air pollution ? meteorology chemistry photochemical smog aerosol visibility reduction diffusion acid...
TRANSCRIPT
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Air pollution ?
Meteorol-ogy
Chem-istry
Photochem-ical Smog
Aerosol
Visibility reduction
Diffu-sion
Acid rain
Ozone hole
Deposi-tion
Trans-port
Gas pol-lutant
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출처 : 위키피디아 Library of Congress CALL NUMBER LC-USW36-376, reproduction number LC-DIG-fsac-1a35072
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출처 : Martin Bernetti AFP/ Getty images
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Increase of scale
Local scale City scale Regional scale Global scale
Emission TransportRemoval
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1. Effects and sources of air pollutants
1.1 Definition of air pollution오염물질이 인간 , 동 · 식물 및 재산에 유해하거나 인간의 쾌적한 생활을 방해할 정도의 양으로 대기 중에 존재하는 상태
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1.2 Air pollution Episodes
• Meuse valley :Belgium December 1930 Severe three-day fog 60 people died• Dorora: United States October 1948 Four-day fog 20 persons died• London smog: 1952 December 5-8, Four-day fog 4000 persons died 1956: clean air actSmog=Smoke+fog
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• LA smog: photochemical smog Hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides, sunlight LA is located in low basins surrounded by moun-tains
출처 : Wongfuphil.wordpress.com
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1.3 General listing of air pollutants
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1) Concentration Units
1ppm: 1 volume of gaseous pollutant/106 volume (pollutant+air)g m-3
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2) Classification of air pollutant
• General classificationParticulate mattersSulfur containing compoundOrganic compoundNitrogen-containing compoundCarbon monoxideHalogen compoundsRadioactive compoundsPhotochemical oxidantsOther inorganic compounds
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• Classification based on originPrimary pollutant: those emitted directly from sources ex) SO2, CO
Secondary pollutant: those formed in the atmosphere by chemical reactions ex) NO2, O3
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1.4 Particulate matters (Aerosol)
• Definition: 대기 중에 부유하고 있는 액상과 고체상의 입자들 • Size: 0.0002m-500m• Particles less than 0.1 m : Brownian motions• Particles between 0.1 and 2m: removed by rainout and
washout• Particles larger than 20m: large settling velocity removed from the air by gravity and inertial processes
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Measurement: high volume sampler, PM10 sampler
TSP: total suspended particulate matter PM10: the particulate matter which diameter is less than 10 m. Damage to respiratory organ : fine particle (d<2.5m) Visibility reduction : principally affected by fine particles
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Aerodynamic diameter: the diameter of a sphere of unit den-sity (1g cm-3) that has the same terminal gravitational settling velocity in still air as the actual particle in question
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1-5 Carbon monoxide
• Colorless, odorless gas• A lifetime of 2 to 4 months in the atmosphere• Natural source: oxidation of methane, biomass burning• Anthropogenic source: vehicle• minor role in photochemical reaction leading to ozone
formation• Effect on health: reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity
of the blood
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1-6 Sulfur oxides
• SO2 (sulfur dioxide), SO3 (sulfur trioxide)
• SO2: nonflammable, nonexplosive, colorless gas
• SO2 -> Sulfuric acid
• Acid rain ( 한반도 pH ~5, Cl-> SO42-> NO3
- : 2012 대기환경연보 )
• : Acid rain pH<5.6• Long range transport• Sulfate: pronounced reduction in visibility
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1.7 Effects of hydrocarbons, Oxides of nitrogen, photochemical oxidants
1-7-A Hydrocarbon ( 탄화수소 )• Organic compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon• Alkanes (CnH2n+2): RH ex) Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6)
• R alkyl radical (CnH2n+1)
• Alkenes (CnH2n) :double bond
• Alkyne (CnH 2n-2): triple bond
• Aromatics : Benzene (C6H6), Toluene, Xylene
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• Hydrocarbons, in combination with the oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight, form photochemical oxidants
• No direct adverse effects upon human health• Radical: 적어도 한 개 이상의 쌍을 이루지 못한 전자를 갖고 있는
원자나 분자• Ex) Alkyl radical CnH2n+1
• VOCs: volatile organic compounds• The entire set of vapor phase atmospheric organics
excluding CO and CO2
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1-7-B Oxides of nitrogen
• Nitric oxide (NO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), NO3, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5
• NOx: NO+NO2
• NOy: the sum of the reactive oxides of nitrogen and all other compounds that are atmospheric products of NOx.
• NOx, HNO3, HNO2, nitrate radical (NO3), N2O5, PAN (N2O, NH3
는 아님 )• NO2: the highest concentration in ambient air
Absorbs visible light Photochemical smog Nitric acid (HNO3) -> acid rain
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1-7-C Photochemical oxidants
• Ozone(O3), Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), formic acid (HCOOH) etc
• The products of atmospheric reactions involving VOCs, NOx and radical and sunlight
• VOCs: volatile organic compounds
• Secondary pollutant• Photochemical smog: high concentration of photochemical
oxidants Marked reduction in visibility Brownish sky
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1-8 Sources of air pollutants
• Emission inventory : the study conducted to determine the emission of particular pollutant done through the use of emission factor
• emission factor: typical emissions that are emitted by a particular source type based on the specific pollutant, type of process, age, size, type of control technology.
• Major anthropogenic sources: transportation, fuel combustion (stationary source), industrial process.
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대기환경연보 2012
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대기환경연보 2012
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대기환경연보 2012
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1-9 Global issues related to air pollution
• Acid rain, global warming, stratospheric ozone hole
1) Global warming• Greenhouse effect: 대기가 태양의 단파복사를 거의 투과시키고
지구의 장파복사는 흡수 재 방출시킴으로써 지표면의 온도를 지구 복사평형온도보다 높게 만드는 효과
• Greenhouse gas : water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N2O), CFCL3 CF2Cl2
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• Kyoto protocol: International framework convention on climate change with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases in an effort to prevent anthropogenic climate change
• Signed in 1997• Entered into force in 2005• Industrialized countries (37) reduce collective emissions of
greenhouse gases by 5 % against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012.
• CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6
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2) Stratospheric ozone hole
The presence of ozone in the lower stratosphere produces a very beneficial effect by absorbing a significant amount of the short wavelength ultraviolet radiation. Ozone hole in the stratosphere over Antarctica in spring (October) Montreal protocol (1987) : International agreement among nations designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances (CFCs) believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
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대기환경 연보 2012
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대기환경 연보 2012
전국 대기오염측정망 설치현황 (‘12 년 12 월말 기준 )
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NO CompoundsMolecu-
lar weight
B.P (°C) NO Compounds
Molecu-lar
weight
B.P (°C) NO Compounds
Molecu-lar
weight
B.P(°C)
1 Benzene 78.1134 80.1 6 o-Xylene104.151
2145.2 11 1,1-Dichloroethane 98.96 57-59
2 Toluene 92.1402110.
67 Chloroform 119.38 61.0 12
Carbon tetrachlo-
ride153.82 76-77
3Ethylben-
zene106.167
136.
28
MethylChloro-
form133.41 74-76 13 1,3-Butadiene 54.09 -4.4
4 m,p-Xylene 106.167138.
39
TriChloroethy-
lene131.39 86.7
5 Styrene 106.167139.
110
Tetrachloroethy-
lene165.83 131.3
분석대상물질 (VOC 13 종 )
대기환경 연보 2012
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연도별 SO2 연평균 농도분포
대기환경 연보 2012
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연도별 NO2 연평균 농도분포
대기환경 연보 2012
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연도별 O3 연평균 농도분포
대기환경 연보 2012
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연도별 CO 연평균 농도분포
대기환경 연보 2012
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연도별 PM-10 연평균 농도분포
대기환경 연보 2012
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주요도시의 월평균 농도
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대기오염 관련 Web Site
국내 site• Library.me.go.kr: 환경부 지식 포털 • www.nier.go.kr: 국립환경과학원• erip.nier.go.kr: 환경연구종합정보 서비스
외국 sitewww.epa.gov