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VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011 Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Air Pollution Sources and Impacts

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Air Pollution Sources and Impacts. Content Historical Background Sulphur oxides Nitrogen oxides Particulate matter Ozone depleting substances MARPOL Annex VI: An overview. Activities Pollutants Immediate effects Impacts. Transport. Human health. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Air Pollution Sources and Impacts

Page 2: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Content Historical Background

Sulphur oxides

Nitrogen oxides

Particulate matter

Ozone depleting substances

MARPOL Annex VI: An overview

Page 3: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Activities Pollutants Immediate effects Impacts

Residences

Power Production

Transport

Agriculture

Industry

PM concentration

Acidic deposits

Εutrophication

Ozone concentration

Materials deterioration

Human health

Agricultural

cultivation

Environment

Page 4: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Historical Background

Prior to the industrial revolution

After the industrial revolution (Engraving showing a foundry in Saar, Germany, 1876)

«Αs I was moving far away from the asphyxiating air of Rome and the soot of stacks dispersing poisonous gases

around, I felt my mood changing»

Senekas, 61 A.C.

Page 5: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Historical Background

Las Vegas, USA

Athens, Greece

Page 6: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Sulphur Oxides (SOx)

• Properties: Gas, colorless and odorless in low concentrations, but with irritating odor in high concentrations

• Sources: Power plants, oil refineries, chemical plants, paper industry, ships’ main and auxiliary engines

• Sulphur content in crude oil and fuel oils

a) Safety (installation and piping corrosion, poison potential) b) Operation (fluidized beds of catalysts may be contaminated from the presence of sulphur compounds) c) Environment (SOx emissions)

Page 7: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Sulphur Oxides (SOx)

Impacts to human health

• Short term exposure in high concentrations, might cause bronchoconstriction and increased asthma symptoms.

• Long term exposure might cause serious respiratory problems and deteriorate existing cardiovascular illnesses

London, 1952

4.000 people were fatally exposed to high SOx and smoke concentrations in

London (1952)

Page 8: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Environmental impacts

Acid rain

• In the 70s, more than 18,000 lakes in Sweden were found with acidity exceeding the natural limits, and in half of them fish populations had dramatically reduced • The same phenomenon occurred in about 3.000 lakes in US

• The transformation of the waters of a lake to acidic does not take place instantaneously but rather in a period of many years or decades.

A forest in Jizera, Czech Republic

Sulphur Oxides (SOx)

Page 9: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Acid rain formation mechanism

• H2SO4 and HNO3 are formed as a result of the reaction between the water and sulphur as well as nitrogen oxides with the sun radiation and oxygen as catalysts

• Normal rain is slightly acidic (pH 5,5) due to CO2 dissolution and H2CO3 formation

• Most lakes have a pH ranging from 6 to 8. Values as low as 4.3 have been reported in several lakes facing acid rain problems

Sulphur Oxides (SOx)

Page 10: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Impacts of acid rain

• Destruction of sensitive soils, trees and vegetation of forests in high altitudes

• Deterioration of materials and paints. Irreversible failures to buildings and monuments that constitute elements of cultural heritage

• Impacts to water dependent ecosystems

Forest areas (%) in Europe receiving acid rain

Sulphur Oxides (SOx)

Page 11: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx)

NOx formation in ship’s engines

• Very complex mechanism of formation, hundreds of chemical reactions occur

• Main source of nitrogen is air combustion

• Higher temperatures in cylinders lead to increase NOx emissions

• 95% is ΝΟ and about 5% NO2

Page 12: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

• Impacts to human health

They react with hemoglobin producing inert compounds including methemoglobin hampering the oxygenation of tissues causing tachycardia, high blood pressure, and arrhythmia

> 15 μg/m3, irritation of the eyes

> 25 μg/m3 dyspnea, asthma crisis

> 150 – 200 μg/m3 pulmonary edema

Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx)

Page 13: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Secondary ozone formation

ΝΟx + VOCs + sun radiation Ο3 + Photochemical pollution

Photochemical smog occurs in sunny periods with high temperatures, low moisture and relatively high levels of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.

Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx)

Page 14: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Human hair (70 μm diameter)

PM 10 PM 2.5(10 μm) (2,5 μm)

Particulate matter (PM)

Particles produced during combustion or as secondary products in the atmosphere, that might shift for very long periods far from their point of source.

Page 15: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

• Their chemical composition depends on fuel quality. They invariably consist of soot, hydrocarbons, ash, metals (vanadium, nickel, zinc), sulphur and nitrate compounds

• The smaller the size of the particles, the deeper penetrate into the human respiratory system.

Particulate matter (PM)

Page 16: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

• Ash significantly reduced for low sulphur fuel oils (< 1% m/m).

• Soot and sulfates are directly depended on the sulfur content.

Particulate matter (PM)

Page 17: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

• Lifetime of gases in atmosphere from several years (HCFCs) until a century (Freon 12).

• The ozone layer is going to be back to the level it was before 1980 until 2050.

• If ozone was compressed in normal conditions of temperature and pressure, it would have been less than 5 mm thick.

• In September 2007, the extent of ozone hole was 24 million km2 (almost as North America), 18% smaller in relation to 2006.

Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)

Page 18: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Exhaust gases (> 99,7%)75,8% Ν2

13,0% Ο2

5,2% CO2

5,3% H2O

Air pollutants(< 0,3%)

ΝΟx 0,17% (1500 ppm)SOx 0,15% (800 ppm)

HC 0,02% (180 ppm)CO 0,07% (80 ppm)

Fuel Oil180 gr/KWh

(3,6% S)

Lube Oil 1 gr/KWh 97.5% HC

2% Ca 0,5% S

Air8.5 kgr/KWh

79% Ν2 21% Ο2

Ships’ engines emissions

Page 19: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

ΜΑRPOL 73/78

Annex Ι

Oil

Annex ΙΙ

Noxious Bulk Liquid Substances

Annex III

Packaged Harmful

Substances

Annex IV

Sewage

Annex V

Garbage

Annex VI

Air Emissions

IBC Code IMDGCode

NOxTechnical Code

An overview to MARPOL, Annex VI

Page 20: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Prevention Measures

Μaximum sulphur content (% m/m)

• 4,5% before 1 January 2012

• 3,5% after 1 January 2012

• 0,5% after 1 January 2020

Sulphur Oxides (SOx)

Page 21: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Prevention Measures

Maximum sulfur content in (S) ECA (North Sea, Baltic Sea, North American)

- 1.0% until 31 December 2014

- 0.1% after 1 January 2015

Sulphur Oxides (SOx)

Page 22: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Prevention Measures

Bunker Delivery Note (ΒDN)

• Retention for at least 3 years

• Must contain information:

Name - Ship ΙΜΟ number Bunkering port Date of bunkering Supplier’s contacts Name of product Quantity (in metric tones) Density at 15° C Sulphur content (% per weight) Supplier’s statement about the sulfur content in fuel, that do not contain inorganic acids and other substances which might put at risk the safety of the ship.

Sulphur oxides (SOx)

Page 23: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Sulphur oxides (SOx)

Prevention Measures – Treatment systems

Page 24: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)

Prevention measures

Page 25: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)

Prevention measures

Tier 3

Engines fitted in ships constructed after 1 January 2016 and operate within an Emission Control Area (N) (ΕCA).

Emissions must not exceed the following values:

• 3,44 g/kWh with n < 130 rpm

• 9,0 x n -0,2 g/kWh 130 ≤ n < 2000 rpm

• 2,0 g/kWh n ≥ 2000 rpm

If the ship operates outside ECA then the requirements emissions of Tier II are applicable.

Page 26: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)

Prevention measures

NOx emissions by engines of ships constructed from 1/1/1990 –1/1/2020

Every engine above 5.000 kW, and of displacement per cylinder equal to or greater than 90 liters, must comply to Tier I, under the condition that an Approved Method for this engine has been certified by the Administration of a member state.

1. Its implementation must not cause power reduction above 1.0%, and increase of specific fuel consumption above 2.0%.

2.No effect to the reliability or life cycle of the engine and the implementation cost should not be excessive.

Page 27: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)

Prevention measures

NOx Technical Code

Every engine must:– be pre-certified (manufacturer – Class)– Technical File – Installation as approved – Initial Inspection – Annual inspections

Page 28: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx)

Emissions reduction methods

Fuels treatment

Fuel Quality

Engine Technologies

Page 29: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Firefighting systems

Ηalon 1211

Halon 1301

Halon 2402

Air conditioning – Cooling systems

CFC-11

CFC-12

CFC – 113

CFC – 114, CFC- 115

Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)

Page 30: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Prevention measures

• Refrigerants Management Plan

• Record Book

• Periodical control of leaks

• Use of ODS of low warming potential (greenhouse gases)

Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)

Page 31: Air Pollution  Sources and Impacts

VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts

Thank you for your attention!

Questions