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Agra

city

AgraLocation of Agra in Uttar Pradesh and India

2711N 7801E / 27.18N 78.02E / Coordinates 27.18; 78.02Coordinates:2711N 7801E /

27.18N 78.02E / 27.18; 78.02

Country State District(s) Population Density Metro Urban Time zone Area Elevation Codes[show]

India Uttar Pradesh Agra1,686,976 (19) (2010[update])

8,954 /km2 (23,191 /sq mi) 1,727,275 (20) 63.62 IST (UTC+5:30)188.40 km2 (73 sq mi)

171 metres (561 ft)

Pincode Telephone VehicleWebsite

282 XXX +91(562) UP-80agra.nic.in

Agra (English pronunciation: /r/; Hindi: , Urdu: ) is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located at the banks of river Yamuna, 363 kilometres (226 mi) west of state capital, Lucknow and 200 kilometres (124 mi) south from national capital New Delhi. With a population of 1,686,976 (2010 est.), it is one of the most populous cities in Uttar Pradesh and the 19th most populous in India.[1] Because 80 percent of the city's sewage flows into Yamuna River, it is 20th most polluted city in India.[2] Agra can also refer to the administrative district that has its headquarters in Agra city. The city finds mention in the epic Mahbhrata where it was called Agrevaa, or 'the border of the forest'.[3] Legend ascribes the founding of the city to Rj Badal Singh (around 1475), whose fort, Badalgarh, stood on or near the site of the present Fort. However, the 11th century Persian poet Mas'd Sa'd Salmn writes of a desperate assault on the fortress of Agra, then held by the Shh King Jayapala, by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni.[4] Sultan Sikandar Lod was the first to move his capital from Delhi to Agra in the year 1506; he died in 1517 and his son Ibrhm Lod remained in power there for nine more years, finally being defeated at the Battle of Panipat in 1526.[5] It achieved fame as the capital of the Mughal emperors from 1526 to 1658 and remains a major tourist destination because of its many splendid Mughalera buildings, most notably the Tj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpr Sikr, all three of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Contents[hide]

1 Climate 2 Demographics 3 History 4 Transportation

4.1 Air 4.2 Rail 4.3 Road 4.4 Taxi 4.5 Local Transport 5.1 Tj Mahal 5.2 Agra Fort 5.3 Fatehpr Sikr 5.4 I'timd-Ud-Daulah 5.5 Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra 5.6 Swm Bgh Samdhi 5.7 Mankameshwar Temple 5.8 Indrabhan Girls' Inter College 5.9 Gur k Tal 5.10 Jam Masjid 5.11 Chn k Rauza 5.12 Rm Bgh 5.13 Mariam's Tomb 5.14 Mehtb Bgh 5.15 Keetham Lake 5.16 Mughal Heritage Walk 5.17 The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception

5 Places of interest

6 Economy 7 Education

7.1 Schools 7.2 Universities in Agra 7.3 Colleges

8 Gallery 9 References

10 Further reading 11 External links

[edit] ClimateMain article: Climate of Agra Agra features a semiarid climate that borders on a humid subtropical climate. The city features mild winters, hot and dry summers and a monsoon season. However the monsoons, though substantial in Agra, are not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India. This is a primary factor in Agra featuring a semiarid climate as opposed to a humid subtropical climate.

[edit] DemographicsAccording to the 2001 India census,[6] Agra has a population of 1,275,134, while the population of Agra cantonment is 50,968 and that of Agra district is 3,620,436. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Agra district population grew by 31% in the decade 19912001. Roughly 57% of the population of Agra district lives in urban areas. Agra has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 86% males literate. Literacy rate of males is considerably higher than that of women. Agra district literacy rate is 62.60%. Hinduism, Islam, and Jainism are three major religions in Agra district with 89.6%, 8.93%, and 0.51% of the population following them. Roughly 22% of the population belongs to the Scheduled Castes, of which the Jatav, Kori, and Balmiki are the most numerous. Some Scheduled Tribes like the Bhotia and Jaunsari have marginal presence (about 0.02% of the population). 52.5% of Agra's population is in the 1559 years age category. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Hindi is the most widely spoken language in Agra. Urdu and Punjabi is also spoken.

[edit] HistoryThough Agra's history is largely recognised with Mughal Kingdom,but the place was established much before it and has linkages since Mahabharat period and Mahirshi Angira in 1000 BC. It is generally accepted that Sultan Sikandar Lod, the Ruler of the Delhi Sultanate founded Agra in the year 1504. After the Sultan's death the city passed on to his son Sultan Ibrhm Lod. He ruled his Sultanate from Agra until he fell fighting to Bbar in the First battle of Panipat fought in 1526. In the year 1556, the great Hindu warrior Hemu Vikramaditya, also known as Samrat Hem Chander Vikramaditya, won Agra as the Prime Minister cum Chief of Army of Adil Shah of the Afghan Sr Dynasty. The commander of Humyn / Akbar's forces in Agra, Tardi Beg Khan, was so scared of Hemu that he retreated from the city without a fight. This was Hemu's 21st continuous win since 1554, and he later went on to conquer Delhi, having his coronation at Purn Qil'a in Delhi on 7 October 1556 and re-established the Hindu Kingdom and the Vikramaditya Dynasty in North India. The golden age of the city began with the Mughals. It was known then as Akbarabd and remained the capital of the Mughal Empire under the Emperors Akbar, Jahngr and Shh Jahn. Shh Jahn later shifted his capital to Shhjahnabd in the year 1649. Since Akbarabd was one of the most important cities in India under the Mughals, it witnessed a lot of building activity. Babar, the founder of the Mughal dynasty, laid out the first formal Persian garden on the banks of river Yamuna. The garden is called the Arm

Bgh or the Garden of Relaxation. His grandson Akbar raised the towering ramparts of the Great Red Fort, besides making Agra a center for learning, arts, commerce and religion. Akbar also built a new city on the outskirts of Akbarabd called Fatehpr Sikr. This city was built in the form of a Mughal military camp in stone. His son Jahngr had a love of gardens and flora and fauna and laid many gardens inside the Red Fort or Ll Qil'a. Shh Jahn, known for his keen interest in architecture, gave Akbarabd its most prized monument, the Tj Mahal. Built in loving memory of his wife Mumtz Mahal, the mausoleum was completed in 1653. Shh Jahn later shifted the capital to Delhi during his reign, but his son Aurangzeb moved the capital back to Akbarabd, usurping his father and imprisoning him in the Fort there. Akbarabd remained the capital of India during the rule of Aurangzeb until he shifted it to Aurangabad in the Deccan in 1653. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the city came under the influence of Marathas and Jats and was called Agra, before falling into the hands of the British Raj in 1803.

Agra, Main Street, c.1858 In 1835 when the Presidency of Agra was established by the British, the city became the seat of government, and just two year later it was the witness to the Agra famine of 183738. During the Indian rebellion of 1857 British rule across India was threatened, news of the rebellion had reached Agra on 11 May and on 30 May two companies of native infantry, the 44th and 67th regiments, rebelled and marched to Delhi. The next morning native Indian troops in Agra were forced to disarm, on 15 June Gwalior (which lies south of Agra) rebelled. By 3 July the British were forced to withdraw into the fort. Two days later a small British force at Sucheta were defeated and forced to withdraw, this led to a mob sacking the city. However, the rebels moved onto Delhi which allowed the British to restore order by 8 July. Delhi fell to the British in September, the following month rebels who had fled Delhi along with rebels from Central India marched on Agra but were defeated. After this British rule was again secured over the city until the independence of India in 1947.[7] Agra is the birth place of the religion known as Dn-i Ilh, which flourished during the reign of Akbar and also of the Radhaswami Faith, which has around two million followers worldwide. Agra has historic linkages with Shauripur of Jainism and Runukta of Hinduism ,of 1000 BC. Tj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpr Sikr, all three of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

[edit] Transportation[edit] AirAgra Airport is about 12.5 km from city center

[edit] Rail

Main article: Railways in Agra Agra is on the central train line between Delhi (Station Code: NDLS) and Mumbai (Bombay) (Station Code: CSTM) and between Delhi and Chennai (Station Code: MAS) and many trains like Bhopal Shatabdi, Bhopal Express, Malwa Express, Gondwana Express, Jabalpur Jammutawi Express, Shreedham Express, Garib Rath, Tamil Nadu Express, Chennai Rajdhni etc. connect Agra with all major Indian cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Pune, Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Ujjain, Jaipur, Lucknow etc. every day. Some east-bound trains from Delhi also travel via Agra, so direct connections to points in Eastern India (including Kolkata) (Calcutta) are also available. There are close to 20 trains to New Delhi and Gwalior Junction every day, and at least three or four to Bhopal, Indore, Nagpur, Mumbai and Chennai. There are three main railway stations in Agra:

Agra Cantt. Railway Station

Agra Cantt (Station Code: AGC) is the main railway station and lies southwest of the Taj and Agra Fort, both of which are a short ride from the station by car, autorickshaw, or cycle rickshaw. There's a prepaid taxi stand right outside that charges a flat Rs.120 to any hotel in the city. The station has a pretty good Comesum food court that also sells cheap, hygienic takeaway snacks (sandwiches, samosas, etc.). Agra Fort Railway Station (Station Code: AF) near Agra Fort, is infrequently serviced by the interstate express trains, it is one of the oldest railway station in the country. The station serves trains to the east (Kanpur, Gorakhpur, Kolkata, Guwahati) and central India Ratlam, Nagda, Kota (Haldighati Express). Some of these trains also stop at Agra Cantt. Raja Ki Mandi (Station Code: RKM) is a small station. Some of the trains which stop at Agra Cantt also stop here. It is a very laid back station and springs into life at the arrival of Intercity Express, Mahakoshal Express, Indore - Amritsar Express and Taj Express. Other stations are Idgah, Billochpura, Agra City, Yamuna Bridge.

The luxury trains the Palace on Wheels, and the Royal Rajasthan On Wheels also stop at Agra on their eight day round trip of tourist destinations in Rajasthan and Agra. The Buddhist Special Train also visits Agra. There is urgent need of Metro Train in Agra that connect all historical monuments (Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Sikandara [Tomb of Akbar], I'timd-ud-Daulah's Tomb and Radha Swami Temple). It will give thrust to tourism as well as provide efficient and rapid public transport.

[edit] RoadIdgah Bus Stand, Taj Depot, Ford depot and Inter State Bus Terminal (ISBT) are the major Bus Stands in Agra and is connected to most of the bigger cities in North India.

From Delhi: NH2, a modern divided highway, connects the 200 km distance from Delhi to Agra. The drive is about 4 hours. The primary access to the highway is along Mathura Road in Delhi but, if coming from South Delhi or Delhi Airport, it is easier to take Aurobindo Marg (Mehrauli Road) and then work up to NH2 via Tughlakabad. From Jaipur: National Highway 11, a Four lane divided highway, connects Agra with Jaipur via the bird sanctuary town of Bharatpur. The distance of around 255 km can be covered in around 34 hours. From Gwalior A distance of around 120 km, takes around 1.5 hours on the National highway 3, also known as the Agra Mumbai Highway. From Lucknow / Kanpur NH2, the divided modern highway, continues on to Kanpur (285 km, 5 hours) and from there to points East ending in Kolkata. From Kanpur, NH25 heads for the city of Lucknow (90 km, 2 hours).

The Mahatma Gandhi(MG) Road which runs through the city connects it from one end to the other. In March 2010, the Uttar Pradesh government, through an open bidding process, chose Jaypee Associates to develop an Inner Ring Road to connect NH2/Yamuna Expressway in the north to NH3 in the south in a 30 month timeframe[8][9]. In September 2010, Gifford was chosen to design the road.

[edit] TaxiTourist can hire a taxi for local sight seeing or agra visit from local taxi stand. A prepaid taxi counter is available at agra cantt railway station.

[edit] Local TransportRecently, under JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission) in order to revamp city's urban infrastructure Tata-Marcopolo's city buses are being run by Agra Municipal Corporation covering whole city in an efficient way. Other para-transit modes includes auto-rickshaws and rickshaw. While passengers need to negotiate rates for the rickshaws and they are usually expensive, there is a system of (what is called) 'Tempo' which are autorickshaws that run on specific routes called out by drivers. Tempos take around 6 people simultaneously and work out to be most economical and practical. Polluting vehicles are not allowed near Tj Mahal, so one needs to take electric autos or Tanga (Tonga) from a few kilometres outside the Tj Mahal.

[edit] Places of interest

Panoramic View of Taj Mahal.

Taj Mahal from Agra fort.

[edit] Tj MahalMain article: Taj Mahal Agra's Taj Mahal is one of the most famous buildings in the world, the mausoleum of Shah Jahan's favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is one of the New Seven Wonders of the world, and one of three World Heritage Sites in Agra. Completed in 1653, the Tj Mahal was built by the Mughal king Shh Jahn as the final resting place for his beloved wife, Mumtz Mahal. Finished in marble, it is perhaps India's most fascinating and beautiful monument. This perfectly symmetrical monument took 22 years (16301652) of labour and 20,000 workers, masons and jewellers to build and is set amidst landscaped gardens. Built by the Persian architect, Ustd 's, the Tj Mahal is on the bank of the Yamuna River. It can be observed from Agra Fort from where Emperor Shh Jahn gazed at it, for the last eight years of his life, a prisoner of his son Aurangzeb. It is an acknowledged masterpiece of symmetry. Verses of the Koran are inscribed on it and at the top of the gate are twenty-two small domes, signifying the number of years the monument took to build. The Tj Mahal was built on a marble platform that stands above a sandstone one. The most elegant dome of the Tj Mahal has a diameter of 60 feet (18 m), and rises to a height of 80 feet (24 m); directly under this dome is the tomb of Mumtz Mahal. Shah Jahn's tomb was erected next to hers by his son Aurangzeb. The interiors are decorated by fine inlay work, incorporating semi-precious stones.

[edit] Agra FortMain article: Agra Fort

Amar Singh Gate, one of two entrances into Agra's Red Fort Agra Fort (sometimes called the Red Fort), was commissioned by the great Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1565, and is another of Agra's World Heritage Sites. A stone tablet at the gate of the Fort states that it had been built before 1000 but was later renovated by Akbar. The red sandstone fort was converted into a palace during Shh Jahn's time, and reworked extensively with marble and pietra dura inlay. Notable buildings in the fort include the Pearl Mosque, the Dwn-e-'m and Dwn-e-Khs (halls of public and private audience), Jahngr's Palace, Khs Mahal, Shsh Mahal (mirrored palace), and the Musamman Burj.[citation needed]

The great Mughal Emperor Akbar commissioned the construction of the Agra Fort in 1565 CE., although it was converted into a palace by his grandson Shh Jahn, being reworked extensively with marble and pietra dura inlay. Notable buildings in the fort include the Pearl Mosque or Mot Masjid, the Dwn-e-'m and Dwn-e-Khs (halls of public and private audience), Jahngr's Palace, Khs Mahal, Shsh Mahal (mirrored palace), and the Musamman Burj. The forbidding exteriors of this fort conceal an inner paradise. The fort is crescent shaped, flattened on the east with a long, nearly straight wall facing the river. It has a total perimeter of 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi), and is ringed by double castellated ramparts of red sandstone punctuated at regular intervals by bastions. A 9 metres (30 ft) wide and 10 metres (33 ft) deep moat surrounds the outer wall. Chhatrapati Shvaj visited the Agra Fort, as a result of the conditions of the Treaty of Purandar entered into with Mirz Rj Jaisingh to meet Aurangzeb in the Dwn-i-Khs (Special Audience Chamber). In the audience he was deliberately placed behind men of lower rank. An insulted Shvaj stormed out of the imperial audience and was confined to Jai Sing's quarters on 12 May 1666. Fearing the dungeons and execution he escaped on 17 August 1666. A heroic equestrian statue of Shvaj has been erected outside the fort. The fort is a typical example of Mughal architecture, effectively showing how the North Indian style of fort construction differentiated from that of the South. In the South, the majority forts were built on the seabed like the one at Bekal in Kerala.[10]

[edit] Fatehpr SikrMain article: Fatehpur Sikri

Dwn-i-Khs Hall of Private Audience The Mughal Emperor Akbar built Fatehpr Sikr about 35 km from Agra, and moved his capital there. Later abandoned, the site displays a number of buildings of significant historical importance. A World Heritage Site, it is often visited by tourists. The name of the place came about after the Mughal Emperor Bbar defeated R Sng in a battle at a place called Sikr

(about 40 km from Agra). Then the Mughal Emperor Akbar wanted to make Fatehpr Sikr his head quarters, so he built a majestic fort; due to shortage of water, however, he had to ultimately move his headquarters to Agra Fort. Buland Darwza or 'the lofty gateway' was built by the great Mughal emperor, Akbar in 1601 CE. at Fatehpr Sikr. Akbar built the Buland Darwza to commemorate his victory over Gujarat. The Buland Darwza is approached by 52 steps. The Buland Darwza is 53.63 m high and 35 meters wide. it is made of red and buff sandstone, decorated by carving and black and white marble inlays. An inscription on the central face of the Buland Darwza demonstrates Akbar's religious broadmindedness, it is a message from Jesus advising his followers not to consider this world as their permanent home.

[edit] I'timd-Ud-DaulahMain article: Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb

The 'Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb at Agra' The Empress Nr Jahn built I'timd-Ud-Daulah's Tomb, sometimes called the 'Baby Tj', for her father, Mirz Ghiys Beg, the Chief Minister of the Emperor Jahngr. Located on the left bank of the Yamuna river, the mausoleum is set in a large cruciform garden criss-crossed by water courses and walkways. The mausoleum itself covers about 23 square metres (250 sq ft), and is built on a base about fifty meters square and about one meter high. On each corner are hexagonal towers, about thirteen meters tall. Small in comparison to many other Mughal-era tombs, it is sometimes described as a jewel box. Its garden layout and use of white marble, pietra dura, inlay designs and latticework presage many elements of the Tj Mahal. The walls are white marble from Rajasthan encrusted with semi-precious stone decorations cornelian, jasper, lapis lazuli, onyx, and topaz in images of cypress trees and wine bottles, or more elaborate decorations like cut fruit or vases containing bouquets. Light penetrates to the interior through delicate jl screens of intricately carved white marble. Many of Nr Jahn's relatives are interred in the mausoleum. The only asymmetrical element of the entire complex is that the tombs of her father and mother have been set side-by-side, a formation replicated in the Taj Mahal.

[edit] Akbar's Tomb, SikandraMain article: Tomb of Akbar the Great

Tomb of Akbar the Great Sikandra, the last resting place of the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great, is on the Delhi-Agra Highway, only 13 kilometres from the Agra Fort. Akbar's tomb reflects the completeness of his personality. The vast, beautifully carved, red-ochre sandstone tomb with deers, rabbits and langurs is set amidst a lush garden. Akbar himself planned his own tomb and selected a suitable site for it. To construct a tomb in one's lifetime was a Turkic custom which the Mughals followed religiously. Akbar's son Jahngr completed construction of this pyramidal tomb in 1613. The 99 names of Allah have been inscribed on the tomb.

[edit] Swm Bgh SamdhiThe Swm Bgh Samdhi is a monument to hold the ashes of Huzr Swmij Mahrj (Shr Shiv Dayl Singh Seth) in the Swmbgh section, on the high road that goes from Bhagwan Talkies to Dayl Bgh, in the outskirts of the city. He was the founder of the Radhswm Faith and the Samdhi is sacred to its followers. Construction began in February 1904 and still continues. Many believe that construction will never end at Swm Bgh it is often seen as the next Tj Mahal. The carvings in stone, using a combination or coloured marble, are life-like and not seen anywhere else in India. The picture shown is taken from the rear of the building and shows only two floors. When completed, the Samdhi will have a carved dome and a gateway.

[edit] Mankameshwar TempleMain article: Mankameshwar Temple The Mankameshwar Temple is one of four ancient temples dedicated to Lord Shiva located on the four corners of Agra City. It is located near the Jma Masjid and is about 2.5 kilometers from the Tj Mahal and less than 1 km from Agra Fort. Being located in the old city, the temple is surrounded by markets, many of which date back to the Mughal Era.

[edit] Indrabhan Girls' Inter CollegeIt is widespreadly considered to be the birth place of great poet Mirza Ghalib. It is located near the Mankameshwar Temple and is about 3 kilometers from the Tj Mahal and less than 1 km from Agra Fort. Being located in the old city, the College is surrounded by markets. Approximately four or five years back, the birth room of Mirza Ghalib was hidden behind the wall by the Management of the college to keep the identity of the place secret.

[edit] Gur k TalMain article: Guru ka Tal Gur k Tal was originally a reservoir meant to collect and conserve rainwater built in Agra, near Sikandra, during Jahngr's reign next to the Tomb of I'tibr Khn Khwjasara in 1610. In 1970s a gurdwra was erected here. Gur k Tal is a holy place of worship for the Sikhs. Four of the ten Sikh Gurus are said to have paid it a visit. Enjoying both historical and religious importance, this gurdwra attracts a large number of devotees and tourists. Boasting

elaborate stone carvings and 8 towers of the twelve original towers. It is located by national (Delhi-Agra) highway-2.

[edit] Jam MasjidMain article: Jama Masjid (Agra) The Jma Masjid is a large mosque attributed to Shah Jahan's daughter, Princess Jahanara Begum, built in 1648, notable for its unusual dome and absence of minarets. The inscription at its entrance shows that it costed Rs 5 Lakhs at that time for its completion.

Chn k Rauza

[edit] Chn k RauzaMain article: Chini Ka Rauza Notable for its Persian influenced dome of blue glazed tiles, the Chn k Rauza is dedicated to the Prime Minister of Shh Jahn, 'Allma Afzal Khl Mull Shukrullh of Shirz.

[edit] Rm BghMain article: Ram Bagh The oldest Mughal garden in India, the Rm Bgh was built by the Emperor Bbar in 1528 on the bank of the Yamuna. It lies about 2.34 km north of the Tj Mahal. The pavilions in this garden are designed so that the wind from the Yamuna, combined with the greenery, keeps them cool even during the peak of summer. The original name of the gardens was rm Bgh, or 'Garden of Relaxation', and this was where the Mughal emperor Bbar used to spend his leisure time and where he eventually died. His body was kept here for sometime before sending it to Kabul.

[edit] Mariam's TombMain article: Mariams Tomb Mariams Tomb, is the tomb of Mariam, the wife of great Mughal Emperor Akbar. The tomb is within the compound of the Christian Missionary Society.

[edit] Mehtb BghMain article: Mehtab Bagh The Mehtb Bgh, or 'Moonlight Garden', is on the opposite bank of the River Yamuna from the Tj Mahal.

[edit] Keetham LakeMain article: Keetham Lake Also known as Sur Sarovar, Keetham Lake is situated about 7 kilometres from akbar tomb Agra, within the Surdas Reserved Forest. The lake has an impressive variety of aquatic life and water birds.

[edit] Mughal Heritage WalkThe Mughal Heritage Walk is a part of community development programme being implemented with support of Agra Municipal corporation, USAID and an NGO; Center for Urban and Regional Excellence. It seeks to build sustainable livelihoods for youth and women from low resource communities and improving their living environments through infrastructure services and integration within the city. The Mughal Heritage Walk is a one kilometer loop which connects the agricultural fields with the Rajasthani culture, river bank connected with the ancient village of Kuchhpura, the Heritage Structure of Mehtab Bagh, the Mughal aqueduct system, the Humanyun Mosque and the Gyarah Sidi.

[edit] The Cathedral of the Immaculate ConceptionThe Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra. [show]v d eTourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites T a j M a h a l A g r a F o r t F a t e h p u r S

i k r i Mughal architecture S i k a n d r a I t m a d U d D a u l a h C h i n i K a R a

u z a M a r i a m ' s T o m b G y a r a h S i d i Mosques J a m a M a s j i d

M o t i M a s j i d Other Religious places S w a m i b a g h M a n k a m e s h w a r T e m p

l e G u r u k a T a l B a t e s h w a r Shopping S a d a r B a z a a r S a n

j a y P l a c e R a j a k i m a n d i L o h a M a n d i Gardens R a m B a g h

M e h t a b B a g h P a l i w a l P a r k Wildlife Sanctuaries N a t i o n a l C h a m b

a l W i l d l i f e S a n c t u a r y K e e t h a m L a k e P a t n a B

i r d S a n c t u a r y T a j M a h o t s a v R a m B a r a t

Fairs

[edit] Economy

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (September2010)

A shopping mall situated on the Fatehabad Road in Agra, U.P.

A marble table top in Pietra Dura, a craft practiced since the Mughal era in Agra

The Sadar Bazar market in the Agra Cantonment

An Agra craftsman working with marble stone inlays. The marble is colored red to give contrast while working. Nearly five centuries ago, Agra was the commercial nerve centre of Mughal empire, and due to presence of Taj Mahal and other historic monuments, it has long tradition of tourism industry as well royal crafts like Pietra Dura, marble inlay and carpet. Today 40% of population depends largely on agriculture, and others on the traditional leather and footwear business and iron foundries. Economic liberalization has brought a spurt in growth and entrepreneurship in the city in the 2000s, has made it the second most self-employed in India in 2007, behind Varanasi, followed by Bhopal, Indore and Patna. According to the National Sample Survey Organization, in 1999-2000, 431 of every 1,000 employed males were selfemployed in the city, which grew to 603 per 1,000 in 2004-05.[11] Tourism contributes to a large extent in the economy of Agra. Agra has some of the finest Hotels and Spas in India. Agra is home to Asias largest spa called Kaya Kalp The Royal Spa, at the Hotel Mughal in Agra.[12] The city also has a substantial industrial base. A lot of manufacturing plants and industry related wholesale markets are prominent in Agra. Agra's industries are doing a fine job in various fields. Producers and dealers of Agra have a vast market to support them.Agra also has Uttar Pradesh first plant biotech company Harihar Biotech that is located in the vicinity of Taj. And is Presently one of the largest Plant Tissue Culture lab in North India with production capacity of 2 millions plants annually. Agra has a good number of apparel and garment manufacturers and exporters. Agra has also an important market for the automobile industry. Anil Diesels, Harvest Group of Industries, Indian Agriculture & Automobile Corporation (IAAC) and Malloys India are some of the major players of the automobile industry in Agra. Over 7200 Small Scale Industrial Units are spared all over the district. Agra city is famous for the Leather Goods, Handicrafts, Zari Zardozi, Marvel and Stone carving & inlay work. Agra is also well known for its sweets (Petha & Gajak) and Snacks (Dalmoth). The leather industry is among the most traditional and original industries of Agra. Some of the leading manufacturers, exporter and sellers of leather in Agra are Hindustan Rubber & Plastic Industries, Polyplast Industries, Royal International, Eskay Sales Corporation, Best Buy, Bandejjia Traders and Expomore.[citation needed] The famous city Center place at Agra is called Kinari Bazar,which is famous for its jewellery and garments shops.Its has the biggest Silver & Gold jewellery hub at Choube Ji Ka Fatak. With the expansion of the Agra city, more and more construction works are going around the city. To facilitate the flow of work, a lot of organizations dealing in building materials have come up. A few leading names are Silver Gatta Agency, Yashoda Exports, Glass Expressions and Sharda Enterprises. The jeweleries of Agra is a great favorite with the tourists and is in good demand in the international market also. The Amar Paper Agency in Agra dealing in vast varieties of paper related products strengthening the finance of the town was established in 1986 by Hon. Shri Ram Nath Agarwal. The Yoga Handicrafts and the D.R.Chain and Wire Manufacturing Company are two of the several important names of the related industry. Agra has a number of big and small Transformer manufacturers. The Shah Market area is a thriving Electronics market while Sanjay Place is the Trade center of Agra.

[edit] EducationAgra has always been a centre for education and learning. It was during the advent of Mughal era that Agra grew as a centre of Islamic education. In the coming decades Agra saw great

literary figures come from the city. Abul Fazl and others were among the pioneers. The Urdu literature grew by leaps and bounds in the city. Mir Taqi "Mir" and Mirza Asadullah Beg "Ghalib" were the icons produced by the city. British people introduced the western concept of education in Agra. In the year 1823, Agra College, one of the oldest colleges in India was formed out of a Sanskrit school established by the Scindia rulers. In the British era, Agra became a great center of Hindi literature with people like Babu Gulab Rai at the helm.

[edit] Schools

Air Force School, Agra ARMY SCHOOL, Agra Cantt St. Andrews Public School, Agra. St Clare's Senior Secondary School, Agra St. Peter's College, Agra St. Paul's Church College, Agra St. Patrick's Junior College, Agra St. Anthony's Junior College, Agra St. Conrad's Inter College, Agra St. George's College, Agra (Inter College) Maharaja Agrasen Inter College, Agra St. Francis School, Agra Delhi Public School, Agra Agra Public School, Agra[13] Holy Public School, Agra. St. Clare's Senior Secondary School, Agra Government Inter College (G.I.C.) Agra M. D. Jain Inter College, Agra Queen Victoria Girls Inter College, Agra St. Johns Inter College, Agra. Saraswati Vidya Mandir Inter College, Agra Raja Balwant Singh Inter College, Agra Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Agra Sumeet Rahul Goel Mem. Sen. Sec. School, Agra Simpkins school,Agra Dayanand Bal Mandir,agra Radhaswami Educational Institute (R.E.I), Agra Sachdeva Millenium School,Agra

[edit] Universities in AgraAgra University was established on 1 July 1927 and catered to colleges spread across the United Provinces, the Rajputana, the Central Provinces and almost to entire North India, at

present around 142 Colleges are affiliated to this University. The historic Agra University was later rechristened as Dr. BhimRao Ambedkar University by the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Ms. Mayawati.

Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Radhasoami Satsang Sabha, started the Radhasoami Educational Institute, as a co-educational Middle School, open to all, on January 1, 1917. It became a Degree College in 1947, affiliated to Agra University. In 1975, it formulated an innovative and comprehensive programme of undergraduate studies which received approbation from the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the University Grants Commission, as a result of which in 1981 the Ministry of Education, Government of India, conferred the status of an institution deemed to be a University on the Dayalbagh Educational Institute, to implement the new scheme. Central Institute of Hindi, Central Institute of Hindi (also known as Kendriya Hindi Sansthan) is an autonomous institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India engaged in teaching Hindi as a foreign and second language. Apart from running regular and residential Hindi language courses for foreign students, the institute also conducts regular training programmes for teachers of Hindi belonging to non-Hindi states of India. The institute is situated at a 11 acres (4.5 ha) campus on the outskirts of Agra city. Headquartered in Agra the institute has eight regional centers in Delhi, Hyderabad, Mysore, Shillong, Dimapur, Guwahati, Ahmedabad and Bhubneshwar. The institute is the only government run institution in India established solely for research and teaching of Hindi as a foreign and second language.

[edit] CollegesAgra is also home to some of the oldest and renowned colleges Seth Padam Chand Jain Institute of Business & Economics (SPCJ), is the oldest Management Institute in Agra. It provides Masters Degree in Business Management and offers specialisations in Marketing, Finance and Human Resources Management. School of Life Sciences(SLS Khandari, Agra), is the biggest college for Master's education of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, Agra (formerly Agra University), situated at Khandari campus, Agra(UP). Dau Dayal Institute Of Vocational Education is an Institute run by Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, Agra (formerly Agra University) and is situated at Khandari campus, Agra (U.P.). Students can pursue courses like Masters in Computer Management, B.Com.(Voc.) Adevertising and Sales Promotion, Bachelor of Science (Computer Applications, Instrumentation and Optical Instrumentation) Vocational and other job-oriented courses in Tourism Management, M.Sc (Electronics and Instrumentation) and Ph.D. (Instrumentation).[14] Agra College Institute of Engineering & Technology Khandari (I.E.T. Khandari, Agra), is the prestigious and renowned engineering institute of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, Agra (formerly Agra University), situated at Khandari, Agra in Uttar Pradesh. Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, named the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the Governor of Uttar Pradesh: the freedom fighter and poet Sarojini Naidu. Founded in 1854, S. N. Medical College & Hospital is one of the three oldest medical schools in India.

St. John's College, Agra was established in 1850 by the Church Missionary Society of England through the efforts of the Agra C. M. S. Association which came into being in 1840. Shankar Dayal Sharma, the 9th President of India received his education from St. John's college. F.E.T Agra College, Agra, Carrying the legacy of Agra College and Agra University, Faculty of Engineering and technology came into existence in the Year 1999, the college which is over a decade old can boast of strong alumni base which is spread all across the world. Raja Balwant Singh College, RBS College is one of the biggest college of Asia and was started by Awagarh Kingdom. This college has the largest campus area and maximum number of education branches. Anand Engineering College, Agra is affiliated to U.P. Technical University Lucknow. It is a part of SGI(Sharda Group of Institutions) a well known educational group of North India. B.M.A.S Engineering College, Agra is affiliated to U.P. Technical University Lucknow. It is a part of SGI(Sharda Group of Institutions) a well known educational group of North India. IBRC, Agra (Institute of biotechnology and research center) provides training in biotechnology.

Institute of Social Science (ISS), is the oldest Social Science Institute in Agra. It provides Masters Degree in Social Work ,Statistic and Sociology

[edit] Gallery

Dau Dayal Institute, Agra.

Akbar's Tomb

Akbar's Tomb

Akbar's Tomb ceiling detail

Marble stone inlay worker

Carpet maker

Taj Mahal

Taj painted geometry

Taj Mahal wall close-up

Agra Fort rampart

Agra Fort gate

Soami Bagh Samadh, in Dayalbagh.

Panch Mahal in Fatehpur Sikri.

Taj Mahal Panoramic View of Taj Mahal

The Jaigurudev Temple near Agra

Dau Dayal Institute Of Vocational Education

[edit] ReferencesWikimedia Commons has media related to: Agra1. ^ World Gazetteer online India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". Accessed 25 Mar 2010. 2. ^ Green.in.msn.com 3. ^ Williams, Monier. "Sanskrit-English Dictionary". Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries. Cologne University. http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de. Retrieved 2009-11-08. 4. ^ "Agra District profile". Official Website of Agra maintained by National Informatics Centre (NIC) of the Government of India. http://agra.nic.in/hist.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-08. 5. ^ "Agra Fort". Archaeological Survey of India. http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_agrafort.asp. Retrieved 2009-11-08. 6. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php? stad=A&state5=999. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 7. ^ "Agra City" (GIF). Imperial Gazetteer of India (Digital South Asia Library of University of Chicago) 5: 8384. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html? objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_091.gif. Retrieved 2009-11-08. 8. ^ "Sole bidder bags Agra Inner Ring Road project". http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sole-bidder-bags-agra-inner-ring-road-project/585674/0. Retrieved 25 April 2011. 9. ^ "Inner Ring Road Agra". http://awas.up.nic.in/IURP-June%2009/Inner%20Ring%20Road %20,%20Agra.pdf. 10.^ Koroth, Nandakumar. History of Bekal Fort. 11.^ "Indias new Entrepreneurs". Mint (newspaper). May 16 2007. http://www.livemint.com/2007/05/16001310/Indias-new-Entrepreneurs.html. 12.^ "ITC unveils Asia's largest spa in Agra". Economic Times (India). 2008-03-09. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The_Sunday_ET/Economy/ITC_unveils_Asias _largest_spa_in_Agra/rssarticleshow/2848717.cms. Retrieved 2009-11-08. 13.^ Agrapublicschool.com 14.^ Dbrau.ac.in

[edit] Further reading

Cole, Henry Hardy (1873). Illustrations of buildings near Muttra and Agra. India Office. http://www.archive.org/stream/illustrationsbu00colegoog#page/n7/mode/1up.

Agra, Archaeological Society of (1874). Transactions of the Archaeological Society of Agra, JanJune 1874. Delhi Gazette Press. http://www.archive.org/stream/transactionsarc00agragoog#page/n4/mode/1up. Mukerji, Satya Chandra (1892). The Traveller's Guide to Agra. Sen & Co., Delhi. http://www.archive.org/stream/travellersguidet00mukerich#page/n7/mode/2up. Fanthome, Frederic (1895). Reminiscences of Agra. Thacker, Spink & Co.. http://www.archive.org/stream/reminiscencesag00fantgoog#page/n3/mode/1up. Latif, Muammad (1896). Agra, Historical & Descriptive. Calcutta Central Press. http://www.archive.org/stream/agrahistoricald00latgoog#page/n9/mode/1up. Keene, Henry George (1899, Sixth ed.). A Handbook for Visitors to Agra and Its Neighbourhood. Thacker, Spink & Co.. http://www.archive.org/stream/ahandbookforvis00keengoog#page/n8/mode/1up. Smith, Edmund W. (1901). Moghul Colour Decoration of Agra, Part I. Govt. Press, Allahabad. http://www.archive.org/stream/moghulcolourdec00smitgoog#page/n7/mode/1up. Havell, Ernest Binfield (1904). A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, FatehpurSikri, and the Neighbourhood. Longmans, Green & Co., London. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00artlinks/agra_havell/index.html. Agranama: The authentic book about the history of Agra by Mr. Satish Chandra Chaturvedi

[edit] External linksFind more about Agra on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks

Official website of Agra Agra travel guide from Wikitravel Agra at the Open Directory Project Agra News Taj Mahal Agra

[show]v d eAgra district topics H i s t Akbar Mughal empire United Provinces of Agra and Oudh o r y C i t i e s Achhnera Agra Azizpur Bah Dayalbagh Dhanauli Etmadpur Fatehabad a Fatehpur Sikri Jagner Kheragarh Kiraoli Nainana Jat Pinahat Shamsabad n Swamibagh d t o w n s B u i l d Agra Fort Buland Darwaza Taj Mahal i n g s C Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat i Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bijnor t Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Deoria Etah Etawah Faizabad i Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur e Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Jyotiba Phule s Nagar Kannauj Kanpur Dehat Kanpur Nagar Kanshi Ram Nagar Kaushambi Kushinagar Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Mahamaya Nagar Maharajganj a Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar n Pilibhit Pratapgarh Raebareli Rampur Saharanpur Sant Kabir Nagar Sant d Ravidas Nagar Shahjahanpur Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi t o w

n s i n o t h e r d i s t r i c t s

[show]v d e

State of Uttar Pradesh

Capital : Lucknow T o p History - Geography - Economy - Culture - Tourism - Demographics i c s D i v i Agra Aligarh Allahabad Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan s Faizabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Mirzapur Moradabad i Saharanpur Varanasi o n s D Agra Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun i Bagpat Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bijnor s Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Devaria Etah Etawah Faizabad t Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur r Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Jyotiba Phule i Nagar Kannauj Kanpur Dehat (Akbarpur) Kanpur Nagar Kanshiram Nagar c Kaushambi Kushinagar (Padrauna) Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow

Mahamaya (Hathras) Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut t Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Pratapgarh Raebareli Rampur s Saharanpur Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar (Bhadohi) Shahjahanpur Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi M a j o r Agra Aligarh Allahabad Kanpur Ghaziabad Lucknow Meerut Varanasi c Bareilly i t i e s Portal : Uttar Pradesh [show]v d eUniversities in Uttar Pradesh Aligarh Muslim University Allahabad University Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Banaras Hindu University Bundelkhand University Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology Chaudhary Charan Singh University Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University Gautam Buddha Technical University Kanpur University Mahamaya Technical University M. J. P. Rohilkhand University Purvanchal University Rohilkhand University Sampurnanand Sanskrit University Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology University of Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University Uttar Pradesh Technical University

P u b l i c

P r i v a t e Amity University Noida International University Shobhit University Swami ( Vivekanand Subharti University D e e m e d )

[show]v d eMillion-plus agglomerations in India Agra Ahmedabad Allahabad Amritsar Asansol Bangalore Bhopal Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Dhanbad Guwahati Gwalior Hyderabad Indore Jabalpur Jaipur Jamshedpur Jodhpur Kanpur Kochi Kolhapur Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Ludhiana Madurai Meerut Mumbai Navi Mumbai Nagpur Nashik Patna Pune Rajkot Ranchi Sagar Solapur Srinagar Surat Thiruvanathapuram Tiruchirappalli Ujjain Varanasi Vijayawada Visakhapatnam [show]v d eHindi speaking areas of India B i h a r Araria Arwal Aurangabad Banka Begusarai Bhagalpur Bhojpur Buxar Darbhanga East Champaran Gaya Gopalganj Jamui Jehanabad Kaimur Katihar Khagaria Kishanganj Lakhisarai Madhepura Madhubani Munger Muzaffarpur Nalanda Nawada Patna Purnia Rohtas Saharsa Samastipur Saran Sheikhpura Sheohar Sitamarhi Siwan Supaul Vaishali West Champaran

C h h a t Bastar Bilaspur Dantewada Dhamtari Durg Janjgir-Champa Jashpur t Kabirdham Kanker Korba Koriya Mahasamund Narayanpur Raigarh Raipur i Rajnandgaon Surguja s g a r h D e Central Delhi East Delhi New Delhi North Delhi North East Delhi North West l Delhi South Delhi South West Delhi West Delhi h i H a r Ambala Bhiwani Faridabad Fatehabad Gurgaon Hisar Jhajjar Jind Kaithal y Karnal Kurukshetra Mahendragarh Mewat Panchkula Palwal Panipat Rewari a Rohtak Sirsa Sonipat Yamuna Nagar n a H Bilaspur Chamba Hamirpur Kangra Kinnaur Kullu Lahul and Spiti Mandi i Shimla Sirmaur Solan Una m a

c h a l P r a d e s h J h a r k h a n d

Bokaro Chatra Deoghar Dhanbad Dumka East Singhbhum Garhwa Giridih Godda Gumla Hazaribagh Jamtara Khunti Koderma Latehar Lohardaga Pakur Palamu Ramgarh Ranchi Saraikela Kharsawan Simdega Singhbhum Sahebganj

M a d h y Anuppur Ashoknagar Balaghat Barwani Betul Bhind Bhopal Burhanpur a Chhatarpur Chhindwara Damoh Datia Dewas Dhar Dindori Guna Gwalior Harda Hoshangabad Indore Jabalpur Jhabua Katni Khandwa Khargone P Mandla Mandsaur Morena Narsinghpur Neemuch Panna Raisen Rajgarh r Ratlam Rewa Sagar Satna Sehore Seoni Shahdol Shajapur Sheopur a Shivpuri Sidhi Tikamgarh Ujjain Umaria Vidisha d e s h R a j Ajmer Alwar Banswara Baran Barmer Bhilwara Bikaner Bharatpur Bundi a Chittorgarh Churu Dausa Dholpur Dungarpur Ganganagar Hanumangarh s Jaipur Jaisalmer Jalore Jhalawar Jhunjhunu Jodhpur Karauli Kota Nagaur t Pali Pratapgarh Rajsamand Sawai Madhopur Sikar Sirohi Tonk Udaipur h a n U Agra Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat t Bahraich Balarampur Ballia Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bijnor t Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Devaria Etah Etawah Faizabad

a r P r a d e s h

Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Ghaziabad Gonda Gorakhpur Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghazipur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Jyotiba Phule Nagar Kannauj Kanpur Kanpur Dehat Kaushambi Kushinagar Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Pratapgarh Raebareli Rampur Saharanpur Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar Shahjahanpur Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi

U t t a r Almora Bageshwar Chamoli Champawat Dehradun Haridwar Nainital New a Tehri Pauri Pithoragarh Rudraprayag Rudrapur Uttarkashi k h a n d Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra" Categories: Populated places established in 1504 | Cities and towns in Agra district | Places of Indian Rebellion of 1857 | Agra railway division | North Central Railway Zone | Tourism in Uttar Pradesh | Former Indian capital cities | Agra Hidden categories: Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 | All articles containing potentially dated statements | Articles containing Hindi language text | Articles containing Urdu language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 | Wikipedia articles needing cleanup from September 2010 | All articles needing cleanup | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008Personal tools

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