura and Merauke, shipping companies, warehouse administrators and port administrators in Probolinggo, East Java as the final destination sea port. The results showed that the gaharu taken from swamp areas in the region of Merauke was proven by BBKSDA officials. In one year, the legal production of gaharu in the form of kamedangan reached 100 tons, while similar amount was thought to be slipped away in the illegal trades. Field survey in 2007 conducted by local BBKSDA officers in Asmat and Mappi districts showed a high production of gaharu in the form of wet kamedangan. Gaharu sea freighters at least carried 175 sacks/trip, with special freighters could carry up to 2.100 sacks/trip. The mean weight of each sack was between 58-90 kg with the mean water content ranged from 54-87.39%. Special quota criteria is required to be established on the basis of its quality for Merauke region to avoid problems on undervalue or misconception of the products and production level. Verification on the gaharu tree species originated from Papua region is also still needed.

Keywords: Gaharu, Aquilaria spp., water contents Merauke, Papua.

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Wiriadinata H, Semiadi G, Darnaedi D, Waluyo EB. 2010. The Concept of Cultivation on Agarwood Trees (Aquilaria spp.) in Bengkulu Province. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 7 (4): 371-380

Aquilaria spp. are a group of aromatic plants of high commercial value with the products being called gubal gaharu and kamedangan. The high level of exploitation on this species has raised concerns on the population status and its conservation strategic. Cultivation is a mean of strategic step for the sustainable use of any wild harvest. A survey was conducted to evaluate the cultivation of agarwood trees and its condition in Bengkulu Province. A rapid assessment survey technique was conducted in April 2008 by visiting the agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) cultivation areas in Bengkulu. In depth interviews were made with the local farmers who had the agarwood trees cultivation. Diameter at breast height (dbh), height of agarwood trees, water content of freshly cut agarwood tree and agarwood chips formed by artificial inoculation process were measured. The results showed that cultivation of agarwood trees was initiated and coordinated by a local enterprise called CV. 88 since 2003. Until July 2008 the members had reached 29 farmers with total area covering 38 ha. No less than 5,000 agarwood trees were planted, whilst inoculation on natural agarwood trees had reached 53 ha. The perception on the meaning of cultivation was not accordance with the legislation concept; therefore, socialization on the legal concept was needed. The majority species being cultivated and those grow wildly in the plantation areas were Aquilaria microcarpa Baill. And A. malaccensis Lam. The average weight of inoculated agarwood chips was 18.79 grams/piece (Std.= 8.85) with the water contents of 11.2-12.97%, whilst water contents of freshly cut agarwood tree was 46.3%. Single agarwood tree at the height of 35 m and dbh of 118 cm could produce at least 637.65 kg of commercially dry chips (kamedangan).

Keywords: Agarwood, Aquilaria malaccensis, A. microcarpa, Bengkulu, Cultivation

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Maryani D. 2011. Karakteristik Usaha Gaharu Alam (Aquilaria malaccensis) di Provinsi Bengkulu: Studi Kasus Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan, Kabupaten Kaur, dan Kabupaten Seluma. Skripsi Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Forest is a natural resource that can be used for the people walfare. One of forest product which has potential to be used is resin agarwood. Gaharu has high sold price with production qualification that consist of gubal, kemedangan and ash. Each of product contains Oleo Chromone which are produce unique aroma, so that it often used in many industries such as parfum industry, cosmetic industry and religion ritual need. High demand of agarwood cause the demand of it increase more, so that influence to the decrease more, but the agarwood exertion process still do so that it is important to do investigation of natural agarwood characteristics nowdays. This


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research aims to know the characteristic of the natural agarwood exertion in Bengkulu Province, that consist of the characteristic of agarwood enterpreneur (finder small, collector seller and big collector seller), the process of agarwood exertion, kinds and quality characteristic, marketing system and also policy in agarwood exertion. The methodology of this research is qualitative by describing the characteristic of natural agarwood exertion and quantitative by counting the margin of profit. There are three groups of gaharuenterprenuer namely: agarwood finder, small collector and big collector. The group of agarwood finders do the gaharu exertion. On the process of agarwood exertion need the specific skill about the characteristic of tree that contain agarwood. The products then sell to collector seller of agarwoodthrough its selling channel. The selling of agarwood begun by determining the condition and price, where there are seven agreed quality. This quality class is so determining the price, better quality of agarwood higher the price and lower quality of agarwood lower the price. The differences of price from each quality of agarwood can reach 3-15 times from the increasing each quality. Enterprenuers have role in determining namely big collector seller so that margin of highest price gotten by them is 1,4-2 multiple times with their income that they gotten 28 times from income of agarwood finders group. In order to manage marketing of agarwood, government determines policy in the form of quota in a year, the license that is given to big collector seller in 5 year and the rate of dues determined based on gubal class Rp 20.000,-/kg and kemedanganRp 2.000,-/kg.

Keyword: Enterprenuers, Agarwood, Aquilaria malaccensis

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Suhartati, Wahyudi A. 2011. Agroforestry Pattern of Agarwood Species and Oil Palm. Jurnal Balai Penelitian Teknologi Serat Tanaman Hutan 8(4): 363-371

The development of agarwood (Aquilaria malacensis Lamk) plantation the mid of oil palm plantation is of agroforestry systems, which needs to be further observed, especially spacing. The spacing influenced light intensity, which is the further the distance the more light could be capture by agarwood plants, and the shaded area decreases. The study is aimed to observe the optimum spacing in the oil palm plantation. The study site was located in Rokan Hulu Riau. The study employed a Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with three treatments for spacing: 2, 3, and 4 m. Parameters observed are the growth (height, diameter, and survival rate and micro climate, and biophysicalcharacteristics). The result of the study indicators the spacing as treatment did not show significant effect to the growth of Aquilaria malacensis Lamk up tot 24 months old. However after 30 months the effects of the spacing is demonstrated for which four m spacing is the better for the growth and diameter of Aquilaria malacensis Lamk.

Keywords: Agroforestry, Agarwood, Light intensity, Spacing, Oil palm

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Saikia P, Khan ML. 2012. Agar (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.): a Promising Crop in the Homegardens of Upper Assam, Northeastern India. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 50 (1-2): 8-14

One hundred and thirty five randomly selected homegardens were surveyed in the Golaghat and Jorhat districts of Upper Assam to assess the economic prospects of agar (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.) cultivation and the socio economic background of the growers. Almost 50% of the households had agriculture as the main vocation and all households practiced home gardening, despite variability in garden size based on socio economic factors. Home garden products including agar and tea contributed to 1 to 45% (mean 14% ±1.15) of the total annual income of the family. Returns from agar to an individual family ranged from Rs 3,000 (US$ 60: from 10 trees after 10 years) to 9,00,000 (US$ 18,000: from 500 trees after 20 years) with an average of Rs 1,14,393 (US$ 2,288: from 106 trees after 13 years). Low input needs and flexibility in site requirements as well as suitability for intercropping make agar a preferred cash crop in the homegardens of Upper Assam.

Keywords: Economic returns, Agar oil, Socio economic status

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Pertiwi AG. 2013. Analisis Nilai Tambah dan Pemasaran Minyak Gaharu (Studi Kasus di CV Aromindo). Skripsi Departemen Agribisnis FEM IPB

CV Aromindo adalah perusahaan pengolah gaharu yang terletak di Bogor. Minyak gaharu merupakan hasil produksinya yang menghasilkan nilai tambah yang dapat meningkatkan pendapatan bagi perusahaan dan faktor-faktor produksi lainnya. Akan tetapi, penjualan minyak gaharu masih jauh dari target perusahaan, itu diindikasikan karena kurang baiknya proses manajemen pemasaran yang dilakukan oleh CV Aromindo. Penjualan minyak gaharu berimplikasi pada nilai tambah. Keberhasilan dalam mencapai tujuan pemasaran yang ditetapkan oleh proses manajemen pemasaran yang baik. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk analisis nilai tambah dan pemasaran minyak gaharu. Berdasarkan persentase rasio nilai tambah 51,032 persen, maka CV Aromindo dapat dikatakan memiliki nilai tambah yang besar. Dalam pelaksanaan manajemen pemasaran, CV Aromindo telah menerapkan manajemen pemasaran di perusahaannya. Peluang belum dimanfaatkan seluruhnya, contohnya peluang untuk masuk ke pasar China yang sudah ada. Strategi pemasaran sudah dilakukan. Namun, CV Aromindo perlu untuk memperbaiki manajemen pemasarannya, perusahaan harus memiliki karyawan khusus yang berfokus pada kegiatan pemasaran, memperluas pasar, bekerjasama dengan pihak terkait gaharu untuk mendapatkan rendemen yang lebih tinggi dan mengembangkan produk minyak gaharu menjadi minyak wangi atau aromaterapi sehingga dapat meningkatkan keuntungan.

Kata kunci: Minyak gaharu, Nilai tambah, Pemasaran_________________________________________________________________


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rEFErENcES

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Abdurachman, Lanniari I, Saridan A. 2009. Potency and Diameter Increment of Aquilaria malaccensis LAMK.at Labanan Natural Production Forest, Berau District, East Kalimantan. Jurnal Balai Besar Penelitian Dipterokarpa Samarinda. Kalimantan Timur 6 (1): 1-11

Agustini L, Wahyuno D, Santoso E. 2006. Keanekaragaman Jenis Jamur yang Potensial dalam Pembentukan Gaharu dari Batang Aquilaria spp. (Biodiversity of Potential Agarwood Inducer Fungi Taken from Aquilaria spp. Stems). Jurnal Pusat Litbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 3(5): 555 -564

Allen, Michael A, Warren Y, Brockelman, Zhang L. 2008. Matrix Analysis to Evaluate Sustainability: The Tropical Tree Aquilaria crassna, a Heavily Poached Source of Agarwood. Biological Conservation 141(6): 1676-1686

Anders J, Henrik M. 2008. Does Commercialization of a Non-timber Forest Product Reduce Ecological Impact? A Case Study of the Critically Endangered Aquilaria crassna in Lao PDR. Oryx 42(2): 214-221

Andianto. 2010. Ciri Anatomi Lima Jenis Kayu Penghasil Gaharu dan Dua Jenis Kerabatnya (Anatomical Features of Five Species Producing-Eaglewood and Two Related Species). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 28(2): 169-183

Awarau, Waipaina, Page T. 2012. Performance of Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) Seedling Transplants Improved by Shade and Fertiliser. Forest Ecology and Management 265: 258-269

Azwin, Siregar IZ, Supriyanto. 2006. The Use of BAP and TDZ for Propagation of Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.). Media Konservasi 11(3): 98–104

Azwin. 2007. Evaluasi Stabilitas Genetik Tanaman Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) Hasil Kultur In Vitro. Skripsi IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)

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Betrianingrum C. 2009. Kajian Pertumbuhan Eksplan Pucuk Gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke) Melalui Teknik Ex Vitro. Skripsi Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan Dan Ekowisata Fakultas Kehutanan (IPB)

Bhore SJ, Preveena J, Kandasamy KI. 2013. Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Endophytes from Pharmaceutical Agarwood-Producing Aquilaria species. Pharmacognosy Research 5(2): 134-137


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Carolina DAS. 2012. Pengaruh Kombinasi Berbagai Media Tanam dengan Inokulum Cendawan Acremonium sp. dan Fusarium sp. terhadap Kualitas Gaharu pada Aquilaria crassna. Skripsi Departemen Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

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Darmawan S, Sumardi. 2006. Penyebaran dan Keberadaan Inang Gaharu di Alam. Prosiding Sosialisasi Hasil Litbang Kepada Pengguna: Melalui Riset dan Iptek, Hutan Lestari Masyarakat Sejahtera pp 205-215

Dewi KS. 2013.Toksisitas dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Pohon Penghasil Gaharu Hasil Inokulasi. Skripsi Departemen Kimia Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPB)

Dharmadasa RM, Siriwardana A, Samarasinghe K, Adhihetty P. 2013. Standardization of Gyrinops Walla Gaertn. (Thymalaeaceae): Newly Discovered, Fragrant Industrial Potential, Endemic Plant from Sri Lanka. World Journal of Agricultural Research 1 (6): 101-103

Dongli L, Yuchan C, Qingling P, Meihua T, Weiming Z. 2014. A New Eudesmane Sesquiterpene from Nigrospora Oryzae, an Endophytic Fungus of Aquilaria sinensis. Records of Natural Products 8(4):330-333

Ed-Har AA. 2013. Isolasi dan Identifikasi Mikrob Tanah Pendegradasi Selulosa dan Pektin dari Rhizosfer Aquilaria malaccensis. Skripsi Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan Fakultas Pertanian (IPB)

Eurlings MCM, Gravendeel B. 2005. TrnL-trnF Sequence Data Imply Paraphyly of Aquilaria and Gyrinops (Thymelaeaceae) and Provide New Perspectives for Agarwood Identification. Plant Systematics and Evolution 254(1): 1-12

Eurlings MCM, Heuveling van BeekH, Gravendeel B. 2010. Polymorphic Microsatellites for Forensic Identification of Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna). Forensic Science International 197 (1): 30-34

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INDEX

AAcremonium · 9, 36, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 83, 87, 89

actinomycetes · 42

Antimicrobial · 43, 44, 85

Antitumor · 43, 44, 85

Aquilaria agallocha · 15, 16, 18, 83, 87

Aquilaria beccariana · 2, 27, 28, 85

Aquilaria crassna · 3, 4, 5, 11, 13, 21, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 50, 56, 57, 58, 61, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 75, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90

Aquilaria filarial, · 2

Aquilaria hirta · 2, 32, 33, 84

Aquilaria malaccensis · 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 32, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 70, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93

Aquilaria microcarpa · 2, 4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 29, 30, 45, 52, 53, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 78, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90

Aquilaria sinensis · 12, 16, 17, 43, 47, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 71, 72, 83, 84, 85, 93

auksin · 29, 31

BBacillus thuringiensis · 33, 36, 37, 86

Beavureia bassiana · 33

biosynthesis · 11, 15, 55, 56

Burkholderia · 32


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CCalmodulin genes · 12

Chromobacterium · 32

CITES · vii, 1, 2, 3, 4, 13, 15, 16, 24, 28, 31, 32, 73

Cross amplification · 13

Cucurbitacin · 16

Cylindrocarpon · 38

DDNA barcoding · 16

EEndophytic · 42, 43, 44, 49, 54, 83, 85, 86

FFarnesyl diphosphate synthase · 11, 14

fertilizer · 25

Fusarium · 36, 38, 43, 44, 45, 52, 53, 54, 61, 62, 63, 67, 73, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90

GGenetic diversity · 9, 13, 14

Genome · 16

Gyrinops versteegii · 10, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 35, 37, 59, 67, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92

Gyrinops walla · 65, 66, 83

Hhabitat characteristics · 5, 6, 34

Heavy Metals · 6, 86

Heortia vitessoides · 33, 36, 37, 86


97

IImpregnating · 60

In Vitro · 8, 12, 18, 28, 82, 84, 85, 86

Inoculation · 32, 44, 46, 61, 62, 63, 70, 78, 87

Intercropping system · 35

IUCN · 1, 3

MMethyl jasmonate · 11, 14, 41

Micropropagation · 18

Microsatellite · 13, 14, 83, 86, 92

NNon timber forest product · 33

OOecophylla smaradgina · 22

PPembiakan vegetative · 24

Phylogenetic analyses · 8, 16

phylogeny · 8

Phytoremediation · 6

Pollination · 2

Polymorphic microsatellite · 14, 40, 83

Population dynamics · 2, 5

QQuantitative genes expression · 12


98

RReference gene · 12, 84

Reproductive phenology · 2

rhizobacteria · 32, 90

SSeedfall · 5

Seedling · 2, 4, 5, 23, 24, 25, 32, 35, 44, 46, 53, 75, 82

Sensitivity analysis · 5

Sesquiterpene · 11, 15, 17, 40, 41, 54, 55, 71, 83

Sesquiterpenes · 11, 15, 17, 40, 41, 55, 64, 70, 86, 93

Shoot cutting · 23, 91

sitokinin · 29, 31

Stek pucuk · 21, 22, 23, 73, 84, 91

Tterpenoid · 14, 36, 39, 41, 44, 45, 57, 58

Terpenoid · 45, 57, 58, 89

Thymelaeaceae · vii, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 13, 40, 51, 55, 56, 65, 66, 72, 73, 83, 86, 90, 92, 93

Traditional medicine · 18, 49, 60, 65

Transcriptome · 15, 47, 84, 93

trnL- trnF · 8, 16, 83

WWood anatomy · 16, 53

Wood identification · 16


agarwood bibliography a compilation of abstracts

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