aging of the urinary tract: kidney lower urinary tract
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Aging of the Urinary Tract:Kidney
Lower Urinary Tract
Nephron & Renal Circulation
Table 19-1Major Functions of the Kidney
Water and electrolyte regulationMetabolic products excretionHydrogen ion excretion and maintenance of blood pH
Endocrine functions:Renin-angiotensin secretion (blood
pressure)Vitamin D activation (Ca++ metabolism)Erythropoietin secretion
(hematopoiesis)
Renal GlomerulusGlomerulus: Tufts of capillaries between afferent and efferent renal arterioles. Filtration is through a fenestrated endothelium separated from the basal membrane by podocytes. Filtrate is the same as plasma but without proteins.
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Renal Tubules divided into:• Proximal Tubule, mostly reabsorption of water & solutes• Loop of Henle, mostly reabsorption of water & salt • Distal Tubule, mostly water & salt (under influence of aldosterone) reabsorption and acidification of urine• Collecting Duct, water reabsorption under the influence of ADH (antidiuretic hormone from posterior pituitary)
Distal and Collecting Tubules function is regulated by ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
• secreted by neuroendocrine hypothalamus• stored and released from the posterior pituitary
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: • located between affarent artery and distal tubule• secretes the enzyme renin• renin acts on the liver protein angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I, and angiotensin is transformed into angiotensin II in the lungs• angiotensin II is a very potent hypertensive substance; it also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
PosteriorHypophysis
OxytocinVasopressinAntidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Fig. 1.11 Diagramme des principales hormones hypophysiotropes de l'hypothamalus et des hormones du lobe posterieur de l'hypophyse.
smooth musclesof uterus
mammaryglandrenal
collectingducts
Hypothalamus, Posterior Hypophysis, and their Hormones Hypothalamus
Figure 19-2
Table 19-2 Common Renal Problems in the Elderly
Renal FailureImpaired drug excretionUrinary tract infectionsHypertensionMiscellaneous disorders:
TuberculosisNephritisDiabetes, etc.
Table 19-3 Some Signs of Renal Failure
Generalized edema
Acidosis
Increased circulating non-protein nitrogen (urea)
Increased circulating urinary retention products (e.g. creatinine, uric acid)
Table 19-4 Selected Causes of Acute Renal Failure
PRE-RENAL:Loss of body fluidsInadequate fluid intakeSurgical shock or myocardial infarction
RENAL:Drug toxicityImmune reactionsInfectious diseasesThrombosis
POST-RENAL:Urinary tract obstruction
Table 19-6 Drugs and the Aging Kidneys
Questions: Is the drug excreted primarily by the kidney?How competent are the kidneys?What are the side-effects?What are the consequences of drug toxicity when the kidney is impaired?
Etiopathology of Renal Drug Toxicity:High renal blood flowIncreased drug concentration and accumulation in kidneyIncreased hepatic enzyme inhibition in the elderlyIncreased autoimmune disorders in the elderly
Functions of the bladder• Filling with urine from the kidneys• Micturition: emptying of bladder by muscle contraction and opening of sphincters.
• Principle muscle: Detrusor muscle• Sphincters: Internal (involuntary; smooth muscle) and external (voluntary to some degree; skeletal muscle)
Table 19-10 Neural Control of Micturition
Muscle (Ty pe) Parasympathetic
Nerves (Cholinergic)
Sympathetic Nerves
(Adrenergic) Somatic Nerves
Detrusor (smooth muscle)
Contraction +++
Relaxation +
No effect
Internal sphincter (smooth muscle)
No effect Contraction
++ No effect
External sphincter (striated muscle)
No effect No effect Relaxation
++
Figure 19-5
Figure 19-6
Motivation to be continent
Table 19-7Physiologic Requirements for Continence
Adequate cognitive function
Adequate mobility and dexterity
Normal lower urinary tract function
Storage:
Table 19-7Physiologic Requirements for Continence
No involuntary bladder contractions
Appropriate bladder sensation
Closed bladder outlet
Low pressure accommodation of urine
Emptying:
Table 19-7Physiologic Requirements for Continence
Normal bladder contraction
Lack of anatomic obstruction
Coordinated sphincter relaxation & bladder contraction
Absence of environmental/iatrogenic barriers
Table 19-8 Age-Related Changes Contributing to
Incontinence
In FemalesEstrogen deficiency
Weak pelvic floor and bladder outletDecreased urethral muscle tone
Atrophic vaginitis
In MalesIncreased prostatic sizeImpaired urinary flowUrinary retention
Detrusor muscle instability
Table 19-9 Management of Urinary Incontinence Type Management Stress Exercises
Alpha-adrenergic agonistsEstrogenSurgery
Urge Bladder relaxantsSurgery
Overflow alpha-adrenergic antagonistsCatheterization
Functional Habit trainingScheduled toiletingHygienic devices
•Weakness of pelvic muscles
•Inability to avoid voiding when bladder full
• overdistended, non-contractile blood
• cognitive, emotional problems