PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE AND ASSESSMENT OF OIL SPILL (PRAOS) IN THE APEC REGION (PHASE I)

Oceans Fisheries Working Group, APEC

3-7 November 2014, Yeosu, Korea

Report on Preparedness, Response and Assessment of Oil spill (PRAOS) in the APEC Region, Phase I

3-7 November 2014, Yeosu, Korea

I. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

1. Preparedness, Response and Assessment of Oil Spill (PRAOS) in the APEC Region, Phase I, a training program for the APEC Economies,— was held in Yeosu, Korea during November 3 to 7, 2014 which had around 30 participants from 12 APEC member economies, including Australia; Chile; Indonesia; Republic of Korea; Russia; Papua New Guinea; Peru; the Philippines; Malaysia; Chinese Taipei; Thailand; and Viet Nam. Expert speakers from Australia, Indonesia, Chinese Taipei and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) were also invited to the program and presented lectures on subjects of their expertise.

2. Marine oil spill directly disrupts and impacts the trade, growth, and livelihood of the APEC region. The extent of damages caused by oil spill incidents depends on two main factors; prevention of and response to oil spills in emergency preparedness. Furthermore, oil spill contamination severely affects human and food security, stability in transboundary marine resources trade and eventually growth of the APEC region. In order to reduce the impact of oil spill incidents, PRAOS in the APEC region proposes the following steps; 1) share experience in marine oil pollution incidents among the APEC economies and conduct on-site education and training program for related stakeholders especially for developing economies that lack infrastructure and expertise 2) share information about the resources that are available to assist economies with the environmental impact assessment in oil pollution 3) provide technical assistance to develop an operation manual for economies lacking effective oil spill prevention programs and response procedures, and 4) develop APEC regional collaborative measures against oil pollution incidents.

3. The objectives of PRAOS are:1) Raising awareness of the social, economic, and environmental damage and impact caused by marine oil pollution which disrupts and impacts the trade, growth and livelihood of the APEC region;2) Strengthening the overall capacity of APE marine oil spill response managers from developing economies through training education, and information sharing about the resources that are available to economies with the environmental impact assessment of marine oil pollution and national policy changes made after an incident occurred; and3) Information sharing on how effective marine oil pollution response efforts can enhance the trade of marine resources and strengthen the overall food security of the APEC region.

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In the light of the above objectives, PRAOS 1 program focused on:1) Sharing information on oil spill preparedness, response; 2) Practice real time emergency situation; and 3) Build network of oil spill experts within the APEC region.

II. OPENING CEREMONY

3 November 2014 (Day 1)

Welcome Address IMr. Woon-Yeol Oh, Administrator, Yeosu Regional Maritime Affairs and Port Administration

4. Mr. Woon-Yeol Oh, Administrator of Yeosu Regional Maritime Affairs and Port Administration, the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries welcomed the participants from the APEC economies to the PRAOS1 training program at the beautiful City of Yeosu where the 2012 Yeosu World Expo was held. He reiterated the importance of the oil spill response in the APEC region, reminding participants of the fact that more than half of the APEC economies are included in the world’s top 10 world petroleum import or production.

5. Oil spill poses a great threat to human safety, marine ecosystem, marine trade and eventually growth of the APEC region. Cooperative efforts are necessary among the APEC economies to develop technology for preparedness, response and assessment for oil spill incidents, which is the reason why participants are invited to this training program.

6. Through this training program, participants will learn from the various experiences of Korea and share best practices amongst the participating economies. He wished all the participants a memorable and enjoyable stay in Yeosu.

Welcome Address IIMr. Hyun-Jong KIM, Vice President, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation (KOEM)

7. In welcoming the participants, Mr. Hyun-Jong Kim, Vice President of KOEM conveyed a sincere appreciation to the APEC Secretariat for giving the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries and KOEM the opportunity to launch the first Phase of the PRAOS program. As a global leader of marine environment management, KOEM has conducted various training programs to stimulate the collaboration between economies. In particular, he highlighted the importance of collaborative preparedness and response capacities in preparation for disasters like oil spill incidents.

8. Mr. Kim expressed his support toward APEC’s cross-fora collaboration which is witnessed at this program where a member from the Emergency Preparedness Working Group (EPWG) is attending this training program.

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He sincerely thanked the participation of the IMO, represented by Ms. O'Hagan, and other experts for sharing their valuable experiences.

9. The APEC region is vulnerable to natural disasters which can exceed the response capacities of a single community or national government. Oil spills can devastate the livelihood of not only the APEC region but also the global environment considering its harmful impact which shares no borders.

10. Lastly, he wished all participants an informative training program with lively discussions, and hoped they will take back valuable information to strengthen their community-based oil spill disaster resilience management.

Keynote SpeechMs. Colleen O’Hagan, Officer, Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to pollution incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances (OPRC-HNS), IMO

11. On behalf of the Secretary General of IMO, Ms. O’Hagan delivered a keynote speech for PRAOS Phase 1. O’Hagan first expressed her sincere appreciation to the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, KOEM and APEC for the kind support that made the training program possible. She shared her memory of visiting Korea as a member of the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF) experts, when the nation was hit by the Hebei Spirit oil spill incident in 2007.

12. Ms. O’Hagan introduced the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as a specialized UN agency and shared useful information about the legal framework for the oil spill related measures provided by the IMO. Among treaty instruments adopted by IMO, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), OPRC and OPRC-HNC are the most relevant to the PRAOS training program. In particular, OPRC is the global framework for international cooperation in combating major incidents or threat of marine pollution. Ms. O’Hagan informed that she will delve into more details in the coming sessions.

13. Ms. O’Hagan elaborated on collaborative efforts between international organizations, such as the joint efforts between IMO and oil producing industries through The International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC) to strengthen preparedness in developing economies. She highlighted that collaboration between stakeholders are important as demonstrated by this APEC training program.

14. Ms. O’Hagan hoped that objectives of the program will be achieved through participants’ active participation and discussion. She again expressed her appreciation to the government of Korea, Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, for its hospitality and wished a fruitful training program.

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III. LECTURES AND TECHNICAL TOURS/EXCERCISES

Introduction of the PRAOS 1 Training ProgramMs. Joon- Young Chang, KOEM

15. Ms. Joon-Young Chang of KOEM introduced the objectives as well as logistic arrangements of the PRAOS Phase 1 training program. The objectives of the program are to i) learn basic principles of oil spill preparedness, response and assessment; ii) experience oil spill equipment and operation; and iii) build network of oil spill experts among APEC economies.

16. Ms. Chang introduced the participants and experts/lecturers, as well as the facilities around the workshop venue. She also briefed the participants on the training program agenda, daily activities and field trip venues.

17. Ms. Chang explained that the PRAOS program is designed to be conducted in four phases. While Phase I being the basic training program that covers the principles of PRAOS, the program will get increasingly complex and intensive as it goes along to the next phases. Ms. Chang highlighted the importance of Phase I, which will lead into successive phases for the next 3 years.

18. Ms. Chang informed the participants that, in 2015, KOEM will submit a proposal for PRAOS II to the Oceans and Fisheries Working Group of the APEC Secretariat for consideration. She asked participants to share their valuable opinions and show support for the program.

Introduction of KOEMMr. Se-Jong YU, KOEM

19. Mr. Yu Se-Jong, Public Relations Team Leader from KOEM introduced the work of KOEM. A 10-minute PR video offered participants an overview of KOEM’s history and mission. KOEM was founded in 2008 under the Marine Environment Management Act of 2007. Previously known as Korea Marine Pollution Response Corporation (KMPRC) in 1997, KOEM has evolved from an oil spill response corporation of oil tanker owners association into a public owned corporation for marine environment management. Now, KOEM’s major expertise and businesses include: - Oil spill preparedness and response- Marine business including Tug boat operation - Marine clean-up- International cooperation - Marine environment research and management

20. As for marine environment research and management, KOEM carries out marine ecosystem survey; coastal wetland survey; restoration of marine habitat; as well as MPA research and management. KOEM’s marine clean-

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up activities include polluted sediment collection at major ports; underwater wastes collection at coastal areas; floating debris/waste collection; and oil collection and disposal. KOEM’s oil spill response includes: marine pollution incidents preparedness and response; prompt clean-up and strengthen response capability. KOEM’s marine businesses include: guiding vessels in/out of ports; rescue operation of sunken vessels; salvage operation of sunken vessels. KOEM has also participated in various training and joint programs to enhance international cooperation.

21. In wrap-up, Mr. Yu stressed that KOEM can provide services to the APEC economies through joint programs and trainings. KOEM has a training facility in Busan, the Marine Environment Research and Training Institute (MERTI), which houses various research laboratories and monitoring centers. He wished stronger collaboration and cooperation among APEC economies.

Overview of Spill ResponseMs. Colleen O’Hagan, IMO

22. Ms. O’Hagan introduced oil spill related international legal framework within the IMO with special attention given to OPRC, which was adopted in 1990 and entered into force in 1995, and OPRC-HNS, which was adopted in 2000 and entered into force in 2007. She introduced the IMO as a specialized UN agency with a global mandate for addressing maritime issues and explained briefly about the need for the organization, its convention and initiative.

23. Global transportation of goods is ever increasing and shipping covers 90% of the global trade. Despite the global efforts to prevent oil spill since the 20th century, incidents involving oil spill still occur with the devastating impacts on the marine environment. To effectively respond to unforeseen oil spill incidents, the IMO has adopted 51 treaty instruments, 23 of which are directly related to the marine environment. She explained that IMO’s mandate is to keep safe, secure and efficient shipping on cleaner oceans. The legal framework of oil and HNS pollution includes the MARPOL Convention for prevention; OPRC 1990 and OPRC-HNS Protocol 2000 for preparedness and response; Civil Liability Convention (CLC) 1992; Funds Convention; Bunkers Convention; and Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC) for compensation and liability.

24. Ms. O’Hagan demonstrated that OPRC convention offers its signatories access to an international platform for cooperation and mutual assistance, as well as a mechanism for establishing cooperative arrangements with other states parties. Signatories participate in a network for the exchange of new research and development information, best practices and practical experiences in response. Through IMO’s integrated technical cooperation program, member states can also access training and support in developing the essential preparedness and response structures and legislation.

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25. Ms. O’Hagan further explained that it is the obligation of OPRC parties to establish national system for responding promptly and effectively to oil pollution incidents, as well as exercise programs, communications capabilities and mechanism for coordinating response. The parties also need to establish pollution reporting procedures. Should a pollution incident occur, they need to inform all states whose interests may be affected, of the nature, extent and consequences of the incident.

26. OPRC encourages a regional approach to capacity building and calls for government industry (shipping/oil) cooperation. Objective of oil spill response should be to minimize the impacts to biological resources, economical activities and human use of shoreline. Unfortunately there’s no universal option that fits all incidents because things such as oil type, weather conditions and oil trajectory should be taken into consideration.Steps in spill response are:

- 1)Assess the situation- 2)Activate contingency plan- 3) Activate organizational response- 4) Prepare response action plan- 5) Activate operational response- 6) Manage on-going response- 7) Deactivate response- 8) Consolidate costs- 9) Debrief and report-

Case Study 1: Montara Platform Incident, IndonesiaMr. Setiyo Pranowo Widodo, MMAF, Indonesia

27. As the first case study of the training program, Mr. Widodo introduced the chronology of oil spill from the Montara platform. On 21 August 2009, the Montara offshore oil platform started leaking oil in the Timor Sea, 250 km to the northeast of Australia. Over a period of ten weeks, more than two million liters of oil were split into the sea, forming a 2000 km2 of oil slick. The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) mobilized aircraft to try to break up the growing oil slick, spraying around 150,000 liters of chemical dispersant at a cost of around $5.3m, in an attempt to stop the oil from contaminating shoreline habitats. The oil well was finally closed in early November 2009, stopping the flow of oil into the sea.

28. Mr. Widodo explained that a range of radar and optical satellites followed the growth of the slick as the oil spill occurred. For example, the MODIS sensor aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites took images of the Timor Sea on a daily basis and results based on these observations have been circulated widely. However, cloud presents a serious challenge to optical observation made by sensors such as MODIS. On the other hand, active microwave sensors that are used on radar satellites work regardless of weather conditions and some are able to provide radar data with a resolution of one meter. They can give a two-dimensional representation of the reflection of radar waves from the surface of the water. Data from two of such radar sensors, namely the ALOS PALSAR and Envisat ASAR,

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are processed and compared with MODIS results. While results from these optical and radar sensors are consistent with each other, radar sensor has demonstrated unique advantages in monitoring oil spill.

29. Airborne optical photography has been the most common form of oil spill mapping. However, due to the various conditions, such as sensor position and wind condition, the oil sheens often are hard to be distinguishable from the background. Mr. Widodo added that radar is an active remote sensing system which can image the Earth’s surface day and night. It emits electromagnetic waves in the microwave spectral region that allows the system to operate in all weather conditions. Due to the large affected area of oil spill in Montara case, multiple ALOS PALSAR Stripmap imagery acquired in the adjacent orbit paths were used to map the region. In the meantime, an ENVISAT ASAR ScanSAR image was acquired to cover the full scene. Optical images of MODIS satellite are also used to monitor the oil spill status.

30. Mr. Widodo confirmed that both optical and radar satellite remote sensing techniques can play an important role in monitoring oil spill as demonstrated in the Montara study. Because of the synoptic nature of satellite imagery as well as regular revisits, earth observation satellites can be used as a cost-effective tool to complement other means of surveillance, such as sending aircrafts or ships to the oil spill region to evaluate the status.

Case Study 2: M/V OberonMs. Hsin-Chen Sung, Senior Technical Specialist, Environmental Protection Administration, Chinese Taipei

31. Ms. Hsin-Chen Sung presented on the case study of the Oberon oil spill incident. She first gave the background of the spill and chronology of the response activities. She explained that the response team used satellite to observe the situation comprehensively as well as to determine what actions needed to be taken. The emergency cleanup groups held meeting on daily basis to clearly understand the situation and implement the swiftest method to remediate the spilt oil, as well as handle the legal claim against the shipping company. Shoreline cleanup activities included oil recovery for preventing secondary pollution and tracing the flow of recovered oil. Excavators were used to clean up heavily affected sand and absorbent cloths to clean the oil from rocks.

32. Ms. Sung explained that marine pollution caused by HNS incidents is a complex issue to handle. Response priority and strategy can vary according to on-site situations and hazard types. In order to deploy a timely and effective response and to defuse the crisis in a smooth manner, response resources need to be ready for instant mobilization.

33. In wrap-up, Ms. Sung presented three keys to ensure successful handling of marine pollution incidents

- Good media communication- Professional technical support

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- Tight team work.

Case Study 3: Hebei Spirit Oil Spill ResponseMr. Cho Chan-Youn, Team Leader, Marine Environment Cooperation Team, KOEM

34. Mr. Cho delivered a lecture on the case study of Hebei Spirit oil spill incident. First of all, he welcomed all the participants and experts to Yeosu, Korea as the Project Overseer of the PRAOS program. He then introduced the brief outline of the Hebei Spirit incident, stating that it was one of the biggest oil spill incidents in Korea that changed his life.

35. When the incident occurred, experts predicted the direction of spilt oil and the time of arrival at the coastal areas. However, the prediction was not accurate and the time difference was about 4 hours 30 minutes. This sparked negative media attention in Korea.

36. Although strong wind and wave made it difficult to deploy oil booms and skimmers, response team exerted their best efforts to reduce the impact of spilt oil and especially to protect environmentally sensitive areas. Initial response included: arrival of Oil Spill Response Vessels (OSRV); oil boom set-up; patching the punctures of the tanker.

37. Response actions at sea included: daily aerial surveillance for the monitoring of oil spread; spraying dispersants; removal of tar-shaped oil. The incident heavily affected 70km of shoreline and 101 islands. Huge clouds of volunteers were deployed to clean-up the beach areas within easy access, while police, army and other response agency experts focused on the clean-up of dangerous areas and rocky shores.

38. For shoreline clean-up, various equipment including Mini-Vac (vacuum cleaner), SMBC50 (vacuum tank), Komara 20K were used, and volunteers collected thick oil manually. The Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP) regional oil spill contingency plan was activated and NOWPAP member states (Korea, People’s Republic of China and Japan Russia) and Singapore offered response materials. A total of 27 experts abroad visited Korea to provide their technical expertise.

39. Mr. Cho claimed that the international community was moved by such a large number of volunteers involved and the Korean government’s prompt response. Although the response was prompt, it is hard to say that the response system functioned well. After the incident, Korea has made improvements to the oil spill response system, which includes: prevention system reinforcement; unified command system; and amendment of the National Contingency plan (NCP) and regional action plan.

40. Mr. Cho concluded that a large oil spill such as the Hebei Spirit and Sea Prince could happen any time in the future and therefore it is crucial to make continuous efforts to enhance training and the national response system.

Contingency Planning Process

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Mr. Jamie Storrie, Manager, Marine Environment Pollution Response, Australian Maritime Safety Authority

41. Mr. Storrie presented the process involving the contingency planning. He explained that major emergencies are characterized by the level of threat, uncertainty and urgency.

42. Some emergencies are routine but others are not (novel). Routine emergencies can be characterized by: high awareness; scripted; precise execution; well defined skills; command oriented; recognition primed decision making; and expecting success, whereas novel emergencies are associated with: low awareness; no script; customization; fault tolerant; incompletely specified skills; collaboration; cognitively driven decisions; expecting best endeavors.

43. Tasks can be categorized into two types—strategic and operational. Strategic tasks are associated with sense making; decision making; meaning making; circumscribing; coordinating; terminating; and learning, whereas tactical or operational tasks are associated with diagnosing and deciding; mobilizing and organizing; containing and mitigating; informing and empowering; coordinating and collaborating.

44. Planning for both routine and novel events as well as for strategic and operational levels is essential. Routine events can be anticipated and prepared ahead of time. The problem lies with novel events which often exceed planning assumptions and require improvisation. A plan is a strategic statement. We plan to create favorable conditions for an effective response, to establish an effective start-up and network, among others. A good strategy or contingency plan always has three components: diagnosis; guiding policy; and coherent actions.

45. Mr. Storrie presented the factors causing poor planning:- Fantasy planning- Template-dependent planning- Apparent affinities - Transforming uncertainty into risk - Planning for the last emergency - Overemphasizing hardware/structure- Over-engineering solutions/performance in advance

Good planning recognizes differences between routine and novel events; focuses on general principles rather than specific detail; and addresses prevention, preparedness, response and recovery.

46. Mr. Storrie further explained about the core challenges to planning, which include:

- Scalability and surge capacity- Developing and maintaining situational awareness- Integrated execution in real time - Operational versus political leadership - Handoffs and coordination across boundaries.

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47. In wrap-up, he stressed that no ideal response organization should be a multi-agency. An effective response network requires: organizations to perform their activities in a coordinated fashion; frequent exercises, forging of relationships, continuous development, involvement and commitment.

Spill Response Strategy (Open Water Clean-up)Ms. Colleen O’Hagan, IMO

48. Ms. O’Hagan introduced the oil spill response strategy (open water) where spilt oil can spread at any direction into wide areas. She stressed that for effective response, accurate information needs to be provided through aerial observation, which is crucial for response strategy.

49. Response activities can differ significantly depending on the data. For incidence, only monitoring is necessary in the situations where :

- No sensitive resources under threatening- Oil slick will not move to shoreline- Oil will disperse naturally, etc.

When oil slick is expected to affect the environment, various response strategies can be employed. Ms. O’Hagan explained various strategies of protection of sensitive resources, use of booms, containment and recovery, use of dispersants, in situ burning, etc. The selection of effective and efficient strategy for oil spill response is often a combination of these strategies.

50. For the containment and recovery strategy, oil booms and skimmers are utilized. Oil booms are used to prevent contamination of biologically or economically valuable areas and are critical tools for oil spill response. However, there are limitations of the use of booms: limited availability of booms; affected by weather conditions (current, sea state); limited length of the deployed booms; maintenance required once deployed. Skimmers are basically floating pump to separate oil and water, use of which are also limited by weather conditions, deployment time, contact rate with oil, storage capacity and debris.

51. Ms. O’Hagan showed a short video clip about skimmers and dispersants. Dispersants are used to promote natural dispersion of oil and they work by reducing surface tension of oil. It eliminates oil from sea surface and improves biodegradation of oil. They can be applied by aircraft for wide coverage and boats for small local response. Government approval and favorable weather conditions are prerequisite for the application of dispersants, and it should be applied before viscosity is too high.

52. Ms. O’Hagan highlighted the importance of recognizing the trade-off between the benefits and issues that dispersants can bring. Making a decision to use or not to use dispersant is rarely easy. Therefore, there should be experts with a well-designed contingency plan to carefully observe and decide what to do next. She also showed a video about in-situ burning. Though it can eliminate a large quantity of oil rapidly, in-situ

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burning is a rarely used option since there are issues of oil weathering, burn residue and safety.

53. In conclusion, there are various response options available but none of these options are perfect. In most cases combinations of various methods are used for response. Thus, it is crucial to understand the limitations and impacts of response options available.

Tuesday, 4 November 2014 (Day 2)

Spill Response Strategy (Shoreline Clean-up)Mr. Jamie Storrie, Manager, Marine Environment Pollution Response, Australian Maritime Safety Authority

54. Mr. Storrie gave a lecture on oil spill response strategies for shoreline clean-up in contrast to the open water response strategy. He first listed factors to be considered for response:

- Responder’s safety- Potential effects of cleanup- Feasibility of cleanup operations- Political and public pressure- Cultural factors

And factors for selecting a cleanup method are:

- Amount of oil- Shoreline character (substrate type, shoreline form, energy, biological

character)- Total range of pollution- Weather conditions- Availability of resources (equipment, personnel, etc.).

55. Mr. Storrie introduced four stages of cleanup when the oil slick is expected to reach the shoreline: - Step 1: Shoreline assessment- Step 2: Primary cleanup- Step 3: Secondary cleanup- Step 4: Site restoration.

He also provided detailed information about some cleanup methods: natural recovery; manual removal; use of sorbents; vacuum recovery; mechanical removal; and flushing.

56. Waste management is an important issue that requires immediate attention from the beginning of the incident. Waste from oil spill incidents may include oil, oil spill byproducts, debris, sediments, sea water and used Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). He claims that the most favored option for waste management is the prevention while the least favored option would be the disposal.

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57. When selecting temporary storage site for oil spill wastes, factors such as location, secondary contamination, security and appropriate access to site should be taken into account. Flexidams, skips, pillow tanks, lined pits and drums are options for temporary storage, while land fill, reprocessing, incineration, bioremediation stabilization are options for disposal.

International Law and Legal Framework of Oil Spill ResponseDr. Chae-Hyun Lim, Assistant Professor, Department of Coast Guard Studies, Mokpo National Maritime University

58. In introducing the international law for oil spill response, Dr. Lim stated that all economies have their own legal system which may vary from one another. However, economies also abide by the international law which can be defined as “the body of law that governs the legal relations between or among international communities.” Formal sources of international law include treaty and international customary law. The customary international law relating to marine pollution is too vague and incapable of developing into the detailed standard or liability regimes. Given the deficiencies, the international law relating to marine pollution is contained mostly in treaties.

59.Most international treaties relating to marine pollution are provided by the IMO, with the assistance of UN agencies that adopt and implement international marine environmental legal regimes. IMO Conventions, such as the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974, are eventually connected with the protection of marine environment and the UN plays a major role in the protection and preservation of the marine environment with the constitutional legal framework of UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)’s Regional Seas Program (RSP).

60. UNCLOS established a new norm of maritime jurisdiction and defined the breath of territorial sea. It is considered a Magna Carta of the Sea including many provisions which is regarded as customary international law. Dr. Lim stressed the importance of international legal regime by demonstrating that the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) is considered a main contributor to drastic decrease of oil pollution, incidentally and operationally, over the past 30 years.

61. Even though prevention of oil pollution is of paramount importance, states still need a second tier of protection of marine environment like OPRC, which was adopted after the Exxon Valdez incident occurred in 1989. OPRC provides a framework for the development of national and regional capacity, a system to prepare for and respond to oil pollution incidents, and facilitates international cooperation and mutual assistance in preparing for and responding to oil pollution incidents.

62. Republic of Korea enacted the Marine Environment Management Act in 2007 in replacement of the Marine Pollution Prevention Act and adopted the National Emergency Control Plan in 2000 based on the legal ground

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of OPRC 1990 and OPRC-HNS 2000. The National Emergency Control Plan was amended after M/T Hebei Spirit oil spill incident. Korea is also a member of NOWPAP as a RSP and prepositions oil spill combating equipment in three different places, namely: Daesan, Gwangyang and Ulsan.

63. Dr. Lim depicted some poorly responded oil spill incidents including the Torrey Canyon incident which exposed a number of serious shortcomings, particularly the absence of an international agreement on liability and compensation in the event of oil spill incident. The incident eventually led to the establishment of the regimes for compensation – CLC and Fund Convention among others. In warp-up, Dr. Lim stated that pollution has no border and is a problem for all, calling for stronger international regime and cooperation for the protection of marine environment.

Activities of NOWPAP Marine Environmental Emergency Preparedness and Response Regional Activity Centre (MERRAC) for Regional Cooperation for Marine Pollution Preparedness and ResponseDr. Seong-Gil Kang, NOWPAP MERRAC, Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO), Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST)

64.Dr. Kang briefly introduced the history and work of NOWPAP MERRAC and explained that the risk of oil spill is growing in the NOWPAP region. This is because major economies in the region have shown rapid economic growth, which has led to the surge in the quantity of oil and HNS transported. From 1990 to 2013, there have been 57 HNS spill incidents over 10 tons, 15 of which are major incidents that resulted in over 1,000 tons of oil spill. Some of the major oil spill incidents are Hebei Spirit oil spill incident in Taean, Korea; oil pipeline explosion in Dalian China and Bohai bay oil spill in Penglai oilfield, China.

65. NOWPAP region is at high risk of oil spill but the level of preparedness in the region is still low. In preparation for the increasing risk of oil spill, NOWPAP MERRAC is working to establish regional cooperation mechanism on marine pollution preparedness and response, sharing experience and best practices of economies. Activities of MERRAC for regional cooperation in marine pollution preparedness and response include:

- Secretariat for NOWPAP MERRAC Focal Points Meeting and NOWPAP Regional Oil Spill Contingency Plan

- Cooperation with NOWPAP Regional Coordination Unit (RCU), IMO and other international/regional organizations for the establishment of a regional cooperation framework

- Carrying out special activities designated under its Terms of Reference.

66. NOWPAP members adopted NOWPAP Regional Oil Spill Contingency Plan, which is considered a “bible” in the field of marine pollution preparedness and response in the region and conduct NOWPAP BRAVO exercise twice a year to examine the functioning of communication

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system as well as table top exercise, regional OPRC training program and DELTA exercises. To facilitate designated mandates, MERRAC has developed guideline on sensitivity mapping, shoreline cleanup, use of dispersants, oil spill prediction model, as well as a manual for HNS training, and publishes an annual report on HNS preparedness and response. Current MERRAC projects include:

- Development of the manual on conduction of oil spill response operational exercise

- Development of practical assistance procedure and system under the NOWPAP RCP

- Development of pamphlet on HNS database and spill response in the NOWPAP region

- Updating database of oil and HNS equipment and experts- Online pollution reporting system- Risk assessment of oil spill incident.

67. NOWPAP Regional Oil & HNS Contingency Plan, adopted in 2003 by China, Korea and Russia and modified in 2008 to add HNS components, provides a framework under which NOWPAP members can cooperate at the operational level in responding to oil and HNS spill incidents. The contingency plan consists of:

- Risk assessment- Strategic policy- Operational procedure- Information directory

MERRAC acts as the secretariat of this contingency plan, responsible for the administration and coordination of the plan in cooperation with national competent authorities of NOWPAP members. Although MERRAC does not have an operational role in a response to an oil spill, but it will be a potential source of information during an incident. It keeps the plan up-to-date by receiving and distributing changes submitted by the members.

68. MERRAC has successfully implemented the designated activities regarding oil and HNS pollution preparedness and response and sea-based marine litter in NOWPAP region with the support of NOWPAP members, IMO UNEP and NOWPAP RCU. It will continue promoting the specific projects and efficient operational arrangements related to the development of regional response techniques for marine pollution preparedness and response. Dr. Kang called for active considerations and supports of member economies for MERRAC to build new potential activities.

Technical Tour 1 - The Stockpile Facility at the Port of Gwangyang

69. The participants visited the Gwangyang Stockpile Facility of the Korea

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Coast Guard (KCG) at the Port of Gwangyang, a 30 min driving distance from Yeosu. The Facility is located in Gwangyang since the area is home to numerous oil refinery factories and oil-related industries. The Officer-in-Charge introduced the overview of the Stockpile Facility and gave a presentation on how these response materials will be mobilized at the onset of an oil spill incident.

70. The Facility was established after the Hebei Spirit oil spill incident, in which huge amount of response materials such as absorbent pads, booms, dispersants and disposable protective cloths for cleaning operation were used. Unfortunately, there was a shortage of response materials during the Hebei Spirit oil spill incident. Therefore absorbent pads were brought to Korea from China and Japan in accordance with the RCP. The Gwangyang facility is one of three stockpile facilities in Korea. The other two are in Daesan and Ulsan, respectively.

71. The Facility is a three story building where heavy equipment such as forklift, motor boats, skimmers, caterpillar-equipped cleaners, high-pressure washers and others are located in the 1st floor, whereas booms, oil skirts, absorbent pads and disposable protective cloths, etc. are placed in 2nd and 3rd floors. The Facility houses ample amount of response supplies to be prepared for an oil spill incident like Hebei Spirit.

72. Participants had a guided tour of the whole facility, including demonstration of the various equipment from the KCG staff.

Technical Tour2 –Oil Spill Simulation Wave Basin at the Korea Coast Guard Education Center

73. As the second technical tour of the Program, the PRAOS participants visited the KCG Education Center in Yeosu. The Education Center is equipped with an oil spill simulation pool wave generator can make artificial waves higher than a meter. The pool is used to evaluate the performance of booms and skimmers at different weather conditions, applying different heights of waves. Various types of booms and skimmers for different types of oils were tested.

74. The participants were given a chance to watch a simulated oil spill retention using a boom and recovery with a disc-type skimmer at a wave height of 50cm. The training officer first demonstrated the spill of the oil and boom deployment to detain the oil from spreading, and then the disc-type skimmer was employed to recover the spilt oil.

75. The participants were able to witness that wave can affect the effectiveness of the boom and oil fence significantly. With only 50cm of wave, spilt oil escaped out of the boom. Considering the actual open sea conditions of waves are normally 2-3 meter high, deployment of booms should be carefully calculated taking into account the sea conditions at the time of incident.

Wednesday, 5 November 2014 (Day 3)

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Oil Spill Response EquipmentMr. Woo-Rack Suh, Deputy General Manager of the Marine Conservation Team, KOEM

76. Mr. Suh introduced various types of skimmers and the basic principles of the frequently used equipment to help participants to get an overview on how skimmers work. Recovery rate and capacity of skimmers vary depending on various factors. One of the most frequently used skimmers is the disc-type skimmer which boasts very high recovery rate but has low capacity. KOEM has 20 of them in stockpile. He also explained the belt skimmer, mob skimmer and weir skimmer which are mainly usedat shallow waters.

77. Mr. Suh briefly noted things to consider when establishing oil recovery plan and determining what type of skimmers to use. There are logistical factors that should be considered such as ensuring access roads for equipment staging sites, staging sites not disruptive to sensitive areas as well as a site large enough to accommodate various equipments. Effectiveness of recovery operation, including skimmer performance, balance between skimming and encounter rates, should be monitored on an ongoing basis. Adequate pumps and storage devices need to be ensured and mechanical equipment should be checked periodically.

78. As booms are used for containment operation and protection of near-shore areas, Mr. Suh introduced components and different types of booms. Boom selection criteria include: boom height, buoyancy to weight ratio, total tensile strength, fabric tensile strength, and fabric tear strength. Boom may not be as effective as expected due to factors such as oil loss caused by excessive flow; drainage failure; and splash over failure. In fact, many factors - environmental conditions (wind, wave and currents), operating condition (speed, how the equipment is being towed), boom design - affect boom effectiveness.

79. Booming techniques include U-,V-, C-shape operations as well as single vessel sweep systems. Different configurations can be utilized depending on the operation objectives. Things to consider when developing protection and containment plans include:

- Types of oil- Trajectory- Locations where containment is feasible- Shorelines- Places to anchor the boom- The availability and quantity of boom required- Personnel availability, etc.

80. At the end of the presentation, Mr. Suh introduced some heavy equipment used in oil spill response operation such as beach cleaner, hydro-blaster(high pressure cleaner), portable water cannon, temporary storage and towing storage tank. He showed various pictures of heavy

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equipment and briefly explained their usage, capacity, and principles of mechanical motions.

International Oil Spill Pollution Compensation Regime and Claims HandlingMr. Woo-Rack Suh, KOEM

81. Mr. Suh introduced the role of IMO and the current compensation regime, in particular, SOLAS convention and MARPOL convention. The limitation of ship-owners liability is up to a certain level, in case oil spill at sea and when it has to pay for third party victims. Limitation of ship owners’ liability is based on the LLMC for general vessels and CLC/Fund Conventions (FC) for tankers. Even in the case where faults of ship-owners are not clear or not evident, ship-owners are liable (Non-fault liability).

82. There are three tiers of compensation system: Tier one is CLC; Tier two is FC; and tier three is Supplementary Fund Protocol (SFP). For the demonstration of compensation system, Mr. Suh showed an example of Samsung Heavy Industry during the Hebei Spirit incident and calculated the limit of the company as a pollution maker based on the LLMC, in comparison with the limit of oil tanker Hebei Spirit based on CLC/FC. He then explained about the IOPC Funds, which is an intergovernmental organization with 103 members as of 2013. The principal role of the IOPC Funds is to pay compensation to those who have suffered oil pollution damage and cannot obtain full compensation from the ship-owner under the relevant CLC.

83. Sometimes illegitimate claims are made. However only damage that belongs to one of the flowing four categories is covered by the fund, namely:

- Cleanup and preventive operation (ship operations, equipment, waste disposal, etc.)

- Property damage (cleaning, repairing, etc.)- Consequential loss (loss of earning, etc.)- Pure economic loss (tourism, hotel, restaurant, etc.)

84. The ITOPF offers technical advice to P&I, and others who need their advice on the IOPC Funds related compensation. As a London-based organization of International experts, it also develops international oil pollution statistics and support governments of member economies of the conventions.

85.Mr. Suh explained about recommendable and un-recommendable clean-up techniques, showing some pictures taken during response operations. He in particular highlighted the need of Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) in planning shoreline clean-up, deterring the use of dispersant on hardened oil and deterring the use oil boom in fast current areas.

86.Korea’s Oil Pollution Compensation Act is applied to Korean registered

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tankers carrying more than 200 tons of oil in Korean territory including territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Mr. Suh introduced two recent unfortunate incidents - Wu Yi San oil spill and Sewol ferry disaster - to talk about the compensation issues. He recalled Wu Yi San oil spill, which took place in January, 2014, in Yeosu, as the most difficult and unique incident when it comes to compensation issue. The tanker collided with a dolphin and oil spilled from a facility not from the tanker. CLC, FC, SFP were, therefore, not applied. As for the Sewol ferry disaster, commercial law was applied as Korea has yet to adopt the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea (PAL Conventions).

Field Exercise – Oil Spill Response at Yeosu BayDr. Na Seon Cheol, Head of Office, KOEM Yeosu Branch

87. The PRAOS 1 participants took a yacht to observe an exercise on open water about 5 km off the Yeosu Expo site. KOEM's Yeosu Branch Office, with the support of the Yeosu Port Authority and KCG, conducted a response exercise in waters off Yeosu where pollution incidents frequently occur. The exercise was conducted assuming 2.5kl of Bunker A oil spilled into the sea from the rupture of a hose on a tanker, which was refueling in waters off Manseongri, Yeosu.

88. The exercise involved one command vessel from KCG, two clean-up vessels and two operation vessels from KOEM and one vessel from GS Caltex Company. The two clean-up vessels deployed about 100m of inflatable-type booms around the oil slick and two work vessels deployed disc-type skimmers and weir-type skimmers in order to remove oil slick from the water.

89. After the prompt dispatch of clean-up vessels, the clean-up operation was conducted in the following order:- Oil fence set-up;- Spilt oil collection using weir type and disk type skimmers;- Remaining oil collection using oil-absorbing materials; and- Oil slick dispersion using dispersants

Methods, Models and Technologies of the Information Support for Emergency Response to Marine Oil SpillsDr. Sergey Zatsepa, head of laboratory, Russia

90. Dr. Zatsepa explained that mathematical modeling provides informational support through oil spill transport and weathering forecast; oil spill impact risk assessment; and oil spill response performance assessment at various meteorological conditions. Introducing SPILLMOD software, Dr. Zatsepa demonstrated the software’s ability in forecasting and evaluating sequential locations, oil spill configuration and oil thickness distribution after discharge.

91. Showing a moving picture, Dr. Zatsepa presented the results of oil spill modeling in the White Sea using SPILLMOD. In SPILLMOD, the process of

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oil spread and transport are calculated hydro-dynamically, not parametrically, which allows for the most adequate reproduction of oil spill dynamics.

92. To help participants get an overview of the software, Dr. Zatsepa ran a simulation of a hypothetical incident where 10,000 ton of crude oil spilled into the sea, and showed oil spill modeling scenario estimation that took into account countermeasures and technical means of response (skimmers).

Case Study 3: Collective Action and Adaptive Capacity of Communities during Disasters, oil Spill case in Guimaras, PhilippinesDr. Rosario T. Cabrera, MMPM, Regional Director Office VI, Philippines

93. Dr. Cabrera briefly introduced the Solar 1 oil spill incident which was the largest oil spill in the Philippines history. On August 11, 2006, M/T Solar 1, an oil tanker owned by Sunshine Maritime and chartered by Petron sank off the coast of Guimaras. Since Guimaras is one of poorest provinces of the Philippines, it lacked capabilities to cope with such a disaster.

94. The incident inflicted severe damages to livelihood of local community, environment and ecosystem. About 7900 families were affected by the incident, 71 of them displaced in very harsh conditions. A total coastline of about 235km was affected together with 16 km2 of coral reef, 478 ha of mangrove, 107 ha of seaweeds and 974 ha of fishponds.

95. There were three types of collective actions to mitigate the impact of the oil spill incident: actions by formal organization, actions by informal organization and spontaneous action. Formal organization implies organizations which have been formally organized and have sets of members and officers registered either to a government or private entity. They regularly meet to discuss their programs and projects. Informal organization is loosely bonded by either immediate need or shared interest of their members, and rarely undergoes the rigorous and technical process such as the Formal organization. Spontaneous action realized through neither formal nor informal organizations but through the people’s innate to respond to a given stimuli. Their normative values and intrinsic beliefs usually guide them to act.

96. In conclusion, through the record-setting oil spill incident of Solar I, the government of Philippines found out that:- High adaptive capacity does not necessarily translate into actions that

reduce vulnerability as these actions might traverse a different trajectory;

- Well-developed social institutions, economic resources and informed skills and trained personnel, access to information can make communities more adapted to any ecological disturbances;

- The transformative capacity of communities after the spill has not been strengthened as there are social transformations that were not realized to the desired social trajectories;

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- A meaningful change can only be done when there is appropriate information, education, and communication about the oil spill;

- An informed and knowledgeable individual makes wise decisions and has the capability to be responsible for them.

Thursday, 6 November 2014 (Day 4)

Change and Effect of Spilt OilMr. Seong-Oh Lim, Lecturer, KOEM Marine Environment Research and Training Institute (MERTI)

97. Mr. Lim gave a lecture on changes and effect of spilt oil which is contained in IMO education program number 1. The purpose of this lecture was to help participants understand the characteristics of oil and its legal definition. Only hydrocarbon mineral oils including crude oil, fuel oil, sludge, oil refuse and refined products are considered as oil in MARPOL, and palm oil is considered as a waste if spilt.

98. Crude oil has been used for a long time as depicted in Genesis 6:14 on the building of Noah’s Ark. Crude oil is converted into various products such as LPG, Gasoline, Naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel light oil, heavy oil, lubricating oil and asphalt, etc. through refining processes.

99. The impact of oil spill is far-reaching. Its coverage is so wide that almost all the biological communities are affected. The impact on shorebird is in particular devastating. Too often, the media focus is on the damage to shorebirds as a means to raise public awareness.

100. Spilt oil go through several status changes—spreads on water surface; evaporate into air; emulsify with water; disperse into water; dissolute; and oxidize— before It finally sinks into sea bottom and eventually biodegrade. A mathematical model called a vector synthesis can be employed to understand the fate of oil in water environment. If 1000 m3

of oil is spilt, then water environment will have 3000 m3 of oil compounds.

101. The movement of spilt oil is determined by wind and current speed. When the oil is spilt, the prediction of oil movement can be calculated using vector synthesis. Current velocity is considered 100%, while only about 3% of wind speed is factored into. When conducting a field exercise, vector synthesis is employed.

Marine Pollution Response System of KoreaMr. Chan-Youn Cho, Team Leader of the Marine Environment Cooperation Team, KOEM

102. Mr. Cho introduced the structure and responsibilities of oil spill response agencies in Korea, including the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF), KCG and KOEM. The framework law for the oil spill response is the Marine Environment Management Act (2007). According to the law, the MOF

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provides overall policy direction in regards to crisis management, recovery, and compensation. KCG is in charge of clean up and supervising the clean-up operations, while KOEM provides response actions.

103. Briefly introduced the role of KCG and KOEM and listed the International conventions Korea ratified. Including 1992 CLC convention, OPRC Convention and HNS Conventions, Korea has ratified 7 international conventions so far. Korea has the NCP pursuant to the Marine Environment Management Act and OPRC. It has also built the national crisis management system for a large-scale oil spill incident. Korea takes precautionary measures for environmental impact and promotes environmentally friendly behavior among interested parties, shareholders and local communities based on the Precautionary principle. As for liability issues, there are Polluter Pays Principles (PPP), Beneficiary Pays Principles (BPP), and Joint-Payment Principle (JPP). Among them, PPP, which requires the costs of pollution prevention, control and reduction measures be borne by the polluter, is considered the most important.

104. Mr. Cho introduced vessels, skimmers, oil booms and dispersant that Korea uses in responding to oil spill incidents, showing pictures and reminding participants of the exercise they watched the previous day. As for HNS preparedness and response, Mr. Cho explained about the government’s HNS policy and introduced some of the HNS spill incidents took place in Korean waters. He highlighted that operational priority should be on human rescue when a HNS incident happens. He also explained Korea’s efforts to promote International cooperation on oil spill response, including the nation’s participation in the NOWPAP activities and OPRC training program, as well as international meetings hosted by the nation.

105. In wrap-up, Mr. Cho explained Korea’s compensation system taking Hebei Spirit oil spill incident as an example. Compensation process is taking way too long compared to, for example, Spain where the National Insurance Corporation assumed the duties of claim settlement and the pre-compensation system was adopted by the government. Korea adopted PPP and has been making lots of efforts to better manage compensation issues. Establishment of pre-compensation plan would lead to overall improvement to the nation’s compensation system. Before ending his presentation, Mr. Cho mentioned that major policy changes and response organizational restructuring are expected in the aftermath of the sinking of Sewol Ferry.

Technical Tour 3 – Oil Spill Response Equipment Demonstration at KOEM Stockpile Facility at YeosuDr. Na Seon Cheol, Cheif of Office, KOEM Yeosu Branch

108. Dr. Na brought the PRAOS 1 participants to the KOEM Stockpile Facility at Yeosu. The facility houses heavy oil spill response equipment including

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skimmers, conveyors, pressurized cleaners, beach cleaners, water cannons, oil-stained rock cleaner and others. Heavy equipment and self-moving cleaners are readily mobilized by trucks and heavy-load tractors. Mini-Vac system by VICOMA (UK) and Power Vac system are especially effective for cleanup at beaches. SMBC-50 beach cleaner is a caterpillar-equipped self-moving cleaner which is very powerful at oil spill sites.

109. Dr. Na demonstrated some equipment used in oil spill response and cleanup. He explained the specifications and safe usage of the equipment, stressing that the effectiveness of equipment depends on the site configuration and degree of pollution. He also demonstrated oil-stained gravel cleaner, unique equipment at the KOEM facility. The cleaner is composed of rock/gravel loading system, water boiling system and oil/water separation system. The cleaner can remove oil from stained rocks and gravels at the beach using hot steam and water. One participant mentioned that other economies use Concrete Mixing Truck as an alternative solution for the gravel cleaner.

110. Through the visit to KOEM Stockpile Facility, the PRAOS 1 participants were able to understand that KOEM also prepares for the oil spill response in addition to the KCG. The participants expressed their gratitude to the operators and response workers of KOEM Yeosu Branch.

Friday, 7 November 2014 (Day 5)

Communications and Media issuesDr. Hyeon-Kyu Choi, Professor, KCG Education Center

111. Dr. Choi introduced common communication problems found in marine incident responses such as; not enough resources, not enough time and too many incoming calls among other things. Highlighting how important it is to deal with the media, he said it is crucial to organize a task force team to set a clear plan, hold meetings and provide briefings. The response team should set up objectives to smoothly communicate internally and externally, and also strategy focusing on informing the public and media of how the cleanup activities will be carried out.

112. For effective communication, there should be a clear message and able spokesperson. It is important to provide briefings in order to prevent the media from releasing inaccurate information or causing unnecessary public anxiety and confusion. The media seeks emergency, crisis, emotional stories and public concerns. The problem is that they do not just report what actually happened, but too often report what they believe would have happened or things they want to make use of for their stories and perception.

113. Listing the types of the media available these days, Dr. Choi explained the different characteristics of each media. For example, if a SNS user posts unreliable information, the information would spread across the nation in few seconds, causing quite a stir. It would be very difficult to correct the wrong information. Therefore, careful handling of the media

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and provision of accurate information are crucial. Dr. Choi took a British Petroleum oil spill press report as an example of successful media management. Because the company held a frequent meeting on a regular basis and opened their briefing to anyone, no one attempted to fabricate false information.

114. As for press releases, it is important to offer facts only without any speculation. It is also important to emphasize positive aspects and prevent using difficult terminology. Dr. Choi provided interview guidelines, stating that the media response team should always remember that any statement, actions, behavior they make or show can be covered by the media, even off-the-record statements.

115. If a journalist asks for an interview, take the journalist to the person responsible for media response. The person should be prepared to make an official statement representing the organization, and should never speak vaguely or obscurely. He also recommended to be honest and prepared for interview questions. Write about who, what, where, when, why and how the events took place.

116. Things to remember when dealing with the media:- Deliver the bad news first and offer good news later- Communicate information at the earliest time- Provide regular updates on progress- Never provide information only to a certain media outlet. This would

result in bad coverage by other media companies- Don’t be sarcastic or lose your temper- Don’t be evasive- Don’t speculate or offer a personal opinion.

117. In wrap-up, Dr. Choi emphasized that it is crucial to understand the media’s important role. The media is the channel to the general public. Poor media management will lead to bad reputation, even disintegration of the organization. However, good media management would turn a crisis into a new opportunity.

Tabletop Exercise on Oil Spill ResponseDr. Na Seon Cheol, Cheif of Office, KOEM Yeosu Branch

118. Dr. Na provided a brief overview on the tabletop exercise. The purpose of this exercise is to experience and learn the process of oil spill response without incurring the costs associated with deploying resources. It also allows participants to thoroughly work through a problem while experiencing pressure as they would in an operations-based exercise. The exercise included the following components: i) incidence occurrence; ii) response operation; and iii) completion of clean-up operation.

119. As for incident occurrence, the following tasks were practiced: - Identifying source of pollution and environmentally sensitive areas

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- Predicting the spreading direction of oil - Establishing a task force team (distribution of tasks)

Response operation included the following tasks:

- Establishing response strategy- Situation report (blocking the source of spill, clean-up support, spread

prevention, spilled oil collection, etc)- Expanding support (co-operation)- Communication (media/public)

Completion of clean-up operation included:

- Waste management- Decision to terminate clean-up operations- Completion reporting

120. The participants were divided into three groups to work on the following scenario:- At 16:00, a freighter (G/T3,000) spilled about 10 tons of B/A petroleum

into the sea while refilling fuel, due to valve mis-operation at the location 5 km off the Yeosu Expo site.

- Time : 14:00 ~ 17:00, Wednesday, 05 November 2014 - Place : Waters off Manseongri, Yeosu- Host agency(supervisor of the exercise): KOEM's Yeosu Office - Whether conditions

*Wind direction and speed: N/W, 8m/s

*Ebb tide: high tide (13:45), low tide (19:00)*Current: flood currents (North)- Response vessels available: 2 clean-up vessels and 1 work vessel at

Yeosu (30 minutes away from the incident site); and 1 clean-up vessel at Nakpo Warf (20 minutes from incident site).

Dr. Na requested participants to identify oil slick status at 19:00 and necessary response measures.

121. The groups were given 2 hours to discuss and find solutions. After discussion, leaders from each group gave a presentation on their group’s response measures. The participants calculated the location of oil slick which is on 1.6 km south west of the incident site. Response actions varied from group to group, but all groups were able to come up with effective measures to respond to the spill.

122. At the end of the tabletop exercise, Dr. Na commented that he was very pleased to see active participation and heated discussions among participants. He concluded that the tabletop exercise was a great success, and hoped the exercise provided insights on actual oil spill response activities.

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IV. CLOSING OF THE TRAINING PROGRAM

Course Program Evaluation and Discussion

123. After the completion of all the sessions, the PRAOS 1 participants were given two evaluation sheets: one for the APEC Secretariat and one for KOEM evaluation. The participants filled the evaluation sheets and submitted them to the PO. Subsequently, there was a short discussion session, where participants were given a chance to provide their inputs and opinions on the program.

124. In general, the PRAOS 1 participants were very much satisfied with the training program as it was organized constructively and featured excellent lectures. The participants expressed their gratitude for generous hospitality and excellent logistics arrangements extended by the organizers. However, a few areas of improvement were also noted, which include simultaneous interpretation all the time, and more field exercise.

125.KOEM expressed gratitude to PRAOS 1 participants for providing constructive inputs which will be reflected into the planning of the next phase. Mr. Cho reminded the participants that the PRAOS training program is composed of 4 phases and phase I was intended to provide overall concepts of oil spill preparedness and response. He added that the 2nd Phase will include more field exercises and technical skills such as sensitivity mapping.

Closure of the Program

126. Mr. Cho, PO, declared the closure of the training program at 13:30 PM, 7 November 2014.

***

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