agricultural land use pattern - von thunen model
DESCRIPTION
Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model. Introduction. Von Thunen Model Explain the agricultural landuse at a given location Put the emphasis on economic factors rather than treat physical factors as the main forces Distance from market. Aim of Von Thunen Model. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model
![Page 2: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction
• Von Thunen Model Explain the agricultural landuse at a given
location
• Put the emphasis on economic factors rather than treat physical factors as the main forces
Distance from market
![Page 3: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Aim of Von Thunen Model
• Showing how and why agricultural landuse varies with the distance from the market
• Economic rent net return from a unit of land
![Page 4: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A. Assumptions of the model
A. Explicit assumptions
B. Implicit assumptions
![Page 5: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A. Explicit assumptions
• 1. An isolated state • 2. Centrally located market the sole urban market
• 3. Isotropic plain production and transport costs were the same everywhere
• 4. Uniform transportation and transport costs Only one form of transport (Wagon) Increase distance, increase transport cost
• 5. Farmers are economic men and aim at maximizing profits
• 6. Same market price
![Page 6: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
B. Implicit assumptions
• 1. Land use competition under a capitalistic
economy • 2. Economic rent is the determining factor• 3. Productivity could be raised• 4. Steepness of an economic rent curves are
governed by the degree of perishability of farm produce and the relative ease of transporting\
![Page 7: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
B. Implicit assumptions
• 5. Growing of temperate area crops• 6. No catastrophic event• 7. No chance factor• 8. All parties are price-takers under perfect
competition
![Page 8: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Why did Von Thunen establish so many assumptions?
• Simplify the complex reality
![Page 9: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
B. Concepts of the models
A. Economic Rent
B. Distance decay mechanism
![Page 10: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A. Economic rent Net return Highest bid rent ability Displace all others
• Exercise
![Page 11: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A. Economic rent Net return • = 1. Market price – 2. Production cost – 3. Transport cost• 1. Farmers got the same price (revenue) for their crops • 2. Production cost = constant• 3. Transport cost increase with distance
• = Net return decreases with increasing distance from the market
![Page 12: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Formula for locational rent• EXERCISE!!!
![Page 13: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Economic rent --- Conclusion Different crops have different location rent distribution
patterns (bit rent curves) Different crops compete with each other’s farmland Concentric land use pattern was formed
![Page 14: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
B. Distance decay mechanism
• Locational rent decreasing with increasing distance from market
![Page 16: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Describe how the net profit from wheat growing varies with distance from the urban market.
• Net return decreases with increasing distance from market
At the market, transport cost contributes nothing to total cost. As there is no transport cost incurred, net return at market
• = market price – production cost• = $40 - $10• = $30
![Page 17: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• At point 180km from the market, net return = $0, farmers would not produce because there is no incentive.
• Beyond point 180km from market, a loss will be incurred in producing any crops. Thus, farmers would not produce any crops.
![Page 18: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Economic Rent +Distance Decay Mechanism
Examination Practice
![Page 19: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Starting point = number of unit x (market price – production cost)(NO TRANSPORT COST)
Ending point = The distance that market price = transport cost
![Page 21: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Locational rent per unit:Market price – production cost12 – 3.5 = 8.5
Transport cost per unit$7 / 35km = $8.5 / ?km
![Page 23: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Starting point = number of unit x (market price – production cost)(NO TRANSPORT COST)
Ending point = The distance that market price = transport cost
![Page 24: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
C. Von Thunen Model
![Page 25: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Theory of the model
• A. Intensity Theory• Land use intensity declines with distance
from the market.More intensive farming activities tend to locate near
the market. Less intensive farming activities tend to locate far
away from the market.
![Page 26: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• B. Crop Theory• Crops with the highest economic rent will be
grown. This concept applies to any location.
![Page 27: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The landuse pattern
![Page 28: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
1. Free cash cropping (Market Gardening)
• Horticulture (vegetables and fruit) and dairying • Perishable as close as possible to market
– Low speed of transport– No refrigeration– Require milk and vegetable in city + price are high higher
economic rent
• Intensive labour input, multi-cropping, heavy fertilizing• Horse provide motive power
![Page 29: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2. Forestry (firewood)
• Great demand of wood
• Bulky (heavy and big)
• High transport cost = economic rent decrease fast with increase of distance
![Page 30: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3. Crop Alternation System (Six-year crop rotation)
• Crop without fallowing• 6-year crop rotation• 2 years of rye (黑麥 )+ 1 year potato + 1 year
barley (大麥 )+ 1 year clover (三葉草 )+ 1 year vetch (巢菜 )
• Soil conserved by rotation
![Page 31: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
4. Improved System (Seven-year crop rotation)
• Zone of farming, fallow and pasture• Less intensive• 7-year crop rotation
– Rye = 1/7– Barley = 1/7– Oats = 1/7– Pasture = 3/7– Fallow = 1/7
• Prodcut: rye, butter, cheese live animals
![Page 32: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
5. Three-field system
• 1/3 pasture
• 1/3 field crop
• 1/3 fallow
• Rotation
![Page 33: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
6. Stock Farming
• 400km away
• Extensive grazing activities
![Page 34: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
D. The modified patterns of the Von Thunen Model
![Page 35: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
In 1826, Von Thunen noted the followings:
• 1. Production costs are nothing simple• 2. There is no large town that does not lie on a
navigable river or canal• 3. Competing markets• 4. Different places possess different physical factors• 5. Farmers do not maximize profits
![Page 36: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The modified patterns
• 1. Additional of a navigable river– Navigable river with lower transport cost
![Page 37: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• 2. A new railway connecting the city and its fringe area– 2 or more kinds of transports– The actual cost = distance traveled by each method – Not physical distance, but economic distance
![Page 38: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• 3. Presence of a subsidiary town as a second market
![Page 39: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• 4. Localized fertile soil or localized infertile soil/ hilly terrain
![Page 40: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• 5. Variation in farmers’ amount of information and their abilities to use the information
![Page 41: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• 6. Famers have their own preference for crops
![Page 42: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
E. The influence of changes on land use pattern
![Page 44: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Market cost and Production cost
![Page 45: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Market cost and Production cost
• 1. Increase in market price and decrease in production cost lead to an increase in profits expansion of extensive margin
• 2. Decrease in market cost and increase in production cost lead to an decrease in profits contraction of extensive margin
![Page 46: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Transport cost
![Page 47: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Transport cost
• 3. Transport cost has little effect on farms located near the market
• 4. Increase in transport cost contraction of the concentric ring because
farms near the extensive margin become unprofitable
• 5. Decrease in transport cost extensive margin expand
![Page 48: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Summary table of the effects of change in market price, production cost and transport cost
Market price increase decrease
Production costs decrease increase
Transport costs decrease increase
Results: Profit levels increaseExtensive margin expands
Profit levels decreaseExtensive margin contracts
![Page 49: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
F. Merits and Demerits of the model
![Page 50: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Merits
A. show the importance of economic factors
B. show how does distance affect intensity
C. showed the change of agricultural land use pattern (by transport cost)
D. first theory to show the spatial distribution of agricultural activities
![Page 51: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Demerits
• A. The assumption that there is the existence of an isolated state or a closed economy is unrealistic in general.
• B. Ignoring changeover time
• C. Emergence of specialized regions characterized by a particular type of agricultural land use
![Page 52: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Demerits
• D. In the real world farmers are satisfiers instead of economic men
• E. Cooperative production could be found
• F. Neglecting the government policy
![Page 53: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Demerits
• G. Freight rate in reality is not directly proportional to distance but is step-shaped or being divided into different freight rate zones.
![Page 54: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Conclusion
• Merits succeed in pointing out the transport cost and distance from the market constitute effect on the location of farming activities
• Demerits neglected the impact of urbanization on intensity of farming
![Page 55: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
2. Sinclair Theory
A. Introduction
![Page 56: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Sinclair Theory - Introduction
Von Thunen’s theory Sinclair TheoryPrimary force determining the pattern :
transport costs
Primary force determining the pattern :
Urbanization/Urban expansion
intensity decrease with distance Intensity increase with distance
Static city with set boundaries City expand quickly
![Page 57: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Sinclair Theory - Introduction
• In LDC– Transport cost zoning– Intensity decrease with distance
• In MDC– technology– human organization– living habits
![Page 58: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Sinclair Theory - Introduction
• Transport costs are not directly proportional to distance and bulk – refrigeration– air-conditioning techniques– perishable commodities
• Modern organization– large scale production– mass transportation– look for markets that are far away– not single market, but national market
• Competition from other land use
![Page 59: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Sinclair Theory - Introduction
• Industrialized nations urban expansion, population growth
• Urban expansion farming land use– Intensity increase with distance
• Sinclair's theory explains the agricultural pattern near modern urban areas
![Page 60: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
A. Assumptions of the Model
The Sinclair Model
![Page 61: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Explicit Assumptions
• 1. A uniform plain• 2. Farmers are economic men• 3. Around and expanding city• i.e. Dynamic force• 4. Land use pattern is influenced by city’s price
mechanism• i.e. Urban land value>agricultural land value
![Page 62: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Implicit Assumptions
• 1. The value of agriculture is affected by urban expansion and suburbanization
• i.e. Population growth →Demand increase →Market price of crops increase
• • 2. Urban and rural land price difference is the
main factor affecting rural land use• i.e. Urban land is much more valuable than rural land,
it can provide the highest economic rent to the farmers.
![Page 63: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Implicit Assumptions
• 3. When the rural land locate near a modern urbanized area, it is anticipated that future land price will increase due to urbanization
• 4. Land use competition exists between rural and urban areas
• The types of crops that possess the highest return will displace other land uses.
![Page 64: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
B. Concepts of the Model
The Sinclair Model
![Page 65: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
(1) How does the agricultural value change in these two models?
• In figure A the agricultural value decrease with increasing
distance from the urban center
• In figure B The agricultural value increases with increasing
distance form the market and it becomes stabilized afterwards
![Page 67: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
(2) What are the reasons for such changes?
• In figure A, the Von thunen model applies. agricultural land use pattern depends upon the competition among
various types of landuse of a particular piece of land.
Economic rent is the controlling factor which is the difference between the total income received by a farmer for a crop grown on a piece of land and the total cost of production plus transport cost of that crop.
Economic rent from any one landuse can be expressed as a function of distance from the market.
The intensity of production of a particular crop will decline with the distance from the market.
![Page 68: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
• In figure B, the Sinclair model can be applied which shows the intensity of production increases
with increasing distance from the city center.
• Urban expansion with population growth affects the value of agriculture. Urban land is more valuable than rural land and is able to give the higher bid. Therefore, the agricultural land near the market displaced for urban landuse.
• Land further away from the market/ C.B.D. is lower in value and is used for farm production.
![Page 69: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
(3) According to Sinclair’s idea, describe the agricultural value of regions O-M, M-N, and N onward.
• Highest in regions N onward and lowest at city center• Urban land use which is more valuable tends to
occupy the market area.
![Page 70: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
(4) How would such changes in agricultural value (in both models) affect agricultural land uses?
• Ring like pattern is resulted in both figure, however,• In figure A, farming intensity decrease with
increasing distance• In figure B, farming intensity increases with
increasing distance
![Page 71: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
A. Different urban and rural land prices • Urban land is much more valuable than
agricultural land Competition between urban land use and rural land use Urban land use displace rural land use
• Anticipating urbanization it is expected that developers and speculators will purchase the
land with high price in future farmers hold the land in rather than having any farming activities
![Page 72: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
B. Anticipation of urban encroachment is the main determinant in agricultural land use pattern
• For the area that is going to be urbanized, farmers are unwilling to put long-term investment on the farmland zone of temporary vacant & grazing is resulted
• Around an expanding city center, agricultural value increases with increasing distance up to a certain distance where the anticipation of urbanization ceases.
• It remains static afterwards.
![Page 73: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
C. Intensity of agricultural land use and distance is positively correlated
• Anticipation of urbanization increases absolute value of the land increases relative value for agricultural utilization decreases
• As a result, intensity of agricultural land use decreases towards the city
![Page 74: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Consolidation exercise
Notes P.11
![Page 75: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
C. The Sinclair model
![Page 76: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Sinclair Theory – The model
• Intensity increase with distance
• Distance and agriculture land use value are in positive relationship
![Page 77: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Sinclair Theory – The model
![Page 78: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Sinclair Theory – The model
• Zone 1 (Urban Farming) – Land
• changing to urban use• Subdivided• Held by speculators
– Small production and scattered– Using of greenhouse– Farm factories Take place in building / multi-storey
buildings
![Page 79: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Sinclair Theory – The model
• Zone 2 (Vacant & Grazing – Temporary) – vacant land and land of temporary grazing – land sell to speculators– Short -term grazing– Short-lived and extensive
![Page 80: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Sinclair Theory – The model
• Zone 3 (Field Crop & Grazing – Transitory) – field crop and grazing zone – transitional agriculture – with urban anticipation in future– do not wish to invest– Expensive labour– Labour have better pay in city extensive farming
![Page 81: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Sinclair Theory – The model
• Zone 4 (Dairying & Field Crop) – dairying and field crops – outside the price mechanism of the city in
terms of landuse • i.e. not affected by the city
– major part of fresh milkshed of the metropolitan area
![Page 82: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Sinclair Theory – The model
• Zone 5 (Specialized Feed-grain Livestock) – specialized fee-grain livestock
• E.g. the Corn Belt
– not under the direct influence of the metropolitan
– Serve and be affected by national market
![Page 83: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
D. Modification of the Model
The Sinclair Model
![Page 84: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Modification of the model
• 1. Urban sprawl/Urban development is chaotic
e.g. Urban sprawl develops along transport network Two cities may joint together with the above development Affect the ring pattern Inner zone VS outer zone• Elimination of zones within the pattern (particularly the outer
zones)
• 2. Government policy land use pattern– E.g. new towns development in HK
![Page 85: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Role of government affecting agricultural pattern
• 1. Secure a home-grown supply of food in time of war e.g. Closed door policy in China during the period of Korean War
• 2. Provide land to the landless farmers e.g. land reform, reclamation of marginal lands, waste lands and
desert lands
• 3. Builds transport networks to link up farmlands and markets
• 4. Improve technology to reduce limitation of the physical environment on farming to increase production
e.g. irrigation project in California, introduction of miracle rice in China
![Page 86: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Modification of the model
![Page 87: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
E. Application of the Model
The Sinclair Model
![Page 88: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Application in Hong Kong
![Page 89: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Application in Hong Kong
![Page 90: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
1. Describe the changes in the agricultural zones between 1970 and 1980.
• Expansion of market• Area of abandoned land increased• Area of fish ponds increased• Expansion of market garden crop• Contraction of fresh water paddy• Disappearance of brackish paddy
![Page 91: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
2. How did quick urbanization after 1970 affect such changes?
• Expansion of market Anticipation of urbanization Urban land use has a higher land value Agricultural value decreases Area of abandoned land increased around
market Contraction of fresh water paddy (subsistence
farming)
![Page 92: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
3. Is the Sinclair’s model applicable here?
• 1. Abandoned land around the market Anticipation of urbanization
• 2. Urbanization has induced the conversion of most paddy fields in subsistence farms into commercial garden farms
Higher intensity near the market
![Page 93: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Conclusion
• Generally speaking, the pattern conforms in a broad sense to the prediction of Von Thunen’s model but modifications by Sinclair is also applicable to the case of Hong Kong.
Government policy Physical factors i.e. relief, availability of water• also play important role in affecting agricultural pattern in
HK
![Page 94: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Comparison of the Von Thunen Model and the
Sinclair Model
![Page 95: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Von Thunen Model (a static model)
Sinclair Model (a dynamic model)
(A) Main Principle
- Transport cost proportional to distance from market
- Base on economic rent- Intensity decrease with incre
asing distance from market
- Anticipation of urban encroachment
- Base on agriculture value- Intensity increase with increas
ing distance from metropolitan area
(B)Assumptions/condition
-One market-Uniform pattern-Economic man-Perfect competition-Backward transport-Isolated state
-World-wide market-Uniform plain-Economic man-Advanced and improved transport and technology-Change of dietary habit for more fresh, expensive and exotic food-Mass production and transportation-Urbanization and expansion of metropolitan area
![Page 96: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Von Thunen Model (a static model)
Sinclair Model (a dynamic model)
(C) Cropping pattern
zone 1: Horticulturezone 2: Wood zone 3: 6-year rotationzone 4: 7-year rotationzone 5: 3-field systemzone 6: stock farming
Urban farmingVacant and grazingField crop and grazingDairying and field cropSpecialized feed grainlivestock
(D) Production Methods
Production intensity decreases with increasing distance from market
Production intensity increases with increasing distance from the metropolitan area uo to a certain point
![Page 97: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Von Thunen Model (a static model)
Sinclair Model (a dynamic model)
(E) Key Concepts
- Locational/ economic rent- Distance decay relationship
- Competition of land for urban uses
- Value of agricultural landuse- Locational rent for urban and
agricultural uses- Distance increase relationship
(F) Modifications
- Small town as another market
- Navigable river- Zones of fertile land- Farmer’s preference- Government etc
- Chaotic urban sprawl/ may eliminate the utter zone of agricultural activities
- Government
![Page 98: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Von Thunen Model (a static model)
Sinclair Model (a dynamic model)
(G) Application
Real world examples:-Intensity of agriculture in Western Europe-still applies in underdeveloped parts of the world
Difficulties:-Oversimplified-Outdated-Fail to recognise the role of government-Fail to include behavior factors-Applicability in Hong Kong
Real world examples:-Metropolitan areas of US midwest-applies to industralized society
Difficulties:-Oversimplication of assumptions-Pattern of urban sprawl-Dynamic nature of agricultural landuse-Government policy-Applicability in Hong Kong
![Page 99: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Impacts of urbanization and industrialization on
the farming pattern
![Page 100: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Industralization
Process by which manufacturing industries develop from within a predominantly agrarian society
Application of scientific methods to solving problems Accompanied by social and economic changes such
as increase in birth rate, rise in per capita GNP
![Page 101: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Urbanization
Migration of rural population into towns and cities An increasing proportion of the world’s population
resides in towns Indicates a change of employment structure from
agriculture to mass production and service industries
• Industralization Leads to Urbanization!!!
![Page 102: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
(A) Alteration of farming Production
• Traditional farming methods (subsistence) modern farming methods (commercial)
• Positive impacts: increase output, solve food problem• Negative impacts: disrupt ecosystem, pollution
• Increase in total crop yield and variety/ Low production cost
• Positive impacts: increase total yield, diversification of crops, stable income, improve living standard
• Negative impacts: health impact
![Page 103: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
(B) Alteration in rural land uses
• Change in general land use pattern• Farmlands change to urban uses e.g. commercial,
industrial, residential, transportation etc.
• Positive impacts: economic development• Negative impacts: lost of potential farmland
![Page 104: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
• Change in agricultural land use pattern• Area of market gardening, fish ponds increase
• Positive impacts: diversification of crops, stable income
• Negative impacts: decrease production in traditional crops e.g. paddy rice
• Increase abandoned land• Farmlands are being held for speculative purpose due to the
anticipation of urbanization
• Positive impacts: None• Negative impacts: lands cannot be fully utilized, waste of resources
![Page 105: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
• (C) Alteration in the structure of rural population
• Rural-urban migration• People move from rural to urban due to the higher living
standard and more job opportunities found in the urban area
• Positive impacts: None• Negative impacts: Increase the number of economic inactive groups
in the rural area, unbalanced sexual ratio
![Page 106: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
• Urban-rural migration• People move from urban to rural due to the availability of
flatland and pollution-free environments
• Positive impacts: problem of urban congestion could be solved• Negative impacts: increase rural population, increase landuse
competition
![Page 107: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Case study: Hong Kong
Alteration of rural landuses• Mainland China was liberated in 1949 Influx of refugees
• Accelerates Hong Kong’s population growth
• New towns established E.g. Tsuen Wan, Shatin, Tuen Mun
RESULTS: • Construction of towns and roads leads to a great loss of
arable land
• Farm abandonment
• Rural decay
• E.g. rural labour force in Sai Kung North is shrinking
![Page 108: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Alteration in the structure of rural population
• Farmers lay the land in fallow on purpose of hoping to gain better return
• Better job opportunities attracts young rural population• Rural-Urban migration
RESULTS: • Labour shortage in the rural area• Aging of rural population• Increase the dependency ratio
![Page 109: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
• Alteration in farming production• Increase in urban population • Increase demand of certain kinds of farm products e.g.
fish, fresh vegetables and flowers
RESULTS: • From rice field and pig raising to market gardening and
fish ponds
![Page 110: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
•Newspaper Article---SAR Pig farms in mainland sought to stabilize supply (standard) 07/07 sat
• A lawmaker and some pig farmers have urged the government to help Hong Kong farmers establish farms in the mainland to ensure the city gets a steady supply pork at stable prices.
• Proposal: designating a special area in the mainland for Hong Kong pig farmers operations
• 90% of farmers have surrendered their licenses, and 249 of the 265 registered local pig farms have been closed.
![Page 111: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Another example: HKAL 2003, Paper 2, #6
• With reference to one of the farming regions in China, discuss the effect of market forces on agriculture in the last two
decades. As a result of the Go West Policy, what would the impact of rural industrialization be on agriculture in western China?
![Page 112: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
• With Go West Policy, more resources are used for developing interior provinces of China such as Gansu Province
• Positive impacts:– Farm labours shift to rural industries. Solve the problem of
low production– Development of industries such as food processing
industries create demand for farm products– Income from rural industries may be invested in farms and
promote farm modernization
• Negative impacts:– Labour shortage– Loss of arable land due to dramatic development of
industries– Pollutions affect water for irrigation; soil degradation from
water and land pollution reduces farm productivity
![Page 113: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Impact of Globalization on farming
![Page 114: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Discussion
• Positive impacts
• Negative impacts
• Possible remedies
• Effectiveness
![Page 115: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Positive impacts
• 1. Allow trading among countries• 2. Countries could practice specialized farming
according to their comparative advantage • 3. Improving farm efficiency by advanced
technology
![Page 116: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Negative impacts
• 1. Promotion of farm commercialization Rely heavily on biotechnology
• 2. Elimination of small-scale farms in LDCs by farm specialization in MDCs
Trading of farm products among countries is needed
• 3. Impact on natural ecosystem• 4. Affect the local people’s livelihood Small scale farms would be exploited by transnationals Lower farm wages in LDCs because Local agricultural products
are less competitive
![Page 117: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Possible remedies
• 1. Provide subsidies
• 2. Improve infrastructure
• 3. Reduce taxes
• 4. Develop collective farms
• 5. Provide technological assistance
• 6. Provide assistance
![Page 118: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Effectiveness
• Measures not effective in LDCs poor government farmers are having low educational level Lack of market awareness badly-skilled Reluctant to make changes Lack of capital
![Page 119: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Farm Technology
![Page 120: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Green Revolution
• Improvement in farming methods due to technological improvement
![Page 121: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Farm technology
• 1. Mechanization• 2. Application of agro-chemicals• 3. Irrigation• 4. Drainage• 5. Greenhouse farming• 6. GM crops• 7. Global positioning system (GPS)• 8. Geographic information system (GIS)• 9. Satellite/Aerial photo
![Page 122: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
1. Mechanization
![Page 123: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Farm mechanization
• Processes that can be mechanized due to advancement of farming technology– substitution for man power– increasing agricultural productivity – extending agriculture to marginal land
![Page 124: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Machines for cultivation, harvesting and processing of crops
• Examples ONLY! (DO NOT COPY!!!)• Ploughing machines and tractors• Sowing machines• Transplanting machines• Electricity operated pumps to draw water from nearby
rivers e.g. plain of East China Sprinkler • Helicopters broadcasting seeds systems/ watering
crops• Spraying machines Fertilization of soils • Combine harvesters Harvesting crops • Conveyer belts Selection of fruits for sale • Trains and trunks Transport crops
![Page 125: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Machines for rearing animals and harvesting animal products
• Examples ONLY! (DO NOT COPY!!!)• Air conditioning lower the temperature in summers • Heaters raise the temperature in winters • Pipes, tapes and electric pumps provides drinking
water for animals • Electric shearers wool cutting• Milking machines and refrigerated tankers keeping
the milk fresh• Lorries with refrigeration facilities transporting highly
perishable products to nearby urban markets e.g. milk tankers
![Page 126: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Effects of farming mechanization• Farm size enlarged and made less fragmented• Farmland
opening of some marginal lands for cultivation • Higher efficiency of each worker
quicken farming operation, more cropping in a year and farm yield and profits also increases
• Rural-urban migration rapid rural-urban migration/ depopulation in rural are• Supply of workers solve the problem of labour shortage in MDCs• Higher productivity and quality of products• Lower cost of production cheaper in long term
![Page 127: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Problems of farm mechanization
• Unemployment• Machine management Deterioration of machines due to lack of maintenance Inappropriate use of machine
• Uneven mechanization • High initial cost of farm machines Poor farmers in LDCs
![Page 128: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
2. Application of agro-chemicals
![Page 129: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
What is agro-chemicals?
• Fertilizers
• Pesticides
• Insecticides
• Herbicides
![Page 130: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Why use agro-chemicals?• 1. Control insects which eat food crops
• 2. Suppress weeds which complete with crops
• 3. Increase both quantity and quality of food crops
Improve quality: improve human health Improve quantity: solve the world food problem
![Page 131: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Use of pesticides = “Intensification” of farmland
Enable greater food production without the expansion of agricultural land Increase farm inputs on a given area of
farmland
![Page 132: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Problems with pesticides
Destroy natural and semi-natural habitats Pesticides are toxic Harmful to human health and wildlife Effects on target pests and non-target species e.g. Affect beneficial organisms like honey bees Contamination of water source Contamination of food chains Affecting drinking water supply
![Page 133: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Strategies for tackling the problems
Develop target-specific pesticides Control losses to water Enforce adequate handling and application
procedures Organic farming
![Page 134: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
6. GM crops
For and Against GM crops
![Page 135: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
7. Global positioning system (GPS)8. Geographic information system (GIS)
![Page 136: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Why use GIS and GPS?
• Collect, store view and analyze vast amount of data
• Allow better farm management• Improving soil conservation practice• Improving efficiency e.g. precise application of chemicals and fertilizers e.g. precise application of irrigation water Over-application and Over irrigation could be avoided
![Page 137: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Bio-fuels• Alternative energy resource• Ethanol extracted from corn and sugarcane
• Discussion• 1. Advantages?• 2. Disadvantages?• 3. What are the • reasons for the • increasing price for • agricultural products?
![Page 138: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Bio-fuels
• Advantages: alleviating Global warming Clean Renewable Environmentally friendly Clean/ Non-toxic Less carbon dioxide and sulphur emission Easy to handle
![Page 139: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
• Disadvantages: bid up the price for food such as corn, sugarcane as
demand increase the poor cannot afford leading to the occurrence of famine in less developed
countries unpredictable environmental consequence Still release a certain amount of greenhouse gases
![Page 140: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Reasons for the increasing price for agricultural products
• 1. Increase in demand population growth
• 2. Agricultural land use decrease urbanization in producing bio-fuels, land is specially
designed for growing crops
![Page 141: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Further information……
• 7 April 2008
• Time Magazine
• Cover story
![Page 142: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
• In recent years, there have been significant changes in oil price. As a result, more farmers are involved in the development of alternative energy resources such as biofuels.
• How may the changing oil price in recent years affect the global crop production? To what extent is the increasing oil price a factor leading to the occurrence of famine in less developed countries? Suggest measures that can be carried out by governments to regulate the production of biofuels. Illustrated your answer with appropriate examples.
![Page 143: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Preconditions and difficulties in adopting advanced technology
![Page 144: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Difficulties concerned with the application of technology in farming
• Poor subsistence farmers cannot afford very costly inputs
• Low educational level Resistance to innovation • Small and fragmented farms Hinder the adoption of
machines• Lack of communication with the outside world
![Page 145: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Essay question 2006#7
• Advanced farming technology such as remote sensing, soil sampling and information management can help optimize agricultural production. Farmers will therefore be able to recognize differences in the field and to apply correct quantities of inputs in the right place at the right time.
• What are the ecological and economic advantages of using this advanced farming technology? Explain the conditions needed for the adoption of this technology. To what extent is such technology applicable in China?
![Page 146: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Section A – Natural Landscape
A1– Climatic System a. Energy budgetb. Atmospheric moisturec. Atmospheric circulationd. Climatic variation
A2 – Landform System a. Plate tectonicsb. Drainage system
A3 – Biotic System a. Ecosystemb. Soilsc. Vegetation
A4 – Man-environment relationship
a. Tropical rainforest environmentb. Tropical desert environment
B. Agricultural Landscape
B1 – Farming systems a. Farming as an ecological systemb. Farming as an economic system
B2 – Spatial patterns a. Von Thunen model/conceptsb. Sinclair model/concepts
B3 – Impacts of urbanization and industrialization on farming
![Page 147: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Exam
• Paper 1Map Reading 1/1
Section B 3/5
Section C 1/2
Total 5/9
![Page 148: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Map Reading
• Sketch map
• Transect
• Cross section
• Gradient
• Locational advantages
• Average bifurcation ration
![Page 149: Agricultural Land use Pattern - Von Thunen Model](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042500/5681551a550346895dc2fac5/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
• Paper 2Section A 3/6
Section B 1/2
Total 4/8