AHISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Settings and Rituals

SPIRO KOSTOF

Revisions by Greg Castillo

Original Drawings by Richard Tobias

New York Oxford '*' OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS '*' 1995

)

CONTENTS

PART ONE

A Place on Earth

1. THE STUDY OF WHAT WE BUILT, 3

The History of Architecture, 3 The Total Context of Architecture, 7

2. THE CAVE AND THE SKY: STONE AGE EUROPE, 21

The Beginning, 21 Old Stone Age Architecture, 23 The Cave at Lascaux, 23 New Stone Age Architecture, 26 The Temples of Malta, 32 Stonehenge, 37

3. THE RISE OF THE CITY: ARCHITECTURE IN WESTERN ASIA, 43

The Urban Revolution, 43 Stirrings of Urban Consciousness, 44 The Cities of Mesopotamia, 50

4. THE ARCHITECTURE OF ANCIENT EGYPT, 67

The Land of Egypt, 67 The Burial of Kings, 71 The Time of the Gods, 79 Survival of the Egyptian Temple, 88

5. BRONZE AGE CITIES: THE AEGEAN AND ASIA MINOR, 91

Asia Minor, 91 Mycenaeans and Minoans, 99 The Closing of the Bronze Age, 112

6. THE GREEK TEMPLE AND "BARBARIAN" ALTERNATIVES, 115

The Passing of the Bronze Age, 115 The Emergence of Greece, 117 The Greek Temple, 120

7. POllS AND AKROPOLlS, 137

Athens and Her Empire, 137 The Shape of the Polis, 138 Athens-liThe Eye of Greece," 146

8. THE HELLENISTIC REALM, 161

The New Order, 161 The Hellenistic Temple, 168 Religious Settings, 170 The Noble Metropolis, 174

9. ROME: CAPUT MUNDI, 191

Early Roman Architecture, 191 Components ot a Roman Town: Pompeii, 194 The Look of Empire: Rome at the Millennium, 207

10. THE WORLD AT LARGE: ROMAN CONCURRENCES, 217

The Roman Cosmos, 217 Beyond the Empire, 219 The Other Ancient World, 225 A Continent Alone, 233

PART TWO

Measuring Up 11 . THE TRIUMPH OF CHRIST, 245

The Turning Point: Third-Century Rome, 245 Housing the Kingdom of Heaven, 253 The Primacy of Constantinople, 260

12. THE MEDITERRANEAN IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, 269

The Decline of the West, 269 Carolingian Restoration, 274 The Empire of Muhammed, 284

)

13. THE BIRTH OF NATIONS : EUROPE AFTER CHARLES, 295

Europe from Charles to Otto, 295 The Eleventh Century, 298 The Romanesque Church, 305 Italian Counterpoint, 314

14. THE FRENCH MANNER, 323

The Romanesque and Opus Modernum, 323 Chartres, 333 Gothic Abroad, 341

15. THE URBANIZATION OF EUROPE, 1100-1300, 349

The City Returns, 349 Bourgeois Architecture, Public and Private, 355 An Urban Contrast : Cairo and Florence, 363

16. EDGES OF MEDIEVALlSM, 375

Florence at the Crossroads, 375 The City Center, 376 Europe in the Fourteenth Century, 386 Aging Traditions Abroad, 394

17. THE RENAISSANCE: IDEAL AND FAD, 403

The First Advance, 403 The Prince and the People : Patronage in Northern

Italy, 412 The Italianate Craze, 428

18. SPAIN AND THE NEW WORLD, 433

The American Scene, 433 The Spanish Scene, 442

19. ISTANBUL AND VENICE, 453

A Turkish Renaissance, 454 The Consummation of Venice, 468

20. THE POPES AS PLANNERS: ROME, 1450-1650,485

Making the City Whole, 485 "A Pasture for the Bodily Senses," 496

21 . ABSOLUTISM AND BOURGEOISIE : EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE, 1600-1750, 511

The Roman Baroque, 511 France : The Grand Siecle, 527 The Face of Protestantism, 538

CONTENTS

PART THREE

The Search for Self 22. ARCHITECTURE FOR A NEW WORLD, 547

Europe in Ferment, 547 A World to Choose From, 553 Form and Reform, 566

23 . ARCHITECTURAL ART AND THE LANDSCAPE OF INDUSTRY, 1800-1850, 571

A Matter of Styles, 571 The Iron Age, 594

24. THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE, 605

Colonial Dependence, 607 Architecture for a Nation, 617 Greece for All Seasons, 629

25 . VICTORIAN ENVIRONMENTS, 635 . --'

The Gilded Age, 635 Victorian America, 647

26. THE TRIALS OF MODERNISM, 669

Urban Choices, 669 Toward a Twentieth-Century Architecture, 680

27. ARCHITECTURE AND THE STATE: INTERWAR YEARS, 695

The 1920s, 695 The Other Side, 707 The Language of Power, 717

28. THE ENDS OF MODERNISM, 721

Reconstruction, 721 Postwar America, 724

29. DESIGNING THE FIN-DE-SIECLE, 745

Success and Failure, 745 Recoveri ng the Past, 748

Illustration Credits, 763 Glossary, 767 Index, 776

J

Aachen (Germany), 275, 280, 282, 283; housing develop-ment at, Fig. 27. 32; palace and chapel of Charlemagne at, 275, 279, 343, 350, Figs. 12.7-8

Aalto, Alvar, 723, 728, 732. See also Villa Mairea Abacus, 125 Abbasid Dynasty, 284, 363, 454 Abbeys. See Monasteries Abd-al-Malik (685-705), 286 Abu Simbel (Egypt), temples of, 66, 229 Abusir (Egypt), pyramids and temples of, 79, 85 Abydos (Egypt), 71, 73; First Dynasty tomb, Fig. 4.4a Academy (Athens, Greece), 150, 176 Academy of Architecture (paris, France), 575-76, 640.

See also Ecole des Beaux-Arts Acapulco (Mexico), 444 Achaemenid dynasty, 117, 133, 223 Acoustics, 149, 329, 635 Actopan (Mexico), church at, 448 Adam, Robert, 560, 562, 618, 619. See also Osterley Park Adam Thoroughgood House (Princess Anne County, Vir-

ginia), Fig. 24.5b Addison, Joseph, 548 Adena, earthworks of, 235, Fig. 10.28 Adobe,436,440,441,446 Adyton, 130, 205 Aegean, 91,107,113,115,120,131,182 Aeschylus, 148; cited, 158 Aesthetics, 312, 333; Albertian, 411; machine, 701, 702;

modern, 701, 702, 711, 715, 718; Renaissance, 429 Africa, 32, 113, 203, 217, 219, 233, 245, 253, 258, 269,

363, 398, 399, 433, 444, 446; French, 695 African architecture, 216, 219-20. See also Islamic archi-

tecture; Yankezia Agamemnon, 98, 100, 113 Agora, 49, 133; at Athens, 203; at Pergamon, 187; at

Priene, 174; Greek, 139, 146, 149, 150, 158; Hellenis-tic, 202. See also Miletus

Agrigento (Sicily), 129; temple of Concord at, Fig. 6.13; temple of Zeus at, 123

Ahuramazda, 223, 269 Airport architecture, 697, 734, Figs. 27.3, 28.23 Aix-Ia-Chapelle. See Aachen Ajanta (India), sanctuary at, 228-29, Fig. 10.19 Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV, 1379-1362 B.C.), 70, 88 Akragas . See Agrigento Akropolis, 146; Aztec, 439; at Pergamon, 189; Islamic,

463; Roman, 185 Akropolis (Athens, Greece), 9,10,11,119,137,144,149,

150-59,163,176, Figs. 7.2, 7.16-18, 7.20; le Corbu-sier, sketches of, 12, Fig. 1.15. See also Athena Nike; Erechtheion; Parthenon; Propylaia

Alabaster, 10 1, 111, 260 Alaska, 233; pit houses in, 235 Albany (New York), 608 Alberti, leon Battista (1404-72), 379, 385, 403-14, 418,

423,425,428,445,479,480,482,511; compared with Brunelleschi, 411-13; definition of architect, 407; ideal citY,407-9; Ten Books on Architecture, 379, 385, 407-9. See also Palazzo Rucellai; S. Maria Novella; Sant'Andrea; Rimini: S. Francesco

Albi (France), cathedral of Ste.-Cecile, Fig. 16.19 Albizzi family, 376 Alcuin, 275 Aleppo (Syria), 4 Alexander VI, Pope (1492-1503), 434 Alexander the Great (337-323 B.C.), 89, 135, 161, 162,

168,178,209,223,224,225, Fig. 8.1 Alexander Severus (222-35), 245

INDEX

Alexandria (Egypt), 168, 174, 175, 177, 178,295 Alfeld-an-der-leine. See Fagus Factory Alfonso I, of Aragon (1416- 58), 405, 409 Alfonso V, of Castile (999- 1027), 300 Alfonso VI, of Castile (1065-1109), 299, 300 Alfred the Great (871-99), 297 Algeria, 453, 572 Algiers (Algeria), le Corbusier plans for, 721 Alhambra : palace of (Granada, Spain), 17, 398-401, 572,

Figs. 1.18, 16.30- 32; palace of Charles V, 403, 404, 413, Fig. 17.2

Alignments, Stone Age, 30, 300 All Saints, Margaret Street (london, England), 637, Fig.

25.3 Allegheny County Courthouse (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania),

660, Fig. 25.24 al-Qahira. See Cairo Altars: Carolingian, 277, 280, 282; medieval, 555 al-Walid (705- 15), 286 Amarna (Egypt), 70, 88, Fig. 4.3 Ambo, 257, 267 ~'" Ambulatory, 252, 253, 305, 307, 308; Carolingian, 275;

Gothic, 331, 344; in Holy Sepulchre, 259 Amenhotep III (1417- 1378 B.C.), 83, 86 Amenhotep IV. See Akhenaten America, 16, 233, 235, 354, 433, 440, 444; settled by Eu-

ropeans, 607-8 American Academy in Rome, 683 American architecture, 572-73,607-33,647- 67,669- 71,

683- 85,701,707-8,709- 10,711,712,717. See also under period headings (Colonial, Federa l, Neoclassical, etc. ), and under style headings (Romanesque revival, Shingle Style, etc.)

American Institute of Architects, 649 American Renaissance, 669, 683 American Revolution, 617, 627 Amiens (France), 281, 350; cathedral of, 329, 341, 343,

346,391 , Fig. 14.21; reconstruction of, 755, Fig. 29.14 Amon, 79, 82, 83, 85- 88. See also Karnak; luxor Amon-Re-Herakhty, temple of, 87, Fig. 4.19 Amphitheaters, Roman, 192, 195, 203, 206, 207, 271 ,

287; at Pompeii, 196, 197,207, Fig. 9.21. See also Am-phitheatrum Tauri; Colosseum

Amphitheatrum Tauri (Rome, Italy), 208 Amr, 269 Amsterdam (Netherlands), 538, 539, Fig. 21.32; Eigen

Haard housing, 700, Fig. 27.8; Noorder Kerk at, 539 Anahita, 223 Antolia . See Asia Minor Anatolian art, 120 Andalusia (Spain), 399, 446 Andes, Andean, 233, 439- 42 Andesite, 185 Andron, 139, 179 Angilbert, 281 Angkor Thom (Cambodia), Bayon, 395, 398, Figs. 16.27b,

16.28b Angkor Wat (Cambodia): Great Temple, Fig. 16.28a; Pre

Rup Temple, 395, 396, Fig. 16.27a Angle contraction, 126, 127, Fig. 6.14 Angra (the Azores, Portugal), 433 Ankara (Turkey), 91, 695 Annaberg (Germany), church of SI. Anne, 394, Fig. 16.24 Annapolis (Maryland), plan of, 537, 614 Antae, 100 Anthemios of Tralles, 4, 6, 263, 461 Antilles, 442, 444 Antimodernism, 751

776

Antinous, 246 Antioch (Syria), 168, 245 Antiochus IV (175- 163 B.C.), 176 Antiquities of Athens (Stuart and Revett), Fig. 1.13 Antwerp (Flanders), 453 Anu, 64 Anubis, 79 Apadana, 114, 133, 225 Apartment buildings, 3; at Moscow, 718; at New York,

664, 708, Fig. 28.8; at Ostia, 200, 251, 472, Fig. 9.11; at Paris, 472 , 530, 645, 723; at Pompei i, 200; at Rome, 185,200,472; at Teotihuacan, 238; Baroque, 491; Euro-pean, 721 - 23, Figs. 28.1 - 4; grouping of, 700, Fig. 27.7; Hellenistic, 200; medieval, 360; Minoan, 108; modern , 699- 700, 708, 721 - 23, 747, 748, 753, Figs. 28.1 -4, 29.4,29.6,29.16; Neolithic, 27. See also Housing

Apennines, 191, 195 Apocalypse of St. John, 264, 300, 331 Apollo, 119-20, 124, 537, Fig. 9.26; for temples of, see

Bassae; Corinth; Delos; Delphi; Didyma; Miletus; Pompeii

Apollonia, 185 Apses: at Ggantija, 36; Baroque, 504, 525; Byzantine, 267;

Carolingian, 276, 280; Early Christian, 257, 259; Gothic, 331 - 32, 341, 380; Greek, 117; medieval, 356; Renais-sance, 500, 503; Roman, 201, 217, 253; Romanesque, 305,307,311,314,317; Spanish-American, 449, 450

Apsidal chapels, Greek, 117, 120 Apulia (Italy), 115 Aqueducts: at Pompeii, 195; at Pylos, 101; at Versa illes,

534; Aztec, 438; Greek, 117; modern, 595 ; Roman, 3, 411, 498, 561, and see also Pont du Gard; Spanish-American, 446, Fig. 18.15

Aquinas, Thomas, 330, 342 Aquitaine, 273, 319 ' Arabia, desert of, 269, 285 Arcades: architectural, 251 , 258, 308; Aztec, 438; French,

529; Gothic, 340, 389; Islamic, 403, 459; medieval, 358, 360, 472, 474, Fig. 19.19; Renaissance, 427; Ro-manesque, 309, 311, 320, 321; Spanis -American, 445, 449

Arcades, shopping, 203, 595, 596. See also Nantes; Pari s: Galerie d'Orleans; Providence

Archaeology, 3, 11, 12, 43, 549, 560, 571, 572, 589 Archaic art, Greek, 32, 122, Fig. 6.9 Archer, Thomas, 541 Arches: at Boston, 615; at Chiswick, 552; Baroque, 525;

Carolingian, 275; Early Christian, 258, 263; Egyptian, 130; elliptical, 697; Etruscan, 130, 131, Fig. 6.19; Fas-cist, 718; Gothic, 332-33, 337, 525; Greek, 130, 174; Hellenistic, 174, Fig, 8,19; Hittite, 93; Islamic, 295, 398, 459,461; Mesopotamian, 130; modern, 718, 739; ogee, 392; Persian, 130; pointed, 332- 33, 365, 380, Fig. 14.11; Renaissance, 379, 411 - 13, 475; Roman, 193- 95, 206, 326, Figs . 9.3-4, 9.22; Romanesque, 306, 307, 309,311,313,314,317,320; round-headed, 318, 321 , 380; Spanish-American, 450; strainer, 392, 525, Fig. 16.21; transverse, 393, Fig. 14.11; voussoir, 130, 194. See also Triumphal arches

Archigram, 748, Fig. 29.7 Architects, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12, 18; American, 623, 633; Ba-

roque, 496, 519, 528, 541; Carolingian, 275, 296; Early Christian, 258, 259; Greek, 122, 123, 126, 127, 130, 167- 68; Hellenistic, 170, 177; Incan, 442; Islamic, 462, 467; medieval, 273, 325, 326, 333, 338, 341, 343, 344, 345, 346, 371, 386, 387, 403; Minoan, 108; Nazi, 717; Neoclassical, 554, 558- 59, 566, 618; nineteenth-century, 572, 576- 77, 595, 635; Renaisssance, 407,

408,414,430,454,470,472,503,511,513; Roman, 192,213,214,250; twentieth-century, 691, 696,701, 703. See also under individual names

Architectural drawings, 4, 5, 10, 12, 589, 638; Egyptian, 71,123

Architectural decoration. See Ornament Architectural education, 574, 575. See also Architectural

schools Architectural orders, 559. See also Colossal; Corinthian;

Doric; Ionic; Tuscan Architectural principles, Bronze Age, 94, 96 Architectural revivals, 18. See also Classical; Egyptian; Ex-

otic; Gothic; Greek; Renaissance; Romanesque Architectural scenery. See Interior design Architectural schools, 683. See also Academy of Architec-

ture; Bauhaus; Ecole des Beaux-Arts; Vkhutemas Architectural symbolism, 67, 715- 16; at the Akrop-

olis, 146; at the Pantheon, 218; at Teotihuacan, 239; Baroque, 511; Classical, 717, 718; Early Christian, 261

Architectural theory: Indian, 227; Renaissance, 385 Architectural treatises, 407. See also Architecture: manuals

of Architecture, 4, 15, 19; and building, 12, 13, 18; as bound-

ary, 21, 27; as language, 511, 553, 623, 753, 758; as metaphor, 734, 739; as monument, 21, 27; as shelter, 21,23,27,32,36,38,235,240; fin-de-sikle, 758-61; history of, 3, 10, 12, 14, 19,21,123,459; institutional, 715-16; manuals of, 228-29, 551, 617, 649; meaning of, 18, 19; organic, 109, 712; post-World War I, 695-96, 697; setting of, 10-12; as volume, 701. See also Commercial architecture; Residential architecture

Architrave, 125, 126, 131 Ardashir I (226-40), 224, 245 Arezzo (Italy), 302 Argive (Argolid) Plain, 100, 105, 122 Argos, 117 Ariadne, 111 Arinna (Hepatu), 96 Aristotle, 142, 150, 176; cited, 138, 146, 174, 352, 372 Arizona, 235 Aries (France), 271, 305, 325, Fig. 12.3 Armenia, 229 Armorium, 357, Fig. 15.8 Arno River, 115, 373 Arnolfo di Cambio, 372, 375, 376 Arsenals, medieval, 359, 364. See also Venice Art Deco, 708, 711, 712, Fig. 27.25 Art Nouveau architecture, 686-87, 745 Artemis, 120, 131. See also Ephesos; Kerkyra Artemision (Ephesos, Turkey), 122, 131, 132, 164, 168,

Fig.6.22a Arts and Crafts Movement, 639, 682, 683, 688, 692 Aryans, 227 Asam Brothers, 522, 524 Ashlar masonry, 168,213,265 Asia, 46, 91, 233, 266,433, 444, 453, 742, Fig. 10.16 Asia Minor, 18,50,82,91,94,99,115,161,168,182,

229, 301, 453, 455-68, 695; Cretan immigrants from, 107; Greek migration to, 113; half-timbered construction in, 97, 218; homeland of Etruscans, 117, 130; origin of Ionic order, 131. See also under place names

Asklepios, 147; sanctuary of (Kos, Greece), 170, 171, 175, 205,494, Figs. 8.14-15, 20.8. See also Pergamon

Assembly Building (Chandigarh, India), 15, 733-34, Figs. 1.16, 28.21-22

Assisi (Italy), 343, 360 Assur (Iraq), 64; palace at, 225, Figs. 10.14-15 Assyria, Assyrians, 91, 105, 117, 118, 122, 133, 134 Assyrian architecture, 51,61,64,65. See also Khorsabad Aswan (Egypt), 67, 70, 76 Asylums, 568 Athena, 118, 119, 149, 158, 185, 334; association with

Athens, 120, 124, 137; at Pergamon, 182. See also Mi-letus

Athena Lindaia, sanctuary of (Lindos, Greece), 160, 171-74, 205, Figs. 8.16-17

INDEX

Athena Nike, temple of (Athens, Greece), 149, 152, Fig. 6.21

Athena Parthenos, 164, Fig. 7.26 Athens (Greece), 11, 12, 16, 112, 118, 120, 137- 41, 146-

59, 163, 182, 375, 376, 547, 560, Fig. 7.3; Areopagos at, 146, 149; Dipylon Gate at, 150, 152; Kerameikos at, 150; Long Walls, 138, 150; modern, 581, Fig. 23.16; Mycenaean, 146- 49; Pnyx, 146, 147-48, 149; Roman, 217; Skias, 147, 149, Fig. 7.11; stoas, 149, 151, 176; temple of Aphrodite, 150; temple of Poseidon, 150; the-ater of Dionysos, 148-49; war with Sparta, 161. See also Academy; Agora; Akropolis; Attalos; Bouleuterioll; Erechtheion; Hephaistos, temple of; Parthenon; Propy-laia; Tower of the Winds; and under Athena

Atlanta (Georgia), 760; High Museum of Art, Fig. 29.28 Atlantic Heights (New Hampshire), 673 Atlatlauhcan (Mexico), 449, Fig. 18.18 Aton,88 Atrio, 447, 449-51, Figs. 18.18, 18.20. See also Cholula Atrium: Carolingian, 275, 278; Early Christian, 257- 58,

260, 266, 320, 501; in Roman houses, 185, 197, 199, Fig. 9.lOa; Romanesque, 307, 317, Fig. 13.30; Spanish-American, 450

Attalids, 182, 189 Attalos I (241 - 197 B.C.), 185, 189; stoa of (Athens), Fig. 7.7 Attalos 11 (159-138 B.C.), 176, 187 Attic: Baroque, 490; medieval, 361; modern, 711; Renais-

sance,412,424,477,480 Attica (Greece), 10, 124, 137,146,155,158, Fig. 7.3 Audience halls, Roman, 253, 311, Figs. 11.12, 11.17. See ,...

also Trier ... Auditoriums: Greek, 147, 148; Roman, 206. See also Chi-

cago: Auditorium Building Augsburg (Germany), 453; Fuggerei, 472 Augustine, St., 325, 328, 330, 509 Augustinians, 356, 443 Augustus, 192,201,209,218,245,257; house of, 210;

forum of (Rome), 213; mausoleum of (Rome), 272, 497, 500

Aula Traiana. See Markets of Trajan Austria, 453,519,523,531,537,695 Automobile, 697, 708 Autun (France), cathedral of, 333, Fig. 13.6 Auxerre (France), cathedral of, 342 Avebury (England), 20 Aventine Hill (Rome, Italy), 185, 194, 208, Fig. 8.31 Avenues: Baroque, 528-29, 530; colonnaded, 174, 175,

Fig. 12.22; modern, 644, 718 Averlino, Antonio (Filarete), 446. See also Milan:

Ospedale Maggiore Avignon (France), 388-89, 501 Avila (Spain), walls, Fig. j 3.3 Axiality, in Etruscan architecture, 130 Azerbaijan, 223 Aztec architecture, 437-39,708, Fig. 18.2. See also Mex-

ico City; Tenochititlan; Zocalo Aztecs, 435, 437-39, 445, 446, Fig. 18.2

Baalbek (Lebanon), temple of Venus at, Fig. 1O.5a Babylon (Egypt), 363 Babylon (Iraq), 58, 108; ziggurat of, 61 Babylonia, Babylonians, 51, 134 Bacon, Francis, 558 Bactria, 134 Badr al-Gamali (1087-92), walls of, 368, Fig. 15.20 Badr-i-Nishandah (Iran), sanctuary at, 224 Baghdad (Iraq), 284-85, 295, 350, 363, 418, 461, Fig.

12.21 Baguio (Philippines), plan of, 673 Bake house, 354 Bakema, Jacob, 747, 750 Bakery, 43, 475 Balconies: Baroque, 490, 506, 522; medieval, 360, 364,

371 Ball court, Aztec, 438 Ballatoio, 377, 378 Bailer, Inken and Hinrich, Fig. 29.16g

777

Balloon frame, 651, Fig. 25.18 Balmoral Castle (Aberdeenshire, Scotland), 589 Baltic Sea, 299 Baltic states, 695 Baltimore (Maryland), 605, 622, 627; cathedral, 622, Fig.

24.20 Balustrade, 462, 495, 515, 525, 532, 535, 618 Banking, Renaissance, 377, 379 Banks, 563, 571, 595, 632. See also London; Philadelphia;

Second National Bank of the United States Baptisteries, 35, 257, 258- 59, 272, 273, 275, 319. See also

Florence; Pisa; Poitiers; Ravenna Barcelona (Spain), 687, Fig. 15.2; Casa Mila, 687, Fig.

26.26; German pavilion at, 702, 703, 727, Fig. 27.12; Le Corbusier plans for, 721

Bardi family , 377 Barns, 554, 682; American, 605, 608; medieval , 360, 490 Baroque architecture, 16, 483, 547, 550, 559, 563, 599,

728; English, 541-42; French, 527- 38; German, 519, 522- 25, 539, 723; Roman, 511 - 19, 539; Spanish, 525- 26

Barracks, 364, 608 Barrel vault. See Vault Barry, Sir Charles. See Houses of Parliament; London: Re-

form Club Basalt, 237, 240 Basilicas: at imperial palace in Rome, 210-11, Fig. 9.26;

Carolingian, 278, 280, 309-10, 525; Early Christian, 257-58,259,260,272,274,296,317,487,529; of Tra-jan, 215; origin of, 203; Roman, 185, 193, 195, 201, 245,256,280,314, Fig. 9.14; Romanesque, 311

Bassae (Greece), temple of Apollo at, 164- 69, Figs. 8.5-7,8.9

Bastides, 349, 352, 354-55, 366, 444, 609 Bastions, 426, 429 Batalha (Portugal), monastery, 433 Bath (England), 218, 568, 619, Fig. 22.30 Baths, 43, 309; at Pompeii, 194, 196, 197, 203, 204, Fig.

9.17; Hellenistic, 177,203; Islamic, 287, 457; medieval, 323; monastic, 272, 283; Roman, 195, 203, 210, 245, 251,253,272,413, Figs. 9.17, 9.25, 11.17. See also Baths of Caracalla; Baths of Diocletian

Baths of Caracalla (Rome, Italy), 251 - 52, 281, 308-9, Figs. 11.9,11.13

Baths of Diocletian (Rome, Italy), 251, 258, 498 Battering: at Troy, 98; in Egyptian architecture, 67, 76 Baudelaire, Charles, cited, 647 Bauhaus, 702, 703, 704, 724, 726, 758, Fig. 27.11 Bavaria, 343, 523 Bay Area Style, 728, Fig. 28.13 Bayeux (France), cathedral of, 342 Bazaar, 52, 286; Islamic, 369, 457, Fig. 15.22. See also

Cairo Bear Run (Pennsylvania). See Falling Water Beaugency (France), donjon at, 298 Beauty, Renaissance ideal of, 411; in modernism, 701 Beauvais (France), cathedral of, 341, Fig. 14.19 Beaux-Arts classicism, 16, 695, 701, 708, 711, 724, 727,

740, Fig. 27.21. See also Ecole des Beaux-Arts Bedford Park (London), 640 Beecher, Catharine, 664 Beehive tombs, 105. See also Mycenae: Treasury of Atreus Beguine houses, 472 Behrens, Peter, 686, 690-91. See also Berlin: AEG turbine

factory Beijing (China). See Forbidden City; Peking Belanger, Fran~ois-Joseph, cited, 596 Belem (Portugal), monastery, 433 Belgrade (Yugoslavia), 453, 461 Bell towers, 276, 307, 314,317,320,358,359,377,471,

474-76,495, Fig. 13.33; American, 610,709, Fig. 27.21; Baroque, 515, 540, 541; Renaissance, 488. See also Pisa; Pomposa; Venice: St. Mark's

Bellini, Gentile, 459, Fig. 19.26 Benci di Cione, 360 Benedict, St., Rule of, 272, 282, 323, 324; cited, 283 Benevolo, Leonardo, cited, 536

)

Benjamin, Asher, 630 Bent Pyramid (Dahshur, Egypt), 75 Bentham, Jeremy and Samuel, 567 Bentley, Richard, 559 Beresford, Maurice, 354, 355 Berg, Max, 690 Bergama. See Pergamon Berlage, Hendrik Petrus, 686, Fig. 26.23b Berlin (Germany), 583, 628, 718, 745, Fig. 23.20; AEG

turbine factory, 691, Fig. 26.30; Altes Museum, 631, Fig. 23.21; Brandenburg Gate, 583; Hansaviertel, 755, Fig. 28.4; modern housing in, 695, 723-24, 753, Figs. 28.1, 28.3-4, 29.16; Museum Extension and Jewish Museum, 759, Fig. 29.29; National Gallery, 727; Packhof build-ings, 576, 583, Fig. 23.11; Rauchstrasse housing com-plex, 753, Figs. 29.16e, 29.16f; reconstruction of, 755, 758, Fig. 29.16; Tegel Harbor housing, 753, Figs. 29.13, 29.16a

Bernard of Clairvaux, 329, 336, 343; cited, 323, 324, 325 Bernard de Soissons, 341 Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 375, 511, 512, 513-14, 515, 517,

519,532,541,542,550; at Paris, 519, 534; atSt. Peter's, 505-9, Figs. 20.19- 24

Bernward, 309 Bethlehem (Israel), 259 Beycesultan (Turkey), palace at, 96- 99, Fig. 5.8 Birmingham (England), New Street Station, 598 Black Sea, 1 20 Blanche of Castile, 339 Blenheim Palace (Oxfordshire, England), 553, Fig. 22.5 Blondel, Jacques-Fran~ois, 575 Board-and-batten, 631, 728 Bodrum (Turkey), castle of,S Boetia, 117 Bofill, Ricardo, 744, 753, 755 Bogazkoy. See Hattusas Bohemia, 391,394,519 Boileau, Louis-Charles. See Paris: Bon Marche Bologna (Italy), 356, 357 i 360, 407; restoration of, 755,

Fig. 29.15 Bonacolsi, 418 Book of Kings, 18 Book of the Dead, cited, 70 Bordeaux (France), 284, 352 Borgo (Rome), 410, 487, 489, 500, 506, Figs. 20.13, 20.21 Borough (bourg, burgus), 351, 363 Borromini, Francesco, 512, 514, 515-16, 517, 519, 541,

542,549, Fig. 21.4 Boscoreale (Italy): villa at, 178; villa rustica at, 201, Fig.

9.13 Bosra (Iraq), 269 Boston (Massachusetts), 605, 607, 612-16, 617, 618, 627,

Fig. 24.10; Colonnade Row, 619; First Town House, 613, Fig. 24.11; Fitzgerald Expressway, Fig. 28.7; John Hancock Building, 663; King's Chapel, 615, Fig. 24.13; Long Wharf, 615, 619; Quincy Market, 627, 631, Fig. 24.28; State House, 605, 619, Fig. 24.17; Tontine Cres-cent, 619, Fig. 24.16; Tremont Hotel, 630; Trinity Church, 660, 670, Figs. 25.24E, 26.3

Boston Public Library, 668, 670, Figs. 26.3-4 Bouleuterion: at Athens, 146- 47, 149, 176, Fig. 7.15; at

Miletus, 176, Fig. 8.21 Boulevards, 528, 538 Boullee, Etienne-Louis, 564-66, 568, 575, 597, 734, 739,

753, Figs. 22.26-27 Bourges (France): cathedral of, 329, 341, 342, 343, Fig.

14.20; house of Jacques Coeur, 390, Fig. 16.16 Brackets, 414, 471 Brahma, 227, 395 Bramante, Donato (ca. 1444-1514),413,425,427,476,

488, 502, 503, 505, 509, Figs. 17.14, 20.15, 20.16a Braque, Georges, 32 Brasilia (Brazil), 728, Fig. 28.14 Braunschweig (Germany), 394 Bravo, Alonso Garcia, 443 Brazil, 442, 721, 732 Breslau (Germany), Jahrhunderthalle, 690, Fig. 26.28

INDEX

Breton, Gilles le, 430 Breuer, Marcel, 724, 728; house of, Fig. 28.5 Breweries, 599, 600 Brick: American; 605, 610, 614, 616, 619, 632; baked,

61; Byzantine, 265, 273, 319; Chinese, 232, 235; Early Christian, 259, 263; Egyptian, 67, 69, 70, 71,87; glazed, 61; Greek, 139, 150; Islamic, 285; medieval, 343, 349, 360,362,385,391; Mesopotamian, 194; modern, 547-48, 588, 600, 700, 728, 732, 740, 751; paving, 409, 498; Renaissance, 471,477; ribbing, 253; Roman, 192, 200,213,272,344; Romanesque, 308, 309, 317, 320; sun-dried, 98, 99. See also Mud-brick

Bridges: Aztec, 438; Etruscan, 117; Incan, 442; medieval, 362; modern, 547, 553, 576, 595, 599; Renaissance, 418, 487, 488, 503, 507; Roman, 245; Romanesque, 300, 301,305; suspension, 438, 599. See also Brooklyn Bridge; Coalbrookdale Bridge; Menai Bridge; Puente la Reina; San Francisco: Golden Gate Bridge; Sunderland Bridge

Briey-en-Foret (France), Fig. 28.1 Brighton (England), Royal Pavilion at, 572, 596, Fig. 23.26 Brindisi (Italy), 191 Bristol Cathedral (England), 392 British Columbia (Canada), tribal housing in, 233 British Museum (London, England), 5, 571, 598, 631, Fig.

23.3 Briviesca (Spain), 445, Fig. 15.2 Brochs, 22, Fig. 10.8 Brodrick, Cuthbert, 636, Fig. 25.2 Bronze Age, 91-113, 115, 117, 131 ..,. Brooklyn (New York): Farragut Houses, Fig. 28.8; Soldiers

and Sailors Memorial Arch, Fig. 26.2 Brooklyn Bridge (New York), 599, Fig. 23.37 Brown, Lancelot. See "Capability" Brown Bruges (Belgium), 359, 362, 387, 388, Figs. 15.2, 15.12 Brunei, I. K., Fig. 23.32 Brunelleschi, Filippo, 320, 375, 380- 85, 403, 405, 407,

411 - 14,428,457,459,476,511,550,563, Figs. 16.7-11, 19.6b. See also Florence: cathedral of, Foundling Hospital; S. Lorenzo; S. Spirito

Bruno, Giordano, cited, 537 Brussels (Belgium), 573, 641, 696; Maison du Peuple, 687;

Hotel Van Eetvelde, 687, Fig. 26.25 Brutalism, 739, Fig. 28.1 Bucer, Martin, cited, 539 Buchman (Pennsylvania), 673 Buckhead (Georgia), 760 Buddha, 227. See also Sanchi Buddhism, 227, 231 Buenos Aires (Argentina), 435 Buffalo (New York), 665, 693; Guaranty (now Prudential)

Building, 683. See also Larkin Building Building codes, 371, 486, 726, 727 Building technology: Gothic, 332; Greek, 121, 122-23;

modern, 595, 660, 696, 704, 726-27; Ottoman, 461; Roman, 178,218,219,446

Building types, 35, 36; Hellenistic, 177-79. See also Factor-ies; Museums; Schools; etc.

Bulfinch, Charles, 618, Figs. 24.16- 18, 24.28 Bulgaria, 295 Bungalows, 683 Burgos (Spain), 305 Burgundy, 323, 333 Burke, Edmund, 548-49 Burlington, Lord (Richard Boyle), 550, 616. See also

Chiswick Burnham, Daniel H., 10, 669, 670-71, 673, 683, 716.

See also Baguio; Chicago; Flatiron Building; Washington, D.e.: Union Station

Bursa (Turkey), 455, 467, Fig. 19.4; kOlliye of Bayazid I, 456, 457, 459-60, Fig. 19.5

Busketos, 314 Buto. See Pe Butterfield, William, 637, Fig. 25.3 Buttresses: at Pergamon, 187; flying, 214, 332, 340, 342,

343,381,386,392,611,739; Islamic,461; Renaissance, 477; Spanish-American, 448

778

Byzantine architecture, 8, 9, 295, 319, 394- 95, 471, 642, 685. See also Gracanica; Hagia Sophia; Hosios Loukas' Martorana; Mistra; San Vitale '

Byzantine Empire, 269, 271, 275, 277, 295, 317, 389, 394, 455,457,462,469, Fig. 12.1

Byzantium (Turkey), 265, 295, 352, 455, 504. See also Is-tanbul

Caen (France), 333, 721; SI. Etienne, Fig. 13.15 Cairo (Egypt), 67, 71, 350, 363- 71, 573, Figs. 15.19-20,

15.26. See also Sultan Qala'un Caladarium, 204, 252, Figs. 9.17, 11.13 California, 684, 708, Figs. 27.20a, 27.20b. See also Bay

Area Style Cambridge (England), 393; Holy Sepulchre at, 319, Fig.

13.32; Trinity Hall at, Fig. 15.9. See also Downing Col-lege; King's College

Cambridge (Massachusetts): Longfellow House, Fig. 24.14; Stoughton House, Fig. 25.24. See also Harvard Univer-sity; Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge Camden Society, 589 Campania (Italy), 195, 200, 207, Fig. 9.6 Campanile. See Bell towers Campbell, Col in, 550 Campidoglio (Rome), Piazza di, 488, 492, 494, 495-96,

501, 506, Figs. 20.7- 9. See also Rome, ancient: Tabu-larium; Rome, medieval: S. Maria Aracoeli

Campus architecture, 655. See also Cambridge (England); Colleges; Harvard University; Illinois Institute of Technol-ogy; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Oxford; Schools; Yale University

Canada, 233, 605, 637 Canals, 538, 595, 599,663, Figs. 21.32, 23.25 Canberra (Australia), plan of, 673 Candela, Felix, 739 Candilis, George, 747, Fig. 29.4 Canterbury Cathedral (England), 333, 343, 344; Christ-

church Monastery, 355, Fig. 15.6 Canute, 299 "Capability" Brown (Lancelot Brown), Fig. 22.13 Capetians, 297, 300, 329, 389 Capilla de Indios, 450 Capitals: angle, 169; composite, 411; Early Christian, 262,

265; Egyptian, 74, 87, 88; Hellenistic, 169; historiated, 169, 274; medieval, 301, 314, 324, 326, 342, 346; Persian "bull," 134, Fig. 6.25

Capitoline Hill (Rome, Italy), 191,210,214,349,485,486, 487, 491, 492, 494, 500, 562. See also Campidoglio

Capodimonte (Italy), villa of, 537 Capua, 191 Caravanserais, 18, 225, 370; at Knossos, 111 Caria (Asia Minor), 5 Carnac (France), Neolithic alignments at, 30, 38, 441, Fig.

2.14 . Carolingian Empire, 270, 274-84, 295, 389 Carthage, Carthaginians, 129, 179 Carson Pirie Scott (Schlesinger and Mayer) department store

(Chicago, Illinois), 7, 9, 10, Figs. 1.8, 25.30 Cartagena (Colombia), 444 Caryatids, 157, 194, Fig. 7.28 Casablanca (Morocco), 495 Casal Marittimo (Italy), tholos tomb at, Fig. 6.20 Caserta (Italy), villa of, 537 Caspian Sea, 57, 226 Castigl ione, Baldassare, 504 Castile (Spain), 299, 304, 433 Castles: medieval, 270, 294, 299, 301, 350, 351-52, 354,

364,389,391; Norman, 298-99; Renaissance, 390, 430; Roman, 350, 363-64

Catacombs, 249- 50, Figs. 11.7-8 CatalhoyOk (Turkey), 44, 50, 91, Fig. 3.7 Catalonia (Spain), 309, 342 Catania (Sicily), 129 Cathedrals . See Churches Cavea, 206, Fig. 9.20; at Colosseum, 208 Caves, prehistoric, 21. See also Chapelle-aux-Saints; Escale;

Monte Circeo; Lascaux

Cavetto cornice, 134 Cawthorn, James, cited, 553 CCc. See Civilian Conservation Corps Ceilings: Baroque, 513, 522, 531; Byzantine, 266; Early

Christian, 314; Gothic, 344; Islamic, 365, 399; medieval, 380; modern, 728, Fig. 28.12; Roman, 209

Celer, 209 Cella, 121, 125, 127, 154, 157, 163, 164, 166; in Sicilian

temples, 130; open to the sky, 131, 132 Cement: at Mycenae, 105; Greek, 139 Cemeteries: Early Christian, 249, 256; Egyptian, 77, 79;

Etruscan, 131; Hellenistic, 194; Islamic, 369; Neoclassi-cal, 567, 568; nineteenth-century, 572, 577; Roman, 195. See also Catacombs; Tombs

Cenotaphs, Egyptian, 71, 73, Fig. 4.4 Central Park (New York), 653, Fig. 25.23 Centuriation, 191, 192, 626, Fig. 9.2 Cervellati, Pier Luigi, 755, Fig. 29.15 Cerveteri (Italy), 131 Chaitya, 227, 228. See also Karli Chambers, Sir William, Fig. 22.12 Chambord (France), chateau of, 430, 753, Fig. 17.33 Chan-Chan (Peru), 440, Fig. 18.9 Chandigarh (India), 15, 732, 733, 742, 746, Figs. 28.21-

22. See also Assembly Building Ch'ang-an (China), 226, 233, 266, Fig. 10.26 Chapelle-aux-Saints, La (France), cave at, 23 Chapter houses, 324, 327, 345, 586 Chapultepec (Mexico), 437, 438 Chariot houses, Egyptian, 83 Charles 11, of England (1660- 85), 551 Charles V, Emperor (1519- 56), 442, 453, 491, 517. See

also Alhambra Charles VII, of France (1422-61), 390 Charles the Bald (875-877), 329-30, 333 Charles the Great (Charlemagne, 771-814),18,270,274,

295, 296, 297, 301. See also Aachen Charleston (South Carolina), 618; Middleton Place, 617;

Miles Brewton House at, 483, 617, Fig. 19.34b; St. Mi-chael's, 542

Charleval (France), chateau of, 532, Fig. 21.23 Charlottesville (Virginia). See University of Virginia Chartres (France), 322, 350, 352, 355, 358; cathedral, 10,

16, 18, 329, 330, 333-41, 345, 387, 391, 509, Figs. 1.12,14.12-18; Maison Saumon at, Fig. 15.18

Chateau de Gaillon (Normandy, France), 430 Chateaux. See Castles Chaux (France), salt works at, 546, 565, 567- 68, Fig.

22.28 Chefren, pyramid of (Giza, Egypt), 76, 77, 79, Figs. 1.19,

4.12 Chelsea Hospital (London, England), 527 Cheops, pyramid of. See Great Pyramid Chersiphron, 122 Chicago (Illinois), 647-67, 671, 679, 683, Figs. 25.29,

25.33,26.7; Auditorium Building, 660, Fig. 25.26b; Chi-cago Tribune Building, 702, 711, Fig. 27.21; Great Fire of, 7; Home Insurance Building, Fig. 25.34; Leiter Build-ing, 661, Fig. 25.27; Monadnock 8uilding, 661, Fig. 25.26a; Rookery, 660, Fig. 25.26c; skyscrapers in, 661, 663,664-66, 708, 710, 711, 727, Fig. 27.21; Union Stockyards, 664, Fig. 25.30. See also Carson Pirie Scott; Illinois Institute of Technology; Marshall Field Wholesale Store; Reliance Building; Riverside; World's Columbian Exposition

Chichen ItZ3 (Mexico), 18, 435, 437, 443; Temple of the Warriors at, Fig. 18.5

Chimneys, in American architecture, 609, 610, 614, 616 Chimu, 439, 440, 441 Ch'in Dynasty, 232 China, 17,226,229,231,233,245,366,433,549, 552.

See also Great Wall Chinese architecture, 231-33, 708, Figs. 10.21-26. See

also Forbidden City; Great Wall Chinoiserie, 553 Chiswick (England), 550, 552, 625, Figs. 22.9- 10 Choir, 277, 282, 343, 379, 382, 392

INDEX

Cholula (Mexico), 438, 443, 446, Fig. 18.13; monastery of S. Gabriel at, Figs. 18.16, 18.19

Christ, 3, 78, 192,248,255,337, Fig. 14.14 Christianity, 18, 247, 249, 250, 255, 264, 269 Church of the Theotokos (Stiris, Greece). See Hosios Loukas Churches: Byzantine, 8, 9, 10,11,19,229,272,276-77,

295, 300, 394- 95, 466, 739, 746, and see also Gracan-ica, Istanbul, Stiris; Carolingian, 272, 275, 277- 81,296, 298, 299, 307-8, and see also Corvey, Fulda, St. Gall; Cistercian, 327-28, 382; Early Christian, 257- 60, 261, 264, 296; early medieval, 273- 74; medieval, 352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 555; Norman, 344, 390; Protestant, 538-41, Fig. 21.34; Spanish-American, 442, 444-46, 449, 451, 526. See also Hall churches

Churches, American, 542, 572, 610, 629, 630, 631 Churches, Baroque, 512,513-16,519,522-26, S31-32,

537 Churches, English, 539- 41, 588, 589. See also Churches,

Gothic Churches, Gothic, 10,250, 296, 329-47, 572, 596, 710,

761. See also Gothic revival Churches, Renaissance, 379-86, 409, 410, 411, 412- 13,

418, 511. See also under individual cities and names of architects

Churches, Romanesque, 169,250,296,297,301,305- 21, 323,331,334,380

Churriguera, Jose Benito de, style of, 526 ClAM. See International Congresses of Modern Architecture Cicero, 191,215,424,552 Circles, prehistoric, 30, 38. See also Stonehenge Circus, Roman, 208, 265 __ , Circus Maximus (Rome, Italy), 185,208,210,266,500 Ciriaco of Ancona, 404 Cistercians, 296, 326-29, 330, 342, 343, 346, 379 Citeaux (France), 326 Cities, 695, 696, 705; Aegean, 168; Aztec, 437-39; Bronze

Age, 115, 117; Chinese, 231, 364; Dutch, 537; Greco-Roman, 270- 71, 285, 286; Greek, 118, 119, 120, 123, 133,137,138- 46,149,161,162,168,174,189,191; Hellenistic, 174-79, 189, 209; Incan, 439-42; Islamic, 284-87, 290, 364-73, 466- 68; layout of, 51-65; Mayan , 435-37; Minoan, 96, 106-8; Neoclassical, 548, 568; origin of, 43-50; Renaissance, 416, 426-28; Ro-man, 191, 193,200,202-3,219,245,349,350,351, 354, 364; round, 224-25; Spanish-American, 442-51. See also Company towns; Garden cities; Greenbelt towns; and under individual city names

Cities, American, 608-9, 610, 611-615, 626, 653, 713, 751, 759-60, Fig. 29.20. See also Cities, modern

Cities, ideal, 407, 418, 426, 445. See also Baghdad; Sfor-zinda

Cities, medieval, 296, 299, 301, 323, 345, 349- 73, 676, Fig. 15.2; early development, 270-72; new towns, 352-55. See also Bastides

Cities, modern, 573, 575, 579, 595, 675, 677-78, 717, 751,759- 60, Fig. 29.20. See also Company towns; Gar-den cities; Greenbelt towns; Utopias

City Beautiful Movement, 670-71,673,676-77,711,717-18,726

City gates, 57, 278, 280; medieval, 350, 362, 364; Renais-sance, 496, 497, 498

City halls. See Town halls City-planners, 496, 695, 721. See also under individual

names City-planning: Dutch, 538-39; Egyptian, 69-70; Fascist,

717- 18; French, 528,536, 537-38, 641, 695, 705, 707, 721, Fig. 27.18; German, 673-75; Greek, 130, 139-41, 145- 46; Hittite, 94; Islamic, 284- 85; Minoan, 108; Nazi, 717, 718; Neoclassical, 575, 577; post- World War 11, 723-24, 750-51; Renaissance, 408-10, 439; Roman, 191, 192,219,272; Soviet, 717, 718-19. See also Urban renewal, and under individual cities

City-states, medieval, 350, 357- 58, 422 Civic centers: American, 671; Roman, 203, 215; Spanish-

American, 444 Civil Amenities Act (England), 750 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 713-14

779

Clapboarding, 610 Classical architecture, 16, 137-59, 161, 166, 168, 317-18,

321, 378-79, 381, 382, 469, 480, 717. See also Greek architecture; Roman architecture

Classical art, 158, 163, 251, 295 Classicism, 258, 264,459,511,512,539,583,683; in Le

Corbusier, 701; of Greeks versus Romans, 560; reaction to, 547, 558, 573; Russian, 704; twentieth-century, 716, 718, 723, 727, 753, 755, Figs. 27.29-30. See also City Beautiful Movement; Greek revival

Clement XIV (1769-74), 562 Cleopatra, 163 Clerestory lighting: in Egyptian architecture, 73, 83, 87; in

Hellenistic architecture, 178; in medieval architecture, 274,305, 312, 340, 341; in Renaissance architecture, 382; in Roman architecture, 194, 209, 251

Cleveland (Ohio), civic center of, 677 Cleveland, Horace, 664 Clients,S, 7, 12, 18,213,296, 339, 387,403; modern,

573, 725; Renaissance, 403, 407- 8, 409-10, 411,420, 428,477,502-3

Cloister, 272, 273, 283, 324, 345, 355, 391, 448 Cluniac order, 296, 299, 329, 330 Cluny (France), abbey of, 302, 304, 323-26, 330, 333,

341, 346, 355, 478, Figs. 14.1, 14.4; medieval house at, Fig. 15.17

Clustered piers: Early Christian, 258; Romanesque, 308, 314

Clytemnestra, 100, 113 Coalbrookdale Bridge (Shropshire, England), 599, Fig.

23.25 Cob technique, 46 Cockerell, Samuel Pepys, 572 Coffering, 382, 394, 515, 566 Coignet, Fran~ois, 645, Fig. 25.9 Coins, commemorative (Roman), 192 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 527, 532, 534, 575 Cole, Thomas, 3 Colleges: American, 572, 716; Islamic, 466; medieval,

356,391 Cologne (Koln, Germany), 284, 673, 751; cathedral of,

343, 572. See also Werkbund Exhibition Colonial architecture, American, 609-17, 708, 724. See

also Boston; Farmington; Mount Vernon; Newport; Par-lange Plantation; St. Luke's; Williamsburg

Colonialism, 695, 742, 745 Colonization: Greek, 119-20, 139-41; Hellenistic, 161;

medieval, 301; Roman, 192, 218; Spanish, 433, 442, 444,453

Colonnades: Byzantine, 266; French, 532; Greek, 118, 125,126,143,144,145,163,167-68; Hellenistic, 213; Mayan, 437; medieval, 319; Neoclassical, 566, 630; Ro-man, 193, 201, 286. See also Columns

Color: in English Gothic, 346; in Florence, 377; in Greek architecture, 126; in Islamic architecture, 295, 398; in modern architecture, 593, 702, 753; in Romanesque ar-chitecture, 321; in Venice, 469

Colossal order, 311, 505, 506, Figs. 20.9a, 20.17 Colosseum (Rome, Italy), 190, 195,207-8,217,218, 2S1,

411, 491, 498, 718, Figs. 1.6, 9.22, 9.25, 9.28 Columbus, Christopher, 433, 434, 435 Columns: Baroque, 506, 507-8, 514, 515, 522, 526, 532;

Classical, 314, 317, 542, 710; Early Christian, 263, 264, 280-81; early medieval, 273, 274; Egyptian, 70, 73, 76, 77, 82, 86, 125, Figs. 4.16, 4.20, 4.23; engaged, 163; Gothic, 327, 333; Greek, 121, 122-27, 137, 144, 158; Hellenistic, 168, 169, Fig. 8.24; Islamic, 290, 398, 459; Mannerist, 414; Mayan, 437; modern, 547, 559, 563, 571,597,631,705,716,718,728,739, Fig. 28.22; My-cenaean, 105; Minoan, 112; Persian, 133,225,228; Re-naissance, 381, 386,403,405,412,413,475,477,727; Roman, 247, 258, 326, 331; Romanesque, 305, 308, 311, 321. See also Architectural orders; Capitals

Columns, triumphal, 215, Fig. 10.9 Commercial architecture: Greek, 133; Hellenistic, 178;

Mesopotamian, 52; modern, 596, 709-10; Roman, 203, 214. See also Khans

)

Commercial Style, 666, 671, 683, 711, 727 Commissioners' Gothic, 588 Communal houses, Russian, 703 Communes, 349, 355, 371 Communism, 745, 746 Community houses, Christian, 248, 250, 257. See also

Dura Europos Como (Italy), 358; Palazzo del Broletto at, 614, Fig. 15.11 Company towns, 579, 599, 652, 664. See also Grand

Hornu; Lowell; Pullman Competitions, architectural, 638, 685-86, 702, 759 Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (Venturi),

751 Composition, Beaux-Arts, 577, 642 Conant, Kenneth, 324 Concrete: modern, 683, 688, 696, 701, 722, 724, 727,

732, 733, 734, 739, 742, 744, 745-46, 748, 751, 753, Figs. 28.1, 28.22, 28.27; reinforced, 677, 689, 692, 697, 701,732; Roman, 185, 194,200,209,211,217,221, 240, 253, 308, 333

Conques (France), Ste.-Foy, 305-8, 313, 314, 331, 341, Figs. 13.9-14

Conservation, urban, 676 Conservatories, 596 Constantine the Great (306-37), 253-55, 259, 260, 265,

266, 280, 491. See also Istanbul; Jerusalem; Rome; Trier Constantinople. See Istanbul Construction: Baroque, 490; Byzantine, 263; fast-track,

719; hollow tube, 253, Fig. 11.16; Incan, 440; Indian, 229; Mayan, 436; nineteenth-century, 652; Roman prov-inces, 218; Romanesque, 313, Fig. 13.23; twentieth-cen-tury, 698, 701, 708, 709. See also Fireproof construction; Half-timber construction; Steel-frame construction

Constructivism, 758, 759 Contexturalism, 753 Contractors, Greek, 123 Conurbation, 679, 696 Cook, Peter, 748, Fig. 29.16c Copan (Honduras), 435, 436 Copcutt, Geoffrey, Fig. 29.5 Copenhagen (Denmark), 751 Copper, 619, 727 Corbelling, 31, 36, 93,194, Figs. 2.17, 5.4; Etruscan, 131;

in Mycenaean tombs, 105, Fig. 5.18; Incan, 440; Mayan, 435

Corbett, Harvey Wiley, Fig. 27.23 Cordemoy, Abbe, cited, 559 C6rdoba (Spa in) , 295, 350, 439; Great Mosque at, 285,

295, 306, 398, 403, Figs. 13.1, 17.1 Corfu. See Kerkyra Corinth, 105, 120, 122, 560; temple of Apollo at, 121,

Fig. 6.8 Corinthian order, 165-66, 205, 208, 411, 605, 614, 615,

Fig. 8.7 Cornaro, Alvise, cited, 454 Cornices, 378, 411, 472, 479,513,529,551,701,710 Cornwall (England), 38 Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille, 8 Corsignano. See Pienza Cortes, Hernando, 437, 438, 443, 445, 446, 453; cited,

439 Corvey (Germany), St. Vitus at, 279, 296, Fig. 12.14 Corvinas, Mathias, 429 Costa, Lucio, Fig. 28.14 Cottages, 548, 553, 586, 589,651,681, Fig. 23.22 Cross and Cross, Fig. 27.25 Cross-in-square. See Plans Council hall. See Bouleuterion Council of Trent, 451, 498, 500, 511, 517, 532 Counter-Reformation, 442, 485, 491,501,504,509,511 Courthouses, American, 612, 632, 714 Courts (courtyards): African, 219; Aztec, 450; Caroli ngian,

275,276,283; French, 530, 531,535; Greek, 138; Hel-lenistic, 179; Hittite, 94; Incan, 440, 441; Islamic, 287, 403,.459,460,463,466; medieval, 356, 360, 378, 389, 390, 490; Minoan, 107, 108, 111; modern, 597, 699, 710; Renaissance, 378, 413, 420, 428, 471, 472;

INDEX

Roman, 203; Spanish-American, 445, 446. See also Atrium

Coyoacan (Mexico), 437, 438 Crete, 91, 96, 105, 106-13, 118. See also Minoan archi-

tecture Croesus (560-546 B.C.), 131, 132, 133 Cro-Magnon people, 23 Cronkhill (Shrewsbury, England), 572-74, Fig. 23.8 Cross-ties, 97 Cross-vaults. See Vaults Crusades, Crusaders, 301, 302, 330, 343, 352, 363, 365,

398,433 Cryptoporticus, 200 Crypts, 308, 314 Crystal Palace (London, England), 598, 636, 663, Fig.

23.30 Ctesiphon (Iran), 224, 266 Cubism, 701, 711 Cubitt, Lewis, Fig. 23.34 Cuicuilco (Mexico), 235, 439 Cumberland (Georgia), 760 Cumbernauld (Scotland), town center, 748, 759, Fig. 29.5 Cupola. See Dome Curtis, William, cited, 726 Cuzco (Peru), 439, 440, 442, Figs. 18.7, 18.10 Cybele, 247 Cyclopean masonry, 46, 92, 99, 101, 103, 105, 146, Figs.

5.3-4 Cyprus, 48 Cyrenaica (Libya), 215 Cyrus the Great (550-530 B.C.), 133 Czechoslovakia, 695

Dacca (Bangladesh), National Assembly Building, 4, 7, Figs. 1.5, 28.28

Dacia, Dacians, 215, 222, Figs. 10.9-10 Daedalus, 106, 111 Dahshur (Egypt). See Bent Pyramid Dallas (Texas), 760 Damascus (Syria), 269, 285; Great Mosque at, 286 Daniell, Thomas and William, 572 Dante Alighieri, 375; cited, 389 Daphnis of Miletus, 168 Darius, 117, 133-34. See also Persepolis Davis, Alexander Jackson, 631 De Klerk, Michel, 700, Fig. 27.8 de Sepulveda, Juan Gines, cited, 443 De Stijl, 702 de Tembleque, Fray Francisco, 446 Decebalus, 222, Fig. 10.9 Deconstructivism, 759 Decorated Style, 392 Deir e l-Bahri (Egypt), 79-82, 178. See also Hatshepsut;

Mentuhotep Delhi (India), 433, 695 della Porta, Giacomo, 505, Fig. 20.17 Delos (Greece): commercial buildings in, 178, Figs. 8.26-

27; House of Comedians, 182, Fig. 8.28; House of Masks, 179, Fig. 8.29; Pythion, 178, Fig. 8.26; stoas of, Fig. 7.7; synagogue at, 189; temple of Apollo at, 166

Delphi, 119- 20, 129, 145, 164, 560, Fig. 6.16; temple of Apollo at, 122, Fig. 6.6; tholos at, 147

Demesne, 273, 284 Demeter. See Pergamon Dendera (Egypt). See Hathor Denis the Pseudo-Areopagite, 330 Denmark, 319; new towns of, 537 Denver (Colorado), 759-60 Deogarh (India), 395, Fig. 16.26a Department stores, 596-97, 687. See also Carson Pirie

Scott; Paris: Bon Marche Derrida, Jacques, 759 Der Turmanin (Syria), church at, Fig . 11.21 Descartes, Rene, 523, 532, 558 Dessau (Germany). See Bauhaus Detroit (Michigan). See General Motors Technical Center Deutsche Werkbund, 691. See also Werkbund Exhibition

780

Devonport (England), 573 Dfaz, Bernal, cited, 438, 439 Dickens, Charles, cited, 605, 627 Diderot, Denis, cited, 549 Didyma (Turkey), temple of Apollo at, 142, 168-70, 175,

178, Figs. 8.10-13 Dijon (France), cathedral at, 342 Dinokrates, 175 Diocletian (284-305), 253. See also Baths of Diocletian;

Split Dionysos, 179, 200, Fig. 8.29; theater of, see Athens Dneproges, 698 Docks, 595. See also Liverpool: Albert Docks; London: st.

Katharine's Docks Dolmen, 31,12, 36, 227, 300, Fig. 2.15 Dome of the Rock Uerusalem), 286, 288, 460, Fig. 12.23 Domes, 4, 10, 19, Fig. 10.13; American, 614, 615, 619,

630,631; Baroque, 513, 515, 517, 519, 522, 525, 541; Byzantine, 244, 276, 277, 318-19, 326, 395, Fig. 1.9; Carolingian, 275-76; corbelled, 105, Fig. 5.18; Early Christian, 260, 263-64; Etruscan, 131; half-domes, 258, 461; Hellenistic, 177; Indian, 227-29; Islamic, 288, 290,365,457,459-61,519; modern, 596, 636, 718, 742; Neoclassical, 563, 565; of hollow tubes, 253, Fig. 11.16; Persian, 224, 225; Renaissance, 383-85, 470, 501, 503, 504, 506; Roman, 193-94, 209, 251, 252, 253, Figs. 9.4, 9.24; Romanesque, 307, 314, 318-20; wooden, 260

Dominic, St., 343 Dominicans, 343-44, 357, 373, 379,442, 448 Dom-ino system, 705, Fig. 27.16 Domitian (81-96), 210 Domus Aurea. See Golden House of Nero Donatello, 375 Doors: Baroque, 522; Georgian, 551, Fig. 22.7; Renais-

sance, 490 Dorians, 113, 117, 119, 120, 146 Doric order, 122, 125-26, 131, 165, 168, Figs. 6.8, 6.11b,

6.14; at Pergamon, 182; in Palladio, 477; in stoa design, 144, Fig. 7.8; modern use of, 560, 563,718

Dormers, 430, 529, 532, 614, 615, 636, 660 Downing, Andrew Jackson, 631, Fig. 24.33 Downing College (Cambridge, England), 571, Fig. 23.2 Drawings. See Architectural drawings Dray ton Hall (South Carolina), 483 Dresden (Germany), 723. See also Zwinger Palace Du Cerceau, Jacques, the Elder, 530, 532 Dudok, Willem Marinus, 695, Fig. 27.2 Dura Europos (Salhiyeh, Syria), 225; community house at,

248, Fig. 11.6 Durand, Jean-Nicolas-Louis, 577, 630, Fig. 23.12 Durham Cathedral (England), 333, 344 DOsseldorf (Germany), planning in, 673

Earl's Barton (England), 344 Early Christian architecture, 248, 253-67, 295, 314, 317,

319, 320. See also Der Turmanin; Dura Europos; Istan-bul; Jerusalem; Ravenna; Rome

Earth construction, 46, 77, 222, 273, 715 Earthworks: Adena, 235, Fig. 10.28; Norman, 298 Eberbach (Germany), monastery at, 343 Ecbatana (Hamadan, Iran), 226 Ecclesiologists, 593, 635, 637 Ecclesius, Fig. 11.19 Eckbo, Garrett, Fig. 29.9 Eclecticism, 649, 669, 685 Ecole des Beaux-Arts (Paris, France), 576, 577, 641, 649,

669, 683, 685, 695, 701. See also Academy of Archi-tecture

Ecole Poly technique (Paris, France), 576 Edessa (Urfa, Turkey), 264 Edfu (Egypt). See Horus Edge cities, 759-60, Fig. 29.20 Edict of Nantes, 511, 532 Edirne (Adrianople, Turkey), 457; kOlliye of Bayazid 11, Fig.

19.6; kOlliye of Selim 11,461 Edward (899-924), 297

Edward I (1272-1307), 354 Edward VI (1547-53), 389 Egypt, 4, 43, 61, 67-89, 91, 94, 106,107,113,115,117,

118,133,134,161 , 163,182,572, Fig. 4.1; Byzantine, 269,363; Muslim, 398, 453; Roman, 218

Egyptian architecture, 67-89, 98, 107, 118, 126, 561; ar-chitects, 122; burial architecture, 71-79; temple com-plexes, 79-89. See also Abusir; Abydos; Amarna; Dah-shur; Deir el-Bahri; Edfu; El Kahun; Giza; Karnak; Khnum; Luxor; Saqqara; Thebes

Egyptian revival, 18, 572, 605 Ehn, Karl, Fig. 27.5 . Eiffel, Gustave, 11 Eiffel Tower (Paris, France). 9, 687, Fig. 1.10 Eigen Haard Society, 700, 701 Eigil, 283 Einhardt, 275 Einstein Observatory Tower (Potsdam, Germany). 700, Fig.

27.9 Eisenman, Peter, 753, Fig. 29.16b; cited, 759 El Kahun (Egypt), 69, 96, Fig. 4.2 Elevations, 539, 542, 577; Baroque, 525; Greek revival,

629; medieval church, 328, 341, 343; Renaissance, 405, 411,459,479; skyscraper, 71 0, 711, 712

Elevators, 7, 635, 651, 699, 709, 712. See also Grain ele-vators

Elias de Dereham, 346 Ely Cathedral (England). 345 Ely, Reginald, 393 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 650 Emmanuel Philibert, 519 Empire State Building (New York), 708, 709, 714 Empire Style, 573-76 Engineers, engineering, 446, 498, 528, 576, 635, 643,

649, 708 England, 32, 284; medieval, 297-99, 343, 344, 349, 352,

354, 360, 362, 377, 388, 390-92; modern, 618, 631, 679, 695, 699; Renaissance, 429, 511 , 517, 539; Ro-man, 217, 220; seventeenth-century, 527

English architecture: Baroque, 540-42, 547; Elizabethan, 540,550; Gothic, 344-47, 549, 572, 586; modern, 699; Neo-Palladian, 550-52; Victorian, 635-40. See also Gardens: English; Gothic revival; Greek revival; and un-der names of architects

Enlightenment, 548, 552, 553, 569 Entablatures, 403, 411, 413, 462,477, 506, 560, 563 Ephesos (Turkey), 120, 131-32, 272; temple of Artemis at,

164, 168, 169, Fig. 6.22a Epidauros (Greece): theater at, 148-49, Fig. 7.12; tholos

at, 147 Erechtheion (Athens, Greece). 118-19, 149, 152, 154, 157,

158,163,562,571, Figs. 7.20, 7.27-28 Erechtheus, 118, 119, 154 Eridu (Iraq). temples at, 55, Fig. 3.15 Escalators, 748 Escale (France), cave at, 21 Escapism, 708 Esna (Egypt). See Khnum Esse (France), 32; gallery grave at, 31, 36, Fig. 2.16 Ethiopia, 67, 85, 89, 134, 229 Etienne de Boneuil, 343 Etruria, Etruscans, 115, 117, 130, 179, 191, 197, 207,

549,561 Etruscan architecture, 130, 131, 194, Figs. 6.18-20. See

also Cerveteri; Orvieto; Volterra Eugenius IV, Pope (1431-47). 501 Eumenes 11 (197-159 8.C.), 187 Euphrates River, 54, 69, 217, 225 Eureka (California), Carson House at, 650, Fig. 25.17b Euripides, 148; cited, 120 Europe, 220, 233, 266, 270, 352, 359, 429, 442; modern,

511,574,695,696,701,711,712,721-22,748; post-World War 11,750-51

Eutychius, cited, 267 Evans, Sir Arthur, 108 Exeter Cathedral (England). 345 Exhibitions. See Fairs

INDEX

Exhibition halls, 697, 739 Eximenic, 445 Exotic revival, 18 Exposition des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels, 711 Expressionist architecture, Expressionism, 688, 690, 700,

702, 711, 732

Facades: American, 618, 630, 655, 658; Baroque, 513, 515-16, 525; Classical, 251; Early Christian, 258; Gothic, 329, 334, 337-38, 346; Islamic, 366-67; medi-eval, 378, 389; modern, 663, 704, 705, 751; Parisian, 529-30,532; Renaissance, 411-13, 422, 428, 474, 475-76,490,494,495; Romanesque, 307, 320

Factories, 327, 498, 528, 548, 576, 577, 595, 697, 760; modern, 685, 690-93, 703, 739, 746. See also Fagus Factory; Ford Motor Company; Industrial architecture

Fagus Factory (Alfeld-en-der-Leine), 692 Fairs, international, 640, 669, 711. See also Barcelona:

German pavilion at; Crystal Palace; Eiffel Tower; World's Columbian Exposition

Fairview (New Jersey). 673 Falling Water (Bear Run, Pennsylvania), 713, Fig. 27.26 Fancelli, Luca, 425 Farmington (Connecticut). Stanley Whitman House, Fig.

24.5c Farms, farmhouses, 14, 378, 472, 554, 632, 753 Fascist architecture, 717-18, 721, Fig. 27 .33 Fathy, Hassan, 742, Fig. 28.29 Fatimid Dynasty, 363-65 Faubourgs. See Suburbs Federal Style, 618-19. See also Boston; Salem Ferdinand of Aragon (1479-1516). 399,434 Ferrara (Italy). 418, 424-28, 480, 497, 518. See also

Pomposa Ferris, Hugh, Fig. 27.22 Feudalism, 297, 329, 349, 352, 355, 370 Fez (Morocco), 399 Filarete. See Averlino, Antonio Finland, S77, 695 Fioravanti, Aristotele, 429 Fireproof construction, 576, 631,726,727 First Romanesque, 309, 317, 320, 343 Fischer von Erlach, J. B., 554, Figs. 22.14-15 Flanders, 350, 352, 387, 388, 391, 453, 526, 599, Fig.

27.16 Flatiron Building (New York). 671, Fig. 26.8 Floors, 139, 312, 753 Florence: Roman, 72,272, Fig. 9.2; baptistery of, 320, 321,

376, Figs. 13.33-34; cathedral of, 318, 373, 376, 383-85,501,504, Fig. 16.10; Foundling Hospital, Fig. 19.6b; medieval, 357, 358, 363, 371-73, 409, 446, Fig. 16.2; Orsanmichele, 372, 376; Piazza della Signoria, 373, 376, 378, Fig. 15.10; Renaissance, 375-86, 403, 428, 457, 476, 480, 559, Fig. 16.12. See also Palazzo Davanzati; Palazzo Medici; Palazzo Vecchio; Poggio a Caiano; S. Croce; S. Lorenzo; S. Maria Novella; S. Miniato; ·S. Spirito

Focillon, Henri, cited, 307 Follies, architectural, 596 Fondaco, 359-60, 370 Fontaine, Hippolyte, 663 Fontaine, Pierre-Fran~ois-Leonard, cited, 574 Fontainebleau (France), chateau at, 430, Fig. 17.32 Fontana, Domenico, 497, 500, 504, 509, 536, Fig. 20.18 Fontenay (France), abbey at, Figs. 14.5, 14.7 Forbidden City, Fig. 10.21 Ford Motor Company, River Rouge plant, 693, Fig. 26.33 Form, 760; modern, 734, 740, 746; and reform, 745 Formica, 714 Fortifications. See Military architecture Forts, fortresses, 46; Byzantine, 269; French, 526, 528, 608;

Incan, 440, 442; medieval, 350, 352; Norman, 297; Portuguese, 433; Roman, 287; Viking, 284

Fort Worth (Texas), 760. See also Kimball Art Museum Foster, Norman, 748 Forums, Roman, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 233, 257,

265, 266, 287, 358, 370, 477. See also Pompeii; Ro-man Forum

781

Foundations, 97, 122, 660, 665, Fig. 25.34 Fountains (England), monastery at, 343 Fourier, Charles, 580, 581, 677 Fra Giocondo, 473, 502 Frampton, Kenneth, cited, 742 France: medieval, 284, 295-98, 299, 304, 309, 329, 330,

333,337,349,352,354,362,377,381,388,391,572; modern, 618, 622, 623, 673, 695, 698, 702, 722, 723, 745,748,750,753, 755; seventeenth-century, 511 , 517, 527,530

Francesco di Giorgio, 413, 426 Francis 1(1515-47),430,533 Francis, St., 343 Franciscans, 343-44, 357, 373, 379,442,447 Franco, Francisco, 717 Frankfort, Henri, cited, 50 Frankfurt (Germany), 275, 673, 695, 745; Am Lindenbaum }

housing district, Fig. 27.6 Franks, 245, 269 Fraser, James Earle, 716 Free Style, 682-83, 686, 692 Freeways, 726, Fig. 28.7. See also Highways; Roads; Trans-

portation: modern French architecture: Gothic, 323-47, 572; modern, 547,

559, 572, 593, 596-98; Renaissance, 430, 533; seven-teenth-century, 527-37

French Revolution, 302, 324, 564, 569, 572, 618, 624 Freyssinet, Eugene, 690, 697, 705, 739, Fig. 27.3 Frieze, 124, 126, 131, 166, 169; at Parthenon, 155; Renais-

sance, 42, 414, 531 Frigidarium, 251-52, 281 Frontinus, 498 Fulda (Germany), abbey of, 278, 283, 296, Fig. 12. 11 Fu lton Mall (Fresno, California), 751, Fig. 29.9 Function, 740 Functionalism, 547, 560, 571 , 583, 592, 599, 682, 687,

700,715,717,727,742,751; in industry, 701 Funerary architecture. See Tombs Fustat. See Cairo Futurists, 677-78, 697

Gables, 614, 640 Gabriel, Ange-Jacques, 559, Fig. 22.18 Galilei, Galileo, 523, 558 Galleries, in churches, 312, 314, 319. See also Tribune; Tri-

forium Garages, 697 Garden cities, 679, 680-81, 723, 748 Gardens, 361, 390; American, 617; Chinese, 552; English,

S37, 548, 552-53, 571, Figs. 22.10,22.12; French, 534-36, Figs. 21 .26-29; Japanese, 753; modern, 675, 728, 755; Neoclassical, 568; Roman, 199, 200, Figs. 9.9, 9.26-27

Garnier, Charles, 643-44, 753, Fig. 25.8 Garnier, Tony, 677, 679, Fig. 26.12 Gascony (France). 352, 355, 609; domed basilicas of. 319 Gatehouses, 430, 466, 714. See also Lorsch Gates, 287, 440, 462 . See also City gates; Propylaia Gaudf, Antoni, 687-88,732. See also Barcelona: Casa Mila Gau l, 222, 245, 269, 270-71 Gauls, 189, 191, 192 Geddes, Patrick, cited, 19 Gelasius 11 (1118-19). 314 General Motors Technical Center (Detroit, Michigan), 734 Geneva (Switzerland), League of Nations Headquarters, 702 Genoa (Italy), 299, 352, 430 Geometry: Baroque, 513, 515; in Wright, 713, 732, Figs.

28.18-19; medieval, 325; Neoclassical, 550, 563, 565; Renaissance, 404, 413, 418, 495

George 1(1714-27),550 Georgian architecture, 537, 614, 617, 623,708 Gerasa Uerash, Jordan), 219 German architecture: Baroque, 519, 522-25, 531, 539;

Gothic, 342-44, 346, 555; nineteenth-century, 571 , 572, 576, 593, 622, 630; twentieth-century, 685, 690-92, 699,700,702,714,717,718,728. See also Bauhaus;

German architecture (continued) City-planning: German; International Style; Nazi archi-tecture

Germantown (Pennyslvania), 608 Germany, 273; medieval, 295, 297, 298, 317, 343, 344,

349, 357, 362, 392, 393-94, 472; modern, 695, 698, 699-700, 721; seventeenth-century, 511, 519

Germigny-des-Pres (France), oratory at, 275-76, Fig. 12.9 Gervase of Canterbury, cited, 344 Gesu, 11 (Rome, Italy), 412-13, 512, Figs. 17.11b, 21.1-

2, 21.3c Ggantija (Malta), temple complex at, 32-38, Figs. 2.18-19 Ghent (Belgium), 387, 388 Ghibellines, 375 Giant order. See Colossal order Gibbs, James, 541-42, 616, 617. See also St. Martin-in-

the-Fields Giedion, Sigfried, cited, 719 Ginzburg, Moisei, Fig. 27.14 Giotto, 319, 375, 377, 379 Girard College (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), 630, Fig. 24.26 Giulio Romano, 413-14, 420, 425, 483, 495; house of,

477. See also Palazzo del Te Giza (Egypt), 18, 19,67,70,77,237,365, Figs. 1.19,4.10.

See also Chefren; Great Pyramid; Harmakhis; Myker-inos; Sphinxes

Glaber, Raoul, 299 Glasgow (Scotland), 683; Cumbernauld Center, 748, Fig.

29.5 Glass, 548, 595, 688, 690, 692, 696, 726, 727, 745-46 Gloucester Cathedral (England), 345, 393, 398, Fig. 16.22 Godin, Jean-Baptiste, 581 Cold, gilding, 78, 85, 86, 208-9, 258, 435, 522, 619 Golden House of Nero (Rome, Italy), 209, 218, 252, 503,

Figs. 9.24-25, 11.13 Golden Lane project. See London: Golden Lane project Gonzaga family, 413, 418, 420 Gothic architecture, 16,323,329,331-47,365,379,381,

386-87, 390-95, 398, 471, 511, 522, 525, 555, 558. See also Gothic revival

Gothic revival, 18, 539, 540, 558, 571 -73, 583-94, 635, 636-37, 643, 711, 716, 723, Figs. 27.20a, 27.20b. See also High Victorian Gothic; Neo-Gothic

Gothic sculpture, 339, 342, 343, 346. See also Chartres Goths, 269, 387 Gotland (Sweden), 273, 299 Gournia (Crete), 108, Fig. 5.23 Gozo (Malta). See Ggantija Gracanica (Yugoslavia), monastery at, Fig. 16.25 Graham, Anderson, Probst and White, Fig. 27.21 Grain elevators, 664, 685 Granada (Spain), 398-99, 403, 404. See also Alhambra Granaries: Egyptian, 83; Mesopotamian, 43 Grand Central Terminal (New York), 671 Grand ensembles, 723 Grand Hornu (Belgium), 599, Fig. 23.38 Grand Menhir Brise (Locmariaquer, France), 30 Granite, 19, 365; American, 616, 630, 727; Egyptian, 74,

76,77 Grauman's Chinese Theater (Hollywood, California), Fig.

27.19 Graves, Michael, 753, Fig. 29.11 Great Depression, 696, 713 Great Pyramid (Giza, Egypt), 19, 75, 77, 78, 79, Figs. 1.19,

4.10-11 Great Wall (China), 17,232, Fig. 10.25 Greece, 91, 113, 120, 124, 126, 132, 133, 135, 161, 182,

245; legacy of, 365, 404, 407, 414, 444; medieval, 326, 337,343; under Turkish occupation, 560, 571

Greek architecture, 44, 49, 115, 117-31,559,560. See also Greek refinements; Greek revival

Greek art, 117, 120, 121, 122, 137, 143, 158, Figs. 6.3, 6.7, 7.11. See also Archaic art

Greek refinements, 127, Fig. 6.15 Greek revival, 18, 571, 618, 624, 629-33 Greenbelt towns, 680 Greenhouses, 586

INDEX

Greenough, Horatio, 649 Greenwich (England): Queen's House, 549-50, 560, Fig.

22.3; Royal Naval Hospital, 527, 550, Fig. 22.4 Gregory XIII, Pope (1572- 85), cited, 498 Grid plans, 174, 197, 225; American, 607, 609, 626- 27;

Chinese, 233; Dutch, 538; Greek, 140, 141; Incan, 442; Roman, 272, 350, 351,354,370, Figs. 9.2, 10.6; Spanish-American, 444, 445. See also City-planning

Griffin, Waiter Burley, 673 Gropius, Waiter, 691, 692, 702, 723, Figs. 27.6, 27.11;

cited, 745, 746- 48; house of, 724, 758 Gruen, Victor, 724, 751, Fig. 29.9 Guadet, Julien, cited, 641 Guarini, Guarino, 519, 523 Guarino da Verona, 425 Guatemala, 435 , 437,451 Gudea, 58, 60 Guelfs, 375 Guerrini, Giovianni, 718 Guggenheim Museum (New York), 732, Figs. 28.18-19 Guibert of Nogent, cited, 355 Guild halls, 349, 358. See also Florence: Orsanmichele;

Ypres Guild House (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), 751, Fig. 29.1 ° Guilds, 339-40, 357, 361, 376, 538 Guillaume le Breton, 338 Guise-sur-I'Oise (France), 581, Fig. 23.15 Gunn, William, 589 Gunzo, 325, 333 Gur (Firuzabad, Iran), 224 Gwathmey, Charles, 753 ~ .. Gwathmey Siegel and Associates, Fig. 28.19 Gymnasium: Hellenistic, 178, 187, 189, 150, Fig. 8.25;

modern, 717; Roman, 272

Haarlem (Netherlands), Nieuwe Kerk, 538, Fig. 21.33 Habitat, 747 Habitat (Montreal, Canada), 748, Fig. 29.6 Haciendas, 446 Hadad,64 Hadrian (117-38), 215, 217, 245, 260, Figs. 9.28, 10.2.

See also Rome, ancient: mausoleum of; Tivoli Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey), 3, 10, 18, 244, 250, 261,

263-65,266- 67,277,308,318,325,326,341,460, 462,509,555, Figs. 1.4, 11.27-28

Hague, The (Netherlands), 539; Palace of Peace, 685-86, Fig. 26.23

Hal Saflieni (Malta), tombs of, 30, 35 Half-timber construction, 50, 91, 97, 185, 200, 360, 610 Halfpenny, William, 551 Halikarnassos (Bodrum, Turkey), 174, 177; mausoleum at,

5,7, Fig. 1.7 Hall churches, 343-44, 411, Figs. 13.22d, 16.24 Hamadan (Iran), Fig. 3.2. See also Ecbatana Hamburg (Germany), 696, 721 Hampton (Virginia), 607 Han Dynasty, 226, 231, 232, 245 Hangars. See Airport architecture Harappa (India), 227 Harem, 287 Harmakhis, temple of (Giza, Egypt), 76, Fig. 4.11 Haroeris, temple of (Kom Ombo, Egypt), 89 Harrison, Peter, 616 Harun-al-Rashid (785-809), 284 Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts), 605, 612,

658, Fig. 25.24 Hathor, 79; temple of (Dendera, Egypt), 89 Hatra (Iraq), palace at, 225, Fig. 10.14 Hatshepsut, Queen, 123; tomb complex of (Deir el-Bahri,

Egypt), 79, 86, 87, 494, Figs. 4.13-14, 4 .16, 20.8 Hattusas (Bogazkiiy, Turkey), 91-96, 124, 131, Fig. 5.2;

sanctuary of Yazillkaya at, 94, 96, 105, Figs. 5.6-7; Temple I at, 94, Fig. 5.5

Haussman, Baron Georges-Eugene, 640, 645-46, 676, 718, Fig. 25.10

Havana (Cuba), fortifications, 444 Haverford (England), 355

782

Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 541, 550,614 Hawley, Christine, Fig. 29.16c Heb-Sed, 73, 86 Heathcote (llkley, England), Fig. 26.19 Heating, 204, 576, 635. See also Hypocaust Hedingham Castle (Essex, England), 298, Fig. 13.2 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, cited, 566 Hejduk, John , 753 Heliopolis (Egypt), 74, 86, Fig. 20.12 Hellenistic architecture, 162-77,2 11,213,218,717, Figs.

8.10-28 Hellen istic art, 1 61 -63, 169 Hellenistic Ruler, 161, 174, Fig. 8.2 Henard, Eugene, 678 Hennebique, Fran

Hospitals, 746; American, 608, 714, 716; Baroque, 527; medieval, 324, 355, 356; Islamic, 367,457, 466; Neo-classical, 566, 568, 577, Fig. 22.29; Renaissance, 416; Spanish-American, 444, 446. See also Florence; La Ro-quette; Metz; Milan; Tonnerre

Hospitallers, order of, 299, 356 Hotels, 571, 630; at Pompeii, 196; Victorian, 635. See also

Boston: Tremont Hotel; Inns; London: Midland Grand; New York: Astor Hotel; Scarborough

Hotels, Parisian, 530- 31, Fig. 21.21 Houser, H., Fig. 27.7 Houses: African, 219; American, 233, 235, 609-10, 613-

14,615,619,630,655,670,683,684- 85,707,724, 728, Figs. 24.5, 24.15, 24.35, 26.22, 29.2, and see also Shingle Style; Chinese, 231; country houses, 391, 542, 591; Egyptian, 69, 70, 82-83; eighteenth-century, 551, 568; "Germanic," 281, 283; Greek, 138-39, 197,468; Hellenistic, 176, 178, 179, and see also Delos, Olynthos, Priene; Hittite, 93; Incan, 440; Iron Age, 117, 220; Is-lamic, 285, 366, 455, 463, 467-68, and see also Bursa; medieval, 305, 349, 360-62, 390, Figs. 15.14-18; Meso-potamian, 45- 49, 52, 53, 63; Minoan, 108; and see also Knossos, Gournia, Vasiliki; Mycenaean, 99; on piles, 115; prehistoric, 21, 23, 27, 29, 273, Fig. 2.2, 2.12, and see also

Koran, 269, 292, 364, 399 Kos (Greece). 175 . See also Asklepios Krak des Chevaliers (Qalaat el Hosn, Syria), 294 Kremlin (Moscow, Russia), 429, 704, 719 Krier, Leon, Fig. 29.13; cited, 753 Krier, Rob, 753, 755, Figs. 29.14, 29.16e Kronos, 106, 119 Kufa (Iraq), 285 Kulliye, 457, 459, 462-63, 466 Kurashiki Uapan), city hall, Fig. 28.17 Kushinagara (India), 227

La Padula, Ernesto, 718 La Roquette (Paris, France), hospital at, Fig. 22 .29 La Scala (Milan, Italy), Fig. 21.11 La Venta (Mexico), 237, Fig. 10.29 Labrouste, Henri. See Paris: Bibliotheque Nationale, Biblio-

theque Ste.-Genevieve Lady chapels, at Cluny, 324 Lafever, Minard, 630 Lagash (Telloh, Iraq), 58 Land distribution, in Colonial America, 611 Land Ordinance, 626, Fig. 24.23 Landscape design: Hellenistic, 170, 175; picturesque, 631.

See also Gardens Landshut (Germany), 393 Langley, Batty, 551, 555, Figs. 22.7, 22.16 Laon (France), cathedral of. 333 Larkin Administration Building (Buffalo, New York), 684,

Fig. 26.21 Las Colinas (Texas), 760 Las Vegas (Nevada). 751, 753 Lascaux (France), cave of, 23-30, Figs. 2.3, 2.5, 2.8-10 Late-antique architecture, 250, 258, 278, 281, 718. See

also Piazza Armerina; Split; Trier: Constantine's palace at

Lateran (Rome, Italy), 410, 485, 488, 491-92, 500; baptis-tery, 257; basilica of SI. John, 257, 498, 509; palace, 274, 275

Latrobe, Benjamin, 618, 629, 630, Figs. 24.18-19 Laugier, Abbe, 560 Laussel (France), 24 Lavedan, Pierre, cited, 575 Law courts, medieval, 359. See also London: Law Courts Lawrence Halprin and Associates, Fig. 28.13 Laws of the Indies, 444 Learning from Las Vegas (Venturi and Scott Brown), 751 Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret), 12, 15, 32, 468,

677, 701, 704, 705, 726, 732, 733, 734, 742, 745, 753, Figs. 27.15a, 27.15b, 27.16; cited, 3, 702, 707; legacy of, 728, 758, Fig. 29.18; and monumentality, 739, 742, 746; travel sketches of, Fig. 1.15; urban planning by, 705, 707, 721, 723, Fig. 27.18. See also Assembly Build-ing; Notre-Dame-du-Haut; Unite d'habitation; Villa Savoye

Le Mans (France), cathedral of, 342 L'Enfant, Pierre Charles, 537, 627-29, 671, 716, Fig. 24.25 Le Notre, Andre, 534-38, 548, 617. See also Versailles Le Raincy (France), church of Notre Dame, 689, Fig. 26.27 Le Vau, Louis, 533-35, 559. See also Versailles Ledoux, Claude-Nicolas, 564-65, 618, 625, 734, 753,

Figs. 22 .25, 22.28 Lefuel, Hector M., Fig. 25.27 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 523 Leicester Castle (Leicestershire, England), Fig. 12.4 Lenin, Nikolay, 718 Lennep (Germany), Fig. 15 .2 Leo X, Pope (1513-21), 489, 490, 496 Le6n (Spain), 305, 343 Leonardo da Figueroa, 525 Leonardo da Vinci, 195,413,425, Fig. 9.5 Leptis Magna (Libya), 203; market at, Fig. 9.15; theater at,

Fig. 9.20 Lerins (France), 272 Lescaze, William, 707 Lescot, Pierre, 530, 532, 533 Letchworth (England), 680, Fig. 26.16

Leto, 124, 166, 169 Levitt and Sons, 724 Libergier, Hugh, 341

INDEX

Libraries, 43; Hellenistic, 182, 187; medieval, 355, 357; modern, 566, 573, 596, 625, 670, 740; Renaissance, 408, 409, 475. See also Paris: Bibliotheque Nationale, Bibliotheque Ste.-Genevieve

Libya, 67 . Liebeskind, Daniel, 759, Fig. 29.29 Light in architecture, 228-29, 264, 562, 596; Baroque, 512,

515; Gothic, 323, 329, 330-33; Islamic, 398; modern 703,718,740,742; Renaissance, 411

Lighthouses, 178, 589 Ligurians, 191 Lima (Peru), 435, 439 Lime, 71, 436, 595 Limestone: Cypriot, 49; Egyptian, 19,71,75,77,78; Greek,

126; Hittite, 96, 100; in Bursa, 457; Maltese, 32; medi-eval, 319, 339, 344, 346; modern, 708

Lincoln (England), 388; cathedral, 346, 392, Fig. 14.27; Jew's House, 361, Fig. 15.16

Lincoln Memorial (Washington, D.e), 19, 671 Lindos (Greece). See Athena Lindaia Linear A, 91 Linear B, 100, 113 Lintels: Greco-Roman, 411; Incan, 440; Mayan, 439; Re-

naissance, 411-12 Lipari (Italy), 115 Lisbon (Portugal), 433, 453 Liturgy, Roman, 275 • ....' Liverpool (England), 683; Albert Docks, 601, Fig. 23.4Od;

Crown Street Station, 598, Fig. 23.31 Livy, cited, 191 Loches (France). donjon at, 298 Locke, John, 548 Locmariaquer (France), 30, 32 Lodoli, Carlo, cited, 560 Loggias: benediction, 502; Carolingian, 307; medieval,

377, 378, 379, 389; Ottoman, 461; Renaissance, 410, 424; Venetian, 472-73, 477

Loire Valley (France). 271, 300, 430, 636 Lombard bands, 317 Lombards, Lombardy, 269, 273, 309, 325 Lomello (Italy). S. Maria Maggiore, 298 London (England), 3, 284, 389, 390, 437, 579, 586, 605,

611, 627, 637, 679, 721; Bank of England, 563, Fig. 22.24; Bedford Square, Fig. 22.8a; Buckingham Palace, 240; Carlton House, 596; Covent Garden, 510, 539, 563; Golden Lane project, 747, Fig. 29.3; Great Fire of, 540, 542,551,615; Hampton Court, 550; houses, 551, Fig. 22.8; King's Cross Station, 598-99, Fig. 23.34; Law Courts, 637; Lloyd's of. 748; Midland Grand, 635-36, Fig. 25.1; New Zealand Chambers, 640, Fig. 25.5; Pad-dington Station, 598, Fig. 23.32; Park Crescent, 579; Piccadilly, 550, 579, 605; Reform Club, Fig. 23.4; Somer-set House, 616; SI. Katharine's Docks, 602, Fig. 23.41; SI. Martin-in-the-Fields, 541-42, 616, Fig. 21.38; SI. Pancras Station, 635, Fig. 25.1; SI. Paul's, 539, 540-41, 550, Fig. 21.37; SI. Stephen, Walbrook, 540, Figs. 21.35-36; Whitehall, 637. See also All Saints, Margaret Street; Bedford Park; British Museum; Chelsea Hospital; Crystal Palace; Houses of Parliament; Regent Street

Loos, Adolph, 686, 701, Fig. 26.24; cited, 16 Loriot, Antoine Joseph, 576 Lorsch (Germany). monastery of, 278, Figs. 12.12-13 Louis VI (1108-37), 297, 330 Louis VII (1137-80), 330 Louis IX (1226-70), 339, 389 Louis XI (1461-83), 357 Louis XIII (1601-43), 511, 529, 531, 533, 535 Louis XIV (1643-1715), 511,519,527,529,531,533,534,

537,550,559,574 Louis the Pious (814-40), 283 Louisburg (Canada), 609 Louisiana: plantation system in, 632; purchase of, 608 Louvain (Belgium), 388 Louvre (Paris, France), 529, 532-37, 541, Figs. 21.22,

784

21.25-26; Bernini's project for, 512, 519; medieval, 389, Fig. 16.15; Napoleon 111'5, 643, Fig. 25.7

Low Countries, towns in, 349, 352 Lowell (Massachusetts), 673; textile mills, 605, 632 Luban (Germany), chemical plant at, 692, Fig. 26.32 Lubeck (Germany). town hall of, 359 Lucca (Italy), 372; S. Michele at, 320, Fig. 13.36 Luke de Thenney, 355 Lutyens, Edwin, 673, 695, 733, Figs. 26.19, 27.1 Luxemburg, Rosa, 745 Luxor (Egypt). 70; temple of Amon, Mut, and Khonsu at,

82,85,87-88, Figs. 4.18, 4.22-23 Lydia, Lydians, 117, 130, 131, 132, 133 Lyon (France), 534, 677

Macedonia (Greece), 146, 161, 174,225,295; tombs in, 176

Machine aesthetic, 701, 702, 711, 715 Maderno, Carlo, 505, 508, Fig. 20.22 Madrasas, 365, 367, 399,457,459,463, 466 Madrid (Spain), 573, 677, 717 Maestri di strada, 485, 491 Magar (Nepal), Fig. 1.17 Magnitogorsk (Russia). 704 Magyars, 270, 284, 299 Mahdiya (Tunisia), 365 Maillart, Robert, 690 Maison Carree (Nlmes, France). 205, 624, Fig. 9.18 Male, Emile, cited, 324 Malt kilns, 600, Fig. 23.40b Malta, 30, 32-37, 46, 115. See also Ggantija; Hal Saflieni Mameluke Dynasty, 367, 398, 455 Manchester (England), 696; town hall, 637 Mandalas, 395, Fig. 10.17 Manila (Philippines), plan of, 673 Mannerism, 414, 479, 495, 526, 532, 753 Manor houses, English, 391 Mansart, Fran

Ottoman, 457; pseudoisotomic, 174; Syrian, 258. See also Ashlar masonry; Brick; Cyclopean masonry

Masons, 273 Mass production, 594, 651, 702, 751 Massachusetts, as royal province, 614; settled, 607 Massachusetts .Homestead Commission, 673 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, Massa-

chusetts), 649; Baker House, 728, 732, Fig. 28.16 Mastabas, 71, 73, 74; at Great Pyramid (Giza), 77 Matilda, Countess, 320, 372 Matte-Trucco, Giacomo, Fig. 27.4 Mausoleum. See Tombs Mausoleum of Halikarnassos. See Halikarnassos Maxentius (307-12),255; basilica of (Rome), 190,251-52,

258,281,309,326,413, Fig. 11.10 Maximianus. See Piazza Armerina Maximinus Thrax (235-38), Fig. 11.3 Maximus the Confessor, cited, 267 May, Ernst, 695, 702, 704 Maya, 18,435-37 Mayan architecture, 435-37, 711. See also Tikal Mayekawa, Kunio, 732 Mazarin, Cardinal, 533 Mazdaism, 223, 247 McAndrew, John, cited, 451 Mclntire, Samuel, 618, Fig. 24.15 McKim, Charles, 468 McKim, Mead and White, 669, 683, Fig. 24.21 . See also

Boston Public Library; New York City: Villard houses; Newport: Isaac Bell House

Mecca (Saudi Arabia), 287, 290, 367, 453, 457. See also Kaaba

Mechanical systems, 740 Medals, commemorative, 3, 411 Medes, 117 Medici family, 403, 429. See also Palazzo Medici Medina (Saudi Arabia), 269, 453; Muhammed's house at,

290 Mediterranean, 17, 115, 191, 299; Muslim dominion of,

352,453; Roman control of, 179, 218, 245, 269; urban-ization of, 161

Meeting houses, 542, 610, 612. See also Hingham Megaliths, 27, 30, 32; at Stonehenge, 41 Megalopolis (Greece), stoa of Philip at, Fig. 7.7 Megaron, 96, 98, 99,178; Mycenaean, 100, 106, 109, 118,

139, 146, 147 Megastructures, 747-48, Fig. 29.7 Mehmed 11 (1451-81),453,459. See also Istanbul, Ottoman

city: kulliye of Meidum (Egypt), pyramid at, 74 Meier, Richard, 753, 758, Fig. 29.28 Melbourne (Australia), 641 Melnikov, Konstantin, Fig. 27.13 Melun (France), 275 Memphis (Egypt), 67, 70, 73, 74,87, 363 Menai Bridge (England), 599, Fig. 23.36 Mendelsohn, Eric, 700, Fig. 27.9. See also Einstein Observa-

tory Tower Menes,67 Menhirs, 30, 300, 500 Mentuhotep, tomb of (Deir el-Bahri, Egypt), 79, Figs.

4.13-14 Merida (Mexico), 446, 451 Merovingian Dynasty, 269, 271, 275 Meso-America, 18, 435 Meso-American architecture, 235-39, 435-40, 685. See

also La Venta; Teotihuacan; Tikal Mesopotamia, 3, 4, 67, 69, 96, 97,115,118,120,122,

130, 194, 685, Fig. 3.8; cities of, 50-65, 225, 227; houses, 52-53, 83,138; palaces, 61-65; spread of Islam in, 269; ziggurats and temples in, 54-61, 74. See also Babylonia; Khafaje; Lagash; Nippur; Sumer; Ur; Warka

Metal, used in archi.tecture, 9, 547, 655, 687, 712. See also Iron; Steel

Metallurgy, 50 Metopes, 126, 127, 130, 137, 155, 166, 169, Fig. 7.22 Metz (Germany), hospital at, 356

INDEX

Mexico, 14, 235, 435-39, 442-51,453, 526 Mexico City (Mexico), 237, 437, 443-44, 445, 446, 447,

451, 641, Fig. 18.14; San Jose de los Naturales, 451. See also Tenochtitlan

Michelangelo Buonarotti, 349, 379, 414, 462, 479, 483, 486, 488, 492, 497, 499, 502, 504, 505, 507, 509, 511, 516, 550, 644, 753. See also Campidoglio; Palazzo Farnese; St. Peter's

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 583, 701, 702, 703, 724, 726, 727-29, 732, 734, 745; cited, 696, 728. See also Barcelona: German pavilion; Illinois Institute of Technol-ogy; Seagram Building

Mihrab, 287, 295,403, Figs. 12.28, 15.21 Milan (Italy), 245, 309, 350, 375, 384, 418, 420, 425, 574;

Ospedale Maggiore, 446, Fig. 22.29; S. Maria presso S. Satiro, 425. See also La Scala; San!' Ambrogio

Miletus (Turkey), 141-45, 168, 175, Fig. 7.5; agoras of, 143, 145; bouleuterion at, 176, 208, Fig. 8.21; Great Stoa at, 176; sanctuary of Apollo Delphinios, 142; temple of Athena, 142. See also Didyma

Milinis, I., Fig. 27.14 Military architecture: Assyrian, 224; Bronze Age, 91, 93,

99, 100, 109, 115; Byzantine, 265; French, 527-28; Hellenistic, 174-75; medieval, 363-64, 365, 367, 389, 675; Mesopotamian, 43, 46, 48, 51, 56; Norman, 298-99, Fig. 13.3; Renaissance, 416, 420, 422, 425; Spanish-American, 444. See also Forts; Oppida; Walls

Mills, 354, 547, 595, 600, Figs. 23.24, 23.29, 23.40e, 24.34. See also Lowell

Mills, Robert, 622, 629, 631, 635. See also Washington, D.C: Treasury Building; Washington Monument - ........

Minarets, 290, 367, 451,459,461 Minbar, 292, Figs. 12.28, 15.21 Minerva, 185 Mines, 599, 603 Ming Dynasty, 231 Minneapolis (Minnesota), Southdale Shopping Center, 724 Minoan architecture, 91, 96, 105, 106-13, 124, 125. See

also Gournia; Knossos; Phaistos; Vasiliki Minos, 106 Minotaur, 111, 112 Mints, 364, 418 Mission Revival, 708 Missions, Spanish-American, 607, 708 Mississippi, 612, 632 Mississippi River, 605, 626 Missouri, French colonies in, 608 Mistra (Greece), Brontocheion at, Fig. 12.10 Mithraea, 247-48, Fig. 11.5 Mithras, Mithraism, 223, 247 Mnesikles, 152. See also Propylaia Models, architectural, 3, 5, 10,376,638 Modena (Italy), 302; cathedral of, 320, Fig. 13.35 Modernism, 547, 562, 565, 682, 700, 701, 728, 732, 745,

751; in America, 707-8, 709-10, 711, 712, 715, 726, 728; in Europe, 715, 721-22, 723; failure of, 717, 742, 745, 753, 758; and form, 734, 739, 740; language of, 701, 711, 746, 758, 760; post-World War 11, 721-22, 723; rationalist rhetoric of, 700, 701, 702, 719; second generation of, 734, 739, 740, 742; successes of, 746, 747 . See also Dom-ino system; International Style

Modernismo, 687 Modularity, modules, 71, 275, 281, 381, 382,405,459,

515,631,726 Mohenjo-Daro (India), 227 Moissac (France), 304, 305, 325, Fig. 14.3 Monasteries, 132, 272, 275, 278; Buddhist, 227, and see

also Ajanta, Karli, Sanchi; Byzantine, 343, and see also Hosios Loukas, Mistra; Carolingian, 281-84, 298, Fig. 12 .18, and see also Corvey, Fulda, Lorsch, SI. Gall, St.-Riquier, Tours; Cistercian, 326-29, Fig. 14.6; Counter-Reformation, 491, 512; English, 345; First Romanesque, 301, and see also St.-Martin-de-Canigou; Islamic, 369; medieval, 352, 356, 357, 377; Portuguese, 433; Spanish-American, 442-45

Monasticism, 323, 329, 519, 548 Mondrian, Piet, 702

785

Mongols, 398, 455 Monroe, James, 631 Montauban (France), 349, Fig. 15.1 Montauriol (France), 349 Monte Alban (Mexico), 438 Monte Carlo (Monaco), 21 Monte Cassino (Italy), monastery of, 295, 317 Monte Circeo (Italy), cave at, 23 Montefeltro, Federico da, 420, 423-24. See also Urbino Montezuma, 437, 438, 443, 445 Montflanquis (France), Fig. 15.2 Monticello (Virginia), 483, 625, Fig. 24.22 Montignac (France), 23 Montpazier (France), Fig. 15.4 Montreal (Canada), 605, 609. See also Habitat Montsegur (France), Fig. 15.2 Montu, 86, 87. See also Karnak Monumentality, 54, 220, 721-22, 726; American, 622,

627, 650, 715-16; domestic, 391; Early Christian, 256, 264; Greek, 120, 129, 137, 143, 163; Hellenistic, 172; in Le Corbusier, 739, 742, 746; in papal Rome, 490, 529; Islamic, 285, 290; medieval, 295, 301 , 309, 323; Meso-American, 235, 237, 437; Neo-Palladian, 617; Per-sian, 225; Roman, 225; twentieth-century, 702, 717, 719, 739, Fig. 27.31

Moore, Charles, 753, Figs. 29.12, 29.16a Moore, Lyndon, Turnbull & Whitaker, Fig. 28.13 "Moorish" architecture, 398, 708 Mordvinov, Arkady, 719 Morocco, 399, 673, 695 Morris, William, 639, 680, 682 Mortar, 78, 61 Mortise-and-tenon, 40 Mosaics: Byzantine, 8-9, 295, 395, Fig. 1.9; Carolingian,

278; Early Christian, 258, 259; medieval, 318; Roman, 209

Moscow (Russia), 718, 719, 723, Figs. 27.34, 28.3; Narkom-fin , Fig. 27.14; Rusakov factory, Fig. 27.13 . See also Kremlin

Mosques, 17,225,285,286,287-92,295,364,365,450, 455-62; 610, 742. See also Cairo; C6rdoba; Isfahan; Istanbul; Kairawan

Mount Olympus, 155 Mount Sinai, 282 Mount Vernon (Fairiax County, Virginia), 15, 627 Movie theaters, 693, 708, Fig. 27.19 Mud-brick, 46, 48,53,56,61,742; Chinese, 232; Greek,

117, 122; Hellenistic, 182; Hittite, 92, 97; Roman, 200, 224. See also Brick

Muhammed, 240, 269, 271, 286 Mullett, Alfred, 650-51, Figs. 25.14-15 Mumford, Lewis, cited, 19 Munich (Germany): Ministry of War, Fig. 23 .5; St. John

Nepomuk, Fig. 21.14. See also Nymphenburg Muqaddasi, cited, 286 Muratori, Saviero, 755 Museums, 562, 670, 718, 740, 759, Figs. 29.17-18, 29.28-

29. See also Berlin: Altes Museum; British Museum; Gug-genheim Museum; Kimball Museum of Art

Mussolini, Benito, 704, 717, 718, 719, 723 Mut, 70. See also Karnak; Luxor Mycenae (Greece), 91,103-6,122, Figs. 5.12, 5.16-19;

Lion Gate, 105, 122, Fig. 5.19a; "Treasury of Atreus," 105,122,131, Figs . 5.16-18

Mycenaean architecture, 99-106, 108, 109, 124; in Athens, 146. See also Megaron; Mycenae; Pylos; Tiryns

Mycenaeans, 91, 96,112,115,117,118,119 Mykerinos, pyramid of (Giza, Egypt), 75, Figs. 1.19,4.10-11 Mystery cults, 247. See also Mithras

Nagel, Thomas, Fig. 29.16a Nancy (France), squares of, 569, Fig. 22.31 Nanna,43 Nantes (France), 722; Passage Pommeraye, 596 Naples (Italy), 405, 409, 430, 453, 518; Arch of Alfonso I,

408, Fig. 17.4. See also Neapolis Napoleon III (1852-70), 636, 643

)

Napoleon Bonaparte (1804-15), 568, 569, 571, 572, 574, 608,630,717

Narbonne (Spain), 295 Nash, John, 572, 573, 579, 619, 633. See also Brighton;

Cronkhill; Regent Street Nasrid Dynasty, 398, 399 National Assembly Building (Dacca, Bangladesh), 4,7,742,

Figs. 1.5, 28.28 National Historic Preservation Act (United States), 748, 750 Natural History. See Pliny the Elder Navarre (Spain), 304 Naves: Baroque, 513, 525; Byzantine, 276; Early Christian,

257,258,280; Carolingian, 281,282; Gothic, 328, 341; Renaissance, 411, 477; Romanesque, 308-9, 311, 312, 314; Spanish-American, 448

Nazca (peru), lines at, 441, Fig. 18.8 Nazi architecture, 717, 718, 721, Fig. 27.31. See also NOrn-

berg: Zeppelinfeld Nazis, 704, 724, 745 Neanderthals, 23 Neapolis (Naples, Ita ly), 195 Neckam, Alexander, 391; cited, 362 Necropolis. See Cemeteries Nehru, Pandit, cited, 734 Nekhen (Hierakonpolis, Egypt), 67, 73 Neo-Bauhaus, 724 Neoclassical architecture, 547, 558-66, 569, 581, 618,

635, 717, 721, 753, 758; in America, 618-25, 630-31,632

Neoexpressionism, Fig. 29.16 Neo-Gothic, 622, 631, 635, 734. See also Gothic revival;

High Victorian Gothic Neolithic Age. See New Stone Age Neo-Palladianism, 550, 552, 559, 616-18 Neoplasticism, 702 Neoplatonism, 330-31 Neo-Renaissance, 708, 718, 719. See also Renaissance re-

vival Neresheim (Germany), church of the Holy Cross, 525-26,

539, 542, Figs. 21.15-16 Nero (54-68), 205, 208-10,410,499 Nervi, Pier luigi, 739 Nesfield, William Eden, 640, 652. See also Queen Anne

Style Nestor, 100, 113 Netherlands. See Holland Neuf-Brisach (France), 528, Fig. 21.18 Neumann, Balthasar, 522, 542. See also Neresheim Nevers (France), St.-Etienne, Fig. 13.22a New Deal, 713-16, 717 New Delhi (India), 673, 695, 733, Fig. 27.1. See also Delhi New England, 14, 610, 612, 627, 630, 631, 724, 732 Newgrange (Ireland), 32; passage grave at, 31, 36, Fig. 2.17 New Haven (Connecticut), 612, Fig. 24.9b. See also Yale

University New Orleans (louisiana), 609, Fig. 24.5; Piazza d'ltalia,

753, Fig. 29.12 New Stone Age, 26-41,43,44, 46, 50, 67, 107, 115, 223,

226, 235; architecture, 26-32, 91. See also Dolmens; Megaliths; Menhirs; Temples; and under place names (Carnac,

Pantalica (Sicily), 115 Pantheon (Rome, Italy), 3, 217-18, 223, 229, 239, 252,

275, 320, 341,490, 716, Figs. 1.2, 10.3- 4; influence of, 384, 477, 503, 515, 629. See also Chiswick; Monticello; University of Virginia; Villa Rotonda

Papworth, john, 586, Fig. 23.22 Parchment, use in windows, 108, 112 Paris (France), 11,271,274, 300,304, 321 , 329,333, 708,

717; Arc du Carrousel, Fig. 23.1; Bibliotheque Nationale, 598, Fig. 23.29b; Bibliotheque Ste.-Genevieve, 597-98, 642, Fig. 23.29a; Bon Marche, Fig. 23.28; Centre Pompi-dou, 748, Fig. 29.8; churches, 532, Fig. 21.24; College des Quatre Nations, 533, Fig. 21.8; docks, 663; exposi-tions, 687; Galerie d'Orleans, 596; Halle aux Bles, 596; Haussmann's, 640- 41, 645-47; hOtels, 389-90, 528, 530-31,551, Figs. 21.20-21; lIe-de-la-Cite, 389, 529, 533,646; Madeleine, 573; modern, 696, 721,723; Op-era, 643-44, 753, Fig. 25.8; Place de la Concorde, 568; Place Vend6me, 573, 716, Fig. 21.19; royal squares, 529; Rue de Rivoli, 573, 646; seventeenth-century, 511, 527-31; Ste.-Genevieve (Pantheon), 563- 64, 572, 716, Figs . 22.22-23; St.-Germain-I'Auxerrois, 532-33; toll houses, 565, Fig. 22.25; university of, 356, 357. See also Acad-emy of Architecture; Ecole des Beaux-Arts; Eiffel Tower; Louvre; Notre-Dame; Ste.-Chapelle; Tuileries

Park Avenue (New York), 708 Park Hill (Sheffield, England), 747 Parker, Barry, 680. See also Letchworth Parking lots, parking structures, 751, 760 Parks, 552, 653, 714. See also Central Park Parlange Plantation (Louisiana), Fig. 24.5a Parris, Alexander, 631, Fig. 24.28 Parthenon (Athens, Greece), 9, 10, 11, 16, 144, 149, 152-

58, 163, 164, 166, 167, 182, 554,Figs. 1.11, 1.13, 1.15b, 7.21-26; influence of, 404, 630; pre-Periklean, 152

Parthians, 225 Pastophories, 258 Patios, 238, 398, 438, 446, 728 Patricola, Giuseppe, Fig. 22 .11 Patron. See Client Patronage, 250, 270, 272; Byzantine, 395; medieval, 275,

282, 355; modern, 669, 695; Neoclassical, 548, 549; Renaissance, 416; Savoy, 519. See also Clients

Pattern books. See Architecture: manuals of Paul 11, Pope (1464-71), 490, 497 Paul Ill, Pope (1534-49), 491 Paul, St., 498, 508; cited, 319 Paul the Deacon, 275 Pausanias, cited, 174 Pavia (Italy), 271; S. Michele, 320, Fig. 13.27; Visconti

cast/e, 389, Fig. 16.13 Paxton, Sir joseph, 636. See also Crystal Palace Pe (Buto, Egypt), 67 Pediments, 137, 154, 157, 273-74, 321, 559, 630, Fig.

8.24; Baroque, 514, 532; Palladian, 477, 483; Renais-sance, 405, 415; swan's neck, 614

Pedregal (Mexico), pyramids of, 235 Pei, I. M., Fig. 29.1 Peking (Beijing, China), Figs. 10.21 - 22. See also Chinese ar-

chitecture Peloponnesus (Greece), first stone temples in, 122 Pendentives, 224, 295, 459, 462, 515, Fig. 10.13 Penn, William, 608 Penthouses, 710, 753 Pepin (747-68), 274, 275, 329 Perachora, sanctuary of Hera Akraia at, 124, Fig. 6.12 Percier, Charles, Fig. 23.1 Pergamon (Bergama, Turkey), 174, 182- 89,200,436, Figs.

8.25, 8.30, 8.33-34; Great Altar of Zeus at, 182, 187, Figs. 8.35-36; sanctuary of Asklepios, 185; sanctuary of Demeter, 185, 187; gymnasium at, 187, Fig. 8.25

Perigueux (France), 304, 361; St.-Front at, 319, Fig. 13.31 Perikles, 137, 146, 148, 154, 163 Peristyle, 253, 282; in Greek temples, 121, 124- 27, 130,

131,155; Pompeiian house, 199,200, Figs. 9.9 , 9.12; Rhodian, 179

Perpendicular Style, 392, 539, Fig. 16.22

INDEX

Perrault, Charles, 559, 635 Perrault, Claude, 534, 541, Fig. 21.25 Perret, Auguste, 686, 689. See also Le Raincy Persepolis (Iran), palace at, 117, 133- 35, 178, 218, 225,

237, Figs. 6.23- 25 Persia, 89,117,130,132,135,161,168,217,225- 27,

245,455, 462 Persian architecture, 223-