agilent ads 模擬手冊 [實習3] 壓控振盪器模擬
TRANSCRIPT
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1
(Advanced Design System, ADS)
I ADS II DCS
1900 III
IV
ADS
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4.1
4.2
1.
( )
4.1 (Barkhausen’s Criteria)
( ) ( )G s H s 1(
( ) ( ) 1G s H s = − ) 4.1 ( )G s ( ( )G s )
( ( )H s )
(
)
( ) ( )G s H s
++
)(sG
)(sH
oViV
fV
fod VVV +=
sff
)(sH
)()(1
)()(
sHsG
sG
V
VsG
i
of ⋅−
==
1)()( =⋅ sHsG (Phase is 0 deg. or multiple of 360 deg.)
Barkhausen’s Criteria:
Resonator
Amplifier
4.1
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4.2 ( ) ( )
( )
11 1S ′ >
( ) GΓ 11S′
11G S ′Γ ⋅ 1( ( ) ( )G s H s 1)
22 1S′ > ( )
22 1L S′Γ ⋅ =
11 1G S ′Γ ⋅ = 22 1L S′Γ ⋅ =
ADS term GΓ 11S′
4.3 11 1G S ′Γ ⋅ = (
ADS )
ResonatorOutput
Network0Z 0Z
1a2a
1b2b
][S
inZ outZ
)( 1Γ )( 2ΓLZ
)( LΓGZ
)( GΓ
'11S '
22S
1'11 =⋅Γ SG
1'22 =⋅Γ SL
If it is oscillating at one port, it must be
simultaneously oscillating at the other port.
Two-port Reflection:
4.2
Resonator
GZ
)( GΓ
OutputNetwork0 0Z
1a2a
1b2b
][ S
inZ outZ
)( 1Γ )( 2ΓLZ
)( LΓ
'11S '
22S
TermTerm1
Z=50 OhmNum=1
TermTerm2
Z=50 OhmNum=2
4.3
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4.4
( )
( )
( )R ω ( )DR ω
( ) ( ) 0DX Xω ω+ = ( 0
)
LRResonator
I)()()( ωωω jXRZ +=
0)( and, )()()( >+−=− IRIjXIRIZ DDDD
)(tv)(tvD
One-port Negative Resistance:
0)()( =− ωω DRR
0)()( =+ ωω DXX
( ) ( ) ( )Z j R jXω ω ω= +
( ) ( ) ( )D D DZ j R jXω ω ω− = − + ( ) 0DR ω >
4.4
2.
4.5 Colpitts Hartley
(Topology) Hartley
Clapp Siler Copitts
LC LC
LC
( )
( )1 2f LCπ= (
) 4.5
(
)
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5
bici
C
E
B
1C
2C
3L
bici
C
E
B
1L
2L
3C
bici
C
E
B
1C
2C
3L
bici
C
E
B
1C
2C
3L
Colpitts Hartley
Clapp Siler
4.5
4.3
1. oscillator ADS
Copy a reference design “Osctest_VCO.dsn” from ADS examples:
..\examples\Tutorial\LearnOSC_prj\networks\
To your project:
\oscillator_prj\networks\
4.6 ADS
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2. ( )
4.7 Osctest_VCO.dsn
OscTest
OscTest
( S_Param
) Z OscTest Start Stop Points
Z ( 1 0
) OscTest
VB
Vout
VE
VE VEVres
1.8 GHz Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
S-PARAMETER OSCTEST for Loop Gain
LL2
R=L=2 nH
L
R1
R=422
L=100 nH
V_DCSRC2
Vdc=-5 V
V_DCSRC3
Vdc=12 V
L
R2
R=681-Rbias
L=100 nH
R
R3R=50 Ohm
CC2
C=1000 pF
I_Probe
ICC
C
C1C=10 pF
ap_dio_MV1404_19930601D1
L
L1
R=
L=1000 nHV_DCSRC1
Vdc=4.0 V
OscTest
OscTicklerZ=1.1 Ohm
Start=0.5 GHz
Stop=4.0 GHzPoints=201
VAR
VAR1Rbias=50
EqnVar
R
R4R=Rbias
pb_hp_AT41411_19921101
Q2
Resonator Active Part
(include load network)
Varactor: Voltage-controlled capacitor
OscTest
OscTest is a controller base on S-parameter
simulation to determine if the circuit oscillates.
4.7 1.8 GHz
4.8 osc_test.ds dataset
S(1,1) OscTest (Polar plot)
1 4.8
(1+j0) S(1,1) 1
S11>1 S(1,1)
(1+j0) Maker m1 1.172
0 1.41 GHz 1 GHz
2 GHz ( 1.41 GHz 200 MHz, 5 GHz )
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-1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2-1.4 1.4
freq (500.0MHz to 4.000GHz)
S(1
,1) m1
m1freq=S(1,1)=1.172 / 0.975
1.410GHz
Setup the dataset named: osc_test, and data
display named: osc_basics.
Show S(1,1) on
a Polar-plot
When the x-axis value of
1.0 is circled by the
trace(because S11 > 1), it
means that the circuit
oscillates. This is the
purpose of the OscTest
component.
S11 > 1
4.8 S(1,1) ( )
4.9 S(1,1) 1 885
MHz 25
0 1.445 GHz 1.1
1.8 GHz 1.8 GHz −6.6 1.08
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.50.5 4.0
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-30
40
freq, GHz
phas
e(S
(1,1
))
m4m5
m4f req=phase(S(1,1))=0.005
1.445GHzm5f req=phase(S(1,1))=-6.604
1.795GHz
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.50.5 4.0
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
0.5
1.3
freq, GHz
mag
(S(1
,1))
m2 m3
m2f req=mag(S(1,1))=1.013
885.0MHzm3f req=mag(S(1,1))=1.009
3.982GHz
Around 1.8 GHz (Marker m5), the phase is not 0o, but this is OK at
this time. The harmonic-balance simulation will be performed later.
S11 > 1 above 880 MHz
The device is unstable and
has a chance to oscillate.
4.9 S(1,1)
3. ( )
4.10 Osctest_VCO.dsn OscTest HB
OscPort OscPort HB V
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(HB AC ) NumOctaves
Freq[1] Freq[1] 4.10 Freq[1]
1 GHz OscPort NumOctaves 2
0.5 GHz (1 GHz Octave) 2 GHz (1 GHz
Octave) Freq[1] 2 Octave OscPort Steps
0.5 GHz 2 GHz
10 Q Steps
FundIndex = 1 HB Freq[1] 1 GHz
1 GHz Freq[1] OscPort
OscPort
OscPort index = 1 Freq[1]
HB Order[1] 7 3 7 15
31 ( DC
4 8 16 32 2 )
7 Order[1]
StatusLevel 3 OscMode OscPortName
OscPort
VE
VE VEVres
VB
HarmonicBalanceHB1
OscPortName="Osc1"OscMode=yesStatusLevel=2Order[1]=7Freq[1]=1.0 GHz
HARMONIC BALANCE
OscPortOsc1
MaxLoopGainStep=FundIndex=1Steps=10NumOctaves=2Z=1.1 OhmV=
V_DCSRC1Vdc=4.0 V
LL1
R=L=1000 nH
ap_dio_MV1404_19930601D1
CC1C=10 pF
LL2
R=L=2 nH
LR1
R=422L=100 nH
V_DCSRC2Vdc=-5 V
pb_hp_AT41411_19921101Q2
OscPort
Enable the oscillation analysis
with “Use Oscport” method.
Oscport HB simulation
attempts to find the correct
oscillating frequency using
loop gain and current
(Barkhausen’s Criteria).
3
4.10 OscPort
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Dataset osc_port.ds Data Display
( Freq[1]) 1.806 GHz 4.11
Vout ( dBm() ) plot_vs(dBm(Vout), freq)
x (fundamental)
( 50 dBm() )
ts() 4.12
Eqn loop_current=real(ICC.i[0])
Eqn osc_freq=freq[1]
loop_current
-0.011
osc_freq
1.806E9
m6harmindex=dBm(Vout)=7.318
1
1 2 3 4 5 60 7
-30
-20
-10
0
-40
10
harmindex
dBm
(Vou
t)
m6
m6harmindex=dBm(Vout)=7.318
1
harmindex
01234567
freq
0.0000 Hz1.806 GHz3.611 GHz5.417 GHz7.222 GHz9.028 GHz10.83 GHz12.64 GHz
harm_power
<invalid>7.318
-2.208-17.501-17.061-27.317-27.815-35.340
Eqn harm_power=dBm(Vout[0::1::7])
2 4 6 8 10 120 14
-30
-20
-10
0
-40
10
freq, GHz
dBm
(Vou
t)
Fundamental Frequency (oscillation frequency)
Use dBm( ) to show the signal power
(Note: x-axis is “harmonic index”)
Use plot_vs( )to show the signal
power versus frequency.
(Note: x-axis is now “frequency”)
4.11
-600
-500
-400
-300
-700
-200
ts(V
res)
, mV
-400
-200
0
200
-600
400
ts(V
B),
mV
-600
-500
-400
-300
-700
-200
ts(V
E),
mV
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.10.0 1.2
-0.5
0.0
0.5
-1.0
1.0
time, nsec
ts(V
out)
, V
4.12 ts( )
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4. (Frequency Tuning Sensitivity)
(Voltage-controlled oscillator, VCO)
(Varactor)
( Tuning sensitivity KV
) MHz/V 1 V KV
1 KV
KV KV
( )
HB1 HB HB2
1.8 GHz Freq[1] 1.8 GHz Vtune
Vtune 0 V 10 V Step 0.25 V
Dataset osc_tune Tune_Step Dataset
Freq[1] Vtune
Vres
HarmonicBalanceHB2
Step=Tune_StepStop=Tune_StopStart=Tune_StartSweepVar="Vtune"OscPortName="Yes"OscMode=yesStatusLevel=3Order[1]=7Freq[1]=1.8 GHz
HARMONIC BALANCE
VARVAR2
Tune_Step=0.25Tune_Stop=10Tune_Start=0Vtune=4 VRbias=50
EqnVar
HarmonicBalanceHB1
OscPortName="Osc1"OscMode=yesStatusLevel=3Order[1]=7Freq[1]=1.8 GHz
HARMONIC BALANCE
V_DCSRC1Vdc=Vtune
OscPortOsc1
MaxLoopGainStep=FundIndex=1Steps=10NumOctaves=2Z=1.1 OhmV=
LL1
R=L=1000 nH
ap_dio_MV1404_19930601D1
CC1C=10 pF
Pass the variable “Tune_Step” to dataset Plot oscillating frequency v.s. Tuning voltage
“Osc1”
4.13
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Freq[1] Vtune 4.14 KV
Freq[1] Vtune 4.14 Maker
(diff() ) Vtune
Vtune( ) KV
KV (
)
Vtune 18 V 4.15
12 V ( )
Eqn osc_freq=freq[1]
m7indep(m7)=plot_vs(freq[1], Vtune)=1.806E9
4.000m8indep(m8)=plot_vs(freq[1], Vtune)=1.903E9
6.500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90 10
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05
1.70
2.10
Vtune
freq
[1],
GH
z
m7
m8
m7indep(m7)=plot_vs(freq[1], Vtune)=1.806E9
4.000m8indep(m8)=plot_vs(freq[1], Vtune)=1.903E9
6.500
Eqn Tuning_Sensitivity=diff(freq[1])/Tune_Step[0]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90 10
6.0E7
8.0E7
1.0E8
1.2E8
1.4E8
1.6E8
4.0E7
1.8E8
Vtune
Tun
ing_
Sen
sitiv
ity
1.75E9 1.80E9 1.85E9 1.90E9 1.95E9 2.00E91.70E9 2.05E9
6.0E7
8.0E7
1.0E8
1.2E8
1.4E8
1.6E8
4.0E7
1.8E8
osc_freq[0::1::(tune_pts-1)]
Tun
ing_
Sen
sitiv
ity
Eqn f_pts=sweep_size(osc_freq)
f_pts
41
tune_pts
40
Eqn tune_pts=sweep_size(Tuning_Sensitivity)
Eqn Tuning_Sensitivity_band=(m8-m7)/(indep(m8)-indep(m7))
Tuning_Sensitivity_band
3.904E7
m7
1.806E9
m8
1.903E9
Oscillating frequency v.s. Tuning voltage Calculate tuning sensitivity from
makers m7 and m8
Calculate sensitivity by using
diff() function.Note: Since no “padding” with diff(),
there will be 1 point less than freq[1]
points.
Sensitivity v.s. Vtune Sensitivity v.s. Frequency
4.14
VARVAR2
Tune_Step=0.25Tune_Stop=18Tune_Start=0Vtune=4 VRbias=50
EqnVar
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160 18
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
1.6
2.2
Vtune
freq
[1],
GH
z
m7
m8
m7indep(m7)=plot_vs(freq[1], Vtune)=1.806E9
4.000m8indep(m8)=plot_vs(freq[1], Vtune)=2.134E9
12.000Sweep Vtune up to 18 V
The diode is breakdown
above 12 V (acts like a
resistor), it no longer acts
like a variable capacitor.
Diode = Varactor
Maximum oscillating
frequency is 2.13 GHz
4.15
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5. (Source Pushing)
(Frequency pushing figure) (voltage source)
(Source pushing)
4.16 5 V 20 V
0.25 V Dataset osc_push
Vres
VARVAR2
Tune_Step=0.25 VTune_Stop=20 VTune_Start=5 VVtune=4 VVbias=12 VRbias=50
EqnVar
HarmonicBalanceHB2
Step=Tune_StepStop=Tune_StopStart=Tune_StartSweepVar="Vbias"OscPortName="Yes"OscMode=yesStatusLevel=3Order[1]=7Freq[1]=1.8 GHz
HARMONIC BALANCE
HarmonicBalanceHB1
OscPortName="Osc1"OscMode=yesStatusLevel=3Order[1]=7Freq[1]=1.8 GHz
HARMONIC BALANCE
V_DCSRC1Vdc=Vtune
LL1
R=L=1000 nH
ap_dio_MV1404_19930601D1
CC1C=10 pF
Vout
V_DCSRC3Vdc=Vbias
LR2
R=681-RbiasL=100 nH
RR3R=50 Ohm
CC2C=1000 pF
I_ProbeICC
Change the supply voltage
to a variable “Vbias”Sweep the supply voltage “Vbias” from 5 V to
20 V while Vtune is now held constantly at 4 V.(In practice, Vtune is set to a voltage that oscillator oscillates
at “target” center frequency.)
4.16
4.17 source pushing
12 V source pushing
source pushing figure 21.77 MHz/V
m9indep(m9)=plot_vs(freq[1], Vbias)=1.825E9
13.000m10indep(m10)=plot_vs(freq[1], Vbias)=1.781E9
11.000
6 8 10 12 14 16 184 20
0.5
1.0
1.5
0.0
2.0
Vbias
freq
[1],
GH
z
m9m10
m9indep(m9)=plot_vs(freq[1], Vbias)=1.825E9
13.000m10indep(m10)=plot_vs(freq[1], Vbias)=1.781E9
11.000
Eqn Source_pushing=(m9-m10)/(indep(m9)-indep(m10))
Source_pushing
2.177E7
Plot freq[1] v.s. Vbias to
show the source pushing
results. Here, use makers
and equations to calculate
the pushing figure around
Vbias = 12 V. As we can see,
this oscillator has the source
pushing figure equals to
21.77 MHz/V.
4.17
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6. (Load Pulling)
(Frequency pulling figure) (load)
(Load pulling) 50
( )
50
Osctest_VCO.dsn Osctest_VCO_pull.dsn HB HB1
HB2 HB HB3
50 S1P_Eqn S1P_Eqn
VSWR ( ) Load pulling VSWR
25 MHz@VSWR=1.2 VSWR 1.2
25 MHz 4.18
VSWR VSWR (0 2π VSWR
) VSWRval phi VSWRval
ParamSweep HB3 HB3 Dataset
Vout VARVAR1
VSWRval=1phi=0nvw=11vw2=2vw1=1
EqnVar
HarmonicBalanceHB3
Step=0.1Stop=2Start=0SweepVar="phi"OscPortName="Yes"OscMode=y esStatusLev el=3Order[1]=7Freq[1]=1.8 GHz
HARMONIC BALANCE
VARVAR7
rho=(VSWRv al-1)/(VSWRv al+1)iload=rho*sin(pi*phi)load=rho*exp(j*pi*phi)rload=rho*cos(pi*phi)
EqnVar
ParamSweepSweep1
Lin=nvwStop=vw2Start=vw1SweepVar="VSWRval"
PARAMETER SWEEP
S1P_EqnBuf f erLoadS[1,1]=load
CC2C=1000 pF
vw1: VSWR sweep start
vw2: VSWR sweep stop
nvw: num. of VSWR sweep
real part of load
sweep load
Image part of load
Sweep load for different constant VSWR circles in Smith chart.
Save these variables in dataset
4.18
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VSWR 4.19 (
) Rectangular plot Trace Expression
marker ( m12) m12
VSWR 4.20 VSWR
VSWR ( phi 0 2π)
Rectangular plot VSWR
( VSWR=1.2) phi ( )
( 1.806 GHz) df_peak
VSWR = 1.2
m12indep(m12)=vs([0::sweep_size(VSWRval)-1],VSWRval)=2.000
1.200
Eqn refl=rload+j*iload
Eqn vswr_k=(nvw[0,0]-1)*(indep(m12)-vw1[0,0])/(vw2[0,0]-vw1[0,0])
Eqn VSWR=vswr_k*(vw2[0,0]-vw1[0,0])/(nvw[0,0]-1)+(vw1[0,0])
Eqn LoadRefl=mag(refl[::,1])
Eqn df_peak=max(abs(freq[vswr_k,::,1]-1.806e9))
df_peak
3.202E7
Load Pulling Figure @ VSRW=1.200
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.91.0 2.0
VSWR
m12
m12indep(m12)=vs([0::sweep_size(VSWRval)-1],VSWRval)=2.000
1.200
Write down these equations for load pulling figure measurement
@certain VSWR value. (You can change VSWR by scrolling marker m12)
Find peak frequency that deviates
from center frequency 1.086 GHz.
4.19
phi (0.000 to 2.000)
refl[
vsw
r_k,
::]
m12indep(m12)=vs([0::sweep_size(VSWRval)-1],VSWRval)=2.000
1.200
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.91.0 2.0
VSWR
m12
m12indep(m12)=vs([0::sweep_size(VSWRval)-1],VSWRval)=2.000
1.200
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.80.0 2.0
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.60
0.90
phi ( *pi radians)
mag
(Vou
t[vsw
r_k,
::,1]
)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.80.0 2.0
1.7800G
1.7900G
1.8000G
1.8100G
1.8200G
1.8300G
1.7700G
1.8400G
phi ( *pi radians)
freq
[vsw
r_k,
::,1]
, Hz
Eqn refl=rload+j*iload
Eqn vswr_k=(nvw[0,0]-1)*(indep(m12)-vw1[0,0])/(vw2[0,0]-vw1[0,0])
Eqn VSWR=vswr_k*(vw2[0,0]-vw1[0,0])/(nvw[0,0]-1)+(vw1[0,0])
Eqn LoadRefl=mag(refl[::,1])
Frequency variation for VSWR = 1.20
Eqn df_peak=max(abs(freq[vswr_k,::,1]-1.806e9))
df_peak
3.202E7
Load Pulling Figure @ VSRW=1.200
Constant VSWR circleVout amplitude variations
Frequency variationsuse @VSWR in the text to show the number
4.20
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15
7.
ADS
Osctest_VCO.dsn HB 4.21
Order 15( 7 )
ADS Oversample[1] 4 PhaseNoise yes
HB Noise Nonlinear noise
Noise(1) Noise(2) ADS
pnmx ( ) dBc
dBc/Hz( ADS Hz y
/Hz ) 10 kHz
−78.39 dBc/Hz( −78.39 dBc/Hz@10 kHz)
−98.34 dBc/Hz@100 kHz −118.08 dBc/Hz@1 MHz
HarmonicBalanceHB1
OscPortName="Osc1"OscMode=yesSortNoise=Sort by valueNoiseNode[1]="Vout"PhaseNoise=yesNLNoiseDec=5NLNoiseStop=10.0 MHzNLNoiseStart=1.0 HzOversample[1]=4StatusLevel=3Order[1]=15Freq[1]=1.8 GHz
HARMONIC BALANCE
Phase Noise Simulation Setup
4.21
m11noisefreq=pnmx=-78.390
10.00kHz
m13noisefreq=pnmx=-98.340
100.0kHz
m14noisefreq=pnmx=-118.079
1.000MHz
1E1 1E2 1E3 1E4 1E5 1E61 1E7
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
-140
20
noisefreq, Hz
pnm
x, d
Bc
m11
m13
m14
m11noisefreq=pnmx=-78.390
10.00kHz
m13noisefreq=pnmx=-98.340
100.0kHz
m14noisefreq=pnmx=-118.079
1.000MHz
4.22 (pnmx)
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16
4.4
HB