air conditioning (ch1)

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C hapter O ne I ntroduction



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(1-1)Energy Saving in Buildings

The highly recognizable term of energy was a question held to be answered

among several centuries. Here, fire and sun were a suggested answer, but were

insufficient for the needy environment. Human beings started thinking of using allforms of air, water, waves to generate electricity.

The inventions continued until it reaches this level of using energy in all aspects

of life. Energy resources are formed in different ways; these sources are divided

into renewable and nonrenewable, which are been used to produce electricity .

Aspects of energy can be concluded in many ways, as consumer energy means

life that cannot be resumed with its loss, for engineers it is the dynamics of

machinery, generators and heat for industrial furnaces, and for economists it is the key

that is essential for national prosperity and without energy the economic development

will stop. [1]

After the hyper attendance of renewable energy, several of concerned researchers

and engineers aim to find a new effective and sufficient system of energy to compete

the path created by renewable energy. [1]

Attached with this economical track, in recent years power consumption has

increased rapidly with the development of industry. The availability and the prices for

such energy resources become the main concern all over the world and international

organizations starts calling for the rationalization of energy consumption and

promoting environmental awareness, thou ENERGY SAVINGS were efficiency

tested till it was proved worldwide and requested as an elementary factor to achieve

highly recorded results in studies and researches. And this prompts us to construct a

base for energy saving and inserting the energy efficient improvements in all life

levels not only to make life more comfortable, but also it can yield for a long term

financial rewards by reducing the utility bills.

Energy savings cover most life fields, individual and group consumptions and

include various elementary resources.

Energy savings means ideal use, without reducing energy taken but by developing

new methods and economical techniques in energy consumption, such as waste stop,

loss avoids and cost.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/renewable.html

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/electricity.html

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/electricity.html

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/renewable.html



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(1-2) Energy Saving in Hospitals

The aim of this project is to enhance the energy management in hospitals through

energy saving, because Hospitals have an extreme energy use and high energy bills.

So we want to study the technologies that can be employed to lower themsignificantly and to know where and how energy can be saved effectively.

Hospitals are generally large consumers of energy due to their need for a

continual supply of power, the extensive use of technical equipment and the

requirement for a carefully controlled internal climate. Given that hospitals operate

twenty four hours a day, all year round. Hospitals with several hundred beds use a

great deal of energy for heating, hot water, air conditioning and running electronic

equipment. So any energy saving measure must retain the highest standard so as to

ensure continuing health provision. [2]&[3]

Figure (1-1) “breakdown of energy usage for a hospital “[4]

A closer look for figure (1-1) it can be shown that how energy consumption can be

broken down according to its major applications in a hospital. The precise split

depends upon type of hospital and the extent and complexity of equipment and

services.



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Patients in hospital expect to find competent physicians and modern medical

equipment. Yet, those medical systems will not function without infrastructure.

Energy supply is a critical component in patient care. It ensures that the lift works, the

operating theatre is heated and continually ventilated and the electronic equipment has

a failsafe energy supply. [3]

Energy supply requirements are constantly changing, for instance when a hospital

is renovated or enlarged or if it starts specializing in specific medical applications.

Figure (1-2):“ Percentage energy consumed by HVAC system for hospitals “

Anyone looking to reduce cost must first acquaint himself with the structures and

know what the factors that influence energy consumption are. In the past, very few

people collected this kind of data. Now a research project will provide the information

needed to optimize energy consumption. As shown in figure (1-2) the HVAC system

consumes about 70% of the total energy needed for the hospital, so it is meaningful

thinking to save energy in this stream.

HVAC67%

Others33%



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(1-3) Building Description and Site Plan:

Our case study is (Al-Kiewit specialized hospital) located in Ramallah city (32 o

North) in the West Bank, at a 850 m above the sea level and it consists of 5 floors

(Ground Floor, 1st Floor and 2nd Floor ), the floor data are shown in table below .the

total area of the 3 floors is 2800 m2.

Now the case study consists of two floors and a ground floor. We chose this

hospital because it is built and designed in a high efficient construction and it is a

good project for designing heating and cooling since it is the definite approach for

everyone.

Ground floor: This floor is the most important floor in the hospital because it contains all things

that any person wants, Dangerous case are directed to floors according to patient’s

cases.

Table (1-1):-“Ground floor area, height and volume.”

Volume[m3]Height[m]Area[m

2]Zone

400041000total floor area

7604190Doctor testing room

340485Wait stations

240460Accounting offices

280470

Education

conference hall

4804120manager dep.

160440Pharmacy160440Toilet

280470Cafeteria

6004150Entrance

33004825Sum

7004175Other



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First floor:-

This floor contains patient’s rooms, service station and nurse station.

Table (1-2):-” First floor area, height and volume.”

Volume[m

3

]

Height[m]

Area[m

2

]

Zone 3600 4 900 total floor area

800 4 200

Single patient

room

820 4 205

double patient

room

220 4 55 relatives lounge

280 4 70 store

240 4 60 nurse station

160 4 40 toilet

2520 4 630 sum

1080 4 270 other things

Second floor:-

This floor is similar to first floor with a surgery room and pharmacy added.

Table (1-3):-” Second floor area, height and volume.” Volume

[m3]

Height

[m]

Area

[m2]

Zone

36004900total floor area

8004200single patient room

6004150

Conference care

unit(surgery room)

120430changing room

200450store

320480nurse station

160440toilet

22004550sum

14004350other things

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