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AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION AND THE ROLE OF TRACTORS

26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of Bologna

The 25 years of the Club of BolognaEvolution and prospects of agricultural mechanization in the world

12-13 November 2016

EIMA INTERNATIONAL – Bologna, Italy Sinfonia Hall

Karl Th. Renius, Germany – [email protected]

26th Members’ Meeting of the Club of BolognaBologna, November 12-13, 2016

Content

1 Ag mechanization – general importance2 Tractor technology transfer3 Strategies of global tractor product planning4 Examples of technology developments

. . . with references to Club of Bologna activities


1 Agricultural mechanization– general importance


The three roles

1. The classical role: Sustainable mechanization of plant and animal production, storage and processing in order to feed the planet – even in 2050

2. The environmental role: Sustainable mechaniza-tion of raw material, energy production and landscape maintenance

3. The strategic role: Sustainable mechanization of agriculture to free working people for other areas of national economy achieving welfare and prosperity

Source: Renius VDI-MEG 2008 and Club of Bologna at EXPO 2015


Feeding the world in 2050

About 60-80% plant production increase*) needed for food, raw material and energy.

Contributions of agricultural mechanization address

a) land productivityb) labour productivity

*) Gavioli (Club of Bologna) stated in his EXPO 2015 presentation„some 50%“, if wasted food can be dramatically reduced.


Contributions of the tractor to land productivity

- Powerful land reclamation, better possible at the right time

- Precision intillage, surface preparation, seeding,fertilizing, plant protection, transports

- Irrigation by PTO driven pumps- Reduced yield losses . . .

Agricultural and biological factors also very important


Contributions of the tractor to labor productivity

- Very high power per worker- Implements with high speeds- Very high number of functions- Automation of tractor functions- Automation of tractor-implement functions- Precision of processes by closed loop control - Globally standardized interfaces- Learning from process documentation

Agricultural and biological factors not so important


Global viewaddressingagriculturalproductivityand GDP

Source:ReniusEXPO 2015, based on FAO, AMA,World Bank,Club of Bologna, Publications,Interviews.

GDP per capita and % peopleemployed in griculture


Source: Renius 2015 EXPO Milano

a high level of poverty low food quality, high prices low fresh water availability/quality low level of infrastructure high illiteracy, low education level low expectation of life high infant mortality low interest of investors high risks of emigration

A low level in GDP due to poor agriculturalmechanization usually means


Source: Renius EXPO 2015

Population benefits of ag mechanization also within the industrialized countries:

Food has never been that cheap in % of income Product quality has never been that high


Tractor value for the farmer

Source: Renius 1981, Grundl. Landt. 31, No. 6, 212-217 - updated


Global view of the related industry:Total global sales of agricultural machinery(average 2013-15): about 110bn US $ p. a.

Tractor sales among all:- In the first mechanization period often above 50%- After achieving full mechanzation often about 35%

due to introduced self propelled machinery

Source: Estimations based on information of VDMA, Germany


2 Tractor technology transfer bythe Club of Bologna

Typical subjects within the recent 25 years- International publications and translations- International networking and co-operation- International standards and regulations

Some examples follow


Source: CIGR Handbook Vol. III, ASABE, USA 1999 – China 2005

- Two-Wheel Tractors for Wet Land Farmingby J. Sakai, Japan

- Two-Wheel Tractors for Dry Land Farmingby A. Lara-Lopez, Mexico & W. J. Chancelor, USA

- Two-axle Tractorsby K. T. Renius, Germany.

Technology transfer by publications:Tractor design fundamentals have beenpresented in the CIGR Handbook, Vol.III in English and Chinese:


Source: Picture along with Firodia-Bacher-Renius, Club of Bologna 10th Meeting 1999

Example of technology transfer by co-operation:The Bajaj Tempo (FORCE) tractor project in India


Source: Renius along with Firodia-Bacher-Renius, Club of Bologna 10th Meeting 1999

The Bajaj Tempo (FORCE) tractor project in India:Transmission design based on a ZF licence


The FORCE Motorstractor project in India:Engine design based on a Mercedes car licence

Source: FORCE Motors, India, 2016

Moderate injection pressure,sulfur tolerant


Sources: Alt, Gasparetto, Pessina - Club of Bologna 24th Meeting 2013

Technology transfer by standards- 1950s: Reduction of design variety- 1952 Beginning of ISO tractor standards- 1960s: Interchange ability and usability- 1970s: Ergonomics and operator safety- 1980s: Tractor and implement interfaces- 1990s: Safety (CEN) and electronics (ISO)- 2000s: Systems and processes

Operator seating and tractor controls received high credits although „only“ based on ISO 4252

Benefits, example FORCE tractor:


Regulation benefits: Clean engines


3 Strategies of global tractor product planning


Global strategy of tractor product planningby technology levels

Source: Renius originally 1999/2002, EXPO 2015 with minor updating


Technology levels

Same principle recommended for components as for example outlined for transmissions in the manuscript


Risc reduction by realistic project foundation

Source: Renius 1st Club of Bologna Meeting 1989, original Diagram


Tractor families: Cost reduction by a minimized total number of parts/components

Source: Welschof, Renius, Jenkins – principle presented and discussed at the 1st Club of Bologna Meeting 1989

Example (model) for technology levels III-IV-V


Cost reduction by simultaneous engineering

Source: Renius 1st Club of Bologna Meeting 1989, confirmed by Harms 14th Meeting 2003


4 Examples of technology developments


CARRARO transmission family for India, level I, II.Version T3-0 basic (level I), nom. power up to 25kW

Source: Renius, based on information of CARRARO, Italy-India


Fendt new CVT family VarioDrive for new series 1000,technology level V including a „pull-in-turn“ 4WD

Source: Renius Jahrbuch Agrartechnik 2015 and AGCO-Fendt


Galileo Galilei addressedenlargement mechanicsin his Discorsi 1638.

Tractor weight increases by power 3 but contact area only by power 2 of scaling factor.Law: tire dimensionss mustoverproportionally increaseto keep the average contactpressure constant.

Sources: Söhne 1964, Renius 1987at Symposio Internationale Bologna

Limits to growth


Limits to tractor growth: Progressive increase of weights

Source: Dissertation Rempfer TUM, Dep. of Agric. Machinery 1999


Source: Own material along with supported development of Fendt TriSix

Limits to tractor growth: Alternative ground drives


Source: Maxwell 1867 and Isidori at 18th Club of Bologna Meeting 2012

Closed loop control convinces open loop control and improves internal and external tractor process management


Source: John Deere and Pöttinger 2009, cited at EXPO 2015

Implement controls tractor via ISOBUS, using the tractor CVT for speed adjustment and the tractor hydraulics for optimum wagon filling


Source: Courtesy CNH

Combine controls tractor via radio communicationin order to fill the waggon perfectly on the go.


The Auernhammer-Schueller vision 1999

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