Jared FriedmanAddendum to the Presentation on Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence: Very simply, the goal of creating an intelligent computer

A landmark paper in artificial intelligence: Computing Machinery and Intelligence, A.M. Turing. Published in Mind in 1950

The Turing Thesis, stated two similar ways:1. There is no functional difference between brains and computers2. Any thought process used by a human can, in principle, be programmed into a computer

Picture of a neuron:

Image from http://www.nbia.nf.ca/the_neuron.htm, 9/24/02

Three roads to artificial intelligence:1. MRI Scanning2. Evolution3. Bit-by-bit programming by hand

A reasonable definition of intelligence: The Turing Test

Images from www.gsi.dit.upm.es/~lssii/ pturing, 924/02

OR

Four Highly Related Broad Themes in the Field of Artificial Intelligence1. True understanding versus shallow tricks2. Accurate modeling of human cognition versus “whatever works”strategies3. Types of thought easy for humans versus types of thought easy for computers4. The human ability with commonsense knowledge versus the computer inability

Sample rule for MYCIN:IF:

1. The gram stain of the organism is gramneg, and2. The morphology of the organism is rod, and3. The aerobicity of the organism is anaerobic

THEN there is suggestive evidence (.6 probability) that the identity of the organism is bacteroides.

Rule taken from Ginsberg, Essentials of Artificial Intelligence

Transcript of a conversation between Joseph Weizbaum’s Eliza program and a real teenage girl. Eliza’s responses are in blue.

Men are all alike. IN WHAT WAY They're always bugging us about something or other. CAN YOU THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Well, my boyfriend made me come here. YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME HERE He says that I am depressed all the time. I AM SORRY TO HERE YOU ARE DEPRESSED It's true that I am unhappy DO YOU THINK COMING HERE WILL HELP YOU NOT TO BE UNHAPPY I need help, that seems certain. WHY DO YOU WANT HELP THAT SEEMS CERTAIN? Perhaps I could learn to get along with my mother. TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY My mother takes care of me. WHO ELSE IN YOUR FAMILY TAKES CARE OF YOU My father. YOUR FATHER You are like my father in some ways. WHAT RESEMBLANCE DO YOU SEE You are not very aggressive but I think you don't want me to notice that. WHAT MAKES YOU BELIEVE I AM NOT VERY AGGRESSIVE BUT YOU THINK I DONT WANT YOU TO NOTICE THAT You dont argue with me. WHY DON'T YOU THINK I ARGUE WITH YOU You are afraid of me.

DOES IT PLEASE YOU TO BELIEVE I AM AFRAID OF YOU My father is afraid of everybody. WHAT ELSE COMES TO MIND WHEN YOU THINK OF YOUR FATHER Bullies.

Transcript of a conversation between SHRDLU and a person. SHDRLU’s responses are in blue.

1. pick up a red block OK 2. find a block which is taller than the one you are holding and put it into the box. By "it," i assume that you mean the block which is taller than the one i am holding. OK. 3. what does the box contain? The blue pyramid and the blue box 4. what is the pyramid supported by? the box 5. how many blocks are not in the box? four of them 6. is at least one of them narrowed than the one which I told you to pick up? yes, the red cube 7. will you please stack up both of the red blocks and either a green cube or a pyramid? OK 8. is there a large block behind a pyramid? yes, three of them: a large red one, a large green cube and the blue one. 9. put a small one into the green cube which supports a pyramid OK 10. put the littlest pyramid on top of it OK 11. had you touched any pyramid before you put the green one on the little cube? Yes, the green one 18. when did you pick it up? while i was stacking up the red cube, a large red block and a large green cube 19. why? to get rid of it 20. why did you do that? to clear off the red cube

21. why did you clear off that cube? to put it on a large green cube 22. why did you do that? to stack the red cube, a large block, and a large green cube 23. why did you do that? because you asked me to

Conversation transcripts taken from Some Fascinating Exhibits, http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/programs.html, 9/24/02

Other sources used:Cope, David. Virtual MusicGinsberg, Matt, Essentials of Artificial IntelligenceHofstadter, Douglas R. Godel, Escher, BachHofstadter, Douglas R. Fluid Concepts and Creative AnalogiesKutzweil, Ray. The Age of Intelligent MachinesRussel, Stuart and Norvig, Peter. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach