agenda 21 and rio+10: a framework to discuss energy and development enrique ortega food engineering...
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Agenda 21 and Rio+10: a framework to discuss Energy and Development
Enrique Ortega
Food Engineering School
State University of Campinas
Brazil
www.unicamp.br/fea/ortega
Loccum6/11/2002
Johannesburg Summit (Rio+10):
• Reaffirms Agenda 21 commitments;• Considers international collaboration, through
partnerships, as the main form to implement Agenda 21;
• Manifest the need to support poor farmers access to productive resources;
• But, in the other way, in contradiction with the majority of its recommendations, suggest that the enlargement of trade and the opening of frontiers are the basic and necessary procedures to obtain Sustainable Development.
Rio+10: discussion
•Why were not questioned the reasons of failure of Agenda 21 implementation?
• Is it convenient to maintain the same proposals and procedures?
•Why not recover the spirit that led to Rio 92? •Let´s discuss the concept of Development in ecological terms, with a broad scope!
Energy, Ecology and Development
Observation 1: Nature works in cycles of production and consumption and recycling! Each stage of the cycle has is own characteristics!
Observation 2:The micro-economy vision does not show the connection of anthropic systems with biosphere.
Agenda 21: Suggestions for scientists
1. Change paradigm of war to peace.
2. Start collaboration to support interesting ecological and social development projects in both hemispheres.
3. The interactions will help to discuss fair prices and debt elimination process.
4. Exchange results of these experiences in Workshops.
First observation
Nature works always in cycles! These cycles are composed by stages of production, consumption and recycling.
What we call now as “development” corresponds to a huge human consumption process of accumulated stocks that took a lot of time to be produced.
Renewable energy
resources
Plants and algae of ecosystems
Mineral resources
Water Soil Biomass
Trophic chain
Residues Decom-posers
Energy and mass cycle in an ecosystem
Degraded energy
Just to remember how the trophic chain works. The producer uses the nature resources for its own benefit and also delivers stocks of improved energy to be used by different consumers, the wastes are recycled by decomposers.
Renewable energies
Ecosystems(plants & algae)
Mineral resources
Water Soilorganic matter
Local Bio-diversity
Energy and mass cycle of an ecosystem
Degraded energy
Production, stocks, consumption and recycling.
Now we see the diagram in a more simplified form. In a natural system almost all the matter is recycled and there are not material wastes. The trophic chain can be seen as a stock of biodiversity.
Renewable energies
Natural & antropic
ecosystems
Mineral resources
Stocks:biota, atmosphere,
population and human infra-struture
Energy and mass cycle in an ecosystem
Degraded energy
Resumed diagram: Energy and Matter produce Work.This is a more simplified energy flows diagram of a ecosystem, where nature resources interact with local biodiversity, that makes retribution to nature services.
Phos-phorous
Organic matter
Oxigen
Carbon dioxide
Water
Sun
Wind
Rain Rocks
Consumers Plants
Recycling
Run-off and seepage
Nutrients cycle in a ecosystem.
The nutrients in a natural ecosystem are recycled by consumers.
Stocks, internal cycles, inputs and outputs.
Renewable energies
Energy and mass cycle of an agrarian ecosystem
Forests
Mineral resources
Agriculture
Mineral resources
Riparian vegetation Wetlands
Mineral resources
Local Bio-diversity
Local Bio-diversity
Local Bio-diversity
recycling
recycling
product
product
product
Non renewable energies
Example of a ecosystem with human intervention.
The forests deliver raw materials and services to agriculture.
Agriculture interacts with wetlands and riparian vegetation.
Internal recycling exists.
All the systems delivers several kind of outputs to other ecosystems.
Second observation
The micro-economy vision does not show the connection of anthropic systems with biosphere and, also, it doesnt make evident the nature´s cycles.
Micro-economics window.
Human economic
system
stocksculture
infra-structure
wastes treatment Losses
Basic energes
watersoil
biomassbiodiversity
atmosphere minerals mining
fossil fuels
recycling Economic interactions
Micro-economy window
$
The perception of micro economics is very limited, it ignores many flows of resources, their origins and the costs of their production. Besides that, ignores the value of recycling and does not know what to do with wastes.
The economic system within the Biosphere system.
Ecossystens
Sun, Moon, Earthcenter
mineral resources
soilwater
biomass
mineralsfossil fuels
solid, liquid and gaseous flows
Biosphere window
The ecosystem makes slowly several energy stocks that become resources to economy. The economic system uses in few time what took many years for nature to produce (biodiversity, oil). Besides that the materials are depleted and the effect of aggressive feedback is negative to atmosphere.
Agenda 21: Change of development paradigm
It is time for collaboration for qualified human progress instead of war (excluding competition).
To face the global diminution of energy resources (water, oil, electricity, arable land, ozone layer) and the increase of population, pollution, poverty and the destruction of biodiversity and culture we must take immediate actions to humanize the Earth!
Renewableenergies
Producers
Q1
Q2
Natural system with high diversity and complexity
Time
Stoc
ks Q1 Q2
Slow producers and rapid consumers
producers consumers
The producer – consumer system shows cyclic oscillations.
The oscillations occur due the different times of the phenomena involved. The production is usually slow and the consumption can be very rapid.
The nutrients decrease during production an become a limiting factor. The consumption returns the nutrients to the system.
When the biomass decreases the consumers can retreat, change of area or hibernate.
The cycle repeats with a rhythmic frequency.
Time
Stoc
ks
Slow producers and rapid consumers
1Q
producersQ2
consumers
1. adaptation or recovering;2. increase of growth (“development”);
Occur several situations within cycles:
3. decrease of growth (due to resources diminution); 4. senescence (adjustment to low resources);
2 22 2
3 33 3
4 44 4
1 1 11 1 1
As you can see Nature show repeated cycles of production and consumption
Renewableenergies
Producers
Q1
Q2
Complex natural system with human action
Time
Stoc
ks
Q1 Q2
NutrientsRenewable resources
recycling
Natural and anthropic systems evolve.
Here we can see a system with human intervention.The oscillation can increase until a certain maximum disequilibria is attained, after that the cycles can diminish (Mayan Empires) or population can extinguish (Eastern Island).
Sequence: 1. adaptation;2. increase of growth; 3. decrease of growth (due to resources diminution);4. senescence(adjustment to low resources); ....1. recovering (or adaptation).
Renewable energies
Producers
Q1
Q2
Social desaggregation human adjust to scarcity of resources
NutrientsRenewable resources
Wastes
Non renewable resources
Time
Stoc
ks Prosperous way down
Blade runner future
Macro-oscillation petroleum oil-mankind: time for action
In this diagram we can see a much bigger oscillation that occurs when mankind learn to use several non renewable energy stocks not used before (woods, minerals, soils, charcoal, oil, gas).
But these resources are not forever they are non renewable, and the development becomes also non renewable.
The oil price is kipped low at great military, political and environmental costs in order to subsidy the industrial economy.
Rural systens
Urbansystens
People Industries
People
Fossil fuelsMineralsElectricity
Ruralsystens
Urbansystens
People
Europe
Ruralsystens
Urban systens
Fossil fuelsMineralsElectricity
United States
Industries
People
Industries
Colonized countries
People
Chemical product
Machinery rafined oil
100 millions of brazilians in the last 40 years.
Slumps
Energy intensive industrial technology modifies rural systens diminishing biodiversity and producing rural exodus.
Our dear colleague, H.T. Odum (1924-2002), proposed us to understand, discuss and help humanity to implement the best way down.
First suggestion:
Start collaboration North – South to support interesting ecological and social development projects in both hemispheres.
multiple-function systens
treat.reuse
M+S1
treat.reuse
M+S2
treat.reuse
M+S3 M+S4
treat.reuse
M+S5
humanwork
Recycling
Consumptionurban system
meat processinganimal husbandryvegetable production
rural system
Water and other enviromental resources
EIR= F = M+S = 4 I I I
R= R = 0,5 to 0,9 I+F
Ecological systems with short chains and recycling (closed circuits)
The city (consumer) is close to farmer (producer) and recycling is possible
M+S1 M+S3
M+S4
Pig
M+S7
M+S6
Consumer system
animal breeding
oil extractionsoy production
rural system
EIR= F = M+S = 40 I I I
R= R = 0,05 to 0,10 I + F
M+S2
urban system
M+S5
meat processing and distribuition
M+S
oil
oil refining
M+S
oil
oil products
water and solid residues treatment
Wastes
urban systems
M+Sa
extraction
M+Sb
processing
Ecosystens
M+Sc
residues treatment
waterair
Intensive systems where consumption is far away production.
The system cannot close its material circuits and losses productivity and develop dangerous eutrophication. Low level of a resource in one place and excess in the other.
Alternatives emergy/energy comparison.
Economic process
Alternative process
Local non renewable resources
Local renewable resources
Ecosystems
F2
Y2
N2
R2
R
N
Y
}F
Services S
Purchased material
inputs MEconomyFeedback
We can calculate the emergy indices of different options and discuss the pertinence of each one in many dimensions (social, environmental, political, ethical).
Second suggestion:
Promote North-South interactions to support good social and ecological projects both sides and calculate fair prices and discuss debt elimination.
$
$
Price
Price
Central country
Perypheric country
Raw materials
Industrial products
Control of prices by central countries using power and exclusion.
Monetary resources
Monetary resources
Nuil participation of perypheric countries in price discussion and price
fixing.
Richness flow control through price and bank rates
The central countries fix the prices of raw materials and industrial products, as well as the international interest rates. We need a new position to change these procedures.
Rural richness is flowing to industry and commerce.
0
20
40
60
80
100
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 19901980
%
Commerce parcel
Production costs
Producer parcel
years
The income of farmers is diminishing and, on the other hand, the profit of industry and commodities traders is growing.
The use of oil energy causes a decrease of prices.
The energy from petroleum let a temporary global production increase, but its cost is set down by political and military means.
Renewable Resources
Non renewable resourcereserves
Assets
WORLD
GrossEconomicProduct
Production
Assets
Resource Reserves
Maximum production rate
$ Circulating Production
Prices =
Time
$
Fuels and minerals
Renewable sources of
energyconsumer
$ money
wastes recycling
Maintainnance and control
Agriculture and tree
plantantions
Forests wetlands
Albedo
Preserved ecosystems have an important role in recycling.
The quality of wastes recycled is important.
Present situation
Brazil dependent
Germany dependent
Fossilfuel
Non–Recycled wastes
NutrientsEnergy
Future situation
Sustainable Brazil: ruralization, recycling, biodiversity, jobs.
Sustainable Germany: ruralization, recycling, biodiversity, jobs.
0
1
1
2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Petroleum
(Fossil fuels)
Natural resources
(biodiversity)
No tillage/herbicide/GMO
Chemical agriculture with intensitive use of machinery
Organic enterprises
Human population
Traditional Ecological farn Family managed
Final suggestion
To study new proposals for ruralization because they are the must clever ideas to implement Agenda 21. Much more interesting than Kyoto Agreements!
Do not forget to establish new experiences of collaboration North-South.