agenda. review how did the rivalry between the cold war superpowers affect the rest of the world?
TRANSCRIPT
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND IMMIGRATION (1975-2000)
Objectives
• Describe how the Cold War affected politics in Latin America and the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s.
Essential Questions
• How did the Cold War affect politics in Latin America and the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s?
Target: Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion
• Proxy wars – local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants.
• Latin America– 1970s – political violence, military gov’ts.– Brazil• Suspended constitution, outlawed existing political
parties, exiled former leaders. Death squads.
– Nicaragua• 1979 – Anastasio Somoza dictatorship overthrown by
the Sandinistas.– Reagan recruited and armed the Contras
(counterrevolutionaries).– 1990 – Violeta Chamorro elected.
– El Salvador• Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN)
– Violent political confrontation subsided.– US influence
• Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan– Iran• 1953 CIA intervention kept Muhammad Reza Pahlavi on
his thrown.• Nationalized foreign-owned oil industry, American
weaponry.– 1970s – mass opposition to elite, brutality, inefficiency, and
corruption.
• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1979)– Religious control over legislation and public behavior.– Limited electoral process.– Combatted Western styles and culture.– Islamic fundamentalist government.
• 1980 – Saddam Husain invaded.– American weapons in Iran, Soviet weapons in Iraq.– Cease-fire in 1988.
– Afghanistan• 1978 Marxist party seized power, USSR sent army.• US, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan paid, equipped, and
trained Afghan rebels.• Soviets withdrew in 1989.• 1992 fighting among rebel groups.• Al Qaeda
• Asian Transformation– Japan• Fast economic growth – 1970s and 1980s.• American occupation.• Six major keiretsu – a major bank and business firms in
an interlocking ownership structure.• 1990s recession
– Other Asian states imitated the Japanese.• Close alliances among industries and banks.• Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea – the Asian
Tigers.
• China Rejoins the World Economy– Deng Xiaoping• Four Modernizations Program – Agriculture, industry,
science, defense• Foreign investment.
– Tiananmen Square Massacre• Chinese students and intellectuals led protests
demanding more democracy and an end to corruption.• Gov’t killed hundreds, arrested thousands.
Essential Questions
• How did the Cold War affect politics in Latin America and the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s?
Review
• How did the Cold War affect politics in Latin America and the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s?
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND IMMIGRATION (1975-2000)
Target: The End of the Bipolar World
• Crisis in the Soviet Union– Nikita Khrushchev – leader by 1956• De-Stalinization – Freed political prisoners, eased
censorship
– Leonid Brezhnev• US investments in armaments = heavy burden on Soviet
economy.• Declining standard of living.
– Mikhail Gorbachev – power in 1985• Glasnost (openness) permitted criticism of the gov’t
and the Communist Party.• Perestroika (restructuring) – allowed free market
elements
• The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc– 1980 protests by Polish shipyard workers led to
the formation of Solidarity, a labor union.
– By the end of 1989, communist gov’t across eastern Europe had fallen.• Fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold
War.• 1990 – Poland – Lech Walesa, Czechoslovakia – Vaclav
Havel.• Germany reunified in 1990.
• End of the Soviet Union– 1991 – Boris Yeltsin.– September 1991 – union dissolved, Gorbachev
resigned.
• Bosnia and Herzegovina – 40% Muslim, 30% Serbian Orthodox, 18% Catholic– Bosnian independence (1992) – Orthodox Serbs attempted to
rid the state of Muslims.» Ethnic cleansing – effort to eradicate a people and its
culture with mass killing and destruction of cultural materials.
» Settlement in 1995.
– 1999 – ethnic cleansing in Kosovo.• Muslims and Albanians resented Serbian domination,
thousands killed by Milosevic.• US, Britain, and France launched an aerial war on
behalf of NATO.
• Progress and Conflict in Africa– Sub-Sahara – political instability, military coups,
civil wars, conflicts over resources.– Democratic progress and steady decline in armed
conflicts since 1991.
– Genocide in Rwanda• Hutus massacred Tutsis.• 750,000 died in 100 days, millions more refugees.• Limited foreign intervention.
– Persian Gulf War• Saddam Hussain invaded Kuwait in August 1990 to gain
control of the oil fields.• US attacked in early 1991, defeated Iraq.
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND IMMIGRATION (1975-2000)
Objectives
• Compare/contrast the causes of differences in the rate of population growth among the world’s cultural regions.
Essential Questions
• What causes the differences in the rate of population growth among the world’s cultural regions?
Target: The Challenge of Population Growth
• Demographic Transition– Industrial and agricultural productivity multiplied
food supply.– Rate of increase slowed. – By 1960s, lower fertility rates and mortality in
industrial societies.• By the late 1970s – not so in the Third World.
• The Industrialized Nations– Western Europe and Japan – Very low fertility
levels.– Improved life expectancy.
– Falling fertility and rising life expectancy.• Cost of social services.• Potential support ratio (PSR)
– Birthrates lower than death rates and falling life expectancy in former socialist nations.
• The Developing Nations– Populations of India and China continue to grow.• China: one-child policy.• India: forced sterilization.
– Old and Young Populations• More youth = need for jobs• Aging population = need for social welfare benefits,
declining labor pool
Essential Questions
• What causes the differences in the rate of population growth among the world’s cultural regions?
Review
• What causes the differences in the rate of population growth among the world’s cultural regions?
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND IMMIGRATION (1975-2000)
Essential Questions
• How does wealth inequality among nations impact international migration patterns?
Target: Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples
• The Problem of Growing Inequality– Gap between rich and poor nations has grown.– Haves and have nots in industrial nations
• Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities– Pace of migration accelerated.– Slums.– Declining services.
• Global Migration– From developing to industrialized nations.• Increase creates ethnic and racial tensions.• Benefits.• Attitudes have changed during economic contraction.
Essential Questions
• How does wealth inequality among nations impact international migration patterns?
ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND IMMIGRATION (1975-2000)
Objectives
• Describe how technological change has affected the global environment in the recent past.
Essential Questions
• How has technological change affected the global environment in the recent past?
Target: Technological and Environmental Change
• New Technologies and the World Economy– Increased industrial productivity, reduced labor
requirements, improved flow of information.– Consumer electronics industry.– Gov’ts – nuclear power plants and research.– The computer.– Transnational corporations
• Conserving and Sharing Resources– 1960s – environmental activists and political
leaders issued warnings.– Environmental degradation raised public
consciousness.
• Developed world– Industrial activity increased more rapidly than
population.– Consumption of energy rose.– Consumer-driven economic expansion = obstacle
to addressing environmental problems.
• Responding the Environmental Threats– Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Endangered
Species Act (US, 1970s)– Antipollution laws and recycling.– Energy-efficient factories and fuel-efficient cars.– Alternative energy.
• Developed nations – step-by-step improvements.
• Developing world – population pressures and weak gov’ts.
• Kyoto Protocol – 1997 agreement to reduce greenhouse gases.