ai - a gentle introduction

8/8/2019 AI - A Gentle Introduction

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

A Gentle, Jargon-Free Introduction

K. RaghunathanChartered Engineer

FIETE, MIE, MCSI, MISTE, MISTD, MIIMM

Retd Dy Controller (R&D) [MoD]


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Section 1


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What is AI ?

Study/Science of

Intelligent Machines

Making Machines Intelligent


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AI & Computers

Computers seem to have some Intelligence

Solve Math problems [Arithmetic, Algebra, Calculus,

Geometry etc]

Do text processing

Control Eqpt & Processes in Industry

Communicate

Natural Belief: computers can be made more

intelligent

So, AI is considered a Branch of Computer

Science


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Machines & Humans

Right from Cavemen, humans are

inventing new Tools, Instruments &

Machines To do all our hard work

Even for entertainment

To reduce/avoid our physical/mental strain


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Human Tasks

What are our everyday tasks ?

Professional

Personal


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Functions of our Sensory Organs

Eye See

Ear

Hear

Tongue / Mouth Taste, Speak

Nose

Smell, Breathe

Skin / Limbs Feel, do Physical Work Walk, Climb, Lift, Throw, Eat etc


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Sixth Sense

Comprehend [Understand]

Vision

Language Remember

Plan

Decide Learn

Emote


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Brain & Mind

Concrete & Abstract

Tangible & Intangible

Similar to Computer Like Hardware & Software


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What we still do ourselves ?

Logical Thinking & Reasoning

Making wise decisions

often with Incomplete, Vague & Uncertainfacts at hand

AI attempts to fill this gap


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Machines that can

Think

Decide Solve

Plan

Learn

Thinking Machines

Artificial Intelligence


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Can Machines Think ?

Some believe so & some dont

What Level of Intelligence will make aMachine qualify as Intelligent Machine or

Thinking Machine ?

The Turing Test


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The Turing Test


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The Turing Test

A machine can be deemed intelligent

If it can make a human think that

he/she is talking to a human & not to a machine


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A machine can be considered Intelligent

if it can solve complex problems requiring a high level of intelligence

normally found only in human beings


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AI Science or Art ?

Science

Multi-disciplinary & Inter-disciplinary

Art

Very Intricate Fine Art Like Painting & Sculpting

Science

involves designing machines

Art

involves programming


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Inputs to AI

Maths [Symbolic Logic]

Physiology [Working of Body Parts of LivingOrganisms]

Philosophy & Psychology [Human Logic &Behaviour]

Cognitive Science [Perception, Understanding]

Cybernetics [Communication & Control inAnimals & Machines]

Electronics [Making Machines]

Computer Science [Programming the Machine'sBehaviour]


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AIs Output

Used by almost all Sciences

Including Computer Science

Maximum dependency on AI

Robotics & Neural Networks

Considered part of AI


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Section 2


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Back to Square One

What is Intelligence ?

Let us have your Opinions please


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Intelligence

Abstract

Eludes accurate, comprehensive definition

Easier to understood than to define

Seems to be directly proportional to

Knowledge


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Intelligence (contd)

The Albert Einstein Anecdote


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Intelligence (contd)

Knowledge [Lots of it !]

Ability to put knowledge to use

Pertains to what we can do with our 5

Senses

Pertains more to what we can do with our6th Sense !


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What is Knowledge ?Anybody wish to define ?


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Knowledge

Abstract

Eludes accurate, comprehensive definition

Easier to understand than to define

AI has to deal with various aspects of

Knowledge


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Knowledge (contd)

Classification

Representation [including Storage inComputer Memory]

Acquisition [Learning]

Manipulation

Searching & Matching

Reasoning [Inference, Drawing Conclusions,Decision Making, Problem Solving]

Planning


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Classification of Knowledge

Factual or Procedural

Certain orUncertain Consistent orInconsistent [vary with time,

place, person or situation]

Well-Defined [Crisp] or Vague [Fuzzy] Complete or Incomplete [Partial]


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Reasoning Techniques

Depend on the Type of Knowledge beingdealt with

Certain, consistent & crisp : PredicateLogic

Uncertain : Probablistic Reasoning

Inconsistent : Truth Maintenance Systems

Fuzzy : Fuzzy Logic Partial : Statistical & Probablistic

Reasoning


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Reasoning Techniques (contd)

Ad hoc Methods

Closed World Assumption Circumscription

Abductive Reasoning

Modal & Temporal Logics


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Learning Methods

By Rote [by Reading]

By being Taught From Experience

By Analogy [From Examples]

By Drawing Conclusions From other known Facts


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What Humans are Good at

An Interactive Experiment

1

2


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What Humans are Good at

Humans seem to be good at

Reasoning with Uncertain, Fuzzy & PartialKnowledge

Learning from Experience & Examples

AI Research pays more attention to these

Areas


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AI Techniques

Procedures & Algorithms employed in AI

Compared to those used in other Sciences

Not merely Formulae

Use different approaches

More efficient, effective & intelligent

Profuse use ofHeuristics

Heuristic Educated Guess

Born out of Past Experience


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Heuristics

- An Interactive Experiment[opening a book at a desired page]


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Heuristic Search Techniques

Many Methods available

Most Noteworthy are: A*

MiniMax with Alpha-Beta Pruning


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Expert Systems

&

Decision Support Systems

A Speciality of AI

Very High Level of Intelligence & DomainKnowledge

a Level normally found only in Experts in

that Field


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Expert Systems

Knowledge

Base

Search

Engine

Match

Logic

Inference

Logic

User

Inter

face

Query

Response


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Section 3


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Miscellaneous Topics

Miscellaneous, but nevertheless Essential

Automation Useful in Hazardous Environs

Computer Vision Object Recognition

Natural Language Processing

Pattern Recognition & Pattern Classification Data Mining, Image Processing

Guide/Help/Rescue Weather/Business Forecasting

Neural Networks


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Vision

Object Recognition

Range Estimation

Emotion Recgnition


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Natural Language Processing

Vocabulary

Ambiguity

Human Languages are Context-Sensitive One word having many meanings

Many words having same/similar meaning

Accent varies from place to place

Real Life Examples

Feelings/Emotions


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AI Milestones

Too many to list here

Early days of AI

Mycin - Medical Diagnosis R - Design of Computer HW Architecture

Deep Blue - Chess Champion

Eliza - Conversationist

Racter - Writes Books


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AI Milestones (2)

Modern days:

Expert Systems & Decision Support Systems ina wide range of fields especially Medicine, Finance & Entertainment

Wide range of Medical Eqpt - CAT Scan etc

Analysis & Prediction - Economics, Stockmarket,Agriculture, Genetics, Elections

3D Computer Games & Walk-throughs Helpful Robots - Rescue, Operating in

Hazardous environments


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AI Milestones (3)

Spell-Check & Word Completion

facility in Text Processing Programs

Voice Commands to open/close files etc Programs to read text, to teach Languages

3D & Walk-Through Games/Presentations


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Basic Hurdle

Intelligent Machine = Thinking Machine

To make a machine think, act & react like ahuman:

We should first understand how humans think,act & react

Why a person thinks, acts & reacts in aparticular way

Why different persons think, act & reactdifferently

Why same person thinks, acts & reactsdifferently at different times, even if situationsare similar


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Basic Hurdle (contd)

Real life examples Bernard Shaw & Isadora Duncan Episode

Once I took my wife to a movie .


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Unfortunate Reality for AI scientists

God Almighty has a habit of makinghumans

so varied,

so un-understandable

so unpredictable !

Given such a starting point How are we going to make machines that

would behave like humans ?


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Everyone says AI is a difficult subject".

Not only Students, even Faculty say so

except the Enthusiastic & Optimistic AI

Researcher, of course

The Ground Reality is:

Humans are so difficult to understand !

WE are our own Hurdles !


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Concluding Remarks

In spite of the Enormity of the Obstacles, AImarches ahead, relentlessly

The progress is slow

New Findings & Achievements are Sporadic, few& far between

But that is no reason to lose hope We have achieved many things, which were once

considered impossible

We have set foot on the Moon

Let us hope that one day we will see

The Ultimate Intelligent Machine


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Any Questions ?


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Thank You !

ai - a gentle introduction

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