air pollutant emission calculations for army mobile
TRANSCRIPT
AFIT ENV 531 - Mar 199811
Lisa M. Polyak, Ryan M. Dunn & Kirsten J. HieraLisa M. Polyak, Ryan M. Dunn & Kirsten J. Hiera US Army Center for Health Promotion Preventive MedicineUS Army Center for Health Promotion Preventive Medicine
Air Quality Surveillance ProgramAir Quality Surveillance Program Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010--54035403 Phone: 410Phone: 410--436436--2509 FAX:4102509 FAX:410--436436--36563656
Email: [email protected]: [email protected]
Air Pollutant Emission Calculations Air Pollutant Emission Calculations for Army Mobile Sources and for Army Mobile Sources and
Nonroad EnginesNonroad Engines
Joint Services Environmental Management Joint Services Environmental Management Conference Conference -- 20072007
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the authorThe views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Army, Department of Defense, or thposition of the Department of Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.e U.S. Government.
22
What is an Emission Source ?What is an Emission Source ?
STATIONARYSTATIONARY
MOBILEMOBILE
NONROADNONROAD
33
What is an Emission Source ?What is an Emission Source ? Stationary Sources at Military BasesStationary Sources at Military Bases
Boiler Plants Generators Turbines Incinerators Engine Test Cells Dynamometers Fire Fighter Trng Smoke Generators Firing Ranges OB/OD Forest/Agri Burns Landfills
Fuel Storage Tanks Fuel Dispensing Facilities Printing Plants Vapor Degreasers Organic Solvent Use Surface Coating Chemical Distillation Pesticide/Herbicide Use Asphalt Production Plastics Production Dry-cleaning Equipment Surface Impoundments
Wastewater Treatment Explosives Production Forging Operations Acid Production Metal Plating Acid Etching Hospital Sterilizers Quarries Sandblasting Carpentry Shops Smelters Remedial Activities
44
What is an Emission Source ?What is an Emission Source ? Mobile Sources at Military BasesMobile Sources at Military Bases
WHEELED VEHICLESWHEELED VEHICLES POVsPOVs Trucks Trucks -- Light & Heavy DutyLight & Heavy Duty HMMWVsHMMWVs
TRACKED VEHICLESTRACKED VEHICLES TanksTanks Armored Personnel CarriersArmored Personnel Carriers
AIRCRAFTAIRCRAFT Fixed Wing: Planes, JetsFixed Wing: Planes, Jets Rotary Wing: HelicoptersRotary Wing: Helicopters
MARINE VESSELSMARINE VESSELS Inboard Powered: ShipsInboard Powered: Ships Outboard Powered: BoatsOutboard Powered: Boats
55
What is an Emission Source ?What is an Emission Source ? Nonroad Sources at Military BasesNonroad Sources at Military Bases
Aerospace Aerospace Ground Ground EquipmentEquipment MowersMowers Chain SawsChain Saws ShreddersShredders EdgersEdgers TrimmersTrimmers ExcavatorsExcavators
Mobile CranesMobile Cranes Air CompressorsAir Compressors
Motor GradersMotor Graders Snow throwersSnow throwers
BackhoesBackhoes TractorsTractors ForkliftsForklifts
66
Typical Stationary Source Emissions Typical Stationary Source Emissions at an Army Baseat an Army Base
Actual Emissions (TPY) Source Category
NOX SO2 CO VOC PM10
Boilers (Natural Gas) 4.77 0.03 4.01 0.26 0.36
Boilers (Fuel Oil) <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Degreasing --- --- --- 3.01 ---
Fuel Storage and Dispensing --- --- --- 0.05 ---
Generators 0.57 0.06 0.13 0.03 0.03
Landfills --- --- 0.65 8.60 ---
Surface Coating --- --- --- 1.08 0.02
Training Aids --- --- --- 0.17 <0.01
Woodworking --- --- --- --- <0.01
77
Typical (?) Mobile & Nonroad Emissions Typical (?) Mobile & Nonroad Emissions at an Army Baseat an Army Base
1 Emission factors for combat vehicles were not available. 2 Activity levels for engineering equipment were not available.
Actual Emissions (TPY) Source Category
NOX SOX CO HC PM
Aviation Vehicles 11.76 25.54 21.37 2.96 0.90
Combat Vehicles1 - - - - -
Engineering Equipment2 - - - - -
Nonroad Vehicles/Equipment 37.35 4.63 61.32 6.44 4.11
Privately Owned Vehicles (POVs) 84.99 1.14 885.61 72.27 2.62
Tactical Vehicles 243.50 8.35 618.62 48.71 16.86
Total Emissions (TPY) 378.25 39.67 1,593.97 130.88 24.50
88
Actual Emissions (TPY) Source Category
NOX SOX CO HC PM
Stationary Sources 10.35 0.41 15.71 14.97 2.6
Mobile Sources 378.25 39.67 1,593.97 130.88 24.50
Absolute Difference (Mobile - Stationary) 367.90 39.26 1,578.26 115.91 21.90
Relative Difference (Mobile / Stationary) 37 97 101 9 9
99
What does it all mean ??What does it all mean ??
Mobile & nonroad emissions are SIGNIFICANTLY Mobile & nonroad emissions are SIGNIFICANTLY greater than stationary source emissionsgreater than stationary source emissions Mobile & nonroad emissions are more difficult to Mobile & nonroad emissions are more difficult to calculate than stationary source emissionscalculate than stationary source emissions
Fewer emission factors & algorithms availableFewer emission factors & algorithms available Available algorithms are harder to useAvailable algorithms are harder to use Many more types of sourcesMany more types of sources Less accessible activity data for sourcesLess accessible activity data for sources
General conformity & NEPA require mobile & nonroad General conformity & NEPA require mobile & nonroad emissions to be consideredemissions to be considered
1010
How to evaluate mobile & nonroad How to evaluate mobile & nonroad emission sources ?emission sources ?
Type of sourceType of source Aircraft, Combat, Engineering, GOV, Nonroad, POV, TacticalAircraft, Combat, Engineering, GOV, Nonroad, POV, Tactical
Activity levelActivity level Hours of operation, mileage, fuel useHours of operation, mileage, fuel use
Source attributesSource attributes Model year, engine type, # engines, operating mode, fuel typeModel year, engine type, # engines, operating mode, fuel type
Emission factorsEmission factors EPA, manufacturer, contract specification, stack testEPA, manufacturer, contract specification, stack test
Emission algorithmsEmission algorithms Good luck.Good luck.
1111
Online relational databaseOnline relational database Tracks operating and support data for 1,000Tracks operating and support data for 1,000++ Army Army weapon/material systemsweapon/material systems Can sort by weapon category or individual item Can sort by weapon category or individual item Can be queried from MACOM to battalion levelCan be queried from MACOM to battalion level Contains activity data for all items; differentiates Contains activity data for all items; differentiates between garrison and deployed usagebetween garrison and deployed usage Weapon categories include: Weapon categories include: artillery/missile, artillery/missile, aviation, combat, electronic, engineering & tacticalaviation, combat, electronic, engineering & tactical
1212
Emission FactorsEmission Factors: Air Emission Inventory Guidance Document for Mobile Sources at Air Force Installations, Section 3 (Aircraft Engine Emissions) EPA 450/3-78-117, Air Pollutant Emission Factors for Military and Civil Aircraft, October 1978
Example CalculationExample Calculation: Emissions (lbs/yr) = Fuel Rate (lbs fuel/hr) x Operating Hours
(hrs/yr) x EF (lbs pollutant/1,000 lbs fuel-engine) x # engines/aircraft
Data NeedsData Needs: Aircraft type, engine type, # engines/aircraft, fuel flow rate (lbs/hr), time in power setting (% or hrs/yr), total operating hours (hrs/yr), fuel sulfur content (%)
1515
How to Calculate EmissionsHow to Calculate Emissions Cars and TrucksCars and Trucks
Emission FactorsEmission Factors: EDMS:www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ae p/models/edms_model/ Mobile6: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm
Example CalculationExample Calculation: Emissions (lbs/yr) = EF (g/mile) x Mileage (mi/yr) x (lb/g)
Data NeedsData Needs: Vehicle model year, vehicle weight (lbs), average speed (mph), annual mileage (mi/yr), local elevation (ft above sea level), fuel type
Emission FactorsEmission Factors: NONROAD software: www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm Air Emission Inventory Guidance Document for Mobile Sources at Air Force Installations, Section 7 (Nonroad Vehicles/Equipment)
Example CalculationExample Calculation: Emissions (lbs/yr) = EF (g/hp-hr) x Engine Rating (hp) x
Operating Hours (hrs/yr) x [Load Factor/100] x (lb/g) Data NeedsData Needs:
Fuel type, vehicle model year, engine rating (hp), load factor (%), operating hours (hrs/yr), emission conversion factor (bhp-hr/mi)
Emission FactorsEmission Factors: Production contract specification for engine exhaust
(Meets EPA emission standard ??) Example CalculationExample Calculation:
Emissions (lbs/yr) = EF (g/hp-hr) x Conversion Factor (bhp-hr/mi) x Mileage (mi/yr) x (lb/g)
Data NeedsData Needs: Fuel type, vehicle weight (lbs) , annual mileage (mi/yr), engine emission conversion factor (bhp-hr/mi)
1818
What is an Emission Source ?Stationary Sources at Military Bases
What is an Emission Source ?Mobile Sources at Military Bases
What is an Emission Source ?Nonroad Sources at Military Bases
Typical Stationary Source Emissions at an Army Base
Typical (?) Mobile & Nonroad Emissions at an Army Base
Let’s compare…
How to evaluate mobile & nonroad emission sources ?
OSMIS
OSMIS
How to Calculate EmissionsCars and Trucks
How to Calculate EmissionsNonroad Engines
How to Calculate EmissionsTactical Vehicles
Lisa M. Polyak, Ryan M. Dunn & Kirsten J. HieraLisa M. Polyak, Ryan M. Dunn & Kirsten J. Hiera US Army Center for Health Promotion Preventive MedicineUS Army Center for Health Promotion Preventive Medicine
Air Quality Surveillance ProgramAir Quality Surveillance Program Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010--54035403 Phone: 410Phone: 410--436436--2509 FAX:4102509 FAX:410--436436--36563656
Email: [email protected]: [email protected]
Air Pollutant Emission Calculations Air Pollutant Emission Calculations for Army Mobile Sources and for Army Mobile Sources and
Nonroad EnginesNonroad Engines
Joint Services Environmental Management Joint Services Environmental Management Conference Conference -- 20072007
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the authorThe views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Army, Department of Defense, or thposition of the Department of Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.e U.S. Government.
22
What is an Emission Source ?What is an Emission Source ?
STATIONARYSTATIONARY
MOBILEMOBILE
NONROADNONROAD
33
What is an Emission Source ?What is an Emission Source ? Stationary Sources at Military BasesStationary Sources at Military Bases
Boiler Plants Generators Turbines Incinerators Engine Test Cells Dynamometers Fire Fighter Trng Smoke Generators Firing Ranges OB/OD Forest/Agri Burns Landfills
Fuel Storage Tanks Fuel Dispensing Facilities Printing Plants Vapor Degreasers Organic Solvent Use Surface Coating Chemical Distillation Pesticide/Herbicide Use Asphalt Production Plastics Production Dry-cleaning Equipment Surface Impoundments
Wastewater Treatment Explosives Production Forging Operations Acid Production Metal Plating Acid Etching Hospital Sterilizers Quarries Sandblasting Carpentry Shops Smelters Remedial Activities
44
What is an Emission Source ?What is an Emission Source ? Mobile Sources at Military BasesMobile Sources at Military Bases
WHEELED VEHICLESWHEELED VEHICLES POVsPOVs Trucks Trucks -- Light & Heavy DutyLight & Heavy Duty HMMWVsHMMWVs
TRACKED VEHICLESTRACKED VEHICLES TanksTanks Armored Personnel CarriersArmored Personnel Carriers
AIRCRAFTAIRCRAFT Fixed Wing: Planes, JetsFixed Wing: Planes, Jets Rotary Wing: HelicoptersRotary Wing: Helicopters
MARINE VESSELSMARINE VESSELS Inboard Powered: ShipsInboard Powered: Ships Outboard Powered: BoatsOutboard Powered: Boats
55
What is an Emission Source ?What is an Emission Source ? Nonroad Sources at Military BasesNonroad Sources at Military Bases
Aerospace Aerospace Ground Ground EquipmentEquipment MowersMowers Chain SawsChain Saws ShreddersShredders EdgersEdgers TrimmersTrimmers ExcavatorsExcavators
Mobile CranesMobile Cranes Air CompressorsAir Compressors
Motor GradersMotor Graders Snow throwersSnow throwers
BackhoesBackhoes TractorsTractors ForkliftsForklifts
66
Typical Stationary Source Emissions Typical Stationary Source Emissions at an Army Baseat an Army Base
Actual Emissions (TPY) Source Category
NOX SO2 CO VOC PM10
Boilers (Natural Gas) 4.77 0.03 4.01 0.26 0.36
Boilers (Fuel Oil) <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Degreasing --- --- --- 3.01 ---
Fuel Storage and Dispensing --- --- --- 0.05 ---
Generators 0.57 0.06 0.13 0.03 0.03
Landfills --- --- 0.65 8.60 ---
Surface Coating --- --- --- 1.08 0.02
Training Aids --- --- --- 0.17 <0.01
Woodworking --- --- --- --- <0.01
77
Typical (?) Mobile & Nonroad Emissions Typical (?) Mobile & Nonroad Emissions at an Army Baseat an Army Base
1 Emission factors for combat vehicles were not available. 2 Activity levels for engineering equipment were not available.
Actual Emissions (TPY) Source Category
NOX SOX CO HC PM
Aviation Vehicles 11.76 25.54 21.37 2.96 0.90
Combat Vehicles1 - - - - -
Engineering Equipment2 - - - - -
Nonroad Vehicles/Equipment 37.35 4.63 61.32 6.44 4.11
Privately Owned Vehicles (POVs) 84.99 1.14 885.61 72.27 2.62
Tactical Vehicles 243.50 8.35 618.62 48.71 16.86
Total Emissions (TPY) 378.25 39.67 1,593.97 130.88 24.50
88
Actual Emissions (TPY) Source Category
NOX SOX CO HC PM
Stationary Sources 10.35 0.41 15.71 14.97 2.6
Mobile Sources 378.25 39.67 1,593.97 130.88 24.50
Absolute Difference (Mobile - Stationary) 367.90 39.26 1,578.26 115.91 21.90
Relative Difference (Mobile / Stationary) 37 97 101 9 9
99
What does it all mean ??What does it all mean ??
Mobile & nonroad emissions are SIGNIFICANTLY Mobile & nonroad emissions are SIGNIFICANTLY greater than stationary source emissionsgreater than stationary source emissions Mobile & nonroad emissions are more difficult to Mobile & nonroad emissions are more difficult to calculate than stationary source emissionscalculate than stationary source emissions
Fewer emission factors & algorithms availableFewer emission factors & algorithms available Available algorithms are harder to useAvailable algorithms are harder to use Many more types of sourcesMany more types of sources Less accessible activity data for sourcesLess accessible activity data for sources
General conformity & NEPA require mobile & nonroad General conformity & NEPA require mobile & nonroad emissions to be consideredemissions to be considered
1010
How to evaluate mobile & nonroad How to evaluate mobile & nonroad emission sources ?emission sources ?
Type of sourceType of source Aircraft, Combat, Engineering, GOV, Nonroad, POV, TacticalAircraft, Combat, Engineering, GOV, Nonroad, POV, Tactical
Activity levelActivity level Hours of operation, mileage, fuel useHours of operation, mileage, fuel use
Source attributesSource attributes Model year, engine type, # engines, operating mode, fuel typeModel year, engine type, # engines, operating mode, fuel type
Emission factorsEmission factors EPA, manufacturer, contract specification, stack testEPA, manufacturer, contract specification, stack test
Emission algorithmsEmission algorithms Good luck.Good luck.
1111
Online relational databaseOnline relational database Tracks operating and support data for 1,000Tracks operating and support data for 1,000++ Army Army weapon/material systemsweapon/material systems Can sort by weapon category or individual item Can sort by weapon category or individual item Can be queried from MACOM to battalion levelCan be queried from MACOM to battalion level Contains activity data for all items; differentiates Contains activity data for all items; differentiates between garrison and deployed usagebetween garrison and deployed usage Weapon categories include: Weapon categories include: artillery/missile, artillery/missile, aviation, combat, electronic, engineering & tacticalaviation, combat, electronic, engineering & tactical
1212
Emission FactorsEmission Factors: Air Emission Inventory Guidance Document for Mobile Sources at Air Force Installations, Section 3 (Aircraft Engine Emissions) EPA 450/3-78-117, Air Pollutant Emission Factors for Military and Civil Aircraft, October 1978
Example CalculationExample Calculation: Emissions (lbs/yr) = Fuel Rate (lbs fuel/hr) x Operating Hours
(hrs/yr) x EF (lbs pollutant/1,000 lbs fuel-engine) x # engines/aircraft
Data NeedsData Needs: Aircraft type, engine type, # engines/aircraft, fuel flow rate (lbs/hr), time in power setting (% or hrs/yr), total operating hours (hrs/yr), fuel sulfur content (%)
1515
How to Calculate EmissionsHow to Calculate Emissions Cars and TrucksCars and Trucks
Emission FactorsEmission Factors: EDMS:www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ae p/models/edms_model/ Mobile6: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm
Example CalculationExample Calculation: Emissions (lbs/yr) = EF (g/mile) x Mileage (mi/yr) x (lb/g)
Data NeedsData Needs: Vehicle model year, vehicle weight (lbs), average speed (mph), annual mileage (mi/yr), local elevation (ft above sea level), fuel type
Emission FactorsEmission Factors: NONROAD software: www.epa.gov/otaq/nonrdmdl.htm Air Emission Inventory Guidance Document for Mobile Sources at Air Force Installations, Section 7 (Nonroad Vehicles/Equipment)
Example CalculationExample Calculation: Emissions (lbs/yr) = EF (g/hp-hr) x Engine Rating (hp) x
Operating Hours (hrs/yr) x [Load Factor/100] x (lb/g) Data NeedsData Needs:
Fuel type, vehicle model year, engine rating (hp), load factor (%), operating hours (hrs/yr), emission conversion factor (bhp-hr/mi)
Emission FactorsEmission Factors: Production contract specification for engine exhaust
(Meets EPA emission standard ??) Example CalculationExample Calculation:
Emissions (lbs/yr) = EF (g/hp-hr) x Conversion Factor (bhp-hr/mi) x Mileage (mi/yr) x (lb/g)
Data NeedsData Needs: Fuel type, vehicle weight (lbs) , annual mileage (mi/yr), engine emission conversion factor (bhp-hr/mi)
1818
What is an Emission Source ?Stationary Sources at Military Bases
What is an Emission Source ?Mobile Sources at Military Bases
What is an Emission Source ?Nonroad Sources at Military Bases
Typical Stationary Source Emissions at an Army Base
Typical (?) Mobile & Nonroad Emissions at an Army Base
Let’s compare…
How to evaluate mobile & nonroad emission sources ?
OSMIS
OSMIS
How to Calculate EmissionsCars and Trucks
How to Calculate EmissionsNonroad Engines
How to Calculate EmissionsTactical Vehicles