Age of Revolutions Napoleon and the Congress System The Terror Begins The Reign of Terror filtered out of the second wave of the revolutionJacobins!The Reign of Terror filtered out of the second wave of the revolutionJacobins! Main goal was to protect the new RepublicMain goal was to protect the new Republic The Committees job was to over see affairs of France.The Committees job was to over see affairs of France. Vive la France! The Committee of Public Safety led the way in the protection of the Republic.The Committee of Public Safety led the way in the protection of the Republic. - Maximilien Robespierre - Jacques Danton - Lazare Carnot Robespierre Left-wing JacobinLeft-wing Jacobin Supported the sans culottesSupported the sans culottes Ruler during the TerrorRuler during the Terror Festival of the Supreme BeingFestival of the Supreme Being To Arms!!! Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety issued the levee en masse.Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety issued the levee en masse. Revolutionary expectations--protect the REPUBLIC!Revolutionary expectations--protect the REPUBLIC! Robespierre answer was put terror into their hearts!Robespierre answer was put terror into their hearts! The Policies Exclusion of Women from politicsExclusion of Women from politics De-Christianization of FranceDe-Christianization of France - Supreme Being Revolutionary Tribunals against enemies of the republicRevolutionary Tribunals against enemies of the republic - Guillotine Thermidorian Reaction July 27, 1794 a tempering of the revolution began.July 27, 1794 a tempering of the revolution began. Goal was to quell the heated battles of the Terror Institute rule and law:Institute rule and law: Ban violent groups like the Commune Restructure the government The Directory Constitution of the Year III (1795)Constitution of the Year III (1795) Legislature of two houses: (Bicameral)Legislature of two houses: (Bicameral) - Council of Elders - Council of Five Hundred Executive Body was a five person directory.Executive Body was a five person directory. Napoleons Rise to Power The Directory under the new Constitution gave a lot of power to the military.The Directory under the new Constitution gave a lot of power to the military. Assisted in putting down the monarchist coup detat in 1795 and saved the Republic.Assisted in putting down the monarchist coup detat in 1795 and saved the Republic. Military Victories Early on Napoleon was very successful.Early on Napoleon was very successful Treaty of Campo Formio controlled Switzerland and Italy Treaty of Campo Formio controlled Switzerland and Italy Invaded Egypt Invaded Egypt State of France The Directory encounters problemsThe Directory encounters problems - Economic Crisis - The International War Constitution of Year VIII - Abbe Sieyes employed Napoleon to stage a coup detat on November 9, 1799 (18 Brumaire).Constitution of Year VIII - Abbe Sieyes employed Napoleon to stage a coup detat on November 9, 1799 (18 Brumaire). confidence from below, power from above.confidence from below, power from above. The Consulate Napoleon became First Consul Napoleon became First Consul Napoleon secured power as the ruling figure in France Napoleon secured power as the ruling figure in France. Napoleon began his consulate by establishing peace among his enemies.Napoleon began his consulate by establishing peace among his enemies. He weeded out any opposition and took absolute rule.He weeded out any opposition and took absolute rule. Protector of the Republic? Quickly Napoleon established a balance of power by applying democratic principles, such as: Destroyed Feudal Privileges Security of Property for the Middle Class Universal Male Suffrage Treaties Treaty of Luneville took Austria out of the war Treaty of Luneville took Austria out of the war Treaty of Amiens brought peace to Europe, including Britain Treaty of Amiens brought peace to Europe, including Britain Concordat in Rome brought peace with the pope and the church Concordat in Rome brought peace with the pope and the church. Napoleonic Code Napoleon became Consul for Life and then led France into a codification of laws Napoleon became Consul for Life and then led France into a codification of laws Napoleonic Code helped establish a Dynasty Napoleonic Code helped establish a Dynasty. Emperor Napoleon I - December 2, 1804.Emperor Napoleon I - December 2, 1804. An Upstart Soldier Between , Napoleon wraps the European Continent in war.Between , Napoleon wraps the European Continent in war. Very successful on land, but no match for Britain on the sea.Very successful on land, but no match for Britain on the sea. October 21, 1805 Battle of Trafalgar Horatio NelsenOctober 21, 1805 Battle of Trafalgar Horatio Nelsen Conquering Europe On land, Napoleons army was brilliant.On land, Napoleons army was brilliant. Battle of Austerlitz 1805 made Napoleon master of all German lands.Battle of Austerlitz 1805 made Napoleon master of all German lands. Treaty of Pressburg made Napoleon the king of Italy.Treaty of Pressburg made Napoleon the king of Italy. Battle of Austerlitz Political Changes In July 1806, Napoleon organized the Confederation of the Rhine and dissolved the HRE. Battle of Jena 1806, he defeats the Prussians By 1807, Napoleon was master of all German Lands. Treaty of Tilsit July 7, 1807 made Prussia and Russia allies of Napoleon. A Dictator of Sorts Napoleon transformed Europe into a Continental System.Napoleon transformed Europe into a Continental System. Instituted Reforms wherever he ruled.Instituted Reforms wherever he ruled. -Napoleonic Code -Freed serfs and peasants -social distinctions Pyrrhic Dance Several factors led to the war between France and RussiaSeveral factors led to the war between France and Russia 1. Breaking the Treaty of Tilsit 2. Failed marriage negotiations 3. The Continental System By 1810, Tsar Alexander declared war on the French Empire.By 1810, Tsar Alexander declared war on the French Empire. A Dead End War Napoleons Grand Army greatly outnumbered the Russians.Napoleons Grand Army greatly outnumbered the Russians. The invasion, however, did not favor Napoleon.The invasion, however, did not favor Napoleon. Russians employed a scratch and burn tactic.Russians employed a scratch and burn tactic. Russian Preparation Battle of Borodino Moscow, 1812 European Coalition Metternich rounded up a coalition to rid Napoleon of European dominance.Metternich rounded up a coalition to rid Napoleon of European dominance. Russia, Prussia, Austria, & BritainRussia, Prussia, Austria, & Britain Battle of Nations, in 1814 forced Napoleon to abdicate and flee to Elba.Battle of Nations, in 1814 forced Napoleon to abdicate and flee to Elba. The Congress of Vienna Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh & Prince Metternich headed the congress.Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh & Prince Metternich headed the congress. Treaty of Chaumont March 9, 1814Treaty of Chaumont March 9, Restoration of Bourbons - Quadruple Alliance The Hundred Days On March 1, 1815, Napoleon returned to France and seized power.On March 1, 1815, Napoleon returned to France and seized power. The Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw and went after him.The Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw and went after him. June 18, Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo and sent into exile on St. Helena.June 18, Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo and sent into exile on St. Helena. Battle of Waterloo Napoleons Legacy Napoleons reign following the revolutionary government showed the power of the nationhood, which inspired Europe. Birth of the Age of Ideologies Romanticism, Nationalism, Liberalism Bourbon Restoration Louis XVIII - political realistLouis XVIII - political realist Constitutional Monarchy establishedConstitutional Monarchy established The CharterThe Charter Ultraroyalism - White TerrorUltraroyalism - White Terror Nationalism The belief that a nation is composed of people who are joined by common bonds.The belief that a nation is composed of people who are joined by common bonds. Opposed the Congress of ViennaOpposed the Congress of Vienna The notion of popular sovereigntyThe notion of popular sovereignty The Nation and Nationhood.The Nation and Nationhood. Nations on the Rise Developed a national language that did away with dialects.Developed a national language that did away with dialects. The Printed WordThe Printed Word Nationhood as way to bridge together people of an ethnic group.Nationhood as way to bridge together people of an ethnic group. Nationalists put pressure on EmpiresNationalists put pressure on Empires Liberalism Liberalism grew out of the nineteenth century political turmoil.Liberalism grew out of the nineteenth century political turmoil. Seeped in Enlightenment ideals.Seeped in Enlightenment ideals. Wanted Constitutions and political freedom.Wanted Constitutions and political freedom. Responsible GovernmentResponsible Government Political & Economic Goals Wanted boarder political participation, but not democracy.Wanted boarder political participation, but not democracy. Privilege based on wealth and property.Privilege based on wealth and property. The rising middle-classThe rising middle-class Laissez-faire EconomicsLaissez-faire Economics Conservatism The domestic political order among European countries tended to be conservative in form & principle.The domestic political order among European countries tended to be conservative in form & principle. Pillars of conservatism were legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches.Pillars of conservatism were legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches. Epitome of Conservatism Conservative Tenets Opposed the rule of popular sovereignty and economic liberty.Opposed the rule of popular sovereignty and economic liberty. Limited constitutions - power control by monarchies & aristocracies.Limited constitutions - power control by monarchies & aristocracies. The alliance systemThe alliance system Universities Several student groups rise up supporting the cause of nationalism.Several student groups rise up supporting the cause of nationalism. Burchenschaften - GermanyBurchenschaften - Germany Karl Sand became a martyr for the student nationalist groups.Karl Sand became a martyr for the student nationalist groups. Sand murders Kotzebue Sands Execution Carlsbad Decrees 1.Government officials appointed to each University 2.No teacher/professor allowed to serve as a government official 3.Banned secret societies and organizations 4.Rule of expulsion Problems in England Lord Liverpools Ministry & Popular UnrestLord Liverpools Ministry & Popular Unrest Poor Law and UnionsPoor Law and Unions The Peterloo massacre 1819The Peterloo massacre 1819 The Six Acts & Parliamentary ReformThe Six Acts & Parliamentary Reform St. Peters Field 1819 Six Acts 1.Forbade large public meetings 2.Raised fines for seditious libel 3.Speedy trial for political agitators 4.Increased newspaper tax 5.Prohibited the training of armed groups 6.Allowed local officials to search homes on suspicion. The Congress System European international relations were controlled by congresses European international relations were controlled by congresses. 1815: Vienna Concert of Europe1815: Vienna Concert of Europe 1818: Aix-la-Chapelle1818: Aix-la-Chapelle 1820: Troppau1820: Troppau 1821: Laibach1821: Laibach 1822: Verona1822: Verona Congress of Vienna Metternich wanted to assure that peace in Europe was maintained.Metternich wanted to assure that peace in Europe was maintained. Authority of the monarchies and aristocracies.Authority of the monarchies and aristocracies. Mutual consultation of politics.Mutual consultation of politics. Problems The aftermath of the Congress of Vienna sparked a number of opposition uprisings.The aftermath of the Congress of Vienna sparked a number of opposition uprisings. Crisis, Revolt, and RevolutionsCrisis, Revolt, and Revolutions Reform Movements on both sides liberal and conservativeReform Movements on both sides liberal and conservative Russian Dismay In 1825, Russia began to encounter a series of problems.In 1825, Russia began to encounter a series of problems. Army developed reformist sympathiesArmy developed reformist sympathies Secret Societies spring up and echo the liberal doctrineSecret Societies spring up and echo the liberal doctrine Change Russia --- Free the Serfs.Change Russia --- Free the Serfs. The Decembrist Revolt Two crisis breakout in 1825.Two crisis breakout in The First was Tsar Alexander died with no direct heir to the throne.The First was Tsar Alexander died with no direct heir to the throne. Secondly, Moscow regiment of the Russian Army refused to swear allegiance to Nicholas.Secondly, Moscow regiment of the Russian Army refused to swear allegiance to Nicholas. Tsar Nicholas I Orthodoxy, Autocracy, & NationalismOrthodoxy, Autocracy, & Nationalism Refused to abolish serfdomRefused to abolish serfdom Reform Movements:Reform Movements: - Official Nationality - Codification of Russian Law Revolt in Poland In 1830, Poland began to ride the coat-tails of the revolutionary movements across Europe.In 1830, Poland began to ride the coat-tails of the revolutionary movements across Europe. Nicholas suppressed the revolt and issued the Organic Statute in 1832.Nicholas suppressed the revolt and issued the Organic Statute in Poland remained apart of the Russian Empire.Poland remained apart of the Russian Empire. Next Week Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail throughout Europe?Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail throughout Europe? What roles did liberals and nationalists play in the revolutions?What roles did liberals and nationalists play in the revolutions? Why did they sometimes clash?Why did they sometimes clash?