age related macular degeneration
DESCRIPTION
ophthalmologyTRANSCRIPT
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AGE RELATED MACULAR
DEGENERATION(ARMD)
KEERTHI N S2010 BATCH
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ARMD
• Leading cause of blindness • Senile• Bilateral disease of persons over 50 yrs• White People and females
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Etiology
Age related condition
RISK FACTORS Heredity Smoking Hypertension Excessive exposure to sunlight Nutrition
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PATHOGENESIS
• Sclerosis of arteries which nourishes the retina
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Clinical types
• Non exudative [dry] 90%
• Exudative [wet] 10%
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Dry ARMD
Insufficient oxygen and nutrients
damages photoreceptor molecules
With ageing, the ability of RPE cells to digest these molecules decreases
Excessive accumulation of residual bodies (drusen)
RPE membrane and cells degenerate and atrophy sets in and central vision is lost
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• Drusen: – Small ,yellowish deposits on Bruch’s membrane– Derived from metabolic products of visual receptors and
retinal pigment epithelium – Deposited as mucopolysaccharides and lipids
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Wet ARMD
Photoreceptors and pigment epithelium send distress signal to choriocapillaries
New vessels grow behind the macula
Blood vessels are fragile
Blood and fluid leakage
Scarring of macula
Potential for rapid severe damage
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• Hemorrhagic pigment epithelial detachment - dark elevated mount
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SYMPTOMS OF ARMD
• CENTRAL LOSS OF VISION
• Distorted vision• Seeing straight line as
wavy
• No PERIPHERAL VISUAL DEFECTS
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DIAGNOSIS
1)Slit lamp examination(macula)
2)Fundus Fluorescein Angiography, Indocyanine Green Angiography(choroidal neo-Vascularization
3) Optical coherance tomography(sub retinal fluid , intra retinal thickening , choroidal neovascularisation and hemorrhages in wet ARMD
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OCT
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Non-Exudative(DRY)
Exudative (WET)
90% 10%
SeverityPathogenesis
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
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Non-Exudative(DRY)
Exudative (WET)
90% 10%
Severity Less severe more
Pathogenesis Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
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Non-Exudative(DRY)
Exudative (WET)
90% 10%
Severity Less severe more
Pathogenesis Thinning of macula & deposits and pigmentation of macula
Choroidal neo-vasularisation; friable leak blood and fluid
Symptoms Signs
Treatment
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Non-Exudative(DRY)
Exudative (WET)
90% 10%
Severity Less severe more
Pathogenesis Thinning of macula & deposits and pigmentation of macula
Choroidal neo-vasularisation; friable leak blood and fluid
Symptoms Gradual loss of vision Sudden painless loss of vision
Signs
Treatment
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Non-Exudative(DRY)
Exudative (WET)
90% 10%
Severity Less severe more
Pathogenesis Thinning of macula & deposits and pigmentation of macula
Choroidal neo-vasularisation; friable leak blood and fluid
Symptoms Gradual loss of vision Sudden painless loss of vision
Signs Drusen and loss of pigments in retina
Elevation in neurosensory retina or pigment epithelium beneath which abnormal blood, fluid and haemorrhage
Treatment
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Non-Exudative(DRY)
Exudative (WET)
90% 10%
Severity Less severe more
Pathogenesis Thinning of macula & deposits and pigmentation of macula
Choroidal neo-vasularisation; friable leak blood and fluid
Symptoms Gradual loss of vision Sudden painless loss of vision
Signs Drusen and loss of pigments in retina
Elevation in neurosensory retina or pigment epithelium beneath which abnormal blood, fluid and haemorrhage
Treatment Zn supplemetation and antioxidant vitamins
Laser Photo coagulationPhotodynamnic therapyTranspupillary thermotherapySubmacular and macular translocation surgery
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