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Agrometeorological analysis for zoning viticultural aptitude at
different scales
Osvaldo Failla, Luigi Mariani Università degli Studi di Milano
Department of Crop Science
FAO-WMO-Ibimet Workshop on climatic analysis and mapping for agriculture 14-17 june 2005, Bologna It
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It is impossible to speak about viticultural aptitude without take into account the strong plasticity of this culture.
Plasticity means adaptability to a wide range of conditions.
We can remember the following principal types of plasticity:
- plasticity of genetic base (referred to variety & rootstock) - plasticity of training systems (result of a long historical evolution)- plasticity of management practices (e.g.: pruning, irrigation, soil management –> grass covering, tillage, ...)- plasticity of enological models (technology of wine production)
Viticultural aptitude & vine plasticity
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50°
50°
30°
30°
Result of plasticity: wide world distribution of Vitis vinifera L.
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Result of plasticity: Italian distribution of Vitis vinifera L. where vine is present in very different environments (from Alps to Mediterranean)
Italian Controlled Denomination of Origin (DOC) areas
% of the agricultural surface
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Criteria used to define aptitude can be quite different in different areas.
A good viticultural aptitude can be proper of very different zones (e.g.: Champagne and Aegean area)
Consequences of plasticity
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Another consequence of plasticity
Viticulture can effectively react to variability (of climate, consumer needs, ….) with two types of reactions:
In the short period (the year) we can change the cultural management (irrigation, leaf removal, etc.) and winemaking process (style of wine) -> a very important point is the marketing of characters of the wine of a particular year -> eg: in a cool year we will obtain wines fresh flavoured (“Oceanic” wines) and in a warm year we will obtain body wines with flavours of ripened fruits - “Mediterranean” wines) -> we need to establish a link between wine and year.
In the medium-long period we can act on the whole set of variables of the viticultural and enological model (variety, rootstock, planting design, etc.)
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Reasons of plasticty in Vitis vinifera L.
A possible reason can be retrieved in the history of domestication and successive migration of this plant.
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Land and sea trajectories of expansion of agriculture(Hammerman and Cavalli Sforza, 1977)
Dates= years Before Present (BP)
Domestication of cereals in Fertile Crescent (10500 years bp)
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Land and sea trajectories of expansion of viticultureour elaborations on a map of Prof. Gaetano Forni
Domestication of vine in anatolic and circum mesopotamic zone (6000 years bp)
dates = years Before Present (BP)
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Deductions
Viticulture domestication and migration follows a model similar to agriculture but we observe: - a delay of 3000 years - a limitation towards North due to climatic factors- a successive exposure to climatic fluctuations (from 5000 bp to today) - a recursive process of domestication (secondary, tertiary, quaternary and quinternary centers where recognised due to hybridisation of domestic vine with wild ancestor - Vitis vinifera silvestris Gmel - already present in Europe).-> this can explain:1. the increase of genetic variability (which means better plasticity with aptitude to a wider range of environments) 2. the origin of the ancestors of present varieties (basis of vocation of specific European territories)
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Aptitude of a given territory = result of many elements: - agroclimatic features - soil characters- phenological and physiological aspects- characters of intermediate/final products- varieties, training systems, management practices, enological models- economical aspects- social aspects (growers and consumers)- history of vine in the selected territory- ……….Consequence: aptitude=complex and multiform question -> need of an integrated approach (with many different types of knowledge)-> final goal: define the best viticultural / enological models
Our discussion will focus on agroclimatic analysis !
In the light of this we can approach the central question: how qualify/quantify the aptitude?
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Agroclimatic analysis applied to the study of viticultural aptitude -> 3 fundamental steps
General characterisation of climate: methods of static and dynamic climatology
analysis of climatic resources: radiation, thermal resources, water resources
analysis of climatic limitations: temperatures below/above critical thresholds, water limitations, hail,...
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Static and dynamic climatology
Static climatology (statistical analisys of T, RH, Wind, ecc.)
Dynamic climatology (analysis of weather types - foehn/stau, Anticyclones, disturbances…- affecting a given territory and analysis of the effects on surface weather elements)
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Thermal resources
Thermal units (Growing Degree Days GDD) above a base (cardinal) temperature ->Winkler’s index: GDD above 10°C from 1 april to 31 october.Huglin’s index: IH=Σ [ k/2 * ((Td-10)+(Tx-10))]
spatialisation of monthly thermal fields (data for unknown points are obtained on the base of known data previously homogenised for elevation and aspect)
Province of Arezzo - Winkler index (°C)
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Solar radiation resources
Potential Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PPAR) -> potential = in absence of cloud coverage
Is obtained applying astronomical equations for sun to a Digital Elevation Model
Province of Arezzo - PPAR (MJ m-2 year -1)
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Water resources and limitations
Basic Fields: Evapotranspiration (monthly data obtained applying a kc to the ET0 calculated with Penman Monteith equation from FAO paper 56 - Allen et al, 1998) and precipitation (spatialisation of monthly fields)
Province of Arezzo - yearly precipitation (mm)
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Water balance
We apply a territorial model (applied to single pixels) with monthly time steps. MODEL FEATURES: model is founded on the equation of mass conservation applied to a single reservoir with inputs (useful rain, subtracted surface evaporation, runoff and infiltration) and outputs (Etm). Runoff coefficient Ci: rational method proposed for rural areas by the California State Departement of transportation (AA.VV., 1999).
AWC=100mm - days with empty reserve
AWC=100mm - Julian day of emptying
Province of Arezzo
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Limitations
Thermal limitations: definition based on the analysis of frequency and persistence of temperatures below critical thresholds for vine (-15°C for well hardened vines; -1°C after bud break).
April MayDecade
1Decade
2Decade
3Decade
1Decade
2Decade
2Prishtine 5 10 5 1 0 0
E.g.: cases of late frost (springtemperatures below the low critical threshold after the vegetation budding) for period 1977-91 for Prishtine.
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HAIL
Networks of grelimeters are needed for quantitative evaluations of Hail. Time series are available for some Italian areas (Trentino, Friuli V.G., Emilia Romagna).
Mean yearly number of hail events (1988-2000) for DOC area of Collio (source: Arpa - Osmer)
5 km
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Importance of phenology / physiology
multi-year biological observations carried out on representative vineyards are fundamental for the study of the relations with climatic features:
- phenological observations- maturity curves (sugar, phenolic maturity, technological maturity and so on)- time of ripening- yield- vigour - grape and wine assays
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Austria
Suiss
Italy
Portugal
Spain
France
Germany
EXAMPLE 1. vine areas of CERVIM = Center for Mountain Viticulture (Association that collects mountain
viticultural areas of some European countries)
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Dynamic climatology
Europe (mid latitudes) presents a strong variability in circulation -> this means:
- strong time variability in meteorological variables at surface
- final result is a climate substantially stable (stability from variability)
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On a dynamic basis 3 European macroclimates where defined
Classification criteria: influence of westerlies and Azores anticyclone; effects of mountain ranges ->
O=Oceanic climate
A=Mediterranean climate
AO=transitional climate
M=mountain climate.
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Pluviometric regimes
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Analisys
- A set of indexes was adopted to qualify the aptitude of each zone
- Thermal indexes where referred to the extreme elevation levels of each “vine belt” (e.g.: for Valtellina different indexes where obtained for an high of 250 m asl and of 700 m asl) -> was possibile to produce a range of values.
extremes
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AcqueseAhr
Alta LangaAlto Adige
Alto PiemonteAlto Tirino
BanyulsBaronniesBeaujolais
BellinzoneseBugey Cerdon
CollioureCosta Viola
Cotes du Rhone sept.Diois
DouroEtna
Forez RoannaisKrems (Wachau)
LiguriaLocarneseLuganese
MendrisiottoMittelrhein
Mosel-Saar-RuwerNahe
O Bolo-LaroucoPedemont.Alpi Cozie
PineroleseRibeira sacra
SavoieStiria (Graz)
ValaisValle d'AostaValle di SusaValle Peligna
Valle SubequanaVallecamonica
Valtellina
pioggia (mm/anno)
2000170014001100800500200
Yearly Precipitation (mm)
AcqueseAhr
Alta LangaAlto Adige
Alto PiemonteAlto Tirino
BanyulsBaronniesBeaujolais
BellinzoneseBugey Cerdon
CollioureCosta Viola
Cotes du Rhone sept.Diois
DouroEtna
Forez RoannaisKrems (Wachau)
LiguriaLocarneseLuganese
MendrisiottoMittelrhein
Mosel-Saar-RuwerNahe
O Bolo-LaroucoPedemont.Alpi Cozie
PineroleseRibeira sacra
SavoieStiria (Graz)
ValaisValle d'AostaValle di SusaValle Peligna
Valle SubequanaVallecamonica
Valtellina
stagione vegetativa (giorni con Tm > 10°C)
370330290250210170130
Length of vegetative season (days with T>10°C)
AcqueseAhr
Alta LangaAlto Adige
Alto PiemonteAlto Tirino
BanyulsBaronniesBeaujolais
BellinzoneseBugey Cerdon
CollioureCosta Viola
Cotes du Rhone sept.Diois
DouroEtna
Forez RoannaisKrems (Wachau)
LiguriaLocarneseLuganese
MendrisiottoMittelrhein
Mosel-Saar-RuwerNahe
O Bolo-LaroucoPedemont.Alpi Cozie
PineroleseRibeira sacra
SavoieStiria (Graz)
ValaisValle d'AostaValle di SusaValle Peligna
Valle SubequanaVallecamonica
Valtellina
indice di Winkler
30002500200015001000500
Growing degree days above 10°C
AcqueseAhr
Alta LangaAlto Adige
Alto PiemonteAlto Tirino
BanyulsBaronniesBeaujolais
BellinzoneseBugey Cerdon
CollioureCosta Viola
Cotes du Rhone sept.Diois
DouroEtna
Forez RoannaisKrems (Wachau)
LiguriaLocarneseLuganese
MendrisiottoMittelrhein
Mosel-Saar-RuwerNahe
O Bolo-LaroucoPedemont.Alpi Cozie
PineroleseRibeira sacra
SavoieStiria (Graz)
ValaisValle d'AostaValle di SusaValle Peligna
Valle SubequanaVallecamonica
Valtellina
Indice di Huglin
350030002500200015001000500
Huglin index
AcqueseAhr
Alta LangaAlto Adige
Alto PiemonteAlto Tirino
BanyulsBaronniesBeaujolais
BellinzoneseBugey Cerdon
CollioureCosta Viola
Cotes du Rhone sept.Diois
DouroEtna
Forez RoannaisKrems (Wachau)
LiguriaLocarneseLuganese
MendrisiottoMittelrhein
Mosel-Saar-RuwerNahe
O Bolo-LaroucoPedemont.Alpi Cozie
PineroleseRibeira sacra
SavoieStiria (Graz)
ValaisValle d'AostaValle di SusaValle Peligna
Valle SubequanaVallecamonica
Valtellina
ETM (mm/anno)
650600550500450400350
Evapotraspiration (mm) Acquese
AhrAlta LangaAlto Adige
Alto PiemonteAlto Tirino
BanyulsBaronniesBeaujolais
BellinzoneseBugey Cerdon
CollioureCosta Viola
Cotes du Rhone sept.Diois
DouroEtna
Forez RoannaisKrems (Wachau)
LiguriaLocarneseLuganese
MendrisiottoMittelrhein
Mosel-Saar-RuwerNahe
O Bolo-LaroucoPedemont.Alpi Cozie
PineroleseRibeira sacra
SavoieStiria (Graz)
ValaisValle d'AostaValle di SusaValle Peligna
Valle SubequanaVallecamonica
Valtellina
ndd
100806040200
Water balance -> days with empty reserve
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All data for each zone
where resumed in a card
COTES DU RHONE SEPTENTRIONALES
Caratteri agroclimatici generaliL’area rientra nella zona macroclimatica viticola O. Le temperature medie estive sono di 19 / 21°Ce le medie invernali di 4.5 / 6°C; le precipitazioni medie annue sono intorno ai 1000 - 1100 mm.
Indici termici e radiativiGli indici termici e radiativi mostrano che l’area beneficia di risorse termo-radiative discrete.
Temperature medie annue °Cmediamedie
Media max media min I.Johannson
I. Winkler°C
I. Huglin°C
dd>10°C Rglob(MJ m-2 anno-1)
12 – 13.5 16.5 - 18 7.5 - 9 20 - 21 1400 - 1650 1850 - 2100 200 - 225 4400 - 4500
Indici pluviometrici e termo-pluviometriciLa piovosità annua è abbondante e ripartita su un numero relativamente elevato di giorni piovosi. Ilregime pluviometrico annuale presenta minimo primario estivo (luglio), minimo secondarioinvernale (gennaio), massimo primario autunnale (ottobre) e massimo secondario primaverile(maggio). Nel semestre aprile - settembre cadono il 54% delle precipitazioni annue. Elevati i valoridell‘indice di De Martonne (47-50).
Precipitazione annua(mm)
Giorni conprecipitazione > 1 mm
Precipitazionisemestre invernale
(%)
Indice di De Martonne
1000 - 1100 90 54 47-50
Evapotraspirazione e bilancio idricoLa relativa abbondanza della precipitazione estiva e la ridotta evapotraspirazione spiegano ilmancato verificarsi di deficit idrico nell’anno medio.
Et0 (mm) Etm (mm) giorni con riserva vuota800-850 450 - 480 0
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Varese province is a hilly area of Lombardy, a
region located in North Italy
North Italy
Example 2 - Varese province
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THE RESEARCH
Main goal: support the request for the registration of a new IGT (Typical Geographic Indication)
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PPAR distribution(MJ m-2 year-1)
Air temperature- mean monthly values- growing season limits
Winkler degrees
Precipitation
yearly totalsETM
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Thermal and radiation resources aren’t limiting factors.
Principal limiting factor = soil water excess during the vegetative period.
=> low soil AWC is the main vocational factor.
Conclusions for Varese
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The area was subdivided in 4 zones on the base of the AWC
•Zone 1 (cyan) = the whole area is suitable. Soil with very high AWC could be avoided.•Zone 2 (green) = the main part of the area is suitable; viticolture is possible only in soils with AWC<100 mm in the first 100 cm of depth. •Zone 3 (yellow) = the main part of the area is non suitable; viticolture is possible only in soils with AWC<50 mm in the first 100 cm of depth. •Zone 4 (red) = absolutely non suitable.
SUITABILITY MAP
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Oltrepò Pavese is an hilly area of Lombardy,
with viticulture distributed on hilly
slopes
North Italy
Example 3 - Oltrepò Pavese
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THE RESEARCH
Main goal: delimitation of Premium quality zones (DOCG)
Work carried out: Every year, for three years (1998-2000), phenology, maturity curves, yield, vigour and grape analysis data were collected in about 150 representative vineyards.
Three varieties: Barbera, Croatina e Pinot nero.
Fonte: Casarini Vini
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PPAR
Voghera
0
20
4060
80
100
g f m a m g l a s o n d
Precipitation of vine area - mean regime
0200400600800
1000120014001600
1100 900 700 500 300 150
altezza (m)
prec
ipita
zion
e (m
m)
StafforaTidone
Precipitation - altitudinal
distribution
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Croatina
Days after standard veraison
454035302520151050-5-10
°Brix 30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
86
Earlyness
Late
Early
Medium late
Medium early
Earlyness
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P.A.R.12%
Tessitura49%
Profondità16%
Altitudine16%
Esposizione7%
Altitude 16%
Soil depth 16%
Soil texture 49%
PPAR 12%
Exposure 7%
SOIL
CLIMATEAnova results: weight of different determinants of precocity
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Croatina
6
6,5
7
7,5
8
8,5
9
Poco Profondi Mod.Profondi Profondi
Prod
uzio
ni (K
g)
20,3
20,4
20,5
20,6
20,7
20,8
20,9
21
21,1
21,2
Zucc
heri
(°B
x)
Produzione Zuccheri
shallow Medium deep
Deep
° Brix
Yie
ld k
g/vi
ne
Soil depth vs. quantity and quality of production
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P.A.R. (MJ/m2 anno)
> 2250< 2250
Po
life
no
li to
tali
uve
1900
1800
1700
1600
Croatina
Classi di altitudine
>250150-250<150
Ant
ocia
ni (
mg/
Kg)
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
PPAR and phenols
Altitude and phenols
Tota
l pol
yphe
nols
μg/
kg g
rape
s
Tota
l ant
ocya
nins
μg/
kg g
rape
s
< 2250 > 2250
PPAR MJ/(m2 x year) < 150 150-250 > 250
altitude
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CULTIVAR SOIL TEXTURE ALTITUDE SOIL
DEPTH
SLOPE
DIRECTION
PPAR
MJ year-1 m-2
CROATINA
LoamyClayey
Loam-silt-clayey
MediumLow
DeepSouth
East
West
> 2250
BARBERALoamyClayey
Low DeepSouth
East
West
> 2250
PINOT N.ClayeyLoany
High
Medium
East
West> 2000
SUITABILITY LEGEND
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AREA SELECTED FOR CROATINA AND BARBERA BLEND
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CroatinaFrutta rossa
Vegetale fresco
Vegetale secco
Tostato
Speziato
Fenolico
Acidità
Astringenza
Struttura
Persistenza
Non DOCG DOCG
RED FRUITGREEN VEGETAL
COOKED VEGETAL
TOASTED
SPICY
PHENOLIC
ACIDIC
ASTRINGENCY
BODY
PERSISTENCY
SELECTED AREA UNSELECTED AREA
Elements of flavour for selected and unselected areas
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Conclusions for Oltrepò Pavese
Water deficit is an important limiting factor for ripening => presence of deep soils with high AWC is the main vocational factor.
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North ItalyA great Alpine valley, east to west oriented. Vineyards mainly located on the south-facing slope from 300 to 700 m a.s.l. Viticultural model: based on vineyards on small terraces on steep slopes
Example 4 - Valtellina
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THE RESEARCH
Main goal: validation of a preceeding delimitation of the DOCG area.
Work carried out: Every year, for three years (1998-2000), phenology, maturity curves, yield, vigour and grape analysis data were collected in 54 representative vineyards.
Variety: Nebbiolo (late ripening red variety)
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Phenological relations
Precocity vs PPAR and Altitude
-6
300
-4
Flowering date
2400
-2
0
400
2
2600
4
altitude (m asl)
6
5002800
8
60030007003200
8003400PPAR MJ/(m2year)
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Quality relations
320031003000290028002700260025002400
Phe
nolic
mat
urut
y (a
rbitr
ary
units
)
1.5
1.0
.5
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
r = 0.513 P < 0.05
PPAR MJ/(m2year)
altitude (m a.s.l.)
700600500400300200
Tech
nolo
gica
l mat
urity
(arb
itrar
y un
its)
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
r = 0.681 P < 0.001
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PPAR, GDD, precipitation
Doc ZONE: Winkler (°C) from 1100 to 1900; potential photosynthetically active radiation from 2700 to 3200 MJ m-2year-1; yearly mean precipitation: 900-1200 mm
PPAR
Winkler (°C)
Yearly mean precipitation (mm)
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Variance components (ANOVA)
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Conclusions for Valtellina
Altitude, PPAR = main determinants of precocity of bud break, flowering and veraison (highest precocity recorded at low altitude and high PPAR)
Altitude = main determinant of Technological maturity (highest phenolic maturity recorded at low altitude)
Crop load, PPAR and altitude = main determinants of Phenolic maturity (highest phenolic maturity recorded in low cropping vines at low altitude and low PPAR availability)
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Former Yugoslavia was a planned economy -> Central government carried out viticultural expansion in Kosovo in 4 zones.
After Balkan wars, vineyards and wineries were neglected -> UNDP (United Nations Development Program) asked for an evaluation of agro-ecological resources for a possible recovery
Example 5 - Kosovo
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Peje
-25-20-15-10
-505
10152025303540
1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10 1/11 1/12
date
tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Daily temperature 1977/1991 - the five lines represents absolute maximum, mean of maxims, mean of mean, mean of minims and absolute minimum.
Problem of cold advection
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Thermal resources Winkler
index (°C).Water resources ETM Penman–Monteith (mm)PPAR map
First day (1..365) with empty water storage
Yearly days with empty water storage
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Conclusions for Kosovo
Good level of thermal resources
Thermal limitation due to winter temperatures: can be overcome apllying correct management practices
Water resources: Soils with a good maximum water storage show a moderate water deficit only in the late season (august - september). This phenomenon can enhance the quality of the production
Operational conclusions: viticulture is economically and technically sustainable
Final products of this work: check of suitability of present varieties; thematic maps for choice of new varieties.
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GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
For agro-climatic zoning for viticulture:
Key factors -> resources and limitations in climate and soil -> is important the study of the effects on phenological and physiological features
A general rule doesn’t exist -> key factors are quite different in different areas
Different factors need a detailed study and an integrated approach (specialist in viticulture + agrometeorologist + soil scientist + economist + ….)
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Acknowledgments
For meteorological, phenological and bio-chemical data:
•Arpa - Csa (Friuli Venezia Giulia)
•Arsia Toscana
•Cervim
•Ersaf Lombardia
•Fondazione Fojanini (Sondrio)
•IAR Aosta
•Ucea