agricultural engineering.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
7/23/2019 Agricultural Engineering.pdf
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GR
Nati
RICU
onal Ins
ULTU
titute of
UR
Agricult
L
E
S
ural Ext
ENGI
ctor
nsion
INEE
l Re
anage
Page |
ERIN
ort, 2
ent (MAHyd
N
009
NAGE)erabad
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Page | 2
Table of Contents
1 AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY 5-9
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Farm Mechanization 5
1.3 Growth of Mechanization 6
1.4 Mechanization Penetration and Growth Potential 7
2 TRACTOR INDUSTRY 10-17
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Export Market 12
2.3 Drivers of Tractor Growth 12
2.4 Challenges for Tractor Industry 13
2.5 Profiles of Major Players 15
3 MICRO IRRIGATION 16-18
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Nature of Scheme 16
3.3 Drip Irrigation 16
3.4 Sprinkler Irrigation 18
4 SUBSIDY POLICY 19-20
4.1 Macro-Management of Agriculture 19
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List Of Tables
.
1.1 Availability of agriculture equipment in India 7
1.2 Sales of tractors and power tillers in India 9
3.1 Average of unit cost for installing drip irrigation system 17
3.2 Cost of sprinkler irrigation system 18
4.1 Equipments covered under subsidy 19
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List of Figures
1.1 Availability of various farm equipments/1000ha of land 8
2.1 Percentage of sales 10
2.2 State-wise sale of tractors (%) 11
2.3 Agricultural equipment exports (US$ million) 12
3.1 Area covered under drip irrigation up to year 2005 17
3.2 Area covered under sprinkler irrigation up to 2005 18
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1. Agricultural Equipment Industry
1.1 Introduction
India’s agricultural sector is one of the most significant components of the country’s
economy, though its share in the GDP has been decreasing over the years. Nearly 60 per cent of
India’s population is dependent on agriculture for its livelihood. Performance of the agricultural
sector continues to have a crucial impact on the prices of essential goods and market demand for
various consumer products. Agricultural Equipment industry plays a key role in supporting the
performance of the agricultural sector in India. Farming activities are increasingly getting
mechanized, and the availability, quality and performance of agricultural equipment has an
increasing impact on improving the output and productivity of the agricultural sector. While
India manufactures and deploys a range of agricultural equipment across the industry value
chain, tractors and tillers are the two that constitute the bulk of the industry.
The Indian agricultural equipment industry covers the gamut of equipment used for
different activities across the agriculture value chain. The manufacturing of basic agricultural
implements is largely performed by village artisans and tiny units, small scale industries and the
State Agro-Industrial Development Corporations. The traditional artisans and small scale
industries rely upon their own experience, user’s feedback and government owned research and
development institutions for technological support. They typically operate out of their own
homes or basic establishments that are often without regular utility services. Medium scaleindustries operate in their own premises with adequate infrastructure, sometimes forming a part
of an industrial estate. They also have manufacturing and marketing facilities and employ skilled
manpower.
Products such as diesel engines, electric motors, irrigation pumps, sprayers and dusters
are produced in this sector. Complex products such as land development machinery, tractors,
power tillers, post harvest and processing machinery and dairy equipment are manufactured by
large players in the organized sector. These firms typically have large manufacturing facilities,
professional marketing network of dealers and provide effective after sales service. They also
have in-house research and development facilities or have joint ventures with advanced countriesfor technology up gradation. Mahindra & Mahindra’s Farm Equipment Sector (FES), which
designs, develops, manufactures and markets tractors for Indian and overseas markets, is the
largest manufacturer of tractors in India. Other major players include TAFE, New Holland, John
Deere and Punjab Tractors Ltd.
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1.2 Farm Mechanization
Mechanization refers to interjection of machinery between men and materials handled bythem. In agriculture, materials are soil, water, environment, seed, fertilizer, pesticides, growth
regulators, irrigation, agricultural produce and by-products such as food grains, oilseeds, fruits
and vegetables, cotton, sugarcane, jute & kenaf and other cash crops, milk, meat, eggs and fish
etc. There is scope of mechanization in every unit operation of production agriculture, post-
harvest and agro-processing, and rural living.
Mechanization has varied connotations. While in the developed world it tends to be
synonymous to automation but in developing countries, like India, mechanization means any
improved tool, implement, machinery or structure that assists in enhancement of workers’
output, multiplies the human effort, supplements or substitutes human labor that is enabling andremoving, avoids drudgery or stresses that adversely affect human mental faculties leading to
errors, imprecision and hazards and eventually loss of efficiency. It also means automation and
controls that assure quality, hygiene. Agricultural mechanization in a limited sense relates to
production agriculture.
1.3 Growth of Mechanization
1. Tractors
2. Levelers
3. Ploughs
4. Dozers
5. Scrapers
1. Drill
2. Seeder
3. Planter
4. Dibbler
5. Trans-
planter
1.Shovel/Plough
2. Harrow
3. Tiller
4. Sprayer
5. Duster
1. Harvester
2. Thresher
3. Digger
4. Reaper
5. Sheller
6. Sickle/Dao
1. Seed Extractor
2. Dehusker
3.Huller/Dehuller
4. Cleaner
5. Grader
6. Mill
7. Dryer
Over the years, the share of human and animal power in agriculture has reduced
drastically, paving the way for a variety of equipment to emerge. Many of these are driven by
tractors, diesel engines or tillers. Several of the traditional processes in agriculture have been
transformed with the advent of mechanization. For example:
Land
development,
Tillage, Seed bed
preparation
Sowing &
Planting
Weeding,
Intercultivation,
Plant
protection
Post harvest &
agricultural
Processing
Harvesting &
Threshing
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• Land development, tillage and seedbed preparation, together account for a major share of
power utilization in the crop cycle. From animal driven plough and blade harrow, the
process is now being transformed by utilization of tractor driven devices.
• Sowing and planting as a process, though not power intensive, has traditionally been sub-
optimal due to the complexity of drilling of land and then uniformly sowing the seeds.
This process is now being transformed by modern seed drills and planters.
• Irrigation of farmland has been largely automated and the use of diesel and electric
motors and pumps is now well established.
• Similarly, the activities pertaining to plant protection, harvesting and threshing are being
automated, largely with the help of sprayers and tractor mounted equipment, respectively.
As a result of these developments, the use of animals to power farming activities has been
continuously declining.
The consumption of electric power for farming has also been increasing steadily – another
indication of the increasing mechanization in the sector.
1.4 Mechanization Penetration and Growth Potential
Agricultural mechanization in India, while growing rapidly, is still at a nascent stage. The
penetration of almost all categories of agricultural equipment, as measured by the number of
equipments per hectare, is quite low in India. This indicates significant growth potential for the
industry in the future. India’s experience in consumer durables and automobiles over the past
decade has been that when there is a low market penetration, coupled with availability of high
quality, high technology products and ease of financing, the market booms. All these factors are
present in the agricultural equipment sector today and hence the confidence in future growth
appears sound. This factor, coupled with the growth in the tractors segment, indicates that these
could be quite attractive growth options for investors.
Table 1.1: Availability of agriculture equipment in India
Type of equipment Availability in Numbers Per 1000
Hectare Net Area Sown
Manual Seed Drill/Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill 153.2
Animal Drawn Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill 36.1
Tractor Drawn Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill 7.2
Animal Drawn Leveller 84.8
Tractor Operated Leveller 6.2
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Manually Operated Plant Protection Equipment 28.5
Power Operated Plant Protection Equipment 4.3
Drip & Sprinkler Equipments 8.3Horticultural Tools (Power Operated) 8.9
Tractors 16.7
Power Tillers 2.0
Tractor Operated Dise Harrow 6.6
Tractor Operated Cultivator 12.5
Tractor Operated Rotavator 0.9
Potato Digger 2.1
Straw Reaper 18.8
Forage Harvester 18.2
(Source: www.indiastat.com)
Figure 1.1: Availability of various farm equipments/1000ha of net area sown
(Source: www.indiastat.com)
153.2
36.17.2
84.86.2
28.5
4.38.3
8.9
16.7 2
6.6 12.50.9 2.1 18.8 18.2
Availability in Numbers Per 1000 Hectare Net Area Sown
Manual Seed Drill/Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill Animal Drawn Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill
Tractor Drawn Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill Animal Drawn Leveller
Tractor Operated Levellers Manually Operated Plant Protection Equipment
Power Operated Plant Protection Equipment Drip & Sprinkler Equipments
Horticultural Tools (Power Operated) Tractors
Power Tillers Tractor Operated Dise Harrow
Tractor Operated Cultivator Tractor Operated Rotavator
Potato Digger Straw Reaper
Forage Harvester
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Table 1.2: Sales of tractors and power tillers in India
Year Sale (number)
Tractors Power Tillers
2002-03 247531 17481
2003-04 296080 22303
2004-05 352835 24791
2005-06 202708 18375
2006-07 190336 15665
2007-08 173098 14613
(Source: www.indiastat.com)
The farm equipment sector in India is nascent, but a fast growing one, that is set to
experience sustained growth due to increased mechanization of farming, easy availability of
credit and emerging practices, such as contract farming. Tractors and related equipment form the
major part of the industry and given their low penetration levels in India, look set to continue
having a significant share in the market. These appear the most attractive segments for
investment and have been attracting multinational players such as John Deere. Punjab and
Maharashtra appear attractive locations for investment given the favorable demand, supply and
regulatory scenario in these states. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu could be other options.
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2.
Tractor Industry
2.1 Introduction
Tractor industry plays an important role as agriculture sector has a major contribution to
India’s GDP. Tractors are part of agricultural machinery industry. Tractors came to India through
imports and later on were indigenously manufactured with the help of foreign collaborations.
There were only 8,635 imported tractors in use in 1951. The manufacturing process started in
1961-62 with 880 numbers, but India continued to import tractors to meet the total needs up to
the late 1970s due to the slow pace of production.
Indian tractor industry is relatively young but now has become the largest market
worldwide, accounting for one third of global production. The tractor market in India is cyclic
and has been growing steadily over the years. There has been a continuous growth of about 20 %
Y-o-Y for the industry since 2003. There was a recession between 2000 and 2002 owing to poor
monsoons. The market is segmented in terms of horsepower into the 30 HP and less (lower)
segment, the 30 HP – 40 HP segment, 41 HP – 50 HP segment and the higher segment beyond
50 HP. The medium horse power category tractors, 31-40 HP, are the most popular in the
country and fastest growing segment, which contributes 51 % of the total market. All major
players cater to all the three segments. There has been a trend to move towards higher HP
tractors, in recent years. This has been prompted by the need for newer applications and
increasing awareness among farmers about new mechanization options.
Figure 2.1: Percentage of sales
(Source: www.ibef.org)
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• Contract farming enables the farmer to get the benefit of technology, training and
financing with the contractor’s support. This facilitates adoption of mechanised
farming practices.
Migration of agricultural labour to urban areas
• Decrease in number of manual workers in farming has necessitated the move
towards increased mechanisation. As a result, the domestic market for tractors
has been growing steadily for the past few years.
Expansion and extension of area under agriculture:
• From the past 20 years it is evident that irrigated and arable land has not
increased considerably. There is a need to increase agri-land by converting the
wasteland.
• In the last few years there have been very few additions with respect to direct-
irrigation potential. There has been exploitation and depletion of groundwater.
Thus, availability of water is an important factor in having a good agricultural
yield, without having to depend on seasonality of monsoons.
• The government’s short term focus must be on increasing and maintaining
natural water sources such as natural water storages, ponds, lakes and retention
dams.
Farming – Value additions:• Our aim should be to get the maximum yield from least inputs.
• Government must encourage farming community to move from low yield to high
yield crops in a judicious manner. This will help in increasing the farming
income and attract young blood in farming.
2.4 Challenges for Tractor Industry
The tractor industry in India faces numerous challenges that are unique in their own
respect. Following are some of the challenges faced:
Buying Capacity – Reducing of average age of tractor buyers from the age group of
above 40 to younger people. Implications are:
• Increasing demands
• Higher expectations on comfort levels
• Importance for styling and appearance
• Better finish (paint finish like cars)
• Importance fro brand identies
•
Fuel economy
• Awareness about latest technologies
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• Longer life – resale value
New product development• Rapid prototyping – component development
• Engine development – power train research and development
• Styling – availability of latest softwares and technologies
• Accelerated testing techniques reduce the development lead time to help industry
to introduce new models in shorter periods.
New emission norms in near future – Bharat TREM IV/ EURO 3/ US TIER 3
• Homologation test facilities
• Dedicated engine development test cells and research labs
•
Accelerated durability test rigs
• Engine performance improvement
New regulations – Noise/ safety/ other regulations
• NVH Centre of Excellence
Availability of anechoic chambers
Quiet rooms for subsystem level development
Specialised test tracks
• Centre of Excellence for passive safety
Roll over testing Crash testing
• Various gradients
• Various braking surfaces
• Vehicle dynamics
Alternate Energy – Alternate energy source development and tractor development are
interdependent:
• Increased focus on agri based energy policy in future
•
Production of fuel oil and biomass power• Lucrative alternate markets for farm produce
• Reduction of country’s dependence on imported fuels
• Alternate energy development
Application of electronics - Recent developments in use of electronics like GPS and
Auto Cruise System on tractors have helped farmers greatly.
Export potential
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• Testing under various climatic conditions
•
Testing and certification as per OECD
•
Cooperation with other test agencies worldwide• Advanced homologation labs to test as per regulations by 2015
2.5 Major Players
There are currently 14 players in the industry. This includes some foreign companies too.
Below is the list of tractor manufacturing companies:
1. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
2. TAFE Ltd.
3. Escorts Ltd.
4.
HMT
5. Punjab Tractors Ltd.
6. Sonalika
7. John Deere
8. New Holland
9. Same-Deutz-Fahr
10. Indo Farm
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Micro Irrigation
3.1 Introduction
Although water is a renewable resource, its availability in appropriate quality and
quantity is under severe stress due to increasing demand from various sectors. Agriculture is the
largest user of water, which consumes more than 80% of the country’s exploitable water
resources. The overall development of the agriculture sector and the intended growth rate in
GDP is largely dependent on the judicious use of the available water resources. While the
irrigation projects (major and medium) have contributed to the development of water resources,
the conventional methods of water conveyance and irrigation, being highly inefficient, has led
not only to wastage of water but also to several ecological problems like water logging,
salinization and soil degradation making productive agricultural lands unproductive. It has been
recognized that use of modern irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler irrigation is the only
alternative for efficient use of surface as well as ground water resources. Hence, this scheme on
Micro Irrigation (MI), which aims at increasing the area under efficient methods of irrigation viz.
drip and sprinkler irrigation.
3.2 Nature of Scheme – Micro Irrigation Scheme
This is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme under which out of the total cost of the MISystem, 40% will be borne by the Central Government, 10% by the State Government and the
remaining 50% will be borne by the beneficiary, either through his/her own resources or soft
loan from financial institutions. In other words, out of the Governmental assistance, 80% share
(40% of unit cost) will be met by the Government of India (GOI) and the balance 20% (10% of
unit cost) will be met by the participating State Government. The concerned States shall make
available their share of 20% to the Implementing Agencies (IA) during the financial year.
3.3 Drip Irrigation
Drip Irrigation involves technology for irrigating plants at the root zone through emittersfitted on a network of pipes (mains, sub-mains and laterals). The emitting devices could be
drippers, micro sprinklers, mini sprinklers, microjets, misters, fan jets, micro sprayers, foggers
and emitting pipes, which are designed to discharge water at prescribed rates. The use of
different emitters will depend upon specific requirements, which may vary from crop to crop.
Water requirement, age of plant spacing, soil type, water quality and availability are some of the
factors which would decide the choice of the emitting system. Sometimes microtubes are also
used as an emitter, though it is inefficient. All types of surface and subsurface irrigation systems
are covered under MI Technology.
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Table
Figur
(Source:
A r e a ( h a )
.1: Averag
State
States wh
1.4.2004
All the
Himalaya
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19696
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e unit cost
Category
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B
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ould com
tates exce
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orth Eas
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covered u
at.com)
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or installin
an 10,000
under ‘A’
pt those c
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ern States
eeling distr
der drip irr
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g drip irrig
hectares h
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overed un
er Categor
, Sikkim,
ct of West
igation up
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tion syste
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ve been b
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ld come u
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r drip irri
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Page | 1
ation as o
ling in th
Kashmir
ry ‘C’.
4219
H a r y a n a
,
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3.4 Sp
foliage
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plant d
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Seeds a
Table
Figure
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rinkler I
Undethrough a s
) pipes in t
ensity is v
er irrigati
tionally, s
nd other fi
.2: Cost o
oupler di
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rigation
sprinkleret of nozzl
he form of
ry high w
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ld crops.
sprinkler i
meter (m
mm
mm
mm
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irrigations attached
rainfall. T
ere adopti
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gation has
rigation sy
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15702811
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ater is spr to network
ese syste
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orticultural
been wide
stem
irrigation
732015002
M a h a r a s h t r a
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inkled und of alumini
s are suita
Irrigation
crops li
ly in use
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0
84490
A n d h r a P r a d e s h
s
er pressurem or High
ble for irri
Systems m
e vegetab
or irrigati
st (Rs.)
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14270
17280
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26
M a d h y a P r a d e s h
into the aiDensity Po
ating crop
ay not be
les and s
g Cereals,
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Page | 1
r and planly Ethylen
s where th
conomical
ed spices
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20220
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.
.
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4.
Subsidy Policy
4.1 Macro-Management of Agriculture
The States have been given flexibility to develop & pursue activities on the basis of their
regional priorities. The States are free to include new interventions in their Work Plans provided
these are not covered under any other scheme of the Central Government or are not a part of any
ongoing State Scheme. The expenditure on any new initiative should not be more than 10% of
the total allocation to the State (for the year) under Macro-Management Scheme. As per
approved pattern, there would be a cap on subsidy to the farmers incorporated in the Work Plans.
Subsidy per farmer or per activity should not exceed 25% of the cost or the present subsidy level
approved under 27 identified schemes, whichever is lower. Besides, the subsidy is also availableon identified agricultural implements under the schemes of oil seeds production programme
National Pulses Development Project, Technology Mission on Cotton, Technology Mission on
Horticulture for North Eastern Region.
The following agricultural equipments are available on subsidy under Central Sector Plan
Schemes. The subsidy is available to the farmers @ 25% of the cost of equipment subject to
certain ceiling limits.
Table 4.1: Equipments covered under subsidy
S. No. Name of Implements/Machines
1. Tractor
2. Power Tiller
3. Power Drawn implements
4. Power Threshers (all types)
5. Sprinklers
6. Drip Irrigation
7. Animal drawn implements
8. Manually operated implements/ tools including Horticultural Tools
9. Plant Protection Equipment
i) Manual
ii) Power operated
iii) Tractor mounted
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10. Self Propelled reaper, paddy transplanter and other similar self propelledmachines
11. Specialised power driven equipment such as Sugarcane cutter planter, potato planter, rotavator, straw reaper, strip till drill, tractor drawn reaperetc.