ahmed ali [database design & concepts]

8/18/2019 Ahmed Ali [Database Design & Concepts]

1/37Islamabad

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224 1

My Special Gratitude towards the respected

Sir Muhammad Bilal Khan for his Appreciation,

Encouragement and Support. Which gave me thepassion to do better than the best.

& for leading me to a path where I can make myself

helpful for others.

Database Design

Concepts

Unit Report On:

Submitted by: Ahmed Ali Khan (HD-92224)

Submitted to: Sir Muhammad Bilal Khan

Grafton College, Islamabad.

Islamabad


2/37

Islamabad


Introduction 03

Database/Types of Databases 03

Terminologies of Database 05

What is DBMS 06

Types of DBMS 06

Some Dominating DBM Softwares 08

DBMS Language 10

SQL 11

SQL Statements and their functions/Formats 12Lo1 Understand databases and data management systems 14Task 1 Based on the case study of FastCabs company, analyze the key issues and

application of database within that organization.

14

Issues[Problems faced by FastCabs due to absence of a DBMS] 14

Applications of DBMS in FastCabs 15

Task 2 Critically evaluate the features and advantages of using MS-Access as a

database management system for a company like FastCabs.

16

Features of MS Access 16

Advantages of MS Access for FastCabs 16

Lo2 Understand database design techniques 18Task 1 Based on the requirements and the assumptions you have made of FastCabs

case study, analyze the use of popular Prototyping database development

methodology.

18

Task 2 Discuss entity-relationship modeling and normalization 21

What is Entity Relationship Diagram 21

Entity Relationship Diagram for FastCabs 21

Lo3 Be able to design, create and document databases 23Task 1 apply the database developmental cycle to a given data Set 23

Prototyping the Database of FastCabs 23

Task 2 Complete the design of FastCabs database and implement it using MS-

Access as a target DBMS including user interface.

24

Task 3 Evaluate the effectiveness of the database solution and suggest methods of

improvement.

33

Effectiveness of the Database in overcoming the problems 33

Suggestions for improvement of the Existing DBMS 33

Task 4 provide supporting user and technical documentation. 34

User manual 34

Career in Database 36

References 37

Table of Contents

As Instructed by my Unit Tutor this Unit Report contains some extra

documentation on Database. Therefore the actual LO1 starts at page No. 14.


3/37

Islamabad


Amazon SimpleDB is a Document Oriented database written in Erlang by Amazon.com. It is used as a

web service in concert with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Amazon S3 and is part of Amazon

Web Services.

Major implementations of this Database are SQL Server Compact from Microsoft Corporation, InnoDB

from Oracle Corporation and Informix Dynamic Server (IDS) from IBM.

Graph databases are well-suited for analyzing interconnections, which is why there has been a lot of

interest in using graph databases to mine data from social media just like Facebook graph search. The

concept behind graphing a database is often credited to 18th century mathematician Leonhard Euler.

Herman Hollerith conceived the idea

that data could be represented by holes

punched in paper cards then tabulated

by machine. He implemented this

concept for the US Census Bureau; thus

the 1890 United States Census

processing created the first database

consisting of thousands of boxes full of

punched cards.

Database:

Types of Database:

Following are types of Database:

1. Document Oriented Database:

A document-oriented database or document store is a computer program designed for storing,

retrieving, and managing document-oriented information, also known as semi-structured data.

2. Embedded Database:

An embedded database system is a database which is tightly integrated with an application software

that requires access to stored data, such that the database system is "hidden" from the application's

end-user and requires little or no ongoing maintenance.

3. Graph Database:

A graph database, also called a graph-oriented database, is a type of NoSQL

database that uses graph theory to store, map and query relationships.

A graph database is essentially a collection of nodes and edges. Each node represents an entity (such

as a person or business) and each edge represents a connection or relationship between two nodes.

Introduction

"A database is a collection of information that is organized so

that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. In one

view, databases can be classified according to types of content:

bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images."


4/37

Islamabad


Microsoft Encarta was a digital

multimedia encyclopedia based on

Hypertex Database published by

Microsoft Corporation from 1993 to

2009.

Operational databases are used to store, manage and track real-time business information. For

example, a company might have an operational database used to track warehouse/stock quantities.

As customers order products from an online web store, an operational database can be used to keep

track of how many items have been sold and when the company will need to reorder stock.

In Pakistan NADRA is a good example of distributed database which generates massive amount of

data through numerous offices throughout the country. This data is synced periodically & is accessed by

many authorized governmental agencies/departments.

4. Hypertext Database:

Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing large

amounts of disparate information. in which objects (text,

pictures, music, programs, and so on) can be creatively linked to

each other. When you select an object, you can see all the other

objects that are linked to it. For example they are useful for

maintaining online encyclopedias.

5. Operational Database:

Operational database management systems are used to manage dynamic data in real-time. These

types of databases allow you to do more than simply view archived data. Operational databases

allow you to modify that data (add, change or delete data), doing it in real-time.

6. Distributed Database:

A database that consists of two or more data files located at different sites on a computer network.

Because the database is distributed, different users can access it without interfering with one

another. However, the DBMS must periodically synchronize the scattered databases to make sure

that they all have consistent data.

7. Flat File Database:

A flat file database is a database which is stored on its host computer system as an ordinary "flat

file". To access the structure of the data and manipulate it, the file must be read in its entirety into

the computer's memory. Upon completion of the database operations, the file is again written out in

its entirety to the host's file system. In this stored mode the database is "flat", which means it has no

structure for indexing and there are usually no structural relationships between the records. A flat

file can be a plain text file or a binary file.


5/37

Islamabad


Terminologies:

Term Definition

Database A database is a collection of data that is organized in a specific way. The data isstored in a way that makes it easy to access using queries. For example, a

database called 'Grafton Students'.

Table A database can have multiple tables in it. All the data is stored in the tables. Atable has a set of fields in it. These fields makes the design or the structure of

the database.

Field A field is the basic unit of data entry in a record. To define a new field, we giveit a name. Then we select options that determine how the field interprets,

enters, calculates, stores, and displays data.

Data Type Each field can have only one kind of data. That is called the Data Type of thatfield. This can be a string, an integer, a date, etc.

Row/Record row—also called a record or tuple—represents a single, implicitly structureddata item in a table. In simple terms, a database table can be thought of as

consisting of rows and columns or fields.

Primary Key Primary key is a field that will uniquely identify each row in the table. The valueof this field will be unique through the table.

Relation There will be many cases when the data in one table can be related to the datain another table. This connection between two tables is called a relation.

Foreign Key When there is a relation between 2 tables, these tables will be connected byinserting the primary key of one table into the corresponding row of the other

table. The field used in such a way to connect the 2 tables is called the foreign

key.


6/37

Islamabad


The hierarchical structure

was developed by IBM in the

1960s, and used in early

mainframe DBMS. Records'

relationships form a treelike

model. This structure is

simple but inflexible because

the relationship is confined

to a one-to-many

relationship.

What is DBMS?

A DBMS makes it possible for end users to create, read, update and delete data in a database. The

DBMS essentially serves as an interface between the database and end users or application

programs, ensuring that data is consistently organized and remains easily accessible.

The three basic tasks of DBMS:

The DBMS manages three important things:

The Data.

The database engine that allows data to be accessed, locked and modified.

The database schema, which defines the database’s logical structure.

These three foundational elements help provide concurrency, security, data integrity and

uniform administration procedures.

Typical database administration tasks supported by the DBMS include

change management, performance monitoring/tuning and backup and

recovery.

The DBMS is perhaps most useful for providing a centralized view of data

that can be accessed by multiple users, from multiple locations, in a

controlled manner.

Types of DBMS:

There are four types of Database Management Softwares:

1. Hierarchal Database:

A hierarchical database is a design that uses a one-to-many relationship for

data elements. Hierarchical database models use a tree structure that links a

number of disparate elements to one "owner," or "parent," primary record.

The hierarchical database model mandates that each child record has only one

parent, whereas each parent record can have one or more child records. In

order to retrieve data from a hierarchical database the whole tree needs to be

traversed starting from the root node.

"A database management system (DBMS) is system software

for creating and managing databases. The DBMS provides users

and programmers with a systematic way to create, retrieve,

update and manage data."


7/37

Islamabad


The network model's original inventor was Charles Bachman, and it was developed into a standard

specification published in 1969 by the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) Consortium.

This was followed by a second publication in 1971, which became the basis for most implementations

The relational database was first defined in June 1970 by Edgar Codd, of IBM's San Jose Research

Laboratory. Codd's view of what qualifies as an RDBMS is summarized in Codd's 12 rules. A relational

database has become the predominant type of database.

2. Network Database:

A network database is a type of database model wherein multiple

member records or files can be linked to multiple owner files and

vice versa. The model can be viewed as an upside-down tree where

each member information is the branch linked to the owner, which is

the bottom of the tree. Essentially, relationships are in a net-like form where a single element can

point to multiple data elements and can itself be pointed to by multiple data elements.

3. Relational Database(RDBMS):

A relational database (RDB) is a collective set of multiple data

sets organized by tables, records and columns. RDBs establish a

well-defined relationship between database tables. Tables communicate and

share information, which facilitates data searchability, organization and reporting.

RDBs use Structured Query Language (SQL), which is a standard user application that provides an

easy programming interface for database interaction.

4. Object Oriented Database(OODBMS):

An object database (also object-oriented database management system - OODBMS) is a database

management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-

oriented programming. Object databases are different from relational databases which are table-

oriented. Object-relational databases are a hybrid of both approaches.

As the usage of web-based technology increases with the implementation of Intranets and

extranets, companies have a vested interest in OODBMSs to display their complex data. Using a

DBMS that has been specifically designed to store data as objects gives an advantage to those

companies that are geared towards multimedia presentation or organizations that utilize computer-

aided design (CAD).


8/37

Islamabad


Some Dominating DBM Softwares:

ORACLE RDBMS:

Oracle Enterprise Server, designed for grid computing, is the best RDBMS,

running on multiple platforms, with the latest version 12c, in which the "c" is

for cloud computing. In the IT industry, Oracle is "THE DATABASE." Oracle has the unshakeable

market share in database field with big corporations, government agencies, and mission-critical data

centers running on Oracle database in the Real Application Cluster (RAC) environment.

IBM DB2:

DB2 is the database management system that delivers a flexible and cost-

effective database platform to build robust on demand business

applications. The DB2 Universal Database (UDB) Enterprise Server Edition (ESE) is one of the best

RDBMS. IBM positions DB2 as the database of choice for robust, enterprise-wide solutions handling

high-volume workloads.

Microsoft SQL Server:

Microsoft SQL Server is a comprehensive database software platform providing

enterprise-class data management and integrated business intelligence (BI)

tools. Even though as a late starter in database, Microsoft has made strategic

investments to push its SQLServer to the frontline to compete with Oracle and

DB2 head-to-head. As the foundation of Microsoft's comprehensive data platform, SQL Server

delivers breakthrough performance for mission-critical applications, using in-memory technologies,

faster insights from any data to any user in familiar tools like Excel, and a resilient platform for

building, deploying, and managing solutions that span on-premises and cloud.

TERDATA:

Teradata Database, with an interesting tagline, - "When the world gets

smaller, the data gets bigger," is the most powerful Very Large Database

(VLDB) system. Nowadays the concept of VLDB has shifted to Big Data which focuses on the value of

data for business decision-making. Many large scale data warehousing and business intelligence

systems are powered by Teradata. Teradata database is often used by big retailers and telecom

enterprises.

My SQL:

MySQL. an open source database, is the most popular database for web-

based business applications, and is moving to enterprise level. MySQL is the

most popular database for internet systems such as e-commerce and dynamic website. If you run

your own blog with Wordpress, you are using MySQL. Many of the world's largest and fastest-

growing organizations including Facebook, Google, Adobe, Alcatel Lucent and Zappos rely on MySQL

to save time and money powering their high-volume Web sites, business-critical systems and

packaged software.


9/37


10/37

Islamabad


Database Schema:

A database schema is the

skeleton structure that

represents the logical view of

the entire database. It defines

how the data is organized and

how the relations among them

are associated. It formulates all

the constraints that are to be

a lied on the data.

Although the current Database era is Fully dominated by SQL but some other Query languages are:

Contextual Query Language (CQL), Cypher, DMX for Data Mining models, HTSQL is a query language thattranslates HTTP queries to SQL, OQL is Object Query Language, Gremlin is a graph traversal language.

DBMS Language:

Database languages are used for read, update and store data in a

database. There are several such languages that can be used for this

purpose; one of them is SQL (Structured Query Language).

Types of DBMS language:

Data Definition Language (DDL):

DDL is used for specifying the database schema. Let’s take SQL for instance to categorize the

statements that comes under DDL.

To create the database instance – CREATE

To alter the structure of database – ALTER

To drop database instances – DROP

To delete tables in a database instance – TRUNCATE

To rename database instances – RENAME

All these commands specify or update the database schema that’s why they come under Data

Definition language.

Data Manipulation Language (DML):

DML is used for accessing and manipulating data in a database.

To read records from table(s) – SELECT

To insert record(s) into the table(s) – INSERT

Update the data in table(s) – UPDATE

Delete all the records from the table – DELETE

Data Control language (DCL):

DCL is used for granting and revoking user access on a database :

To grant access to user – GRANT

To revoke access from user – REVOKE

In practice, the data definition and data manipulation languages are not two separate

languages. Instead they simply form parts of a single database language such as Structured

Query Language (SQL). SQL represents combination of DDL and DML, as well as statements

for constraints specification and schema evaluation.


11/37

Islamabad


The original version called

SEQUEL (structured English

query language) was

designed by an IBM research

center in 1974 and 1975 by

Donald D. Chamberlin andRaymond F. Boyce. SQL was

first introduced as a

commercial database system

in 1979 by Oracle

Corporation.

OQL (Objective Query Language):

Arguably, the most popular NoSQL database is Apache Cassandra. Cassandra, which was once Facebook’s

proprietary database, was released as open source in 2008. Other NoSQL implementations include

SimpleDB, Google BigTable, Apache Hadoop, MapReduce, MemcacheDB, and Voldemort. Companies

that use NoSQL include NetFlix, LinkedIn and Twitter.

SQL:

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a special-purpose programming

language designed for managing data held in a relational database

management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data

stream management system (RDSMS).

Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL

consists of a data definition language, data manipulation language, and a

data control language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query,

update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access

control.

Historically, SQL has been the favorite query language for database management systems running on

minicomputers and mainframes. Increasingly, however, SQL is being supported by PC database

systems because it supports distributed databases (databases that are spread out over several

computer systems). This enables several users on a local-area network to access the same database

simultaneously.

Object Query Language (OQL) is a query language standard for object-oriented databases modeled

after SQL. OQL was developed by the Object Data Management Group (ODMG). Because of its overall

complexity no vendor has ever fully implemented the complete OQL. OQL has influenced the design

of some of the newer query languages like JDOQL and EJB QL, but they can't be considered as

different flavors of OQL.

NoSQL (Not Only SQL database):

NoSQL database, also called Not Only SQL, is an approach to data management and database design

that's useful for very large sets of distributed data. NoSQL, which encompasses a wide range of

technologies and architectures, seeks to solve the scalability and big data performance issues that

relational databases weren’t designed to address. NoSQL is especially useful when an enterprise

needs to access and analyze massive amounts of unstructured data or data that's stored remotely on

multiple virtual servers in the cloud.


12/37

Islamabad


SQL is NOT case sensitive:

select is the same as SELECT

The short description of SQL:

SQL stands for Structured Query Language

SQL lets you access and manipulate databases

SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard

Capabilities of SQL:

SQL can execute queries against a database

SQL can retrieve data from a database

SQL can insert records in a database

SQL can update records in a database

SQL can delete records from a database

SQL can create new databases

SQL can create new tables in a database

SQL can create stored procedures in a database

SQL can create views in a database

SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views

SQL Statement:

Most of the actions we need to perform on a database are done with

SQL statements.

The following SQL statement selects all the records in the "Customers" table:

SELECT * FROM Customers;

Some database systems require a semicolon at the end of each SQL statement.

Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL statement in database systems that

allow more than one SQL statement to be executed in the same call to the server.

SQL Statements & Their format:

SELECT The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name;

DISTICT The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct values.SELECT DISTINCT column_name, column_name FROM table_name;

WHERE The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specifiedcriterion.

SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value;

AND

Operator

The AND operator displays a record if both the first condition AND the second

condition are true.

SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Germany' ANDCity='Berlin';


13/37

Islamabad


OR Operator The OR operator displays a record if either the first condition OR the secondcondition is true.

SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City='Berlin' ORCity='München';

ORDER BY The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by one or more columns.SELECT column_name, column_name FROM table_name ORDER BY

column_name ASC|DESC, column_name ASC|DESC;INSERT INTO The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.

INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...)VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);

UPDATE The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table.UPDATE table_name SET column1=value1,column2=value2,...WHERE some_column=some_value;

DELETE The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value;

DELETE ALL It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table.DELETE * FROM table_name;

SELECT TOP The SELECT TOP clause is used to specify the number of records to return.SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name LIMIT number;

LIKE

Operator

The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search fora specified pattern in a column.SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_nameLIKE pattern;

IN Operator The IN operator allows us to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN(value1,value2,...);

BETWEEN The BETWEEN operator selects values within a range. The values can benumbers, text, or dates.

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

ALIASES SQL aliases are used to give a database table, or a column in a table, atemporary name.

SELECT column_name AS alias_name FROM table_name;

UNIOIN The SQL UNION operator combines the result of two or more SELECTstatements.

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1UNIONSELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;

SELECT INTO The SELECT INTO statement copies data from one table and inserts it into anew table.

SELECT * INTO newtable [IN externaldb] FROM table1;

INSERT INTO

SELECT

The INSERT INTO SELECT statement selects data from one table and inserts it

into an existing table. Any existing rows in the target table are unaffected.

INSERT INTO table2 SELECT * FROM table1;

Create DB The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a database.CREATE DATABASE dbname;

Create Table The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in a database.CREATE TABLE table_name(column_name1 data_type(size),column_name2 data_type(size),column_name3 data_type(size),....);


14/37

Islamabad


Issues[Problems faced by FastCabs due to absence of a DBMS]:

After critically analyzing the current situation of FastCabs I was able to point out the following key

issues in the organization which were a direct result of absence of a DBMS:

Huge amounts of Paperwork:

Due to the expansion of company fields now the company has to process huge

amounts of paperwork. This means lots and lots of paper composition, Printing,

Distribution and storage.

Hiring of massive staff:

In order to keep up with the current amounts of event logging and paper processing

the company has no choice but to hire more and more of office staff.

Lack of Communication & Distribution:

The company faces a serious lack of communication and distribution because the

company is present in all major cities of Scotland the company documentation has

to be shared to all braches simultaneously which is nearly impossible. This results

into miscommunication and mismanagement of company work.

Mistakes:

Huge amounts of paperwork & lack of communications means there is more room

for mistakes. Some serious management and misguidance of Drivers is a major issue

in FastCabs.

Increases in Operating cost:

All of the above mentioned issues ultimately result in huge budget of company.

Which is why the FastCabs operating income is declining day by day.

FastCabs Bankruptcy:

The company CEO is already suspecting that the success of his company will be short

lived. In order to avoid this the issue mentioned above must be addressedimmediately.

Understand databases and data management

s stems.

LO 1

Based on the case study of FastCabs company, analyze the key issues and

application of database within that organization.

Task

1


15/37

Islamabad


Applications of DBMS in FastCabs:

Here are some of the key Applications that can be implemented in FastCabs:

Electronic Records (softcopy):

Records of every asset and service of the company will be maintained electronically through

custom designed tables. e.g. Offices, Managers, Staff, Drivers, Cars, Jobs, Clients and

Contracts. So no more physical paperwork.

Absolute Detailing:

In depth details of everyday work and company assets including satff will be maintained

through dedicated columns in each table. For each staff store information such as staffNo,

fName, lName, sAddress, jobDescription, salary, NIN, sex, and DOB. Each office office

number, address, and phone number.

Tracking:

Tracking of clients, Contracts and Drivers will configured to be logged in the DBMS.

Report Generation:

A real time latest state report generation capability will configured in the DBMS. Current

reports will be generated in the matter of seconds.

Data Entry Through Forms:

Data entry will be done through elegantly designed forms for each Table.

Query Generation:

Options for Query generation can be configured in the DBMS to show only the specific data

asked by Users and Staff.

User Control(Access Control):

The DBMS can be configured in way that only authorized user having a Valid Username and

Password will be able to use the Company Database.


16/37

Islamabad


Features of MS Access:

Table creation is simply done by design or wizard options.

Data entered and stored in MS-Access can easily be exported or pasted into spreadsheets or

statistical software for further analysis.

As part of the MS Office Suite, MS Access integrates seamlessly with MS Word and Excel. Any

data stored in MS-Access can be easily used throughout the MS-Office applications.

One of the powerful features of Microsoft Access is the ability for developers to create custom

solutions using VBA code (Visual Basic for Applications), which is similar to Visual Basic 6.0.

Another useful feature of MS-Access is its relational ability that allows users to join tables, usingfields common to both, thereby allowing users to extract data from one table that relates to

data in another.

The "Report Writer" function in MS-Access is one of the best available. The stored data can be

given in a wonderful format to take print or any other purpose.

In general users with little programming knowledge can use MS Access effectively.

There is no console window, no complex Syntaxes, and no complex queries for Ms-Access.

There is also the Jet Database format (MDB or ACCDB in Access) which can contain the

application and data in one file. This makes it very convenient to distribute the entire application

to another user, who can run it in disconnected environments.

Advantages of MS Access for FastCabs:

Here are some Key advantages of MS Access for FastCabs:

Cost Benefits:

Microsoft Access is virtually free. If FastCabs computers already have the Microsoft Office

Professional Suite of business products installed that is automatically bundled as part of Microsoft

Office Professional, Microsoft Access is already available and there is no additional database

software that is required.

Cost of Development:

There is a tremendous amount of Access developer resources to choose from. Due to the wide

spread popularity of Access, Access developers are often available at a very competitive market rate

that is significantly lower than Oracle or SQL Server database consultants.

Implementation and Maintenance:

Due to the simplicity of Microsoft Access, implementation and maintenance is significantly cheaperwhen compared to more complex database systems such as SQL Server or Oracle.

Critically evaluate the features and advantages of using MS-Access as a database

management system for a company like FastCabs.

Task

2


17/37

Islamabad


User Friendly:

Access is user friendly and features the familiar Windows ‘look and feel’ which is appealing to most

users.

Unique Identifier:

Each piece of information is assigned a unique identifier. This is extremely important since it ensures

that each piece of information is only entered once, eliminating human and duplication errors.

Custom Design:

Customized forms can be created that will make it easy for FastCabs employees to enter your

information.

Scalability:

If FastCabs is growing, one of the benefits of Microsoft Access is that it has upgrade capabilities. If

the size of FastCabs database is continually growing and the performance starts to suffer, we can

easily upgrade to SQL Server along with an Access Data Project (ADP).

Backup:

The database can be backed up to prevent the loss of data.

GUI interface:

Another advantage is, it provides excellent graphical user interface (GUI) whereas most database

management tools provide console operating interface (CUI). This feature creates excellent User-

friendly environment.


18/37

Islamabad


Prototyping:

Software prototyping is a risk-reduction

technique commonly used in software

development when the requirements of the

system under development are not well

defined. For this purpose a software prototype

is a partial implementation of the system to be

built. This software prototype is exposed to user

comment and then refined to meet additional

requirements or correct errors.

SDLC:

The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a

process used in the development, creation, and

maintenance of an information system. This

process is often used in the creation or updating

of a database system, and can serve as a useful

tool for anyone trying to undertake a large

database project.

Its often denoted as DBLC.

For Prototyping and Database development process we can use The SDLC(System Development Life

Cycle).

As a specific type of information system, Database Design can be modeled using a similar SDLC type

approach, sometimes referred to as DBLC or the Database Development Life Cycle. As in the SDLC

approach, DBLC consists of several iterative steps (which vary slightly depending on the model used).

However, the overall approach is the same:

Our DBLC will comprise of the following Six steps:

STEP-1: Database Initial Design

This stage is essentially the planning stage of the SDLC.

Understand database design techniques.LO 2

Based on the requirements and the assumptions you have made of FastCabs case

study, analyze the use of popular Prototyping database development methodology.

Task

1

• Purposes

– Analyze company situation

• Operating environment

• Organizational structure

– Define problems and constraints

– Define objectives

– Define scope and boundaries


19/37

Islamabad


STEP-2: Database Design

This stage encompasses much of both the Analysis and Design stages of the SDLC.

STEP-3: Implementation & LoadingThe efforts so far are implemented!

STEP-4: Testing & Evaluation

Make sure that the Database is working as planned!

• Most Critical DBLC phase

• Makes sure final product meetsrequirements

• Focus on data requirements

• Sub phases

– Create conceptual design

– DBMS software selection

– Create logical design

– Create physical design

• Creation of special storage-related

constructs

to house end-user tables

• Data loaded into tables

• Other issues

– Performance

– Security

– Backup and recovery – Integrity

– Company standards

– Concurrency controls

• Database is tested and fine-tuned forperformance, integrity, concurrent

access, and security constraints

• Done in parallel with application

programming

• Actions taken if tests fail

– Fine-tuning based on reference

manuals

– Modification of physical design

– Modification of logical design

–

Upgrade or change DBMSsoftware or hardware


20/37

Islamabad


STEP-5: Operation

The Database is up and running! Of course problems arise, and changes are always necessary!

STEP-6: Maintenance & Evaluation

Changes are made to the system as problems are solved and new requirements are identified.

In short, the process begins anew!

• Database considered operational • Starts process of system evaluation

• Unforeseen problems may surface

• Demand for change is constant

• Preventative maintenance

• Corrective maintenance

• Adaptive maintenance

• Assignment of access permissions

• Generation of database access statistics

to monitor performance

• Periodic security audits based onsystem-generated statistics

• Periodic system usage-summaries


21/37

Islamabad


ERM:

The entity-relationship model (or

ER model) is a way of graphically

representing the logical

relationships of entities (or

objects) in order to create a

database. The ER model was first

proposed by Peter Pin-Shan Chen

of Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT) in the 1970s.

What is Entity Relationship Diagram?

An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a graphical representation of an

information system that shows the relationship between people,

objects, places, concepts or events within that system. An ERD is a data

modeling technique that can help define business processes and can be

used as the foundation for a relational database.

Three main components of an ERD are the entities, which are objects or

concepts that can have data stored about them, the relationship

between those entities, and the cardinality, which defines that

relationship in terms of numbers.

Normalization:

One of the ways an ERD is enhanced during the logical design phase is through the process of

normalization. Normalization is one of the key tenets in relational model design. It is the process of

removing redundancy in a table so that the table is easier to modify. It usually involves dividing an

entity table into two or more tables and defining relationships between the tables. The objective is

to isolate data so that additions, deletions, and modifications of an attribute can be made in just one

table and then propagated through the rest of the database via the defined relationships.

Performing normalization during ERD development can improve the conceptual model, and speed its

implementation.

Entity Relationship Diagram for FastCabs:

As we know that all of the required fields and their attributes are provided by the CEO of FastCabs I

just categorized them in their relevant Tables.

Made some enhancements to their respective entries.

Included some more precise and to the point entries.

Made a logical schema design so I can determine relationship between tables.

Determined primary and foreign keys.

The Following EERD was developed:

Discuss entity-relationship modeling and normalization. Task

2


22/37

Islamabad


Contracts

Contract ID

Start Date

End Date

Rate

Total Charge

DriversDriver ID

Driver Name

Mobile Num

Gender DOB

Driver Add

License No

License Type

License Expiry

Penalty Points

Job

Job ID

Job

Phone

Contract ID

Pickup Add

Drop Add

Pickup Date

Pickup Time

VehiclesVehicle ID

Reg Number

Veh_Model

Veh_Make

Veh_Color

Veh_Capacit

Milage

MOT Due

Office

Address

Address ID

Address

City

Postal Code

StaffStaff ID

First Name

Last Name

Staff Add

Designation

Salary

NIN

Gender

DOB

User NamePassword

Client

Client ID

Client Name

Phone No

Client Add

City

Office

Office ID

Office Add

Office Mail

Manager

Phone No

ERD for FatsCabs:


23/37

Islamabad


Prototyping the Database of FastCabs:

As all the data set required was already explained to me and I had successfully developed the ERD

for FastCabs Database. Hence I started the following:

Step 1: Created the Tables in Accordance with the ERD.

Step 2: Made raw forms for automated entry of data.

Step 3: I generated some queries and Reports. As shown Below

Be able to design, create and document

databases.

LO 3

Apply prototyping database to the FastCabs data set. The purpose of this prototypeis to allow the Director to provide feedback on your proposed design. The prototype

should facilitate the creation, maintenance and querying of records and where

appropriate automate various tasks for the user.

Task

1

This only the

prototype

RAW

database

design. Actual

Interactive is

designed in

task 2


24/37

Islamabad


1. Create the tables for the FastCabs database. Where appropriate set field and table properties,

including any required indexes. Ensure that referential integrity is established between relatedtables.

Complete the design of FastCabs database and implement it using MS-Access as a

target DBMS including user interface.

Task

2

Creation & All Tables

Clients Table & its Design Properties

Contracts Table & its Design Properties

Driver Table & its

Design Properties


25/37

Islamabad


Office Table & its Design Properties Job Table & its Design Properties

Staff Table & its

Design Properties

VehicleTable & itsDesign Properties

As Shown Above I created All of the required Tables and their fields.

Forms Shown Below:


26/37

Islamabad


Info

Link to FastCabs Website

Forms Section Contains

Navigation Buttons to all Forms

Reports Section Contains

Navigation Buttons to all Reports

Query button Leads to a

dedicated Query Form

Exits the Whole Database

Main

Menu

Clients Theme

Close & Back to Main

Data View & Entry Area

Record Navigation

Record Manipulation

Record Printing Button

Clients

Form


27/37

Islamabad


Contracts Data View & Entry form

Drivers Data View & Entry form


28/37

Islamabad


Jobs Data View & Entry form

Staff Data View & Entry form


29/37

Islamabad


Vehicle Data View & Entry form

Navigation form for Queries


30/37

Islamabad


Reports: As shown in Main Menu there is a separate section for Report generation:

Each Button Shows a

Corresponding Report

Which then has options

for

Printing

Mailing

& Exporting

Date Stamp Report Preview Mailing, Exporting &

Printing Options


31/37

Islamabad


Database Security: [Login Authentication]

I created a separate login form:

Set control sources for LoginID and Password which were in staff table:

After that I set the close events for exit button.

Set properties as modal form so on startup the user

must enter username password.

Set masking's for Password so they can't be visible.

Started working on the VB Code for Login Button

As Shown Below:

VB Code for Login

Setting MsgBoxs Login Requirment Integrating User name Password location.

Closing and Main

Menu Open Cmds


32/37

Islamabad


On my way out I Disabled some options to Enable effective security performance:

The result was as desired:

To be Sure of the security measures. I ran some further tests on the "login"

which turned out to be Satisfactory.


33/37

Islamabad


Effectiveness of the Database in overcoming the problems:

After Testing, Evaluation and Implementation it's clear that the database has successfully overcame

the following problems:

Problem Is it Solved RemarksHuge amounts of Paperwork Paperwork is almost eliminated. Through E-

Records. A good Sign for Operating Costs.

Massive Staff Clerical and paper handling staff can now be

reduced to minimum.

Lack of Communication &

Distribution

Now with DBMS deployed strong

Communication & Distribution is in Place.Mistakes No mistakes with DBMS.

Increases in operating Cost All of the above ultimately result in dramatic

reduction of Operating cost.

Bankruptcy No chance of Bankruptcy if All of the above

problems are solved.

Suggestions for improvement of the Existing DBMS:

Although the FastCabs DBMS is more than capable of doing the

required job but there is always room for improvements:

Which are:

The Database should be integrated with a web based application so Customers can

make an On-Line booking.

The database should be configured as a JET Database so just install and run.

User Level Security clearance should be configured to tighten the security.

A web integrated report generation system should be deployed so the CEO can see his

company's progress anywhere anytime.

Evaluate the effectiveness of the database solution and suggest methods of

improvement.

Task

3


34/37

Islamabad


User manual:

1. Open the Database File:

2. Enter Username and Password as provided by your IT-Admin.

3. Choose your desired field among main menu items:

Create a user manual that describes your database solution for the FastCabs

database. The user manual should introduce the database application to the users,

describe the functionality of the database application and clearly demonstrate how

to use the application.

Task

4


35/37

Islamabad


4. To view records or to create new just click on the related form:

5. To view or Print report just click on the desired report from main Menu and Right Click for more

Options:

6. To generate a Query just click on the Button and click on desired Query:

7. To Exit Application Just Click In main Menu.

Use Navigation to

explore other records

Use form close or Main

Menu Buttons

Create or Print Records

Using These


36/37

Islamabad


Database managers, sometimes referred to as database administrators, identify a

company's information management needs and create a database to meet those needs.

They also merge old and new databases, ensure that databases operate correctly, ensure

that database information is secure, and fix any related problems.

Besides

No business solution could work without database. SQL is the language to use in almost all

databases. SQL programming skill is a must for all IT professionals, especially database

programmers and solution developers. In addition to basic SQL programming skill, youshould also master vendor-based SQL extensions - SQL in Oracle, IBM DB2, and Microsoft

SQLServer.

Some Work designations Database Administration:

Designation DescriptionDatabase

Administrator

(DBA)

Responsible for installing, configuring and maintaining a database

management system (DBMS). Often tied to a specific platform such as

Oracle, MySQL, DB2, SQL Server and others.

DatabaseDeveloper

Works with generic and proprietary APIs to build applications that interactwith DBMSs (also platform specific, as with DBA roles).

Database

Designer/Database

Architect

Researches data requirements for specific applications or users, and designs

database structures and application capabilities to match.

Data Analyst/Data

Scientist

Responsible for analyzing data from multiple disparate sources to discover

previously hidden insight, determine meaning behind the data and make

business-specific recommendations.

Data

Mining/Business

Intelligence(BI)

Specialist

Specializes in dissecting, analyzing and reporting on important data streams,

such as customer data, supply chain data, transaction data and histories,

and others.

Data Warehousing

Specialist

Specializes in assembling and analyzing data from multiple operational

systems (orders, transactions, supply chain information, customer data and

so forth) to establish data history, analyze trends, generate reports and

forecasts, and support general ad hoc queries.

Top 5 Database Certifications.

OCP: Oracle Certified Professional.

ICCP CDMP: Certified Data Management Pro.

Microsoft SQL Server Database Certifications.

IBM Information Management Certifications.

MongoDB NoSQL Certifications.

Career In Database


37/37

ahmed ali [database design & concepts]

Documents