aim: describe the major benefits and drawbacks of the age of exploration
TRANSCRIPT
Aim: Describe the major benefits and drawbacks of the Age of Exploration. Aim: Describe the major benefits and drawbacks of the Age of Exploration.
Earlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier Explorations1. Islam & the Spice Trade
Malacca
2. A New Player Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
3.Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”
Admiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng HeAdmiral Zheng He
1371-1435
Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!
Lets Get A Better Look at This:What conclusions can be drawn?
What were the goals of Zheng He’s travels?
• Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions. They were designed to establish a Chinese presence, impose imperial control over trade, and impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin.
• In July 1405, the first of seven expeditions set sail, over 50 years before Columbus’ voyage to the New World.
• The fleet included 27,870 men on 317 ships. These were massive ships with 9 masts and manned by 500 men. Some of the ships were over 300 feet long and 150 feet wide, the largest being 440 feet long and 186 feet across, capable of carrying 1,000 men.
• The crew included sailors, clerks, interpreters, soldiers, artisans, medical men and meteorologists.
• On board were large quantities of cargo including silk goods, porcelain, gold and silverware, copper utensils, iron implements and cotton goods.
Zheng He’s Accomplishments• Zheng He’s fleets visited Arabia, Brunei, East Africa, India, Malay
Archipelago and Thailand (at the time called Siam), dispensing and receiving goods along the way.
• The importance of Zheng He and his expeditions, is that they were voyages of discovery not a lust for “gold” that was never sated.
• By accounts of his contemporaries and chroniclers, he generally sought to attain his goals through diplomacy, however, it was also reported that he walked like a tiger and did not shy away from violence when needed, like suppressing the pirates who had long plagued Chinese and southeast Asian waters.
• His fleet carried gifts from the Chinese emperor to the rulers of the lands he visited, and carried back officials and envoys to China as guests of the imperial court. And unlike the conquistadors his fleet didn’t decimate the population of the cities they visited; instead they built granaries, warehouses and stockades. Zheng He also built several Muslim communities in Indonesia, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines.
• HOW DID THE EUROPEANS ASSERT THEIR POWER OVER THE ASIAN WORLD? *joint stock companies
A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492
A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Portuguese and Spanish Portuguese and Spanish Maritime EmpireMaritime Empire
Explorer Year Accomplishment
Bartolomeu Dias (Portugal) 1488 Rounded Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa and entered the Indian Ocean.
Christopher Columbus (Spain)
1492 Sailed west to reach Asia and instead reached the Bahamas. Sailed around the Caribbean, but thought he had reached island just off the coast of Asia. Reached Calicut in India by rounding Africa.
Vasco de Gama (Spain) 1497 Reached Calicut in India by rounding Africa.
Magellan (Spain) 1519-1522 Sailed around S. America to the Philippine islands (where he was killed). His men sailed back through the Indian Ocean and were the first to circumnavigate the globe.
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
Zheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s VoyagesZheng He’s Voyages
In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!
Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]
Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration
Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration
Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc
Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc
Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”
Fernando CortezFernando CortezFernando CortezFernando Cortez
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II
vsvs..
vsvs..
The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez
Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:
The The IncasIncas
AtahualpaAtahualpa
vsvs..
Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
What were the advantages and drawbacks of this exchange?
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
arie
s
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship
““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives
Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave Sharks followed the slave ships!ships!
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreoles
MestizoMestizoss
MulattMulattosos
Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves
Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World
Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World1. Encomienda
or forced labor.
2. Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement.
The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral
Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe
Spanish Spanish MissionMission
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas
Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas
New Laws New Laws 1542 1542
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged
by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
New Patterns of World New Patterns of World TradeTrade
New Patterns of World New Patterns of World TradeTrade
Impact of Interaction / Development of a Global
Economy
Aim: Describe the major benefits and drawbacks of the Age of
Exploration.