Pre-breeding for Diseases Resistance in Cereals

Ahmed JahoorBreeding Manger

Breeding and Representation

Breeding:•Winter wheat•Spring BarleyRepresentation:•Wheat•Barely•Rye•Oat•Rape seed•Maize•Triticale

Skagen hvede fra Nordic SeedPå billedet ses, hvor vigtig vinterfasthed er i 

Baltikum. Skagen fra Nordic Seed står, mens den anden sort er udvintret.

Emerging threats from the diseases

Historical events• Potato leaf blight• Coffee rust• Rusts and powdery mildew• Southern corn leaf blightRecent events• Stem rust (Ug99)• Stripe rust • others

Important diseases in cereals in Nordic countries

• Powdery mildew• Rusts• Net blotch• Scald• DTR• Septoria• others

Emerging diseases due to climate changes in cereals

• Fusarium in wheat and barley

• Ramularia in barley• Yellow dwarf virus in

wheat and barley• Wheat blossom midge• Stem rust (Ug99)

New race of yellow rust• (Stem rust)• Others

The requirements

• New sources of Resistance• The identification of Resistance (gene/s)• Tools to identify the resistance sources• Transfer of resistance into adopted

material• The tools for transferring new resistance

sources

The gene pool concept used by plant breeders

Sources of Resistance

• Already known resistance gene advanced linescultivars

• Unknown Resistance genes Exotic material (land races)wild relativesSynthetic wheat

• GMO

• Resistance genes created by mutations (TILLING)

Where to get New sources of Resistance

• Released varieties

• Exchange material among the breeders

• From universities and research centers

• Natinal and international Gene Banks: often uncharacterized, some time problem with MTA

• Own collection: too costly

Co-evolution between host and pathogen

• Co-evolution: It occurs between wild relatives of crop plants and their pathogens in the centre of origin and diversification

• Pathogen Park: Co-evolution of host and pathogen take places and a delicate balance exist here.

•• Delicate balance: A large number of resistance genes in

host plants and a large of virulence genes in pathogens are playing a role in the delicate balance of of nature.

• These resistance genes and virulence genes are mostly unknown

Natural population of wild barley

Transfer of R-gene

Screening of H.vulgare ssp.spontaneum against European and Israeli powdery mildew isolates

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

R-R R-I I-I R-S S-S

EuropeanIsraeli

Transfer of resistance genes from exotic/wild material

• The dominant resistance genes

• The recessive resistance genes

• The marker assisted selection

• The marker assisted back-crossing

Tools to identify resistance genes in crop plants

• With the help of host-pathogen interaction

• With the application of DNA markers

Localisation of qualitative powdery mildew resistance gene with their respective number of alleles

italic → localised in H. spontaneum

Distribution of advance lines containing new sources of resistance for winter barley to German breeders

Line Year ofdistribution

Donor Number ofbackcrosses

Resistancelocus

WI-1 1988 Rs-142-29 4 Mla

WI-2 1988 RS20-2 3 Unknown

WI-3 1989 L74-11 4 Unknown

WI-4 1989 RS2-2 4 Mla

WI-5 1989 RS111-1 4 Unknown

WI-6 1992 RS132-45 Not Mla

WI-7 1992 RS122-19 4 Unknown

WI-8 1992 RS170-A-S 4 Unknown

WI-9 1996 RS70-29 4 Mla

WI-10 1996 RS70-30 4 Unknown

Transfer of resistance genes from wild barley into cultivated barley

WI - 1 RS 142-29 * Dura * Triton * Alpaca * Tapir

WI - 2 RS 20-2 * Sonja * Kaskade * Sonate

WI – 3 L74-11 * Sonja * Kaskade * Sonate * Cosima

WI – 4 RS 2-2 * Dura * Tapir * Ermo * Corona

WI- 5 RS111-1 * Dura * Tapir * Ermo * Corona

WI – 9 RS70-29 * Sona * Cosima * Sonate * Hanna

WI-10 RS 70-30 * Dura * Marinka * Kriemhild * Dilana

Distribution of lines containing new sources of mildew resistance for spring barley to German breeders

Line Year ofdistribution

Donor Number ofbackcrosses

Resistancelocus

SI-1 1987 RS1-12 5 Mla

SI-2 1987 RS81-B-10 5 Unknown

SI-3 1989 1-B-86 5 Mla

SI-4 1989 1-B-87 4 Mlf+mlt

SI-5 1992 RS160-47 5 Linked withMla

SI-6 1992 RS-164-6 5 Mlf+mlt

SI-7 1992 RS14-C-24 4 Mla

SI-8 1996 RS42-8 5 Mli

SI-9 1996 RS42-6 5 Mlt

SI-10 1996 RS137-28 5 Mlf

SI-11 1996 HSY-78 5 Mlj

Released varieties developed with the new sources of resistance against powdery mildew originating from H. spontaneum

Camilla Streng 1997 RS1-12Peggy Streng 1998 SI-1Baccara Schweiger 1998 SI-1Sally Streng 1999 SI-1Roxana Breun 1998 1-B-53Vrena Nordsaat 2000 WI-1Havanna Breun 2000 1-B-53Alabama Lochow-Petkus 2000 SI-8Philadelphia Lochow-Petkus 2001 SI-8Marnie Breun 2002 1-B-80Venezia Bauer 2002 WI-1Denise Breun 2003 1-B-53Antalya Breun 2004 wi-7

Varieties Breeder Released year Source of resistance

Identification of Ressiatnce genes with the help of DNA markers

• Types of DNA markers

• Identification of polymorphic DNA marker

• Detection of Linkage

Application of DNA markers in resistance breeding

• Localisation of quantitative and qualitative resistance

• Identification of resistance genes

• Selection of desired genotypes in early generations

• Pyramiding of resistance genes by means of MAS

QTL analysis of powdery mildew resistance in a cross between wild barley and cultivated barley

m32p31-040m59e41-0410m48e38-2315MWG36MWG219720m31p31-0826m47e38-1336m32p31-1744MWG7549MWG80064MWG5567m59e41-0671S-921773S-11275BMag211m59e36-1277m47e41-0279m47e38-1285m47e38-1987BMac13101MWG943106m47e32-19112MWG518118BMag382127cMWG695132cMWG706a135m48e32-08137m48e38-20149m47e41-14171m41p31-12174MWG2028177m33p31-11182MWG912188m31p31-07189m47e38-14190

1HS-T650S-133-23S-2366cMWG68211m41p31-0215BMac13423m48e32-0336m47e32-0643m32p31-1153MWG6463m42p31-0669

2H

m31p31-250S-92046m31p31-1811MWG6519m41p31-1822m47e38-1026m59e38-3127m48e32-1528m47e38-1533cMWG70236m48e41-0343HVBKASI49m48e32-0152m48e32-1354BMag37864m41p31-0881MWG503a87m33p31-1889m41p31-0792S-12098m59e36-08108m59e36-07116S-217118m31p31-17124MWG82126MWG46130

m59e36-180m32p31-033cMWG6914MWG63b10m33p31-0518m59e38-0833m59e36-0434S-reg1937MWG58439m48e38-1558m48e38-0159m47e32-2062m59e38-2964cMWG68070m48e38-1674m47e32-1880BMag22592MWG555b100

m41p31-14119

MWG961133BMag13147m59e41-15153m59e41-16154S-L8156m41p31-11159m31p31-15168m41p31-09170m59e38-26183m41p31-01193

3Hm31p31-060m48e38-115m59e38-0112m59e36-0113m47e38-0318m33p31-0422m33p31-1523MWG7724MWG203329WHS17841m32p31-1653MWG5857BMac18163m48e38-1270m47e38-1176m48e38-0779m47e32-0285m48e32-2187m48e32-0590m48e32-1092m47e41-0499MWG57103m47e41-10110m48e32-17128

m48e38-18144m47e38-23146WMS6150m33p31-12159HVM67162

4Hm32p31-010MWG5302BMag2066m48e32-1110MWG56420m42p31-0722m33p31-1424MWG4a36MWG1843MWG83651m59e36-0962MWG3965m42p31-0375MWG62676m48e38-0679m47e32-0881BMag32182MWG649a83m48e32-2285m47e41-0788m47e32-0499m31p31-24107MWG53109m41p31-20114m42p31-01121cMWG633127MWG539135m32p31-06136m41p31-19141S-9203151

7H

qml1qml2

qml3

qml4 qml5

P < 0.0005

Mla

MlLa

Mlf

Pre-requisite for breeding for resistance

• Effective and new sources of resistance

• Inheritance of resistance genes

• Effectiveness of resistance in adapted material

• Number of backcrossed

• Linked DNA marker for marker assisted selection and marker assisted back crossing

Transfer of resistance gene from exotic material to adopted material

Screening for new source of resistance

Identification new sources of resistance

Planning and conducting crosses

Development of DH lines from F1

Screening for disease resistance under lab

condition

Molecular mapping of resistance genes with

Molecular markers

Screening for disease resistance under field

conditions

Data analysis (mapping)

Transfer of resistances by marker assisted selection with

DH stepsDevelopment of specific PCR markers

Transfer of resistances by backcrosses with DH steps

Summary• Identification of new sources of resistance in wild relatives and/or

exotic material

• Mode of inheritance

• Transfer of resistance genes

• Mapping of resistance genes

• Marker assisted transfer of resistance genes

• Backcrossing

Breeding and RepresentationEmerging threats from the diseasesImportant diseases in cereals in Nordic countriesEmerging diseases due to climate changes in cerealsThe requirementsThe gene pool concept used by plant breedersSources of ResistanceWhere to get New sources of ResistanceCo-evolution between host and pathogenNatural population of wild barleyTransfer of R-geneScreening of H.vulgare ssp.spontaneum against European and Israeli powdery mildew isolatesTransfer of resistance genes from exotic/wild material Tools to identify resistance genes in crop plants Localisation of qualitative powdery mildew resistance gene with their respective number of allelesDistribution of advance lines containing new sources of resistance for winter barley to German breedersTransfer of resistance genes from wild barley into cultivated barleyDistribution of lines containing new sources of mildew resistance for spring barley to German breedersReleased varieties developed with the new sources of resistance against powdery mildew originating from H. spontaneumIdentification of Ressiatnce genes with the help of DNA markersApplication of DNA markers in resistance breedingQTL analysis of powdery mildew resistance in a cross between wild barley and cultivated barleyPre-requisite for breeding for resistanceSummary