agr#403. introduction agriculture ???? “cultivation & production of crops and livestock...
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AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ECONOMICS
AGR#403
AGR#403
INTRODUCTIONAGRICULTURE ????
“Cultivation & production of crops and livestock products”
“Field-dependent production of food, fodder & industrial organic material”
PRODUCTION ???? production is the act of creating 'use' value or 'utility' that can satisfy a want or need.
ECONOMICS “To how people choose to use productive
resources to produce various goods and to distribute these goods to various members of society for their consumption”
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AGR#403
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
“ Principles & methods of economics applied to the special conditions of agricultural industry ”
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MEANINGSELECTION OF PRODUCTION PATTERNS
RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY
OPTIMIZE THE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION OF FARMING COMMUNITY OR NATION
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GOALSTO PROVIDE GUIDANCE TO INDIVIDUAL
FARMERS IN USING THEIR RESOURCES MOST EFFICIENTLY.
TO FACILITATE THE MOST EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ECONOMY.
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DEFINITION
“IT IS AN APPLIED FIELD OF SCIENCE WHEREIN THE PRINCIPLES OF CHOICE ARE APPLIED TO THE USE OF CAPITAL, LABOUR, LAND & MANAGEMENT RESOURCES IN THE FARMING INDUSTRY”.
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OBJECTIVESTo determine & outline the conditions which
gives the optimum use of resources in the production of crops & livestock.
To determine the extent to which the existing use of resources deviates from the optimum use.
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CONT…To analyze the forces which condition
existing production patterns and resources use.
To explain mean and methods in getting from the existing use to optimum use of resources.
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SCOPE OF SUBJECTAPPLYING ECONOMIC LOGIC TO
PROBLEMS THAT OCCUR IN AGRICULTURE
ANY PROBLEM OF FARMERS RELATED TO RESOURCES ALLOCATION.
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CONT…THE AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION
ECONOMICS IS CONCERNED WITH ANY PHENOMENA, WHICH HAVE A BEARING ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IN THE USE OF RESOUECES
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BASIC CONCEPTS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ECONOMICS
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BASIC CONCEPTSFARM:
Piece of land, where crops & livestock enterprises are taken up under a single management and has specific boundaries
• AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS:Total area of land owned by an individual or joint family whether cultivated by the family or rented out.
• OPERATIONAL HOLDING:Total land area held under a single management for the purpose of cultivation.
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BASIC CONCEPTSOPTIMUM HOLDING:
Maximum size of holding which a family should possess.
ECONOMIC HOLDING:Land area which could provide a reasonable standard of living to the cultivators.
MARGINAL FARMER:Farmer owning less than 2.5 acres of land.
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BASIC CONCEPTSSMALL FARMER:
Farmer owning land holding ranging from 2.5 to 5 acres.
PRODUCTION:Process whereby some goods & services are transferred into other goods called output.
PRODUCT:An outcome of utilization of resources & services of resources.
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BASIC CONCEPTSTECHNICAL COEFFICIENT:
The amount of input per unit of output.TECHNICAL UNIT:
Convenient unit in production for which output & returns are calculated.
PLANT:Group of technical units.
RESOURCES:Anything that aids in production.
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BASIC CONCEPTSRESOURCES SERVICES:
Work done by a person or a machine or livestock.FIXED REESOURCES:
Resources which remain unchanged irrespective of level of production.
VARIABLE RESOURCES:Resources which change with the level of production.
FLOW RESOURCES:Resources which cannot be stored & should be used as & when they are available.
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Basic conceptsSTOCK RESOURCES : Stock resources are those which
facilitate for their storage , when they are no used in production period.
MONO-PERIOD RESOURCE : It is the resource which can be used only once in production.
POLY-PERIOD RESOURCE : It is the resource which is used in production process over several periods.
PRODUCTION FUNCTION: A systematic and mathematical way of measuring the relationship among different quantities of inputs or input services used in the production of a commodity and corresponding quantities of output is called production function.
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Basic conceptsCONTINUOUS PRODUCTION
FUNCTION :This production function arise for those inputs which can be divided into smaller doses. Continuous variables can be known from measurement.
DISCONTINUOUS OR DISCRETE PRODUCTION FUNCTION : This production function arise for those inputs or work units , which are used in whole number.
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Basic conceptsEFFICIENCY : It means absence of wastage
or using resources as effectively as possible to satisfy the farmer’s needs and goal.
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Basic concepts TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY : It is the ratio of
output to input.ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY : It is the
expression of technical efficiency in monetary value by attaching prices.
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Basic conceptsCOST OF PRODUCTION : The expenditure
incurred in producing a unit quantity of output is called cost of production.
VARIABLE : Any quantity which can have different values in the production process.
INDENDENT VARIABLE: It is a variable whose value does not depend on other variable .
DEPENDENT VARIABLE : A variable that is governed by another variable .
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Basic conceptsCONSTANT : A quantity that does not change
its value in a general relation between variables.
COEFFICIENT: when rate per unit is calculated, we use the term coefficient, a multiplying factor.
SLOPE : Slope of a line represents the rate of change in one variable that occurs when another variable change.
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FEATURES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION VS COMPARED TO INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIONFARMING A WAY OF LIFE DEPENDENCE ON WEATHERSEASONALITY OF PRODUCTIONPREISHABLE NATURE OF AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTSJOINT PRODUCTSBULKINESS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSPROBLEMS OF STANDARDIZATIONTIME LAG IN PRODUCTION OF
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
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CONT….LARGE PROPORTION OF LANDLAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNSNATURE OF DEMANDEFFICIENCY OF CAPITALPRODUCER’s SHARE IN CONSUMERL’s
RUPEE
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Basic conceptsSHORT RUN PRODUCTION FUNCTION: The
planning period during which one or more resource are fixed.
LONG RUN PRODUCTION FUNCTION: It is a planning period during which all resources are varied in quantity.
ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY :It occurs when no possible reorganization of production can make any one better off without making some one else worse it.